Isinqumo seNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo mayelana necala ' Bhe and Others v Magistrate Khayelitsha and Others iNombolo yecala No 49/03 isinqumo esakhishwa ngoMhlaka 15 Mfumfu 2004 sanquma ukuthi isigaba 23 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama 38 ka 1927 noMgomo R200 wemigomo eshicilelwe kwiSaziso sikaHulumeni 10601 soMhlaka 6 Nhlolanja 1987 asihambisani nomthethosisekelo. Ukuhambisana nesimo sesinqumo sikaBhe, Umnyango wezoBulungiswa nokuThuthukiswa koMthethosisekelo kufanele uthuthukise futhi usebenzise uhlelo olubumbene lokuqapha indlela okuphathwa ngayo amafa abantu abashonile ngendlela yezinga elifanayo lezidingo zomphakathi kubo bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngaphandle kokubandlulula ngobuhlanga, ngobulili, ngobudala noma ngokuzalwa.
Umphathi weNkantolo Ephakeme kufanele athathe izintambo zamandla ekuqapheni wonke amafa abantu abashonile.
Wonke amafa kufanele asingathwe ngendlela ehambisana noMthetho Olawula Ukusingathwa kwaMafa abantu Abashonile 66 ka 1965 njengoba uchitshiyelwe.
Wonke amafa abantu abashone bengaziqokelanga ukuthi bafuna acazwe kanjani kufanele asingathwe ngendlela elawulwa wuMthetho waMafa Abantu Abangaqokanga ziNdlalifa 81 ka 1987, njengoba uchitshiyelwe.
Umthetho waMafa Abantu Abangaqokanga ziNdlalifa usizwa yisinqumo sikaBhe ukuze uhlinzekele izimo lapho oshonile kade eshade ngohlelo lomshado wendabuko.
Izimantshi zilahlekelwa ngamandla azo okusingatha nokuqapha amafa abantu abashonile. Noma kunjalo, ziyofunelwa ukuqedela izindaba ezibikwe kuzo ngomhlaka 15 Mfumfu 2004 noma ngaphambili kwalolu suku. Kufanele ziphothule wonke la mafa ngokulandela Umthetho waMafa Abantu Abangaqokanga ziNdlalifa.
Nesikhathi esilandela isinqumo sikaBhe.
Esikhathini sokuqala ngaphambi komhlaka 6 Zibandlela 2002, ngosuku esaqala ngalo ukusebenza isinqumo sikaMoseneke, isibophezelo sokuqapha indlela yokusingatha amafa abantu abashonile sasigxile kakhulu ebuhlangeni. Umphathi weNkantolo ePhakeme wayegada indlela yokuphatha amafa abeLungu, amaKhalathi, amaNdiya naBantu abaMnyama abaziqokele izindlalifa. Igunya loMphathi namandla akhe (namanje kunjalo) ayechazwe eMthethweni wokuSingatha Amafa 66 ka 1965 njengoba uchitshiyelwe.
Imantshi esendaweni obekuhlala kuyo umufi yayinomsebenzi wokuqapha indlela okusingathwa ngayo ifa lomuntu omnyama oshone engazange waqoka izindlalifa nokucazwa kwefa lakhe. Imantshi yayithola amandla esigabeni 23 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama 38 ka 1927 nemigomo eshicilelwe kwiSaziso sikaHulumeni R200 kusoMqulu kaHulumeni 10601 womhlaka 6 Nhlolanja 1987.
Ifa lomuntu oMnyama ngemuva kokufa kwakhe lalingabiwa ngaphansi koMthetho weziNdlalifa ezingaqokwanga nguMufi 81 ka 1987. Lokhu kwenzeka eziwombeni ezimbili. Esiwombeni sokuqala lapho oshonile evezile ngesikhathi esaphila ukuthi akafisi ukuphila ngaphansi kohlelo lomthetho wendabuko. NgokweSaziso sikaHulumeni R200, lesi sifiso savezwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ngesikhathi umufi efaka isicelo sesitifiketi esimhoxisa ukuba ungasebenzi kuye umthetho wesiZulu, ngaphansi kwesigaba 31 soMthetho wokuPhathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama nalapho eziqokela khona ukushadiswa ngaphansi komthetho wesilungu ngaphandle kokuboshwa yinhlanganiso yendabuko. Okwesibili, ifa likamufi lingabiwa ngaphansi koMthetho WeziNdlalifa ezingaqokwanga nguMufi uma uNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa wayenombono wokuthi kungaba kubi esiwombeni esithile ukusabalalisa ifa ngaphansi kohlelo lomthetho wendabuko. Abantu abanentshisekelo babeqonda kuNgqongqoshe ukuze bathole isinqumo ngalokhu.
