Sunflower (OPOT)										IsiZulu
Ubhekilanga – ukuvuna, ukuphatha nokuqogela (beka) 
Folio strap: 
Byline: Imininingwane ithathwe kumenyuwali yeSifundo Esiphakeme Sokukhiqiza Ubhekilanga.
Umkhiqizi kufanele aqinise ukuthi ukuphatha ikhwaliti kuqala lapho kwakhiwa amasu nangaphambi kokutshala, lokhu kuzoqinisa ukuthi kuzobakhona umvuno ogcwele ngoba kuhambelana nayo yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa ngumphathi. 
Okulandelayo kuyizinto ezingashintsha ikhwaliti lezimbewu (izinhlamvu) ezivunwayo: ukulungisa umhlabathi, ukujula komhlabathi, ipH, ibhalansi lemiminereli, umswakamo olondoloziwe emhlabathini, inhlobo yesitshalo, umanyolo ofanelekile, ukuphatha ukhula nezifo, ukuvuna ngesikhathi esifanelekile nokuphatha, ukuhlanza izinhlamvu, ukomisa izinhlamvu nezindlela zokuqogela (beka) izinhlamvu. 
Ukuvuna
Ukuvuna kungumsebenzi obalulekile kakhulu lapho kutshalwa khona ubhekilanga. Siqala ngokuvuna ngaphambi kokwenza eminye imisebenzi ehambelana nokuphatha izinhlamvu njengoku’prosesa’, ukuqogela nokulondoloza umvuno. Lapha eNingizimu Afrika kukhona izindawo lapho imisebenzi yokuvuna, ukuqogela nokulondoloza ihlukene. Kukhona izindlela zokusebenza ezahlukene njengokuvuna ngezandla bese sonke isihloko siyabekwa ukuze izinhlamvu zikhishwe emva kwesikhathi lapho sezomile emapulazini amancane. Bese kuyaqhubeka kuya emapulazini ezomnotho lapho kusetshenziswa imishini kuphela ukuvuna izinhlamvu. 
Ukuvuna ngemishini 
Isikhathi
Ngokuvamekile ubhekilanga uhlanganiswa nommbila bese uvunwa ekugcineni kwaFebhruwari lapho kutshalwe khona masinya,omunye uvunwa ngoMeyi lapho kutshalwe khona emva kwesikhashane. Lokhu kuvuna kuvama kuphele ngaphambi kuqalwa ukuvuna ummbila. Lokhu kubalulekile emapulazini amancane lapho kusetshenziswa amakhombayini akwazi ukuvuna ubhekilanga nommbila. Umkhiqizi noma ngubani uzomthola umkontilaki onemishini ekwazi ukuvuna ubhekilanga nommbila. Isikhathi esisuka ekuvuthweni kwezinhlamvu esiya kusikhathi sokuvuna sifanele sibemfushane – lokhu kuzovimba ingozi engadalwa izinyoni nokubola kwezihloko nezinye izifo. 
Izitshalo zikabhekilanga zivuthiwe lapho umbala ngemuva kwesihloko ushintsha, ekuqaleni umbala uhlaza bese uba luphuzi. Lokhu kushintsha kuvama ukwenzeka ngaphambi kokoma kwesihloko ukuze sivunwe. Ubhekilanga otshalwe emva kwesikhathi uzolunga kuphela emva kokufika kwesithwathwa ebusika. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuvuna, sebenzisa imitha ehlola inani lomswakamo ezimbeweni lapho seziqala ukuvuthwa ukuqinisa ukuthi uzovuna ngesikhathi esifanelekile. Uma ungenayo imitha ehlola inani lomswakamo, thatha amasampula ezimbewu kumphathi wesayilo eduze nawe noma qela umkontilaki akusize ukuthola isikhathi esifanelekile sokuvuna.
Ukwehlisa ukulahleka kwezimbewu ngenxa ukuvithizwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna nengozi yezinyoni, ubhekilanga ungavunwa ngenani lomswakamo ofika ku-20% oya ku-25% bese ungomiswa emshinini owomisayo kuze ufike ku-9.5%. Leli nani lilungile ukubeka (ukuqakela) ubhekilanga ebhinini. Kodwa eNingizimu Afrika kungcono ukuyeka ubhekilanga ensimini wome kahle ngambi kokuvuna. Khumbula njalo ukuthi uma inani lomswakamo elingaphezu kwa-10% kuzongena kalula ukhunta. 
