Kusukela emandulo, abaholi bendabuko bebenza imisebenzi ehlukene ebalulekile phakathi kwemiphakathi nezizwe zabo. Ingxoxo elapha igxile kakhulu komunye wale misebenzi: umsebenzi wokugcinwa komthetho wabaholi bendabuko. Namuhla ukusingathwa komthetho ezindaweni zasemakhaya kugcinwa kakhulu yizinkantolo zeNdabuko noma ngabaHoli beNdabuko. Lezi yizinkantolo zaMakhosi neZinduna futhi zigcina umthetho kakhulu ngenkambiso yomthetho wendabuko. Ngaphansi kwesigaba 211 soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho wendabuko wemukelwe njengolunye lwezinhlelo zomthetho ohambisana nomthetho ovamile (ovela eNtshonalanga). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi izinkantolo azikwazi nje ukushaya indiva umthetho wendabuko njengoba bekwenzeka ngaphambi kokuphasiswa koMthethosisekelo omusha kodwa lo mthetho kufanele usetshenziswe uma sikhona isidingo futhi uhambisane nemithetho ekhona kanye noMthethosisekelo uqobo1. Izinkantolo ezikhona zaziswa ngaphansi kwesimo 16 sikaSheduli 6 woMthethosisekelo ohlinzeka ngokuthi inkantolo ngayinye ehlangene neNkantolo yeNdabuko eyayikhona ngesikhathi uqala uMthethosisekelo iyoqhubeka nokusebenza nokusebenzisa amandla ayo omthetho oyilawulayo nephiwe wona. Ukusebenza kwalezi zinkantolo kubuswa yimithetho eminingi. Le mithetho ifaka phakathi neminye ehlonyulwe ngaphambi koMthethosisekelo, koZibuse naseziFundeni ebeziziphethe2. Ukuqhubeka kwale mithetho yesikhathi esedlule eNingizimu Afrika kugunyazwe wuSheduli 6 woMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, 108 ka 1996.3. Ngesaziso somthetho wesishayamthetho, uMongameli wezwe wedlulise le mithetho ezifundazweni ngokuhambisana nesimo 14 sikaSheduli 6 woMthethosisekelo. Bona: Umbiko othi Report on Traditional Courts & Judicial Functions of Traditional Leaders: womhlaka 21 January 2003: SA Law Commission ekhasini 1.
Umkhawulo wamandla ungachazwa njengamandla nekhono lenkantolo eyolalela udaba futhi ithathe isinqumo phakathi kwamathimba athintekayo. Graafreinet Municipality v Van Ryneveld's Pass Irrigation Board 1950 SA 420 (A). Ngakho, umkhawulo wamandla usazisa ngamandla nemingcele ebekelwe inkantolo. Isahlulelo esikhishwe ecaleni lapho inkantolo ingenawo khona amandla sithathwa njengento eyize. Uma sibheka emthethweni okhona, imiqondo yomkhawulo wamandla ivela enkambisweni nasemithethweni eminingi. Le mithetho ivela emthethweni ojwayelekile kodwa engase iphasiswe njengemithetho. Isibonelo sokuphasisa ngale ndlela wuMthetho weNkantolo yeziMantshi.
Lo mthetho uwumsuka wemithetho eminingi ephathelene nomkhawulo wamandla. Ngokuhambisana nalo mthetho wokuba inkantolo ibe namandla, kufanele inkantolo ikwazi ukukhipha imiyalelo nokuzithathela izinqumo: Eckards 17. Inkantolo kufanele ibe namandla ebuntwini balowo ozivikelayo kanye nempahla yakhe.
Umqondo wemingcele uphathelene nemfundiso yokusebenza ngendlela egculisayo. Umkhawulo wamandla ulingana nomngcele wokusebenza. Bona Polak 2. Umkhawulo wamandla enkantolo ulingana nendawo ethile noma indawo echaziwe.
Lesi sisho sichaza ngqo ukuthi ofake isimangalo ulandela indawo lapho ummangalelwa ekhona.
Uma ummangali efisa ukuvula icala, ummangali kufanele alivule enkantolo enamandla kummangalelwa kanye nempahla yakhe. Kuvame ukuba yinkantolo yendawo lapho ehlala khona ummangalelwa, akubi yilapho kuhlala khona ummangali. Zikhona nokho izimo ezihlukile kulo mthetho: isibonelo; inkantolo enamandla ngenxa yokuthi imbangela yesenzo yaqubuka ngaphakathi kwendawo.
elawulwa yileyo nkantolo. Mayelana nesigaba 28(d) somthetho wezinkantolo zeMantshi No 32 ka 1944, lesi sigaba sihlinzeka ngokuthi ukuze le nkantolo ibe namandla okusebenza, imbangela yesenzo kufanele iqale ngokugcwele endaweni enganyelwe yileyo nkantolo.
Ngenxa yemithetho encintisanayo yamandla okulawula, kuyenzeka izinkantolo ezimbili zibe namandla odabeni olulodwa. Ngesizathu sokuthi ofake isimangalo unelungelo lokulawula icala, uyakwazi ukuziqokela inkantolo eyoqula udaba lwakhe. Ngokuvamile, ofake isimangalo uqoka inkundla ehambisana naye ngale kokubheka ukuthi isimo simlungele kangakanani ummangalelwa.
Amandla okulawula anqunywa ngesikhathi sokunikwa komuntu imiyalelo yenkantolo, hhayi ngesikhathi ekhishwa ngaso imiyalelo yenkantolo. Uma inkantolo igidlabezwa amandla, iwagodla kuze kuphele icala. Standard Credit Corporation Ltd v Bester and Others 1987 SA 812 (W) at 819. Uma inkantolo beyinomkhawulo wamandla ngesikhathi umuntu enikwa imiyalelo yenkantolo noma ngesikhathi inkantolo iqala udaba, ukushintsha kwezimo ngeke kuguqule umkhawulo wamandla enkantolo. Isibonelo: inkantolo enamandla okulawula ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi ummangalelwa enikwa imiyalelo yenkantolo wayehlala endaweni yayo iyoqhubeka namandla okulawula udaba noma ngabe ngemuva kokunika imiyalelo, ummangalelwa engasahlali kuleyo ndawo yenkantolo.
Indawo eqondene nomkhawulo wamandla.
Kuwumsebenzi wanoma yisiphi isiphathimandla esingamele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo yaso inamandla okulalela udaba olwethulwe ngaphambi kwaso. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulu maqondana nemibandela ethile yohlobo lwecala nesamba esithintekayo. Kufanele kucace ukuthi ngokwezinkantolo zendabuko, awukabi khona ngempela umgomo okhona olawula isamba semali. Noma ungekho umgomo wesamba semali, Ikhomishani yezoMthetho eQondene neMisebenzi ehlukile ngoMthetho weNdabuko yenza izincomo zokuqala imigomo eziyosiza ekucaciseni nokwenza ngcono isimo soMthetho weNdabuko.5 Uma ummangalelwa evela phambi kwenkantolo engenawo amandla okuthetha icala lakhe futhi engenqabi ukushushiswa ngaphambi kwenkantolo, inkantolo iyoba namandla okulalela udaba. Ngale ndlela, ummangalelwa uvuma ukubuswa yimithetho yenkantolo. Isigaba 28 (f) soMthetho weziNkantolo zeziMantshi No 32 ka 1944, ngendlela oguqulwe ngayo. Uma kwenzeka kodwa ummangalelwa engenaye ummeli, isiphathimandla esengamele sinomsebenzi wokuzibuzela ngokwaso (mero mutu) udaba lwamandla okuthetha udaba kule nkundla. Ngalokho, uma ekhona ummeli wommangalelwa, isiphathimandla senkantolo ngeke sizibuzele ngokwaso udaba lwamandla enkantolo okuthetha icala. Uma luvela udaba lokuthi inkantolo ayinawo amandla okuthetha icala, kuyofanele lowo olifakile ethule ubufakazi bokuthi ngempela ifanele yini le nkantolo ukuthetha icala. (Bheka, Malherbe v Britstown Municipality 1949 SA 281).
