Hybrid (Maize)											IsiZulu
Amahhaybhridi noma izinhlobo zezimbewu ezivulekile ezithuthela isikhuphashe – khetha wena
Instructions:
Folio strap: Amahhayibhridi
Byline: UIan Househam, Umhlanganisi Wephrovinsi wePhrogramu leGrain SA Lokuthuthukisa Abalimi 
Figure 1: Inani lemvuno elisendaweni ephakathi (elivamekile) ngo-2008 nango-2009.
Photo: Ummbila othuthele isikhuphashe kwezinye izitshalo 
Abalimi banikeza izizathu eziningi zokungasebenzisi amahhayibhridi: izimbewu zidulile, ukuswela kwezimali ngesikhathi sokutshala, ukungatholi izimbewu ezingamahayibredi, ukuthenga umanyolo, umvuno ongandi kakhulu, ukwehluleka ukumila kuzo zonke izindawo, ukungabekwa kahle, ukungabi nekhwalithi elifanelekile. 
Lokho okushiwo phezulu kuletha umbuzo othi amahhayibhredi angcono yini nalezo ezithuthela isikhuphashe (OPV) kubalimi abangakhiqizi kakhulu – lapho izimbewu zingatholakali kalula njalo, lapho izinto zokuqala ziphansi zincane, lapho umvuno uvama ukuphelela phansi. Umbuzo oqondile uzokhetha uhlobo lwezimbewu: amahhayibhridi noma amaOPV yizimbewu ezikwazi kakhulu ukusekela umlimi ukuze abenokudla nakusasa futhi esekelwa ngenzuzo eqhubekayo.
Izimbewu ezinhle ziyizikhiye zokuqala ukutshala nokukhiqiza konke ukudla okutshalwayo. zokuvula umnyango zokukhiqiza zonke izitshalo zokudla. Yonke imisebenzi yokulima iqonde ukusebenzisa kakhulu amandla emvelo ezimbewu ezitshalwayo. Ayikho imisebenzi yokulima (njengokulima kahle, ukubulala ukhula, umanyolo nokuphatha izifo) ekwazi ukwandisa umvuno ube ngaphezu kwekhwalithi lezimbewu. Ngakho-ke konke ukulima okuzoba nomphumelo omuhle noma ozoshona phansi kuhambelana nezimbewu ezitshalwayo.
Ukuthola umvuno omuhle, kufanele utshale izimbewu ezinekhwailithi elihle. Ukuqinisa ukuthi uthola izimbewu ezinekhwalithi elihle, kufanele uthenge utshale izimbewu ezifakazelwe ngokulotshwa (certified) – kungaba amahhayibhridi noma amaOPV. Izimbewu ezifakazeliwe zinokukhanya okufika ku-98% (azinododi) futhi ukuhluma kwazo kufika ku-90%. Ukudula kwezimbewu ezifakazeliwe akungeke kube inkinga ekugcineni ngoba uzothola umvuno omuhle ophezulu.
Abalimi abalima indawo encane noma abazilimela ukuphila babhekene nenkinga yezimali, kaningi batshala ummbila osale ngonyaka odlule. Uma benza lokhu ngommbila osale lapho kutshalwe amahhayibhridi, umvuno omusho uyehla (ungehla nge-50% uma ulinganiswa nezimbewu ezinsha). Kodwa uma kutshalwa izimbewu ezisale lapho kutshalwe izimbewu ezithuthele isikhuphashe (OPV) akulahleki umvuno omningi.
Ihhayibhridi (ibhastela) kuyini?
Ihhaybhridi livela lapho kuhlanganiswa izinto ezimbili ezahlukene ngokuphelele (njengabazali abahlukene), omunye owesifazane omunye owesilisa. Ukuzithuthela isikhuphashe kusho ukuthi isitshalo esisodwa sithatha isikhuphashe saso bese sisithela emucwini sawo.Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “zalana nowakubo” (inbreeding). Lapho ummbila usebenzisa isikhuphashe sawo njalo, izitshalo nezimbewu ezizalekayo – izizukulwana - zilahlekelwa amandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi – lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi amalayini afanayo egazini (inbred lines). Izitshalo zala malayini afanayo egazini mancane, izikhwebu zincane futhi umvuno wazo uphansi. Kodwa-ke, uma ilayini elifanayo egazini lihlanganiswa nelinye ilayini elifanayo egazini, amandla ayabuyiselwa ezimbewini ezizomila futhi umvuno walezo zitshalo uzokhuphuka. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “amandla amahhayibhridi/amabhasteli”. Kwenzeka lapho izinto zemvelo zamalayini zihlangana bese zisebenzisana.