Ukusebenzisa ikhombayini (umshini wokuvuna)
Isipidi sekhombayini sifanele sibe ngaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-5 na-8 ngehora. Isipidi esiya phambili esikhulu sizohambelana nenani lomswakamo lezinhlamvu zikabhekilanga nobukhulu bomvuno. Isipidi sifanele sehle uma inani lomswakamo liphansi ukuvimba ukuthi izinhlamvu zivithizeke lapho izihloko zingena emshinini. Ungagijimisa uma inani lomswakamo lisuka ku-12% liya ku-15%.
Ukugijimisa kungagcwalisi isilinda namasefo kakhulu, ngaphandle uma kukhona umvuno omkhulu impela. Izinhlamvu ezinomswakamo osuka ku-12% oya ku-15 % zizovuneka kalula lapho zingena kusilinda.
Ukulinganisela Ikhombayini
Izinkinga ezingavela ekulinganiseleni kwekhombayini nesisuko salokhu kukhonjiswa ngaphansi:
Inkinga
Isisuko/Ukuvimba lokhu
Izihloko ezingavithizeki ngokugcwele ezisala phansi emhlabathini.
I’Concave’ ivuleke kakhulu.
Okusalayo okuningi kakhulu.
Ukuhamba komoya okuphansi kakhulu, ukuvithizeka kusilinda kwenzeka masinya kakhulu. Ukuvuleka kwama’chaffer’ okuncane kakhulu.
Okulahlwayo okuningi kakhulu ebhinini le’waste’.
Ukuvithizeka okukhulu kakhulu, isilinda eligijima kakhulu, i’concave’ eliqine kakhulu, ifeni eligjima kancane, amasefu avuleke kakhulu.
Izihloko eziphukile ezifihikile.
Isilinda eligijima kakhulu, ukuvuleka kwe’concave’ okuncane kakhulu.
Izinhlamvu ezifihlikile kodwa uphepha (ngaphandle) usaphilile.
Ukuvuleka kwe’concave’ kuncane kakhulu.
Izinhlamvu eziphukile nophepha olusukile.
Isipidi sesilinda/serotari esikhulu kakhulu noma okungenayo okuningi kakhulu.
Izihloko ezingavithizeki ezihlala emhlabathini.
Amapani nenhloko akubuthi kahle.
Izimbewu ziphuma ngemuva kwekhombayini.
Isipidi/ukuhamba komoya, hambisa kancane umshini nesipidi somoya.
Ukulahleka komvuno kungaba 3% - 5% kodwa kungakhuphuka kue kuye ku-10% - 15% ngezinye izikhathi. Kufanele imishini evunayo ihlolwe kahle ukuthi isebenza kahle sonke isikhathi ngakho-ke kubalulekile uyitheste ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuvuna ukubona ukuthi kungakani okulahlekayo.
Amamitha omswakamo (into yokuthesta umswakamo)
Ukuqinisa ukuthi umkhiqizi engaqala ukuphatha ukuvuna nenani lomswakamo ngendlela efanelekile, kubalulekile ukuba ndlela yokuthesta izinhlamvu zakho. Uma umvuno wakho muhle, zithengele imitha yakho ukuvimba ukuhlupheka kusasa. 
Amathesti aqondile abalulekile lapho ukhiqiza futhi umaketha ukudla okuzinhlamvana. 
Lapho amathesti angashayi khona noma lapho uqagela nje kungadala izingozi ezilandelayo: 
Ukonakala kwezinhlamvu uma zimanzi kakhulu bese zibekwa amabhinini lapho kubanda kakhulu noma emabhinini asebenzisa umoya okhona kuphela. 
Izindleko ezingavela lapho izinhlamvu zivunwa uma zimanzi kakhulu. 
Ukushwabana kwezinhlamvu nezindleko zokomisa lezo zinhlamvu. 
Ukulahlekelwa inani lomvuno. 
Ukwenza ithesti eliqondile kufanele uthole isampula elihle kuqala elizokhombisa inani lawo wonke umvuno. 
Ukuthatha amasampula 
Lapha sithatha isampula ezitshalweni ezingakavunwa (ezisemasinini) singathola ukuthi izinhlamvu zisemanzi kakhulu, lokhu kungasidukisa, bese sivama ukuvuna emva kwesikhathi, hhayi ngesikhathi esifanelekile.