Esikhathini sesibili, phakathi komhlaka 6 Zibandlela 2002 no 15 Mfumfu 2004, Umphathi weNkantolo ePhakeme wayenamandla okusingatha wonke amafa abafile ngokulandela izimiso zomthetho wesilungu kanti Imantshi yayinamandla okusingatha amafa abafile ngokulandela umthetho wendabuko.
Umphathi wayesebenzisa amandla akhe ngaphansi koMthetho wokuSingatha Amafa Abashonile kanti Izimantshi zazisebenzisa amandla ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuphatha Abantu abaMnyama nemigomo eshaywe ngaphansi koMthetho.
Esikhathini sesithathu, ngemuva komhlaka 15 Mfumfu 2004, Umphathi weNkantolo ePhakeme uyongamela ukusingathwa kwawo wonke amafa abantu abashonile ngokulandela Umthetho Wokuphatha Amafa abantu abashonile. Wonke amafa ashiywe ngabantu ngaphandle kokubhala izifiso zabo ayosingathwa ngokulandisa koMthetho weziNdlalifa ezingaqokwanga nguMufi ohambisana nezinguquko ezifanele zokuhlinzeka imishado engaphansi komthetho wendabuko.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinguquko ezilethwe yisinqumo sikaBhe zibe nomthelela wokubuyisela isimo emuva sifinyelela ngomhlaka 27 Mbasa 1994 mayelana namafa ayengakaphothulwa.
Impumelelo yohlelo olusha iyoqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika baphathwa ngendlela efanayo futhi nokuhlonipha isithunzi sabo.
Ngokubhekela isimo sempela mayelana nabantu abashone ngaphambi komhlaka 27 Mbasa 1994 neziwombe ezingabikwanga phambilini, la mafa kufanele aqondiswe kuMphathi.
Umphathi (Amahhovisi oMphathi neZikhungo zoMphathi) kufanele asingathe wonke amafa lapho umufi eshone khona ngemuva koMhlaka 27 Mbasa 1994. Ifa lisingathwa futhi liqashwe ngokulandisa koMthetho wokuSingatha Amafa abantu abashonile.
Uma umufi eshone engaqokanga ndlalifa noma achaze izifiso zakhe, ifa kufanele lihlukaniswe ngokulandela Umthetho weziNdlalifa ezingaqokwanga nguMufi.
Lezi yizindaba okufanele ziphothulwe yiMantshi ngendlela ehambisana nesinqumo sikaBhe.
Isimo lapho oshonile ebhale khona izifiso zokwabiwa kwefa lakhe (iwili).
Inani lefa (noma isilinganiso senani) elingaphezulu kuka R50 000.
Ifa liyigobongo elingenalutho (izikweletu zedlula ifa).
Oyedwa noma ngaphezulu kubantu okufanele bahlomule eneminyaka engaphansi kwamashumi amabili nanye futhi engasizwa ngummeli wakhe.
Oyedwa noma ngaphezulu kubantu okufanele bahlomule eneminyaka engaphansi kwamashumi amabili nanye futhi ifa linemali egcwele noma ingxenye yayo engaphezulu kuka R20 000.
Uma kukhona esinye sezizathu ezibalwe ngenhla, ifa kufanele ledluliselwe eHhovisi loMphathi ophethe endaweni eyakhele umufi.
Bonke okufanele bahlomule badala ngokwenele ukuzimela noma oyedwa noma ngaphezulu kulabo okufanele bahlomule useyingane futhi usizwa ngummeli wakhe kanti ifa eliyimali lilinganiselwa kuR20 000 noma ngaphansi.
Isikhungo sosizo siyoba namandla efeni lomuntu okuthe ngesikhathi eshona wabe eyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile ngaphakathi komngcele weHhovisi likaMantshi lapho iSikhungo sikanise khona.
Ngesikhathi isicelo sesigcwaliswe ngokuphelele futhi kungasadingeki nezinye izidingo zokukhipha isitifiketi sokuqoka umuntu.
Ngesikhathi isicelo singakwazi ukuphothulwa ngenxa yezinye izidingo okufanele zifezwe futhi kukhona Isikhungo soSizo esisondelene kakhulu nalowo ofake isicelo kuneHhovisi loMphathi, uMphathi weHhovisi kufanele azise ofake isicelo ngalokhu. Amandla okuziqokela iHhovisi loMphathi ngalolusizo asezandleni zomuntu onolwazi ofake isicelo.
Uma eqoka Umsizi wakhe ngaphansi kwesigaba 18 , uMphathi weHhovisi kufanele azise Isikhungo soSizo esinamandla afanayo okusebenza ngalolu daba.
Ezigamekweni lapho umufi eshone khona esibhalile isifiso sokucazwa kwefa kodwa uMphathi engasemukelanga leso sifiso noma iwili, kunesincomo sokuthi uMphathi kufanele akhiphe isitifiketi sokuqoka umuntu kodwa angedluliseli udaba eSikhungweni soSizo.
