Ukuqapha nokuhlola izinga lemithombo yamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kunqunywe ukufaneleka kwawo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ezisebenzisa amanzi. Uhlelo lukazwelonke olubanzi lokuqapha izinga lamakhemikhali emanzini national chemical water quality monitoring programme NCMP, olulawulwa uMnyango Wezamanzi Namahlathi waseNingizimu Afrika, belukhona kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970. Amasampula alolu hlelo aqoqwa ngezikhawu ezivamile eziteshini zokuqapha ezweni lonke bese ecutshungulwa kumalabhorethri omnyango ukuze kubonakale iziniki mandla emzimbeni kanye nezingxenye ezahlukene ezingaphili neziphilayo nezemvelo.
Ulwazi olwaqoqwa uhlelo lukazwelonke lokuqapha izinga lamakhemikhali emanzini lwasetshenziselwa ukunikeza ulwazi ngesimo sezinga lamanzi anamakhemikhali emanzini esiwasebenzisayo esizwe kuya kubaphathi bemithombo yamanzi, ososayensi, abenzi bezinqumo, kanye nomphakathi ngendlela elula ukuyiqonda. Izinga lamanzi anamakhemikhali lahlolwa ngokufaneleka kwawo ukusetshenziswa emakhaya kanye nokunisela kwezolimo kanti izingxenye zezinga lamanzi eliphezulu ezafakwa kulolu cwaningo zazinomkhawulo kulezo okwakucatshangwa ukuthi zifanelekile kulezi zingxenye zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
Izinkinga ezinkulu zezinga lamanzi kubantu abasebenzisa amanzi emakhaya inani eliphezulu leSwayi Elikula manzi kanye, ezindaweni, nobuningi beFloraydi. Ubukhulu bokulinganiselwa kokumuncwa kwesodiyamu, Ukuhanjiswa koGesi, i-pH kanye neKlorayidi kuyizinkinga ezinokwenzeka zokulima okuniselwayo.
INingizimu Afrika iyizwe elintula amanzi ngenxa yokuthi libekeke kakhulu ezindaweni ezicishe zomise kanye nezomisile engxenyeni yomhlaba, kubandakanya nezimo ezahlukene zezulu kusukela ogwadule kuya endaweni ecishe ibe ngugwadule entshonalanga ukuya ezindaweni ezicishe zibe nomhwamuko ngasendaweni esogwini olusempumalanga. Izinga lemvula elisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo ngonyaka ezweni licishe libe ngama-500 mm (Joubert, 2003), okungaphansi kakhulu kunezinga lonyaka lomhlaba elicishe libe ngama-860 mm (DWF, 2002). Yize amanzi aphansi enhlabathini ebalulekile ekuphakeleni izindawo zasemakhaya ezingxenyeni zezwe, ngenxa yesimo sedwala eliqine kakhulu ngokwejiyoloji yaseNingizimu Afrika, kunezingqimba zamadwala amakhulu angasetshenziswa ahambisa inani elikhulu lamanzi ezindaweni ezinkulu (DWAF, 2002).
Imvula namanzi agijimayo ahanjiswa ngokulingana kanye nokwesikhashana, kanye nemvula yangaleso sikhathi enamandla engxenyeni enkulu yezwe. Ngakho-ke ukugeleza kwamanzi okunokugobhoza okukhulu okuvame ukwenzeka okungahle kubange inhlekelele emihosheni kusemazingeni aphansi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kanye nezimboni kwenzeka ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nemigudu emikhulu yamanzi - ngenxa yamaminerali akulezi zindawo kanye nezinye izizathu - okuholela ekutheni kudingeke ukuthi kwandiswe izinhlelo zokuhambisa amanzi ezinkulu esikhathini esiningi (DWAF, 2002).