Umbiko weKhomishani yoMthetho ngeziNkantolo zeNdabuko, indima 3.
Indlela ummangalelwa azivikela ngayo ngokuthi inkundla ayinalo ilungelo lokuthetha icala ingashintsha ngokuphoqa yena ukuveza ubufakazi bokuthi kungani esho njalo.
Umqondo womkhawulo wamandla uphinde uthintane nokukleliswa kwezinkantolo zakithi eNingizimu Afrika ngokusazisa amandla nemigomo yenkantolo ethile. Kuye ngamandla okulawula kanye nomkhawulo, inkantolo yomthetho ihlala njengenkantolo yokuqala ethetha udaba noma njengenkantolo yokwedlulisa icala.
Inkantolo yoMthethosisekelo yinkantolo ephakeme ezweni emaqondana nezindaba zomthethosisekelo wezwe.
Inkantolo ephakeme yamacala adluliswayo yinkantolo yokugcina lapho izicelo zifakwa khona mayelana nodaba olungaqondene nomthethosisekelo (S166 no S168).
Inkantolo ePhakeme ihlanganisa Inkantolo Ephakeme yaMacala Adlulisiwe engabunjwa nguMthetho weSishayamthetho ngenhloso yokulalela izicelo ezidluliswe ziphuma eziNkantolo eziphakeme. Zinamandla okuthatha izinqumo kunoma yiluphi udaba ngaphandle kwalokhu okushiyelwe inkantolo yoMthethosisekelo ngaphansi kweSigaba 166 no 168. Inkantolo ePhakeme ithathwa njengesikhungo esinamandla esiwathole esakhiweni somthetho ovamile.
Izinkantolo zoMantshi zingathatha isinqumo ezindabeni ezinqunywe wuMthetho weSishayamthetho. Lezi zinkantolo azikwazi ukugxambukela noma ukuthatha isinqumo mayelana nokuhambisana/ukungahambisani kahle nomthethosiseko komthetho othile oshayiwe noma ukuziphatha kukamongameli wezwe - S166 no S170. Izinkantolo zoMantshi: yilezo eziqondwe njengezakhiwo zomthetho (isibonelo; zithola amandla kumthetho ozibumbile, Umthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi No 32 ka 1944.). Lezi zinkantolo ziphinde zithole amandla komunye umthetho ngaphandle koMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi. Ngakho, inkantolo kamantshi ayinawo amandla ngaphandle kwalawo enikwe wona wuMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi kanye neminye imithetho.
Izinkantolo zendabuko zingena ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba. Izinkantolo zaMakhosi neZinduna zabunjwa futhi zaziswa ngaphansi kwemithetho ebivele ikhona ngaphambi kokuqoshwa ngokomthetho koMthethosisekelo wezwe. Isibonelo sayo le mithetho; Umthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama 38 ka 1927. Ngokulandisa kohlamvu 2 lwesheduli 6 yoMthethosisekelo wezwe, yonke imithetho eyayikhona ngaphambi kwawo iyoqhubeka nokusebenza, inqobo uma ihambisana nemibandela yoMthethosisekelo wezwe kuze kufike isikhathi sokucinywa noma sokuchitshiyelwa. Ngakho, Umthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama uyaqhubeka uze ucinywe noma uchitshiyelwe. Ngokuhambisana noMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama, ayikho indlela ebekiwe yokuklelisa izinkantolo zendabuko noma zesintu. Ngokunjalo, akukho okuhlinzekelwe ukwedlulisa izikhalo ngezinqumo ezithathwe yinkantolo yeNduna noma yeNkosi. Odabeni lwamacala nemibango, amandla ezikhalo ezidluliswayo aphelela eziNkantolo zoMantshi. Bheka Umbiko womhlaka 21 Masingana 2003; Report on Traditional Courts & Judicial Functions of Traditional Leaders 21 January 2003: SA Law Commission, ikhasi 4, nesigaba 12 no 20 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama. Kweminye imiphakathi, umkhuba osetshenziswayo ngodlulisa izikhalo noma ukuqala izinyathelo zokufuna isinxephezelo emkhandlwini womndeni, uma singekho isixazululo ukwedlulela enduneni bese ugcina eNkosini. Ukusuka eNkosini, isikhalo sidluliswa siye eNkantolo kaMantshi.
Izinkantolo zamakhosi nezinduna, oKhomishani bezinkantolo neziNkantolo zaMacala Adlulisiwe zazisebenza njengezinkantolo ezihlukile ebantwini abamnyama. Ngo-1986, kulandela izincomo zeKhomishani kaHoexter yoPhenyo ngeSakhiwo nokuSebenza kwezinkantolo, izinkantolo zoKhomishani kanye nezinkantolo zaMacala Adlulisiwe zaqedwa.6 Amandla alezi zinkantolo edluliselwa ezinkantolo zomantshi ngaphansi kwamandla ajwayelekile alezi zinkantolo. Izinkantolo zoMantshi zakwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho wendabuko uma kunengxabano phakathi kwabantu abamnyama. Ngokwesigaba 1, Umthetho Ochibiyela Umthetho Wobufakazi ka 1988, izinkantolo zomantshi zazingalucobela ulwazi lomthetho wendabuko. Ngaleso sikhathi sentuthuko, umthetho wendabuko wawunganakiwe njengohlelo okufanele luhambisane neminye imithetho yaseNingizimu Afrika. Umthetho wezwe wawungenandaba nembangela yalokhu okuqubula umbango ngenxa yesenzo esithile esibandakanya umthetho wendabuko. (Seymour 7). Uma kunezenzo ezithinta umuntu omnyama nowelinye ibala, kwakusebenza kuphela umthetho wasentshonalanga. Isibonelo; uSipho ongumuntu omnyama oshade noSibongile ngesiko lesintu ufaka isimangalo ngoKobus ongelinye ibala lapho efuna khona isinxephezelo sokulala nomkakhe. Lapha kwakuyosetshenziswa umthetho wasentshonalanga ngenxa yokuthi uKobus engayena umuntu onsundu ecaleni. Uma umthetho wasentshonalanga usetshenziswa, uSipho uyothathwa njengomuntu ongashadile, ngakho akanalo igunya lokuthatha izinyathelo ngoba umshado wabo ungekho emthethweni. (Bheka Seymour 7).
Ngokwesigaba 12 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama ka 1927, uNgqongqoshe angagunyaza Amakhosi, Izinduna namaPhini Amakhosi ukuba balalele amacala ombango. Isigaba 12 SIFUNDEKA KANJENA "Ungqongqoshe (a) - angagunyaza inkosi noma induna yomuntu omnyama owaziwa noma oqokwe ngaphansi kwesigatshana noma wesigaba 2 ukuba alalele futhi anqume ngecala lombango oqubuke ngenxa yomthetho wabantu abamnyama nendabuko olwethulwe kuye ngabantu abamnyama bebodwa abakhele indawo ayilawulayo. (b) ngesicelo sanoma iyiphi inkosi noma induna enikwe amandla okulawula ngaphansi kwendima (a), uyogunyaza iphini laleyo nkosi ukulalela nokunquma ngodaba lombango oqubuke ngenxa yomthetho wabantu abamnyama wendabuko othulwe ngaphambi kwakhe ngabantu abamnyama abakhele leyo ndawo yenkosi, INQOBO, uma Inkosi emnyama, induna noma iphini layo bengeke banikwe amandla okunquma udaba oluthinta ukubeka eceleni, ukwehlukanisa noma okunye okuqondene nokwehlukanisa umshado, ngokusebenzisa lesi sigaba noma omunye umthetho". Imibandela efanayo itholakala kwiMithetho yaseTranskei (Imithetho 13 ka 1982 kanye no 6 ka 1983), yaseCiskei (Umthetho 37 ka 1984), waseBophuthatshwana (Umthetho 29 ka 1979) naKwaNdebele (Umthetho 3 ka 1984) - Bheka Bennet 76 nezinguquko ezithile ngomkhawulo wamandla nenqubo.