Vuna indawana bese uyathesta.
Hlanganisa izihloko zezitshalo ozikhe ngezandla kuyo yonke insimi, zishikize kuze kuphume izinhlamvu. Thatha amathesti amathathu kule zinhlamvu bese uthole okungaphakathi.
Yisa leli sampula kumphathi wesayilo enze ithesti eliqondile.
Yenza lokhu njalonjalo lapho izihloko zishintsha zibe luphuzi ukuze izinhlamvu zivunwe ngesikhathi inani lomswakamo lilunge kahle ukuletha umvuno omuhle.
Ukubeka/Ukuqogela epulazini
Amasaliyo ensimbi
Lokhu kungaba into enhle kumlimi osufikile kulaba ababizwa ngokuthi abalimi bezomnotho. Kukhona amabhini akhiwe nge’galvanised steel’ asuka kumankulungwane angu-10 aya kumankulungwane angu-30 (lapha sikhuluma ngamathani). Lapho kungekho imali eningi kungasebenziswa amabhini amancane (amankulungwane angu-10) ngokuqala, bese lokhu kungandiswa njalo kwakhiwe ihlelo lamabhini azosenbenziswa lapho umsebenzi wokulima uqhubekela phambili. 
Izinto ezihambelana nokuvuna nangokubeka izinhlamvu ngulokhu: umlimi akanazo izindawo zokubeka umvuno wakhe, noma unendawo yokubeka inxa yomvuno kuphela noma wonke umvuno okhiqizwayo. Abakhiqizi abakhulu nabo bangeke bazokwazi ukuphatha wonke umvuno wabo. Amapulazi abo avama ukuba ezindaweni eziningi, ngakho-ke kuzobangcono ukudiliva kusayilo somnotho lapho umvuno usuka ensimini, akungeke kubize imali yokuthenga amabhini. Bese umvuno uzosuka ensimini uye endaweni yokubekwa epulazini, ubhekwe sonke isikhathi, bese uzosuka lapho uye kumasayilo ezomnotho. 
Lapho umkhiqizi unayo indawo yokebeka/yokuqogela umvuno
Lapho unazo zonke izinto zokuphatha umvuno, njengokuhlanza, ukomisa, ukuqogela emabhinini, bese ungavuna lapho izinhlamvu zingavithizeka zizuswe ezihlokweni, bese ungazihlanza, ungazomisa, ungazibeka kuze kufike izikhathi esihle sokumaketha nokuthengisa. Uma ukwazi ukuvuna masinya, ezinye izingozi azingeke zikuvelele nokulahleka kwemvuno akungeke kwenzeke. 
Lapho umkhiqizi engenayo indawo yokubeka umvuno 
Ngokujwayelekile ubhekilanga okhiqizwa emapulazini lapho kungekho khona izindawo zokubeka uzovunwa bese uzohanjiswa kumasayilo aduze. Umkhiqizi uzofanele alinde kuze umvuno wome kahle ngaphambi kokuwuhambisa kumasayilo. Ukoma kwezinhlamvu kufanele kube ngaphansi kwa-10% ukulingana nalokhu okubhalwe emthethweni. 
Thintana njalo nomphathi wesayilo ukuzwa ukuthi umvuno ungangeniswa ngenani lomswakamo elingakanani. Ngonyaka omuhle lapho kukhona umvuno omkhulu, umphathi wesayilo angeke akwazi ukuthatha ubhekilanga omningi onenani lomswakamo elingaphezu kwalokho okuvamekile. Kufanele umkhiqizi aqale ukuvuna ngesikhathi inani lomswakamo liphansi, bese uzokwazi ukudiliva umvuno masinya ukuze ubekwe. 
Kungaba into enhle ukuba nezinto zakho zokubeka umvuno wakho, kodwa kuzoba khona izingozi nezindleko nomsebenzi omningi: izindleko zokuthenga amabhini, amafeni, umuthi,njll. Ukuphatha konke lokhu kudinga izinto zokuhlanza, zokomisa, zokufutha umuthi obulala izilokazane nokuqinisa ukuthi inani lomswakamo lilingene nalokhu okufanelekile sonke isikhathi umvuno usemabhinini. 	