Akufanele nakancane Isikhungo soSizo sigamanxe emandleni noma endaweni esijutshelwe yona.
Ukwazisa umuntu obike udaba ngokwedluliswa kwalo. Faka esazisweni nemininingwane yokuxhumana yeHhovisi loMphathi.
Uma othile wabashadile eqinisa ukuthi uyingxenye yomshado wendabuko, kufanele kwethulwe ubufakazi besitifiketi sokubhalisa. bheka isigaba 45b soMthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko 120 ka 1998 ngendlela ochitshiyelwe ngayo.. Uma ingekho indlela yokuletha isitifiketi sokubhalisa, lowo oyingxenye yomshado kufanele elulekwe ukuba aqonde enkantolo efanele ukuze athole usizo bheka isigaba 47 soMthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko 120 ka 1998 ngendlela ochitshiyelwe ngayo.
Uma umshadi noma umshadikazi osaphila ehluleka ukwethula ubufakazi bokubhaliswa komshado wendabuko ngenxa yokuthi umshado awukabhaliswa, kufanele abhalise lowo mshado emahhovisi oMnyango wezaseKhaya ngendlela ehambisana noMthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko 120 ka 1998.
b Uma isivumelwane nomshado saphothulwa endaweni esemakhaya, kufanele kube nesiqiniseko esibhaliwe seNkosi noma Ingonyama yaleyo ndawo echaza ukuthi umshado wenzeka ngempela.
c Isitifiketi sokufa noma ikhophi yaso eqondene nomufi okubikwa ngaye ifa lakhe.
d Kufanele kube khona oyedwa omele umndeni kamakoti nomkhwenyana abaphelezela umshadi noma umshadikazi osele baye naye eMnyangweni oseduze weziNdaba zaseKhaya. Kufanele wonke amathimba akhiphe omazisi ngesikhathi sokubhalisa.
e Kunemali engama-R10.00 ekhokhwayo maqondena nesicelo sokubhalisa umshado wendabuko.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemishado yesilungu nendabuko nomthelela wayo emafeni omuntu oshonile.
Umkhuba wokuhlanganisa imicimbi yomshado wendabuko nowesilungu yinto ejwayelekile eNingizimu Afrika futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngezindlela ezehlukene. Abashadayo bangabungaza umshado wendabuko kuthi ngosuku olufanayo noma ngemuva kwesikhashana baluphothule ehhovisi lokubhalisa ngokwesilungu. Lo mkhuba ungathatha igxathu eliphendukezelwe lapho umshado wokubhalisa enkantolo ulandelwa wumgcagco. Imishado emibili eyenziwa ngabashadile ephothulwe ngaphambi koMthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko 120 ka 1998, yadala izinkinga zomthetho ezimbalwa ngenxa yokuthi inhlanganiso yomshado yayingemukelwe ngokusemthethweni ngokunjalo umshado wendabuko bekuyinto ebivinywa nje kodwa ingenamandla atheni.
Kodwa lapho oshadile (ikakhulu owesilisa) eshada omunye wesithathu ngaphansi kwamalungelo ehlukene, yilapho besiqala khona ukushuba isimo. Isibonelo ngumuntu oshiye ikhaya wayosebenza esilungwini, othathe unkosikazi oyedwa ngokwesiko lesintu waphinde washada owasedolobheni ngesiko lasentshonalanga. Ngokucabanga ngamalungelo endabuko, indoda beyazi ukuthi kuyilungelo layo ukuthatha isithembu kodwa ingawuqondi umthelela womthetho wezenzo zayo noma enye indoda ezicabangelayo ivele iwafihlele amakhosikazi ayo noma iwashiye ebumnyameni.
Ngenxa yokuthi Umthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko inomthelela wokungabuyeli emuva, imishado ephothulwe ngaphambi kwalo Mthetho isabuswa yimithetho eyayisebenza ngaphambi kokuqala kwawo ngomhlaka 15 Lwezi 2000. Le mithetho yehlukaniswe izigaba ezine.
Imithetho eyayithathwa ngokuthi isemthethweni yileyo ehlanganiswe ngosiko lwasentshonalanga, ngakho lapho indoda yayihlanganisa khona umshado ngokuthatha isithembu, umshado wokuqala ohlanganiswe ngokwesilungu wawuba namandla angaphezulu kowesintu futhi ushabalalisa omunye okhona wendabuko. Umthelela walokhu udale izinkinga ezinkulu ezinganeni nonkosikazi olahliwe.