Igunya elikhishwe nguNgqongqoshe, isigaba 12 . Bheka 1.5.2 ngenhla.
Ingxabano kufanele ibe phakathi kwabantu abamnyama.
Inkosi, induna noma iphini bengalalela ingxabano phakathi kwabantu abamnyama. Umuntu omnyama uchazwe esigabeni 35 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama 38 ka 1927 ngendlela elandelayo: "Umuntu omnyama uyoxuba noma ngubani oyilunga lanoma yiluphi uhlanga lwendabuko noma lokudabuka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika". Ubuhlanga yiphuzu elibalulekile ekunqumeni umkhawulo wamandla ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Indlela yokuloba amagama esigabeni 12 (a) no (b) "umbango womuntu omnyama nomnyama ohlala endaweni eyakhele inkosi elawula kuleyo ndawo" uma kuchazwa ngokuqondile kukhombisa ukuthi inkosi enamandla okulawula odabeni lombango yileyo engamele indawo okuhlala kuyo ummangali nommangalelwa. Ngokuka-Seymour ekhasini 15, ukuhlala kommangalelwa endaweni yenkosi kwenele ukuba inkosi ikwazi ukulalela udaba noma icala. Ecaleni: Exparte Minister of Native Affairs, kwaphuma isinqumo sokuthi indawo yokuhlala yilona phuzu elibalulekile futhi kufanele iqondwe ngokulandela umthetho ovamile wasentshonalanga. Ukuhlala endaweni akuchazi ngempela indawo esetshenziswa njengalapho umyalelo wenkantolo kufanele ulethwe khona, futhi la magama; indawo yokuhlala nethathwa ngokomthetho njengalapho ungashiywa khona umyalelo wenkantolo kufanele zithathwe ngokwehlukana. Indawo yokuhlala ichaza lapho umuntu evame ukuhlala khona. Umuntu angahlala ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kweyodwa. Umuntu angaba nezindawo ezingaphezulu kweyodwa. (Seymour 15). Uma kwenzeka zizimbili noma ngaphezulu, uthathwa ngokuthi uhlala lapho enikwa khona imiyalelo yenkantolo (Seymour 15). Yinto engabhaliwe ukuthi yisimo esinjani esifunwayo ukuze umuntu ahlale endaweni ngokugcwele. Nakuba kunjalo, ngeke kuthiwe umuntu uyahlala endaweni uma lowo muntu evakasha nje kuphela lapho, kufanele kube nezinga elithile lokuhlala ngokuphelele. (Seymour 15) Indawo lapho umuntu enikwa khona amaphepha asenkantolo yilapho umuntu acatshangwa ukuthi ukhona noma ngabe engekho ngempela. DSP Cronje and J Heaton 7 bachaza indawo yokushiya amaphepha enkantolo njengalena " indawo lapho umuntu acatshangwa ukuthi ukhona ngenhloso yamalungelo nokufeza izibophezela zakhe noma ngabe akekho". Umuntu uyoba nendawo eyodwa kuphela yokumthumela amaphepha asenkantolo. 8Lowo ongazivikeli anganika amandla okulawula inkantolo ngokwethula isicelo kuleyo nkantolo ephethe.
Isimangalo sombango esiqubuke ngaphansi komthetho wendabuko namasiko kuphela.
Amandla okulawula enkosi noma enduna ancishiselwe esimangalweni esiqubuke ngenxa yomthetho wendabuko namasiko. Inkosi noma induna ayinawo amandla okulalela amacala aqubuke ngaphansi komthetho wasentshonalanga. Umbandela weSigaba 12 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama ubeka eceleni ngokucacile amandla amakhosi, enduna noma ephini ezindabeni ezithinta ukuhlakaza noma ukwehlukanisa umshado. Ngencazelo yoMthetho Olawula Imishado yeNdabuko, umshado wesintu unikwa isikhundla esifanayo nalowo wesilungu futhi unganqanyulwa kuphela ngesehlukaniso, isehlukaniso somshado wesintu asingeni ngaphansi komkhawulo wamandla ezinkantolo zendabuko. 10 Izinkantolo zendabuko ziyakwazi kodwa ukungenelela engxabanweni ngaphambi kwesinyathelo sokwehlukaniswa komshado. 11 Zigcina amandla okulawula isimangalo sombango othintene nomshado, isibonelo yingxabano ephathelene nokubuyiselwa emuva kwelobolo njengesinxephezelo sokuphinga okwenzekile, lapho omunye umthetho ungenawo khona amandla. Zonke izinkantolo zaseNingizimu Afrika, zinegunya nekhono lokusebenzisa umthetho wendabuko. Bheka umbiko weKhomishani yezoMthetho ngokushayisana kwemithetho Law Commission report on conflict of laws September 1999, p 2, Bheka futhi Isigaba 2113 of the Constitution Act and S1 the Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1998. Isigaba 121 sivimbela izinkantolo zendabuko ekulaleleni amacala ombango aqutshulwe wumthetho wasentshonalanga. Ecaleni, Ngwenya v Mavana12 kwaphuma isinqumo sokuthi ngenxa yokuthi umthetho ovamile uyasebenza esimangalweni sokuphinga, izinkantolo zendabuko azinawo amandla okulalela udaba. Ecaleni lika-Nkosi v Mdhladhla13 elibandakanya isimangalo sesinxephezelo sokudlwengula, inkantolo yezicelo ezidlulisiwe yathatha isinqumo sokuthi ngenxa yokuthi umthetho wendabuko uvuma kuphela icala lobugebengu ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, inkantolo yendabuko ayinawo amandla okulawula. Uma kwenzeka izinhlelo zombili zomthetho zihlinzeka ngekhambi, umkhawulo wamandla enkantolo yendabuko uyemukelwa. Bheka icala lika- Cebekhulu v Shandu.
Isehlukaniso sivela emshadweni.
Ungqongqoshe ugunyaza ukunika amandla okulawula udaba lobugebengu noma lombango afanayo nalawo anikwe inkosi noma induna ngokulandisa kwesigaba 12 no 20 soMthetho No. 38 ka 1927 kumuntu omnyama mayelana nendawo noma ingxenye yendawo yomkhandlu othintekayo, ngendlela ungqongqoshe anganquma ngayo. Kulelo cala, ngokulandisa kwesigaba 2 soMthetho woMkhandlu woMphakathi No 125 ka 1977, imibandela yesigaba 12 no 20 iyosebenza kulowo muntu omnyama ngemuva kwezinguquko noma ukuhlela kabusha okuyonqunywa nguNgqongqoshe kuSomqulu kaHulumeni. Nokho le mibandela ayikaze isetshenziswe - (Bheka izizathu zalokhu ku-Seymour p18).
Ummangali ofisa ukumangalela omunye uya endaweni yommangalelwa, phambi kofakazi, kulabo abamesekayo nanoma kubani abona efanele. Uma efika, okhulumayo ubeka udaba lwecala eliqondene nommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa ongalindele ukuvakashelwa ngale ndlela, akaphoqiwe ukuphendula ngaleso sikhathi ngezinsolo ethweswa zona. Ummangalelwa angazisa ummangali nalabo abamphelezelayo ukuba babuye ngosuku nesikhathi esibekiwe. Okuhle ngesinyathelo sokuqala wukuthi ummangalelwa waziswa ngokugcwele ngohlobo namandla ecala abekwa lona ngummangali.