Indlela eqondile yokubeka izinhlamvu zikabhekilanga 
Umkhiqizi onenhlanhla yokuba nazo izinto zokubeka izinhlamvu njengamashedi noma amasayilo, okulandelayo kuzomsiza ukubeka umvuno wakhe ngendlela efanelekile ngaphambi kokuthengisa lowo mvuno.
Ihlanze indawo lapho uzobeka khona izinhlamvu. Hlanza kahle ishedi noma isayilo, izindawo lapho izinhlamvu zingena khona, ama’auger’ namabhande ahambisa izinhlamvu, amafeni, izimbobo lapho umoya uphuma khona. Susa konke okungcolile, izinhlamvu ezindala nokunye lapho izilokazane nokunye okungadala ukhunta kungaphila khona. Sicilela (namathelisa) izimbobo nemifantu lapho izilokazane, ukhunta nomswakamo kungangena khona.
Cabanga ukusebenzisa umuthi obizwa ngokuthi Approved Bin ukubulala izilokazane. Thela lowo muthi ngaphakathi kwebhini nangaphansi kwalo ukubulala izilokazane. Qinisa ukuthi lowo muthi urejistiwe ukusebenza nobhekilanga. Landela umlayezo kulebula kahle.
Qinisa ukuthi umvuno ongenayo uhlanzekile, izinto ezingasizo ubhekilanga (imbunga/uboya) azifuneki lapho. Izinhlamvu zikabhekilanga ezibekwayo ezineziningi ezinto ezingekwakhona, izinhlamvu ezifihlezekile nezimbewu zokhula kuzokwenza ukuthi izilokazane nokhunta kudale inkinga. Zonke lezi zinto zivama ukuba nenani lomswakamo eliphakeme bese kungadaleka ukufudumala. Kungasiza ukufaka into emunyayo ebhinini emva kwe’auger’ elingenisa izinhlamvu ngaphambi ufaka umvuno ebhinini.
Umvuno ubekwa kangcono uma upholile, womile, uhlanzekile.
Beka enanini lomswakamo oluzophepha umvuno. Izinhlamvu zikabhekilanga zifanele zibekwe enanini elingaphansi kwa-10% uma ucabanga ukumaketha umvuno emva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ezilandela ukuvuna kwazo. 
ISilo Aeration System libalulekile. Ifeni libosetshenziswa ukupholisa ubhekilanga. Cisha amafeni lapho kukhona izulu noma kukhona umswakamo ophezulu emoyeni. 
Hlola izinhlamvu. Izinhlamvu zikabhekilanga zifanele zihlolwe njalo ngeviki kuze ukuphola kwazo kulingana nokuphola kwasebusika. Thatha amasampula njalo ngamaviki amane ebusika kodwa ehlobo ubowathatha kanye ngeviki.
Hlola ubhekilanga, hhayi ibhini. Lapho uthatha isampula, hlohla ngaphakathi kwezinhlamvu, qaphela ukuthi okulandelayo kunjani futhi kulinganise nalokho okuthole esampuleni leviki elidlule: ukushisa noma ukuphola, umswakamo, izilokazane, ukhunta nokunuka. Uma isampula lishisa sebenza masinya, bonda lonke ibhini kuze izinhlamvu ziphole. Thinta, nuka, hlohla zonke izindawo, emaceleni nangaphezulu kwamabhini ukuze uzobona ukuthi sinjani isimo sezinhlamvu ebhinini lonke.
Sebenza Masinya Ukuqinisa Inkinga. Uma kuvela inkinga, kufanele ufake umoya masinya, khipha izinhlamvu kulelo bhini uzifake kwelinye ibhini noma phansi eshedini noma zilayishe masinya emalolini uzidilive kusayilo lezomnotho noma endaweni lapho kuthengwa khona ubhekilanga.
Izinhlamvu zikabhekilanga ezingabekwanga kahle zingabiza umlimi imali eningi. Izilokazane ezidla lezo nglamvu zivama ukuba khona vele endaweni lapho uzibeka izinhlamvu khona noma zingangena emva kwesikhathi. Okulandelayo kuzokusiza ukuvimba le nkinga ye zilokazane ezinhlamveni ezibekiweyo:
Hlanza indawo lapho uzobeka khona izinhlamvu kahle ngaphambi kuzifaka. 
