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Ukhula – isiqalekiso ekukhiqizweni kokudla



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Ukuphatha ukhula

Byline: Imininingwane ithathwe kumeniyuwali yeGrain SA ebizwa ngokuthi: Advanced maize production and marketing

Photos: 

Photo 1: Insimu eEastern Cape engazange ifafazwe ngomuthi obulala ukhula, ngakho-ke ukhula lubogile. 

Photo 2: Insimu eEastern Cape efafazwe ngomuthi obulala ukhula masinya emva kokuhlwanyela. 

Photo 3: Zama ukuthola isitshalo sommbila kulesi sithombe! 

Photo 4: Ihluzo (filter) lesifutho sokufafaza esivalekile.

Photo 5: Izimbobo zomshini ofafazayo zivalekile. 

Photo 6: Ukuvaleka kwalezi zimbobo kungenzeka uma imishini ingcolile futhi uma ingabhekwa kahle. 



Izithombe 1 na 2 zithathwe ensimini eyodwa eEastern Cape – isithombe 1 sikhombisa lapho akuzange kwafafazwa ngomuthi obulala ukhula – isithombe 2 sikhombisa lapho kufafazwe ngomuthi masinya emva kokuhlwanyela – umehluko ubonakala kahle! 



Ukhula kuyini?

Singathi ukuthi zonke izitshalo ezimila endaweni lapho zingafuneki khona ngukhula. Ukhula luyinkinga lapho kuhlwanyelwa khona ukudla okuzinhlamvu ngoba luncintisana nezitshalo zokudla ukuthola amanzi nokudla okusemhlabathini, ludala inkinga ngesikhathi sokuvuna, lungcolisa ukudla okuzinhlamvu, izimbewu zalo zingangenisa ubuthi ekudleni futhi zingaba nezilokazane nezifo ezidala ingozi.



Ukhula lwanda masinya futhi lumila kalula. Luvama ukuba nezimpande ezinamandla futhi luzwana kalula nezimo sezulu ezahlukene. Kunzima ukulubulala, lukhuni futhi lulwa ngamandla nezinye izitshalo ukuthola amanzi nokudla. Ukhula lunezindlela ezahlukene ukuphinda ukumila, ngakho-ke kufanele siqaphele lokhu lapho sifuna ukulubulala. Ukhula lungawisa izimbewu (ngokwejwayelekile masinya nakalula), ezinye izinhlobo zinezinhlanga ngaphansi komhlabathi (rhizomes), ezinye zinezimpande ezihamba ngaphezulu komhlabathi (stolons), ezinye zinemiphonsi nezinye zinezimpande eziyindilinga. Enye inhlobo njenge “nut grass” inakho konke lokhu – ichitha izimbewu, inazo imiphonsi futhi inezinhlanga ezihamba ngaphansi komhlabathi – lokhu kwenza ukuthi kubenzima ukulubulala. Izimbewu zokhula zivama ukuhlala nokuphila isikhathi eside – zikwazi ukulinda emhlabathini isikhathi eside kuze isimo sezulu siyathandeka bese ziyamila. Izimbewu zokhula futhi azimili zonke ngasikhathi sinye – ezinye zizomila masinya, ezinye zizolinda isikhathi. Ngokuvamekile ziqala ukumila lapho kulinywa umhlabathi. 



Izimpande zokhula kaningi zingena ngokujula emhlabathini, ukudlula izimpande zezitshalo zokudla, ngakho-ke ukhula lukwazi ukuphila ebunzimeni. Ukhula olumila njalo ngonyaka lubeka ukudla ezimpandeni ngaphansi komhlabathi – ngezikhathi ezinzima zokumila luyakwazi ukuphumelela. 



Ukhula lungamila umnyaka owodwa (annual) – ezinye izinhlobo zimila iminyaka emibili (biennial), ezinye zimila isikhathi eside zihluma njalo ngonyaka (perennial). 



Kungani kubalulekile ukubulala ukhula ezitshalweni zokudla?

Ukhula lulwa nezitshalo ukuthola umswakamo emhlabathini, ukuthola ukudla okusemhlabathin, ukuthola indawo yokumila nokuthola ukukhanya (ilanga). Lokhu ukuncintisana kwenza ukuthi izitshalo zingamili kahle bese inani lomvuno liyehla. Futhi kungangcolisa izinhlamvu bese ikhwalithi yezinhlamvu liehla. Lokhu ukuncintisana kuyehluka – ezinye izinhlobo zokhula azidali ingozi enkulu ezitshalweni ezithile – ingozi ingaba ngaphansi, njenge-10% kodwa kungakhuphuka kufike ku-98%.