Ngosuku olunqunyiwe, ummangali uyophinde achaze icala phakathi kommangalelwa kanye nabeluleki bakhe. Ofakazi bamacala omabili bayabizwa. Nakuba engekho unompempe, udaba luthethwa njengecala kanti lubhekwa kuwo wonke amacala.
Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi "ukuthatha isinyathelo" kanti lwaziwa njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokuthethwa kwecala.17 Kulesi sigaba, ummangalelwa uyakwazi ukukala amandla ommangali, angakwazi nokuvuma icala nalapho okuthathwa ngokuthi isimangalo sinobufakazi. Yilapho sekungalandela khona umbuzo wenkokhelo. Ngemuva kokubona amandla ommangalelwa, ummangali anganquma ukuthi ngeke kumsize ngalutho ukuqhubeka nodaba. Lesi yisigaba esifana nokuphetha inkulumo-mpikiswano ecaleni "litis contestation".
Uma ummangalelwa enenkani futhi ummangali efuna ukuqhubeka nodaba, anganquma ukuhoxisa ithimba lakhe bese edlulisela phambili udaba enduneni enegunya noma engagunyaziwe, ngaphakathi kwaleyo wadi noma esifundeni.19 Induna engenagunya ayinawo amandla okuphoqa ukuba afike ummangalelwa noma iphoqelele isigwebo. Uma ummangalelwa evuma icala phambi kwenkundla yenduna engenagunya kodwa enqaba ukuhlawula, ummangali angafaka udaba eNkantolo yeNkosi kanti ummangalelwa uyoboshezelwa kulokho akuvumile.20 Uma ithimba lingagculiswa yisinqumo seNduna, lingahambisa udaba eNkantolo yeNkosi. Isinqumo seNkantolo yeNkosi noma Inkantolo yeNduna enegunya siyabophezela futhi singalandelwa yisigwebo. Ngaphandle kokufaka udaba eNkantolo yeNduna, ithimba lingedlulela enkantolo efanele endaweni, okuyinkantolo yeNduna enegunya, eNkantolo yeNkosi noma eNkantolo kaMantshi.21 Inkosi ingasiguqula isigwebo seNduna kanjalo Ingonyama ingaguqula isinqumo seNkosi.
Ufakazi ukhuluma ngolwazi lwakhe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ithimba noma ilungu loMkhandlu weNkosi noma elinye lamalunga omphakathi elikhona lingaphonsa imibuzo kufakazi. Le nqubo yenziwa ngendlela ehloniphekile futhi elawulekayo ngaphandle kokubeka imigoqo yokuthi uphawula kanjani.
Ngemuva kokulalela bonke ubufakazi nezinkulumo zawo wonke umuntu okhona,22 Inkosi ngosizo lwamaKhansela iyothola isiphetho ngendlela ehambisana nomthetho wendabuko nomqondo wodaba. Uma lokho okutholiwe kungazange kwenzeke esikhathini esedlule, kuyothathwa njengesiqalo.23 Le nqubo ibandakanya amaqiniso njengoba enjalo kanye nokusebenza komthetho kulawo maqiniso.
Inkosi noma Induna engamele udaba enkantolo yendabuko ibumba Inkantolo yeNdabuko. Isahlulelo salowo mhlangano welunga eliphethe singujuqu, bese kusala ilungelo lokwedlulisa udaba kulabo abathintekayo. Tsautsi v Nene.24 Igama elithi 'isahlulelo' liqonde isinqumo senkantolo kanjalo nezizathu zesinqumo. Nakuba ingekho impoqo yokukhipha izizathu ngesikhathi esifanayo nokukhishwa kwesinqumo, umqondo wenqubo ohambisana nesinqumo kufanele ucace emqondweni wenkantolo ngaphambi kokukhipha leso sinqumo. Uma isahlulelo sesikhishiwe iNkosi noma iNduna noma yiPhini layo lisuke seliwuphethile umsebenzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi Inkosi ingasikhiphi isahlulelo. Umthelela wokuyeka isahlulelo, usho ukuchithwa kwecala - Komani v Qabongwana.25 Inkosi noma Induna inomsebenzi oyimpoqo wokubhalisa umlando wesinqumo sayo eHhovisi likaMantshi26 zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kwesinqumo - Izigaba 6 no 7 GN R2082 ka 1967. Uma Inkosi yehluleka ukubhalisa isahlulelo sayo futhi kwedlula isikhathi esinqunyiwe, iyoba nesibophezelo sokuhlawula izindleko zomuntu noma zethimba elilahlekelwe ngenxa yokwehluleka kwayo ukuyobhalisa. - Seymour 17 kanye necala lika- Bhengu v Mpungose.27 Isahlulelo senkosi noma senduna esibhalisiwe futhi sachicilelwa phansi sithathwa ngokuthi silungile kuze kufike isikhathi lapho siphonselwa khona inselelo noma silungiswa. Uma kuphonswa inselelo yokulunga kwesahlulelo, kufanele isaziso sinikwe amanye amathimba kanye nenkosi ethintekayo. - Kunene v Mandoda.
Igama elithi "ukufuna isikweletu" lichaza inqubo elandelwa ngumuntu okweletwayo lapho efuna khona inkokhelo noma ukuzenelisa ngalokho akweletwa khona. Umthetho wendabuko ngenqubo yokufuna inkokhelo kufanele ilandelwe - Bheka: S1 of GN R2802 ka 1967. Isahlulelo senkantolo yendabuko siyophoqelelwa ngokudla impahla yomuntu okweletayo yisithunywa senkosi.29 Uma ukudla impahla kuhambisana nesiko, alikho ifa noma impahla eyobuyiselwa eceleni. Uma kwenzeka isithunywa senkosi senqatshelwa, umuntu okweletwayo uyothola usizo lwenkantolo kamantshi lapho iyokhipha khona umyalelo wokudla impahla. - Bheka: S8 of GN 2802 ka 1967. Inkosi evumayo ukuthi ivume ukudliwa kwempahla ngolwazi lokuthi impahla edliwayo ngeyomuntu wesithathu iyoba nesibophezelo sokubuyisela emuva leyo mpahla edliweyo - Khanyile v Khanyile.30 Uma isilwane somuntu wesithathu sidliwa yisithunywa seNkosi, umuntu wesithathu unelungelo lokuveza ubufakazi obehlukile bokuphikisana nesinqumo noma yikuphi lapho ikhona impahla noma ngabe idayiselwe omunye umuntu - Hlatshwayo v Hlongwane.31 Ngaphansi koMthetho 8 of GN R2082 ka 1967, isimangalo somuntu wesithathu kufanele silalelwe yiNkosi ekhiphe isahlulelo noma oyilandelayo ngesikhundla. Ukwehluleka ukulandela inqubo yendabuko kuyoqubula isimangalo sesinxephezelo - Ndlovu v Thabethe & Others.32 Inkosi ayisona isithunywa somuntu, ngakho inkokhelo enikwa Inkosi ngaphandle kwaleyo ekhishwe ngegunya lomuntu okweletwayo ayiqondene nokuqeda isikweletu sengxabano - Majozi v Majozi.
Ukwedlulisa udaba nokulubuyekeza yinqubo engasetshenziswa ekuphonseni inselelo isahlulelo senkantolo engaphansi ngenhloso yokulungisa isahlulelo noma ukusibeka eceleni.34 Noma kunjalo, inqubo ngayinye ifanele isimo esithile kuphela. Isizathu sokukhalaza sinquma leyo nqubo efanele.