Emva koku hlanza zonke izinto ezindala ezisale ngonyaka odlule nokulungisa izimbobo, fafaza umuthi ngaphakathi kwebhini ngomuthi amaviki amabili ngaphambi kokufaka izinhlamvu ezinsha (Landela umlayezo womenzi walo muthi kahle ukuvimba ukugulisa izimfuyo noma abantu). 
Qaphela ungahlanganisi izinhlamvu ezinsha nezinhlamvu ezindala. 
Hlanza uhlole ihlelo lokuhambisa umoya. Izinto ezingafuneki zingangena zande lapho kukhona uthuli bese izilokazane zizothola indawo yokuphila futhi zizovimba umoya ukuhamba kahle. 
Ukuhlehlela emuva kwempilo yezinhlamvu 
Isimo sezinhlanga ezibekiwe sihambelana nokuhlangana kwezinto ezihlukene kodwa ezididene. Kukhona ukuhlangana ngaphakathi kwenhlalo ebizwa ngokuthi “micro” (encane) nenhlalo ebizwa ngokuthi “macro” (enkulu), okuphilayo okuncane (micro) njengokhunta, izibungu, amagundane nezinyoni ezingazona izinhlamvu. Izinhlamvu zinikeza ukudla okuningi manje zonke lezi zinto zidla khona zonisa izinhlanga – impilo yezinhlamvu ihlehlela emuva.
Ubulembu
Ukugula okudalwa ubulembu kuhambelana nokubanda nokushisa (ngaphansi kwa-0 kuya ku-50 deg C) nangokukhona kwamanzi ne-oksijeni. Ubulembu busebenzisa umusi wamanzi ongaphakathi kwezinhlamvu okuhambelana nenani lomswakamo ngaphathi kwenhlangu nomusi wamanzi ongaphandle kwenhlamvu.
Izilokazane nezibungu (arthropods) 
Zidala ukulimala kwezitshalo nokulahleka kokudla.
Ukuphila nokusebenza kwalezi zifo kwandisa inani lomswakamo nokshisa kwezinhlamvu.
Zithwala uhlamvu oluncinyane lobulembu.
Amasimba ezilokazane nezibungu akha indawo lapho kuzomila khona ubulembu.
Uma kukhona izimbewu ezifihliziwe awukwazi ukubeka izinhlamvu isikhathi eside.
Okudliwayo okungakhi umzimba (secondary metabolites)
Lokhu kuyizinhlanganiso zezinto ezakhiwa yizinto ezinjengobulembu eziphilayo, azidingeki ukumilisa izitshalo noma izinhlamvu kodwa ziphathelene nesihlungu (poison/toxic) esikhulu uma zidliwa izimfuyo, abantu nezitshalo.
Lezi zi“mycotoxins” zihlolisiwe kahle ngokusuka kwa-1961, kwasekwatholwa iqumbi lama-Aspergillus flavus anesihlungu esikhulu futhi kwahlukaniswa ama-“aflatoxins” anesihlungu futhi. Konke okwenzekayo okuhlupha isimo esiqinile semvelo kuzokwandisa izinto ezingakhi umzimba nama-mycotoxin. Yonke le misebenzi yenze ukuthi kusetshenziswe umanyolo namakhemkeli abulala izifo.
Sekuyakhany ukuthi ama-mycotoxin ahambisana nezifo (ukugula) eziningi ezitholakala kubantu nezimfuyweni nezifo zezimfuyo futhi zikhona ezitshalweni eziyizinhlobonhlobo. Ukudla lama-mycotoxin kungadala ukugula isikhathi esimfushane noma isikhathi eside (ukugulela kwafuthi). Lezi zihlungu zingena futhi zilimaza zivimba ukusebenza kwezinto ezilandelayo futhi zingadala ukufa nokugula isikhathi eside: ihlelo lemizwa esemzimbeni (nervous system), ihlelo eliphuthumisa igazi emzimbeni, ihlelo lokuphefumula nehlelo lokuhambisa ukudla emzimbeni. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-mycotoxin zidala ikhensa (carcinogenic), ezinye zidala izimilela emzimbeni (mutagenic) nezinye zenza ukuthi umzimba ungakwazi ukulwa nezifo ezikhona (immunosuppressive). I-Aflatoxin B (hepatocarcinogen) kuyinto enamandla kakhulu edala ikhensa.