Ummbila ongumahhayibhridi unezimpawu ezilandelayo:
Ukubukeka kwawo kuyafana;
Unamandla;
Uletha umvuno omningi;
Ukhethwa ngoba izinhlamvu zinekhwalithi elihle;
Ihhayibhridi elithile lingakhethwa ngoba linomzabalazo ukulwa nezifo, elinye alibulawa ukoma masinya.
Izenzelelo/Izinsizo zokutshala ummbila ongumahhabhridi:
Ngokuvamileyo amahhayibhridi anomvuno ongaphezu kwamaOPV.
Amahhayibhridi ayafana ngombala, ngokuvuthwa nagezinye izimpawu okwenza ukuthi umlimi ekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngasikhathi sinye (njengo kuthela umanyolo, ukufafaza nokuvuna).
Ukufana kwezinhlamvu ezivunwayo kungaba usizo lapho ummbila umakethwa noma uthengiselwa kubathengi abanezimo zekhwaithi.
Amahhayibhridi avama ukunomvuno ongu-18% ngaphezu kwamaOPV.
Izinto ezinciphisayo amandla/ezimbi lapho kutshalwa amahhayibhridi:
Izimbewu zidulile.
Kufanele umlimi avune ngaphezu kwamathani amabili ehekteleni ukuze ekwazi ukuthenga lezo zimbewu ezidulile.
Izimbewu ezinsha zifanele zithengwe njalo ngonyaka.
Izinhlamvu zokudla ezikhiqizwe ngonyaka odlule azikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengezimbewu zokutshala iminyaka elandelayo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi umlimi engatholi izimbewu lapho kusekhona isikhathi.
Amahhayibgridi avama ukulimala masinya lapho isimo sezulu nokunye kunzima (tasselling).
Lapho ukukhiqiza nokulima kungaphathwa kahle futhi isimo sezulu sibi, amabhastela awalethi umvuno omkhulu kakhulu ngaphezu kwamaOPV.
Uhlobo oluvulekile oluthuthela isikhuphashe (OPV) lunjani?
Uhlobo olunguOPV lukhiqiza izimbewu ngokuthuthela isikhuphashe zonke izindawo, izinhlobo ziyaxubaniswa (kusho ukuthi ukuthuthela isikhuphashe akuphathwa noma ngayiphi indlela). Isikhuphashe zezitshalo ensimini ethile asiphathwa, ngakho-ke umkhiqizo/izitshalo akungeke kufane, isibonelo: ubude bezitshalo abungeke kufane, umbala woboyana/uzi awungeke ufane, ubukhulu bezikhwebu abungeke kufane futhi izitshalo azingeke zivuthwe ngasikhathi sinye.
Izenzelelo/Izinsizo zokutshala ummbila ongumaOPV:
Izimbewu zishibhile noma akudingeki ukuthenga izimbewu. Umlimi angabeka okunye okuvuniwe akusebenzise ukutshala ngonyaka ozayo.
Imali ebizwayo ukuthenga izimbewu ingaphansi kakhulu kwemali ebizwayo ukuthenga amabhastela.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi umlimi uzoba nemali yokukhokhela umanyolo nomuthi wezilokazane.
Izimbewu zingaphinda zisetshenziswe. Izinhlamvu zalo nyaka zingahlanyelwa ngonyaka ozayo.
Akudingeki ukutshala amahhayibhridi adulile emasimini angenawo amandla.
AmaOPV angaba nezinto zemvelo ezahlukene ngakho-ke izikhathi zokutshakaza azifani. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kubekhona isikhathi sokutshakaza eside okuzokwenza ukuthi amaOPV athuthele isikhuphashe esikhathini esimfushane uma kukhona izinto ezidala izinkinga (amanzi amaningi kakhulu, ukushisa kakhulu, njll). Lokhu ukungafani kungenza ukuthi kukhiqizeke umvuno ofanayo njalo uma kulinganiswa namahhayibhridi atshakaza onke ngasikhathi sinye. 
Kubalulekile ukuthenga izimbewu ezifakazelwe ngokulotshwa njalo emva kweminyaka emithathu ukuze ukukhanya kwemvelo kungalahleki ezimbewini.
Izinto ezinciphisayo amandla/ezimbi lapho kutshalwa amaOPV:
Inani lomvuno lingaphansi nge-10 - 25%.
Ezindaweni ezinamandla amaningi (umhlabathi), amaOPV azokwehlisa inzuzo.
Izitshalo azingeke zifane ngombala, ngokuvuthwa nangokwezinye izidalo zezitshalo.
Lokhu kungashintsha intengiso (ikhwalithi).
Lapho kukhona eziningi izinto ezingafani kungenza kubenzima ukwenza yonke imisebenzi ngasikhathi sinye, njengokufafaza umuthi nokuvuna (kakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa umshini wokuvuna).
Ukuqinisa ukuthi iOPV lihlale likhanye, kufanele litshalwe lingasondeli 300 m kwezinye izinhlobo.