Uma isikhalo sigxile emaphutheni okungahambisi ngendlela efanele noma engekho emthethweni ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala, inqubo yokubuyekeza iyalandelwa. Izikhawu zamaphutha okungahambisi ngendlela efanele ahlanganisa ukweya imithetho yobulungiswa.36 Ngokwalo mthetho, inkantolo kufanele ilalele amathimba omabili ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo. Ukwehluleka ukwenza njalo kuthathwa njengephutha lokungahambisi ngendlela efanele. Uma kodwa isikhalo sigxile emcabangweni osize inkantolo ekufinyeleleni kwisinqumo, isicelo sokwedlulisa udaba kuyoba ngesifanele ngaphansi kwaleso simo.37 Ukwedlulisa isikhalo kuphelela embhalweni wecala eliquliwe kanti ukubuyekeza kungatholakala ezikhalweni ezingale kwemibhalo.
Zikhona nokho izimo ezithile lapho enye yezinqubo ezimbili ingaba ngefanele isimo. Isibonelo: isiphathimandla esingamele simukela ubufakazi obungamukelekile kanjalo nakubafakazi obungemukelekile buvela embhalweni. Kulesi sigameko, kungenzeka ukubuyekeza noma ukwedlulisa isikhalo kube yinto efanele.
Umbuzo okusafanele uphendulwe ngothi ngabe izinkantolo zemantshi zinawo yini amandla okubuyekeza isinqumo esithathwe yizinkantolo zendabuko. Okhomishani bezinkantolo ezaqedwa zase zithathelwa indawo yizinkantolo zikamantshi zazinamandla kuphela okubuyekeza isinqumo senkantolo yendabuko. - Latha v Latha & Another.39 Ecaleni lika - Bhulose v Bhulose,40 kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi Inkantolo kaKhomishani yayingenawo amandla okubuyekeza isahlulelo seziNkantolo zeNdabuko. Isigaba 12 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama nesigaba 29A soMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi zinika ngqo inkantolo kamantshi ukuba ilalele izikhalo ezidluliswe ezinkantolo zendabuko kodwa izigaba zombili aziqukethe lutho oluthinta ukubuyekeza. Inkantolo kaMantshi njengesidalwa somthetho, ayinawo amandla ngaphezu kwalawo akhishwe ngaphansi koMthetho weNkantolo kaMantshi neminye imithetho.
Kubonakala sengathi awukho umthetho ohlinzeka ukuba izinkantolo zomantshi zibuyekeze izimangalo zombango oqale eziNkantolo zeNdabuko. Nakuba kunjalo, ngokulandisa kwesigaba 35 (o), noma ngubani obekwe icala unelungelo lokuba icala lakhe lithethwe ngendlela enobulungiswa, okuhlanganisa ilungelo lokwedlulisa icala noma libuyekezwe yiNkantolo ePhakeme. Lesi sigaba sibonakala sinika Izinkantolo zoMantshi amandla okubuyekeza isahlulelo senkantolo yendabuko. Ukuphawula okuqondwe kulesi sigaba "noma ngubani othweswe icala" kukhomba ukuthi lesi sigaba sisebenza kuphela ezigamekweni zobugebengu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma inkantolo yemantshi ilalela isikhalo esidluliselwe kuyo luvela enkantolo yendabuko, inamandla abanzi okuhambisana, okuguqula noma okubuyisela eceleni isinqumo seNkantolo yendabuko ngemuva kokulalela ubufakazi obethulwe phambi kwayo ngamathimba noma obunye ubufakazi obufunwa yinkantolo. Inkantolo yemantshi ibuye ibe namandla okwelula isikhathi esinqunywe eMithethweni yeziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967. Kuyacaca ukuthi isikhalo esidluliselwa enkantolo kamantshi asigcini nje embhalweni ogciniwe kodwa sibandakanya nobufakazi obuqondene nokungahambisi ngendlela efanele, akukhathalekile ukuthi buyavela embhalweni noma abuzange bulalelwe nhlobo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi akubalulekile ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwesicelo sokwedlulisa icala nokubuyekeza ngenhloso yokuthola usizo eNkantolo yeMantshi ngemuva kwesahlulelo esikhishwe yiNkantolo yeNdabuko. Ngesizathu sokuthi ukulalela isicelo esidlulisiwe yisenzo sokulalela kabusha udaba, akuvamile ukubaluleka ukucabanga umgudu wokubuyekeza icala njengesinye sezixazululo.
Isahlulelo seNkosi noma seNduna singedluliselwa eNkantolo kaMantshi enamandla afanele kuleyo ndawo - isigaba 12 sifundwa nesigaba 29A soMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi No 32 ka 1944. Inkantolo kaMantshi enamandla okulawula iyiNkantolo yeMantshi ebivele ingaba namandla okulalela udaba oluthethwa okokuqala.
Lokhu kuchaza Inkantolo kaMantshi enamandla okulawula alingana neNkantolo yeNdabuko ethintekayo.41 Isahlulelo seNkantolo yeNdabuko singedluliselwa eNkantolo kaMantshi noma kungasho ukuthi isinqumo saleyo nkantolo siyoba ngujuqu. - Ntshabala v Piti.42 Amathimba athintekayo esikhalweni esidluliswayo kufanele abizwe; ummangali ebhekene nommangalelwa, kungabi ngodlulisa isikhalo ebhekene noziphendulelayo. - Dlamini v Sibisi.43 Isikhalo esidluliswayo sibuka kuphela udaba oluqoshwe embhalweni ngamathimba. Ngakho, uma ummangali efuna isinxephezelo sezinkomo eziyi-19 kodwa inkosi ikhipha isahlulelo sezinkomo ezine kuphela, kanjalo ummangali edlulisa udaba oluphikisa isahlulelo, inkantolo elalela isikhalo esidlulisiwe ayinawo amandla okuchitha isimangalo noma izwelane nommangalelwa uma ummangalelwa engafakanga esakhe isicelo sokwedlulisa udaba.44 Uma inkantolo ithola izizathu zokuhambisana nommangalelwa, inkantolo yesikhalo esidlulisiwe kufanele isichithe leso sicelo sokwedlulisa, okusho ukungaguqulwa kwesinqumo senkantolo yendabuko. - Mthethwa v Mthethwa45. Isikhalo esidlulisiwe kufanele sibhalwe zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbili kusuka ngosuku lwesahlulelo - Umthetho 9 Imithetho yeziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967. Lesi sikhathi singelulwa yiMantshi uma iveza izizathu ezifanele. - Umthetho 9 . Ngemuva kokubhala isikhalo esidlulisiwe, isigwebo esihambisana nesahlulelo siyomiswa kuze kuphothulwe isicelo esidlulisiwe noma sihoxiswe. - Umthetho 8 . Ithimba eliyingxenye yecala aliphelelwa ngamalungelo okwedlulisa icala eNkantolo yeMantshi ngesizathu sokuvuma ukuhambisana noma ngokufeza kancane isigwebo esikhishwe yiNkantolo yeNkosi. - Umthetho 9 . Ummangalelwa odlulisa icala uyakwazi ukufaka esakhe isimangalo noma engazange wasifaka ngesikhathi sokuqala icala. - Umthetho 12 weMithetho yeziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967. Kuyavela nokho ukuthi lo mthetho sengathi uyaphaphalaza. Seymour 33 fn 166. Isikhalo esidlulisiwe siyophelelwa yisikhathi uma isahlulelo okukhalwa ngaso siphelelwa yisikhathi, ngaphansi komthetho 7.
Umthetho 7 ulandisa ngokuthi isahlulelo seNkantolo yaMakhosi siphelelwa yisikhathi uma singabhaliswanga kunobhala weNkantolo kaMantshi zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kosuku lwesahlulelo, njengoba umthetho 7 unqumile. Isahlulelo esiphelelwe yisikhathi sifana nesahlulelo esingekho futhi esingasebenzi. - Sabelo v Njilo46.