Ukhula luqala ukuncintisana nezitshalo lapho selunezimpande ezikhulile eziqinile – emva ukuba isithonjana. Ukubulala ukhula kuqonda ukuvimba lokhu ukuncintisana, futhi ukuvimba ukhula luwise izimbewu ezizophinda zimile zilwe nezitshalo ezisazotshalwa ngonyaka olandelayo. 



Bonke abalimi abafuna ukuphumelela ekukhiqizweni kokudla okuzinhlamvu bafanele balwe nokhula sonke isikhathi – ukhula luyitha esikhulu. Ngokwejwayelekile ukhula lubulawa ngemishini ngokuhlakula noma ngamakhemikheli – kaningi kusetshenziswa zombili lezi zindlela. Lapho umlimi ephumelele ukubulala ukhula kahle, kuzobonakala insimu enezitshalo ezihlwanyeliwe kuphela – lutho ukhula! Kodwa kaningi lokhu akwenzeki kalula bese ukhula luyamila. 



Kungani ukhula lungaphathwa kahle? 

Kukhona izinto ezintathu ezenza ukuthi ukhula lungaphathwa kahle – eyokuqala kungaba indlela yokuhlakula nomshini osetshenziswayo, eyesibili kungaba umshini ofafaza umuthi, eyokugcina kungaba isimo sezulu. 



Umshini wokuhlakula

Ukungahlakuli kahle kungenzeka uma:

Izikali zomshini zingasondelene kahle bese kukhona isikhala bese wonke umhlabathi phakathi kwemisele yezitshalo ungalinywa kahle (uma zidlekile azingeke zisebenze kahle).

Ukujula kokuhlakula kungafiki phansi – izimpande zokhula olumila iminyaka neminyaka zisala phansi emhlabathini bese ukhula luyaphinda lumile. 

Ukugijimisa komshini ungaphansi – kufanele kugijimiswe ukuze umhlabathi unyakaziswe kahle.

Umhlabathi umanzi kakhulu – ukhula oluhlakuliwe usathintana nomhlabathi omanzi bese luyakwazi ukuphinda ukumila. 



Umshini wokufafaza

Ukungabulali ukhula kahle kwenzeka uma:

Ukulinganisa komshini ungashayi khona.

Isikhathi sokufafaza ukhula singafanelekile.

Umuthi osetshenziswayo ungesiwo lowo obulala uhlobo lokhula oluthile. 

Ihluzo (filter) lesifutho sokufafaza sivalekile (isithombe 4). 

Izimbobo zomshini ofafazayo zivalekile (isithombe 5). 

Kusetshenziswa izimbobo ezingafanelekile (khumbula ukusebenzisa umlomo wembobo ofana nekhoni lapho ufafaza phezu kwezitshalo, futhi imbobo ephephezelayo lapho ufafaza phezu komhlabathi).

Umshini awuzange uhlanzwe kahle ngonyaka odlule – kungavaleka izinto eziningi futhi awungeke usebenze kahle uma kukhona ukuthomba okudalwe amakhemikheli asale ngemuva angakagezwa. 



Izulu

Ingxenye yamakhemikheli idinga imvula emva kokufafaza ukuze isebenze kahle – uma imvula ingani umuthi awukwazi ukuqala ukusebenza. 

Isikhathi esishisa kakhulu esomile naso singavimba ukuthi umuthi usebenze kahle. 

Imvula eningi ena emva kokuhlakula kungenza ukuthi ukhula luphinde ‘luhlwanyelwe’.



Ukuphatha nokubulala ukhula kubaluleke kakhulu – uma singakwenzi ngendlela efanelekile asingeke sithole umvuno omuhle. Ziningi izizathu zokungaphathi ukhula ngendlela engafanelekile esixoxe ngazo ngaphezulu – kodwa ekugcineni kuyakhanya ukuthi ukuphatha wonke umsebenzi wakho wokulima ngokukhuthaza kubalulekile. Lo nyaka usuhambe kakhulu ukulungisa zonke lezo zinto, kodwa lokho esikufundile kungasisiza ngaphambili ngonyaka ozayo. Amaphutha amadala esiwenzile ngemuva afanele asifundise ukungaphindi siwenze ngakusasa, kungcono ukwenza amaphutha amasha! 