Izimbewu ezimbi ezinekhwalithi elibi (izimbewu ezibekwe ukutshala ngonyaka ozayo kodwa zibekwe ezindaweni ezimbi lapho kushisa khona kakhulu nalapho kukhona izilokazana nezifo) zingenza ukuthi zingahlumi kahle bese izitshalo azinawo amandla ukulwa nokhula.
Ngokuvamile amaOPV awazange ashintshwe ngokwemvelo ukulwa nezilokazane nezifo.
Ukuvuna amaOPV
Ngokokuqala, tshala iOPV efanele indawo lapho ulima khona.
Phatha amasimu akho kahle, lima ngokuphepha umhlaba, sebenzisa umanyolo nobulongwe noma kokubili. Phatha ukhula nezifo.
Tshala izitshalo zakho zisuke amamitha angu-100 kwezinye izitshalo zommbila, noma tshala ummbila wakho amaviki amathathu ngaphambi noma emva kwezinye izitshalo ukuze zonke izitshalo zitshakaze ngezikhathi ezingafani. Ngale ndlea uzoqinisa ukuthi isikhuphashe singangcoliswa yizinye izitshalo.
Uboqala ukuvuna ngaphakathi kwensimu ukuvimba ukungcoliswa kwesikhuphashe.
Ngaphambi kokutshakaza, hlola amasimu akho bese ususe zonke izitshalo ezingafani nezinye (isibonelo: ezide kakhulu, ezimfushane kakhulu noma ezigulayo).
Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, khetha izikhwebu ezifanyo, ezingenazo izifo futhi ezinezinhlamvu ezinekhwalithi elihle.
Vuna izikhwebu ezingu-300 noma ngaphezulu.
Izikhwebu zifanele ziqobolondwe, zomiswe zibekwe endaweni efaneleile (indawo eyomile evimbekile emnyama).
Qinisa ukuthi imbewu yomile (ukuphila kwembewu kuyanda lapho umswakamo wembewu ungaphansi kwe-13%). Ukuthesta ukuthi izimbewu zakho zinomswakamo ofika ku-13%, thatha izimbewu ezingu-100, zihlanganise negramu elingu-1 lotswayi uzivalele ebhodleleni. Qinisa ukuthi ibhodlela livaleke ngci. Lishiye amaminithi angu-5. Livule ibhodlela emva kwamaminithi angu-5, uma uzwa ukuthi utswayi usemanzana, izikhwebu zisadinga ukomiswa.
Izimbewu ziphila kangcono nangesikhathi eside endaweni eqandayo (hhayi njengesithwatha). Ukuphila kwezimbewu kukhuphuka kabili uma ukushisa kwehliswa nge-5%.
Izindudwane, ukhunta, namabhakithiliya kwenza ukuthi izimbewu zingaphili isikhathi eside. Ukuvimba lokhu, vama ukubeka izimbewu endaweni eyomile.
Beka izimbewu zakho ekanini noma ebhodleleni elomile, elihlanzekile, elikwazi ukuvaleka ngokuqina ukuze kungangeni umoya, ubobeka ilebula (ngonyaka ozayo awungeke ukhumbule ukuthi kukhonani phakathi).
Izinto ezivimba/ezimisa ukumila kwezifo
Umlotha owomile
Umlotha umunca umswakamo ophakathi bese kuvimbeka ukumila nokwanda kwezindudwane. Hlanganisa umlotha ongu-0,5 kg nezimbewu ezingu-1 kg.
Umcako 
Lokhu kungasetshenziswa njengomlotha. Hlanganisa amatiyisipuni angu-15 (50 g) nezimbewu ezingu-1 kg.
Uwoyela wokupheka 
Hlanganisa uwoyela wokupheka nezimbewu zakho. Hlanganisa itiyispuni elilodwa nezimbewu ezingu-1 kg.
Amakhasi omile anuka kamnandi 
Izindudwane azithandi izitshalo ezinuka kakhulu. Sebenzisa amatshili (amatiyispuni amahlanu ne-1 kg lezimbewu).
Umhlaba/Umpondonde 
Omisa bese ugaya amakhasi bese uhlanganisa amatiyispuni amahlanu ne-1 kg lezimbewu.
Izinhlanhla ezivela kumahhayibhridi namOPV
Amahhayibhridi
AmaOPV
Ukuthola izinhlanhla zokumila ngokwezomdabu.
Kuphakeme.
Kuphakathi.
Inhlanhla yokuphathwa kwezimbewu nokuphatha ikhwalithi.
Kuphakeme.
Kuphela lapho kuthengwa izimbewu ezifakazelwe ngokulotshwa.
Kukhona umnikezi wezimbewu onikeza izimbewu zomdabu ezinsha.
Kungenzeka.