Isigaba 22 soMthetho Wokuphathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama 38 ka 1927 wahlinzeka indlela yokuvikela umndeni olahliwe ngesikhathi ishona indoda. Ngenhloso yokubhekela izindlalifa, isikhundla somfelokazi nezingane zalowo oshade ngesilungu sathathwa njengaleso esifanayo nozakwabo oshade ngosiko lwendabuko. Ngokucacile, inkosikazi eshade ngosiko lwasentshona nezingane zalahlekelwa yisikhundla esingcono zakleliswa ngokulinganayo nonkosikazi nezingane ezilahlwe ngenxa yomshado wesintu.
Uma Ihhovisi loMphathi noma Isikhungo soSizo sihlangabezana nesimo esichazwe ngenhla ngemuva kwesinqumo sikaBhe, kufanele kucace ukuthi inkosikazi elahliwe nonkosikazi oshade ngesilungu bayothathwa njengamakhosikazi omufi, ngokwenhloso yezindlalifa zomuntu oshone engazibhalanga izifiso zakhe noma iwili.
Ngo 1988, Umthetho Womshado Nesichibiyelo eMafeni Abantu Abashadile 3 ka 1988 oqale ukusebenza ngomhlaka 2 Zibandlela 1988 wahlinzeka ukuthi nakuba abashade ngenhlanganiso yendabuko bengaphinde bazishadise futhi ngokwesintu, oshadile akakwazi ukuthatha isithembu ngesikhathi umshado wakhe wendabuko usekhona. Uma kwenzeka omunye wabashade ngenhlanganiso yesintu engena emshadweni wesilungu ngaphambi kokuqala ngokubhidliza inhlanganiso yesintu, lowo mshado wesilungu uyothathwa njengento eyize. Lesi simo saqiniswa ecaleni Thembisile and Another v Thembisile and Another 2002 SA 209 (T).
Uma ebhekene nesimo esifana nesichazwe ngenhla, Umphathi noma Isikhungo soSizo kufanele sinqume ukuthi yimuphi phakathi kwemishado yomibili (wesilungu noma wendabuko) osemthethweni ngosuku lokushona komufi. Uma oshonile engena enhlanganisweni yendabuko (umshado wokuqala) nenkosikazi A wase eshada ngokwesilungu inkosikazi B, ngaphandle kokubhidliza umshado wendabuko kusho ukuthi umshado wesilungu uyize kanti umshado wenhlanganiso yendabuko yiwona kuphela osemthethweni. Uma umshado wendabuko wabhidlizwa ngaphambi komshado wesilungu, kuchaza ukuthi umshado wesilungu yiwona kuphela osemthethweni.
Umthetho weMishado yaseTranskei ngo 1978 No 21 ka 1978 wawuvumela amadoda ashade ngaphansi kwesilungu ukuba athathe isithembu, inqobo uma umshado wesilungu wawungahlanganisile amafa. Ngokunjalo, indoda ephansi kwenhlanganiso yendabuko, yayikwazi ukuphinda ishade ngokwesiko lesilungu noma ukuthatha inkosikazi elandelayo, inqobo uma umshado wesilungu ungahlanganisi amafa.
Ngakho, Umphathi noma Isikhungo soSizo sibhekene nemishado emibili eyaphothulwa ngaphansi koMthetho weMishado yaseTranskei. Bobabili abashadi ngaphansi kwesilungu nendabuko bathathwa njengamakhosikazi ngenhloso yokuqokwa kwezindlalifa ezingaqokwanga ngumufi.
Umthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko 120 ka 1998 waqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka 15 Lwezi 2002 wachitha isigaba 22 kuya ku soMthetho Wokuphathwa kwaBantu abaMnyama nezihlinzeko zoMthetho weMishado yaseTranskei evumela imishado emibili.
Isigaba 2 soMthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko sinquma ukuthi umshado wendabuko osemthethweni futhi owawukhona ngokuqala koMthetho ungumshado osemthethweni ngokwayo yonke inhloso ekhona.
Isigaba 10 sihlinzeka ukuthi indoda nenkosikazi ehlanganiswe wumshado wendabuko banamalungelo okuhlanganisa umshado wabo ngokwenqubo yesilungu uma engekho phakathi kwabo ovele eshade ngokwesiko lendabuko nomunye umuntu.
Isigaba 10 sihlinzeka ukuthi nakuba isigatshana sikhona, kodwa akekho omunye wabashade ngomshado wesilungu okuyothi esashadile aphinda ashade futhi, akukhathalekile ukuthi ngumshado wendabuko noma ngowesilungu.
Ngakho, umthetho uqinisa ukuthi abashade ngaphansi kwenhlanganiso yendabuko akufanele babhalise umshado wesilungu uma oyedwa wabo evele eseshadile nomunye umuntu. Lokhu kuyefana nabantu abashade ngaphansi kwemikhuba yasentshonalanga. Abakwazi ukuphinde bashade ngenhlanganiso yendabuko.