Isikhalo esidlulisiwe ngeke sibhalwe mayelana nesahlulelo esikhishelwe umuntu okweletayo yinkantolo yendabuko ngaphambi kokuba isicelo sokwesula isahlulelo sinqatshwe. - Umthetho 9 . Imithetho yeNkantolo yaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967. Bheka umthetho 10-13 weMithetho yaMakhosi neZiphakanyiswa (Kwazulu-Natal GN 12 ka 1992) mayelana nenqubo yokwedlulisa isikhalo.
soMthetho No 38 ka 1927, uma isikhalo sesibhaliwe, isiphathimandla esingamele inkantolo yendabuko sinesibopho sokunika ngokubhaliwe inkantolo elalela udaba lwesikhalo esidluliswayo izizathu zesahlulelo zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-14 ngemuva kokwaziswa ngesicelo. Uma zingabhaliwe izizathu, kufanele zibhalwe wunobhala wenkantolo. Lezo zizathu ziyoba yingxenye yombhalo wesikhalo esidluliswayo. Uma isiphathimandla senkantolo yendabuko sihluleka ukwethula izizathu, inkantolo elalela isikhalo esidluliswayo ingasiphoqa ukwenza lokho ngesikhathi esichaziwe. Inkantolo elalela udaba oludlulisiwe ingahlehlisa udaba ngenhloso yokunika ithuba isiphathimandla seNkantolo yeNdabuko lapho siyothula khona izizathu. Ngokwayo, inkantolo elalela isikhalo esidluliswayo ingachitha izizathu zesahlulelo. - Umthetho 10(d) no 11 weMithetho yeziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967. Uma ubala izinsuku ezinqunywe ngaphansi kwemithetho,47 iSonto neHolidi alibalwa. - Umthetho 15 . Isikhalo esidlulisiwe ngeke sibhalwe uma inani lesinxephezelo esifunwayo lingaphansi kuka-R10.00 ngaphandle uma inkantolo elalela isikhalo iqinisekise ophenyweni olufingqiwe ngokuthi kunenkambiso yomthetho esemqoka ephathekayo esikhalweni sokwedlulisa udaba.
Inkantolo kaMantshi elalela isikhalo sodaba oluvela enkantolo yendabuko iyolalela kabusha udaba kube sengathi iyinkantolo yokuqala ukuluzwa, ngakho ibeke eceleni isahlulelo seNkantolo yeNdabuko. - Umthetho 12.
Uma semukelwa, sibuyiselwa eceleni noma siguqulwa isahlulelo seNkantolo yeNdabuko, isahlulelo siyothathwa njengeseNkantolo kaMantshi, - isigaba 29A soMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi. Ngenxa yokuthi umkhawulo wamandla wezinkantolo zaMakhosi, zeziNduna noma Amaphini abo ulingana kuphela nomthetho wendabuko, uma ilalela isikhalo esidlulisiwe, inkantolo inesibophezelo sokusebenzisa umthetho wendabuko - Yeni v Jaca NAC (N-E) 31. Uma kutholakala ukuthi inkantolo yendabuko yanquma udaba olungena ngaphansi kwamandla enkantolo evamile noma yasentshonalanga, udaba oluthethiwe luyobekwa eceleni ngenxa yokuthi leyo nkantolo beyingenalo ilungelo elifanele. Cebekhulu v Shandu NAC (N-E) 196. Esinye isicelo sokwedlulisa isikhalo singedluliselwa eNkantolo ePhakeme.
EQwaqwa, umkhuba nenqubo yokwedlulisa isikhalo seziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna siya eNkantolo kaMantshi yinto engasabuswa yizigaba 12 , 12 , 20 20 no 20 woMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama. Lezi zigaba zacinywa ngaphansi kwesigaba 6 soMthetho woKwedluliswa kweZikhalo waseQwaqwa ziphuma eziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna 7 ka 1988. Le nqubo seyilawulwa wuMthetho waseQwaqwa. Isigaba 3 soMthetho waseQwaqwa sinika Ungqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa amandla okushaya imithetho (ukulawula imikhuba nenqubo yokwedlulisa izikhalo) oyisenzo esithatha indawo yeMithetho yeziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967.
Lezi zifunda zemukela le mithetho ngokulandelana kwayo mayelana nokuSungulwa kweziNkantolo zoMantshi, kanti ngokwesigaba 2 semithetho yomibili; Izinkantolo zoMantshi sezinamandla aleyo mikhawulo ecinyiwe.48 Ngenxa yokuthi iziNkantolo zoKhomishani zazilalela izikhalo ezivela eziNkantolo zeNdabuko, lamandla adluliselwa eziNkantolo zoMantshi.
Imikhuba nenqubo yokwedlulisa izikhalo eziphuma ezinkantolo zaMakhosi ilawulwa ngaphansi kweMithetho yeziNkantolo zaMakhosi neziNduna R2082 ka 1967.
Ngokulandisa kwesigaba 20 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama, ngokubhaliwe, uNgqongqoshe angagunyaza amakhosi nezinduna noma amaphini amakhosi ukushushisa icala lendabuko noma lomthetho ovamile ngaphandle kwalawo achazwe ohlwini lwesithathu loMthetho, eliqubuke phakathi kwabantu abamnyama endaweni ebuswa yinkosi. Izinkantolo zendabuko azikwazi ukukhipha izigwebo ezilandelayo (Isigaba 20 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama): isigwebo sokubulala50, ukulimaza, ukushaya,51 ukubopha, inhlawulo engaphezulu kwama-R100.00 noma ngaphezulu kwezinkomo ezimbili ezinkulu noma ishumi lezincane kanye nokufaka isibhaxu. Umkhawulo omiselwe isibhaxu uhambisana nesigaba 12 (e) soMthethosisekelo wezwe ovimbela unya nesigwebo esingenabo ubuntu. Ngokwesigaba 20 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama, ukwedlulisa isikhalo sobugebengu esivela enkantolo yendabuko siyofakwa eNkantolo kaMantshi enamandla afanele zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30 ngemuva kwesigwebo - Umthetho 2, Ukulawula Izicelo zokwedlulisa isikhalo R45 ka 1961.
Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi umthetho wendabuko awehlukanisi phakathi kodaba lombango nobugebengu ngendlela efanayo nomthetho ovamile wasentshonalanga. Lezi ziwombe azilalelwa ngokwehlukana. Kufanele futhi kwaziwe ukuthi isenzo somuntu owonile singaholela ecaleni lobugebengu noma esidingweni sesinxephezelo.52 Uma kunjalo, isiphathimandla esingamele kufanele siyazi imingcele yamandla aso maqondana nodaba lobugebengu noma lombango.
Amakhosi nezinduna ezingenalo igunya yilezo ezinganikiwe igunya lamandla okulalela udaba lombango noma lobugebengu nguNgqongqoshe, ngaphansi kwesigaba 12 noma 20 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama. Lokhu akuchazi ngempela ukuthi lawo Makhosi noma Izinduna kazibekiwe ngokomthetho. Lawo Makhosi noma Izinduna azinawo amandla okuthetha amacala ombango noma obugebengu kodwa emukelekile futhi anegalelo emiphakathini yawo. Iqiniso lempela lithi abantu abaxabene nabamangalayo kuleyo miphakathi bethula ingxabano yabo kulawo Makhosi neziNduna. Lawo Makhosi alalela ingxabano bese ekhipha isahlulelo.