Kungasoleka.
Ukuzimela kwenhlangano yabalimi.
Kuphansi.
Kuphakeme.
Ihhayibhredi elihle kakhulu lingashiya iOPV emuva kakhulu nge-70%. Kodwa iOPV elihle nalo lingalingana noma lingabangcono nehhayibhridi elibi. Ukulahleka kwemvuno lapho kutshalwa izimbewu ezivuniwe kungafana ngonyaka ozayo lapho kutshalwa amaOPV, kodwa kungaba ingozi lapho kutshalwa amahhayibhridi futhi (kungalahleka okungafika ku-50%). Amahhayibhridi aphakeme akhiqiza izinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwamaOPV aphakeme nge-18%. Izimbewu eziphinda zitshalwe zikhiqiza izinhlamvu ezingaphansi nge-32% uma kulinganiswa nalapho kutshalwe izimbewu ezinsha ezingamahhayibhridi. AmaOPV aphinda atshalwe akhiqiza izinhlamvu ezingaphansi nge-5% uma zilinganiswa nezimbewu ezinsha.
Uma kuthengwa izimbewu ezifakazelwe ngokulotshwa, kuzodula kudlule intengo yezimbewu ezinsha zamaOPV noma kusetshenziswa izimbewu zakho ozibekile. Isimo sezinhlobo sezimbewu lapho zilinganiswa maqondana nobukhulu bomvuno:
1. Amahhabhridi;
2. AmaOPV;
3. AmaOPV aphinde atshaliwe;
4. Amahhayibhridi aphinde atshaliwe.
Ukuthenga izimbewu ezingamahhabhridi njalo ngonyaka kungaba ngcono ngokwezimali uma abaphathi bakwazi ukukhiqiza amathani amabili ehektheleni (noma ngaphezulu). Lapho kwanda amaleveli okuphatha umsebenzi, ukuphinda ukutshala izimbewu ezibekiwe kwehlisa inzuzo. Umlimi akasizakali uma engasatshali amaOPV, usutshala amahhayibhridi kodwa akasasebenzisi umanyolo futhi ileveli lokuphatha lisafana. Uma umlimi usuthenga amahhayibhridi abiza imali ephakeme, neleveli lokuphatha nalo lifanele liphakame.
Abakhiqizi bommbila bangabala inani lomvuno ngoba kuyinto abayithengisayo. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi izinto ezinjengokudla kwasekhaya, ukukhetha abakuthandayo,nezinto zemvelo zizokhombisa ukuthi kuzotshalwa ini futhi kuzotshalwa kanjani (uzophathwa kanjani lo msebenzi). Kanjalo futhi ukuba nokudla ekhaya nakusasa kufanele kubhekwe uma kusetshenziswa izimbewu ezivuniwe ukuphinda ukutshala ngonyaka ozayo, kakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni lapho kungekho khona abanikezi/abathengisi bezimbewu. Ikhono lokungena emakethini lokudla okuzinhlamvu lapho izintengiso zingavami ukushintsha njalo lingakhombisa abalimi abahlupheka ukuthola izinto ezinjengommbila nomanyolo ukukhetha ziphi izinhlobo zezimbewu. Kukhona futhi ezinye izinto ezihambelana nendaba yamahhayibhridi namaOPV (njengesimo sempucuko).
AmaOPV angakhethwa ngabanye abakhiqizi kwezinye izindawo, kodwa ukusebenzisa amaOPV noma izimbewu eziphinda zitshalwe kungehlisa inani lomvuno. Ngokuvamile, amahhayibhridi azokhiqiza 18% ngaphezu kwemvuno ozotholakala ngamaOPV amahle.
Izinto ofanele ucabange ngazo lapho ukhetha uhlobo lwezitshalo
Ukutholakala kolwazi mayelana izinto ezinsha zomdabu zokuthuthukisa izitshalo.
Ukutholakala kwezinhlanhla ezifika nezimbewu ezihlanzekile ezinekhwalithi elihle.
Ukuba khona komnikezi/umthengisi wezimbewu.
Amasu okuphila womuzi lapho kungekho ingcebo.
Inhlaziyo yezimali ezifakiwe nenzuzo (umvuno).
Izinto ofanele ucabange ngazo lapho ukhetha uhlobo lwezimbewu
Ukuba nomvuno njalo njalo ngonyaka.
Ukuba namandla ukulwa nokoma.
Ukuba namandla okulwa nezifo.
Ukuba namandla okuma ngokuqonda.
Ukuba namandla ukulwa nezilokazane (BT).
Ubude besikhathi sokumila.
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa.
Isikhathi sokoma.
Ukuba namandla ukulwa ne-asidi.
Ukungabulalwa ngamakhemikheli athile (i’round-up’ ayibulali ezinye izinhlobo zommbila).