Ngokweqiniso, isahlulelo esikhishwe yiNkosi noma yiNduna engagunyaziwe siyize54 futhi asibophezeli emathimbeni ngaphandle uma besivuma.55 Leso sahlulelo asiphoqiwe ukuba silandelwe. Ukudla nokususa impahla edliwe ngaphansi kwalesi sahlulelo sithathwa njengesenzo esonakele.56 Uma leyo mpahla inikwa okweletwayo ngenxa yesahlulelo, oyithathayo uphenduka ingxenye yesenzo senqubo engalungile.57 Leso sahlulelo siyawabophezela amathimba, uma ezivumela ngokwawo. Uma amathimba esivuma isahlulelo kodwa ummangalelwa ehluleka ukukhokha, ofake icala kufanele athathe izinyathelo enkantolo enamandla afanele.58 Ngemuva kokuvuma isahlulelo komuntu ofake icala, lapho ummangalelwa ekhokha khona inhlawulo ehambisana nesigwebo esikhishiwe noma leyo nkokhelo ingaphelele ukufeza ngokugcwele umgomo wesigwebo futhi Inkosi noma Induna noma isithunywa siyemukela leyo nkokhelo, ofake icala uyabophezeleka kanti ummangalelwa uphelelwa yisikweletu.59 Uma imali ekhokhwa ngummangalelwa ingemukeleki, imali ithathwa njengobufakazi bokuvuma isikweletu nesenzo sokuvuma esingasetshenziswa ekushushiseni lelo cala esikhathini esizayo.
Isimo sezinyathelo zobugebengu sihlukile. NgaMakhosi, Izinduna namaPhini agunyaziwe kuphela angaqula udaba lobugebengu. Uma Inkosi noma Induna engagunyaziwe ikhipha isigwebo senhlawulo noma sokujeza, leso sinqumo siyothathwa njengento eyize nengasho lutho.61 Uma inkantolo yeqa amandla noma ikhipha isigwebo endaweni lapho ingenawo khona amandla okulawula, leyo nkantolo yenza icala noma ingahlawuliswa. Bheka Umgomo 17 no 31 wesimemezelo R110 ka 1957.
Izinkantolo zeNdabuko eTranskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda neCiskei (ozimele-geqe) zazibunjwe ngaphansi komthetho ophasiswe kulezo ziFunda. Kufanele kucace ukuthi nakuba umthetho obumbe futhi olawula ukusebenza kwezinkantolo zendabuko kulezi zifunda zinokuthile okufanayo noMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama, zinokuthile okwehlukene. Ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo wezwe walezi ziFunda,63 zonke izinkantolo kulezi zifunda zazinikwe amandla okusebenzisa umthetho wesizwe emacaleni aqondene namasiko esizwe ngasinye alandelwa yileyo miphakathi. (Bheka Seymour 7-8).
Embusweni omdala waseBophuthatswana, izinkantolo zendabuko zazaziwa njengeziNkantolo zesizwe. Ngokulandisa koMthetho weMikhandlu yeNdabuko No 23 ka 1978 (Umthetho), inkantolo yenkosi ibunjelwe indawo ngayinye yenkosi.
Lezi zinkantolo zibunjwe ngaphansi koMthetho owakhiwe yiNkosi, yiziNduna zoSihlalo bemikhandlu yomphakathi. Amalunga omphakathi noma esizwe aqondene angamalunga enkantolo. Izinkantolo zendabuko zivela esigabeni 9 soMthetho wezinkantolo. Izicelo zokwedlulisa amacala nokuwabuyekeza zisingathwa yizinkantolo zomantshi - isigaba 9 soMthetho ezinamandla okubeka eceleni, okuchibiyela nokulungisa isahlulelo senkantolo yenkosi noma ukukhipha leso sinqumo esihambisana nobulungiswa besimo. - Isigaba 9 soMthetho. Uma inquma ngesicelo sokwedlulisa udaba, inkantolo yemantshi ingaqoka ngokwayo ukulalela udaba kabusha noma yethembele emlandweni wecala ophuma eNkantolo yenkosi - Bheka isigaba 9 . Uma ilalela udaba olwedlulisiwe, inkantolo yemantshi kufanele isebenzise umthetho wendabuko - isigaba 10 soMthetho.
Isigaba 3 soMthetho sinika amandla umongameli ukuba anike Umkhandlu weNdabuko igunya lokusingatha udaba lombango, mayelana nezinto eziqutshulwe wumthetho wendabuko. Uma Umkhandlu weNdabuko usebenzisa umthetho wesintu, umongameli anganika isigungu soMkhandlu weNdabuko amandla okulawula udaba lombango alingene leyo ndawo, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezithile nokuqhuba lawo mandla maqondana nabantu abathile. Odabeni olubandakanya isiko, kufanele kusetshenziswe umthetho wendabuko ngaphandle uma ucinyiwe, uguquliwe noma ushayisana nenqubomgomo yomphakathi noma inkambiso yobulungiswa. - Isigaba soMthetho. Lezi zinkantolo zinekhono elifanele lokuqula ngempumelelo amacala ombango nobugebengu, uma kuphatheka amaqiniso namathimba afanayo - isigaba 11 soMthetho.
Wodaba olufaka phakathi inkosi/induna noma umkhandlu wesizwe.
NgokoMthetho No 29 ka 1979 weziNkantolo zeNdabuko eBophuthatswana, izinkantolo zombuso omdala waseBophuthatswana zinamandla amile nahlukile okunquma amacala ombango aqutshulwa yisiko nomthetho wendabuko. Ngalezi zizathu, lezo zinyathelo aziqulwa enkantolo kamantshi.
Umnikazi womhlaba nento enganyakazi engaphakathi kwendawo yenkosi, mayelana nezinyathelo ezihlobene naleyo mpahla.
Ngemuva kokuba iTranskei yathola uzimele-geqe, imibandela yoMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama ephathelene namakhosi nezinduna yangena ngaphansi kweSigaba 60 soMthethosisekelo waseTranskei No 15 ka 1976 owawuhlinzekela ukuqhutshwa kokusebenza kwemithetho ebusayo ize icinywe yiSishayamthetho saseTranskei. Imibandela eyaqhutshelwa phambili yathathelwa indawo yayo wuMthetho weziNkantolo zaMakhosi waseTranskei No 6 ka 1983 (Umthetho) kanye neMithetho - GN 139 ka 1984 - Bheka Seymour 20. Ngaphandle kweziNkantolo zeMikhandlu yeziFunda zaMakhosi, le mithetho yayibunjwe ngaphansi koMthetho weziNkantolo zemiKhandlu yeziFunda No 13 ka 1982. Inkosinkulu namaphini ayo banamandla ngokwezikhundla zabo alingana naMakhosi, ngakho asikho isidingo sokuwanika amandla ngokusemthethweni.
D Izindaba ezithinta ukubeka eceleni umshado, ukwehlukanisa noma ukuhlala ngokwehlukana kwabashadile azingeni emandleni eNkantolo yeNdabuko.
Inqubo kufanele ihambisane nomthetho wamasiko nendabuko kodwa ukuqhutshwa kohlelo lube yisimo esinqunywe wumgomo - isigaba 4 no . Amandla ezicelo zokwedlulisa icala asezithebeni zenkantolo kamantshi noma iNkantolo yoMkhandlu wesiFunda. - Ilungelo lokwedlulisa icala likhona ngaphandle uma inani lingaphezulu kwama- R25.00, ngaphandle uma Inkantolo ePhakeme yenze isiqiniseko embikweni ofingqiwe esithi udaba lubandakanya inkambiso yomthetho osemqoka 4 . Isicelo esidluliswayo sifana nokuqulwa kabusha kwecala, isigaba 4.
D Ummangalelwa kufanele abekwe icala ngaphansi kwesigaba sendabuko noma sesiko ngaphandle kwalawo afakwe ohlwini loMthetho noma amacala aqoshwe emthethweni ngencazelo kaNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa.
E Izigwebo ezilandelayo azivunyelwe: Isigaba 3 3: Ukufa, ukulimaza, ukushaya, ukujezisa noma inhlawulo engaphezulu kwezinkomo ezindala ezine noma inhlawulo edlule kuma-R100.00 inhloko yenkomo ngayinye noma izinkomo ezincane ezingamashumi amabili ezihambisana nokuzikhethela inhlawulo yama-R20.00 inkomo ngayinye noma inhlawulo ephelele engadluli kuma-R400.00.
Inqubo yobugebengu kufanele ihambisane nomthetho wendabuko namasiko, inqobo uma ingashayisani nomyalelo kaNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa. Akekho umuntu ovunyelwe ukumela omunye - isigaba 10. Uma kwenzeka ummangalelwa ehluleka ukukhokha inhlawulo, inkosi inganquma ukumbopha bese imletha phambi kwemantshi noma enhlokweni yenkantolo yesifunda sendawo lapho kwenzeke khona icala. Uma imantshi igculiswa wukuthi inhlawulo inqunywe ngendlela efanele, ingaphoqa ukukhokhwa kwayo, uma ehluleka agqunywe esitokisini isikhathi esingedluli ezinyangeni ezintathu. Amandla okwemukela isicelo sokwedlulisa isikhalo asezandleni zenkantolo kaMantshi noma eNkantolo yesiFunda - isigaba 5 . Isikhalo sokwedlulisa udaba siyoqulwa sengathi luqalwa phansi udaba, isigaba 5.
Ngokulandisa kwesigaba 73 soMthethosisekelo waseTranskei No 15 ka 1976, ziyisishagalolunye izindawo zezifunda eTranskei nezibunjelwe Izinkantolo zeMikhandlu yeziFunda - isigaba 2 soMthetho weMikhandlu yeziFunda (Umthetho). Ngokombiko ka Olivier 199764, yizinkantolo ezisezifundeni ezinhlanu kuphela ezazisebenza ngo-1997. Izinkantolo zeMikhandlu yeziFunda zinamandla alinganayo nezinkantolo zomantshi lapho ummangalelwa ecaleni lobugebengu noma amathimba athintekayo eyizakhamizi zaseTranskei - isigaba 3 soMthetho weMikhandlu yeziFunda. Umehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zomantshi ezingasebenzisa kuphela umthetho wendabuko ezindabeni zombango, Izinkantolo zeMikhandlu yeziFunda zinegunya lokusebenzisa umthetho wendabuko nasemacaleni obugebengu. Izinkantolo zeMikhandlu yeziFunda zithathwa njengezidalwa zomthetho ngenxa yokuthi zabunjwa wuMthetho weSishayamthetho futhi zithola amandla azo kulowo mthetho. Akuvunyelwe muntu oyomela omunye kulezi zinkantolo. - isigaba 7.
Amandla okulalela udaba olwedlulisiwe asezithebeni zeNkantolo ePhakeme kanti izigwebo zobugebengu zibuyekezwe ngendlela efanayo nezinkantolo zomantshi. Inqubo ihambisana nesiko, inqobo uma ilawulwa nguNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa - Seymour , ikhasi 22.
Umbuzo okufanele siwuphendule lapha yilowo wokuthi: Ingabe inkantolo yeNdabuko ingakwazi yini ukumemezela umthetho wendabuko njengento eyize ngesizathu sokuthi awuhambisani nomthethosisekelo?
Maqondana neSigaba 170 soMthethosisekelo, inkantolo engaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme ayinawo amandla okufuna ulwazi noma ithathe isinqumo ngokuhambisana noma nokuphambana kwanoma yimuphi umthetho noma iphenye ukuziphatha kukamongameli wezwe. Isigaba 110 soMthetho, asiniki inkantolo yemantshi ikhono lokuphawula ngokuba semthethweni kwanoma yimuphi umthetho noma indlela yokuziphatha kukamongameli wezwe. Isigaba 110 soMthetho weNkantolo kaMantshi siphikisa inkantolo kamantshi ekunqumeni ukuthi umthetho othile ngabe usemthethweni yini, kungaba isisusa ukungahambisani kwawo nomthethosisekelo noma ngenye indlela. Igama elithi 'umthetho' linikwa incazelo esigabeni 2 soMthetho Wokuhumusha Imithetho No 33 ka 1957: " noma yimuphi umthetho, isimemezelo, umgomo, Umthetho wesiShayamthetho noma okunye okuphasisiwe okunamandla okulawula njengomthetho". Igama elithi "umthetho" lithathwa njengencazelo eqonde imigomo eshaywe yisishayamthetho, hhayi ' umthetho wokwenza into ngendlela ejwayelekile", usho njalo u-Buckle & Jones V 1 Act 403, Millman NO v African Eagle Life Assurance Society Ltd 1981 SA 630 (C).
Nakuba kungashiwongo lutho ngomthetho ovamile Esigabeni 170 soMthethosisekelo neSigaba 110 soMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi, izinkantolo zomantshi azinawo amandla okuphawula ngobulungiswa bomthetho okhona ovamile (B&J V Umthetho 403). Ngokusebenzisa impikiswano efanayo, singafinyelela esinqumeni esifanayo sokuthi inkantolo kamantshi ayinawo amandla okuphawula ngobulungiswa bomthetho wendabuko. Inkantolo kamantshi njengesidalwa somthetho, ithola amandla kuMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi kanti lawo mandla (okuphenya ngobulungiswa bomthetho ovamile) achaziwe wuMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi. Ngakho, Inkantolo kaMantshi njengesidalwa somthetho ayinikiwe amandla ngaphansi koMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi ukuphenya ngobulungiswa bomthetho wendabuko.
Maqondana neSigaba 170 soMthethosisekelo wezwe, inkantolo engaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme ayikwazi ukuphenya noma ithathe isinqumo ngobulungiswa banoma yimuphi umthetho noma ukuziphatha kukamongameli wezwe. Isikhundla sezinkantolo zendabuko nezinkantolo zoMantshi, uma kukleliswa izinkantolo zingaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme, ngakho ngokwesigaba 170 lezi zinkantolo azinawo amandla okuphenya noma ukukhipha isinqumo ngobulungiswa banoma yimuphi umthetho noma ukuziphatha kukamongameli wezwe. Ngokwesigaba 2 soMthetho wokuHumusha Imithetho No 33 ka 1957, incazelo yegama "umthetho" ixube imigomo eshaywa yisishayamthetho. Umbono ka B& J V Umthetho 403 uthi, nakuba kungaphawulwanga lutho oluqondiswe emthethweni ovamile eSigabeni 170 soMthethosisekelo naseSigabeni 110 soMthetho weziNkantolo zoMantshi, Inkantolo yemantshi ayinawo amandla okukhipha isinqumo ngobulungiswa bomthetho ovamile. Ngempikiswano efanayo, singaphetha ngokuthi izinkantolo zikamantshi azinawo amandla okulawula ngobulungiswa bomthetho wendabuko. Ngokulandisa kwesigaba 211, umthetho wendabuko wemukelwe eNingizimu Afrika. Ingqikithi yale mpikiswano iqonde ukuthi ukuphawula okuqonde umthetho wesigaba 170 kuhlanganisa umthetho ovamile nomthetho wendabuko. Ngenxa yokuthi izinkantolo zendabuko zingaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme ekuklelisweni kwezinkantolo, nazo ziphucwe amandla okuphenya ngobulungiswa bomthetho wendabuko, ngendlela equkethwe yisigaba 170 soMthethosisekelo wezwe. Ngombono ka TW Bennett 76, izinkantolo zamakhosi azinalo ikhono lokuthatha isinqumo sokuchitha imithetho yendabuko njengaleyo engenabo ubulungiswa. (icashunwe Esigabeni 103 soMthethosisekelo weSikhashana ka 1993).