Imifula emikhulu emine yaseNingizimu Afrika kwatshelwana ngayo namanye amazwe, okwenza ukuthi ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi kube umsebenzi ophathwa ngobunono nobalulekile. Ukuze kubhekelwe imithombo yamanzi eNingizimu Afrika, izwe lihlukaniswe laba Izindawo Zokulawula Amanzi eziyi-19 (WMA) (DWAF, 2002). Inhloso yalokhu, kwezinye izinto, ukwenza ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa amanzi kanye nabanye ababambe iqhaza bakwazi ukuzibandakanya ngempumelelo ekuphatheni imithombo yamanzi. Ezinye zalezi zikhungo kuzofanele zakhiwe kanti ezinye zalezi ezikhona (kubandakanya noMnyango Wezamanzi Namahlathi) kuzofanele ziguqulwe ukukhombisa imisebenzi emisha noma eguquliwe ngokwendlela entsha efakwe eMthethweni Wamanzi (Umthetho 36 ka-1998) (DWAF, 2002).
Ngenxa yezimfuno ezibekelwe imithombo yezamanzi yaseNingizimu Afrika, imithombo yemvelo ezigijimelayo seyithinteke kakhulu ngenxa yalezi zakhiwo zokulawula ezifana namadamu kanye nezindonga zokuvimbela amanzi ezakhiwa emfuleni, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu efana nokukhishwa kwamanzi, amanzi ageleza aphindele emfuleni kanye nomthelela wokusetshenziswa komhlaba (DWAF, 2002). Ezikhathini eziningi lokhu kuholele ekucekeleni phansi izinga eliphezulu lamanzi futhi sekube nemithelela emibi esithunzini sezinhlelo zezilwane nezitshalo eziphila emanzini. Izinga lamanzi lingaba libi futhi ezindaweni ezithile ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo.
a Izinto ezivela uma kwakheka izingqingqimba zamadwala, izinto ezisala uma kusetshenziswa inhlabathi kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezigeleza zisuka esizalweni, ezinjengezitshalo kanye nendle yezilwane. Izinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu njengamabhakthiriya, amagciwane kanye nezilwane ezidla igazi lezinye izilwane, ezivela enhlabathini nasemvelweni kanti kungabandakanyeka nendle yezilwane neyabantu.
c Izinto ezikhipha imisebe enamandla okuvamise ukwenzeka kuphela ngezinto ezincane ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo.
Ukutholakala ngokulingana kwamanzi, okungukuthi ukulingana ekutholeni imisebenzi yamanzi, ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsizasidingo zamanzi kanye nokusizakala kuzinsizasidingo zokusebenzisa amanzi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, ngokwenza izinguqukwana kancane kancane ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi ukuze kuzuzwe ukulingana phakathi kokuba khona kwamanzi kanye nezidingo zamanzi ezisemthethweni, kanye nokuqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela amanzi.
Ukusebenzisa amanzi kahle nangempumelelo ukuze kube nenzuzo yenhlalo yomphakathi kanye nezomnotho enhle kakhulu.
Ukuze lezi zinhloso zibe khona, kwaba khona Umthetho Wamanzi kaZwelonke (Umthetho No. 36 ka-1998). Uyithuluzi elikhulu elisemthethweni eliphathelene nokuphathwa kwezinsizasidingo zamanzi eNingizimu Afrika. Umthetho uyakwazi ukuthi "amanzi ayinsizasidingo yemvelo okungeyabo bonke abantu". Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu olethwa yilo Mthetho uma uqhathaniswa nomthetho owedlule wamanzi ukuthi ilungelo lokuthola amanzi alisancikile emanzini abanikazi bomhlaba, ukuthi bonke abantu banelungelo elilinganayo lokuthola amanzi akulungele ukusetshenziselwa izidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo. Okunye, okukuqala ngqa, imvelo ibonakala inelungelo elisemthethweni lamanzi.
Ukuqashwa nokuhlolwa kwezinga lemithombo yamanzi kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe izinhloso ze-NWA kanye nezinye izidingo zokuhlola izinga lamanzi. Uhlelo olubanzi lukazwelonke lokuqapha izinga lamanzi, oluphethwe nguMnyango Wezamanzi Namahlathi eNingizimu Afrika, selokhu lwaba khona kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970. Amasampula alolu hlelo aqoqwa ngezikhashana ezimfishane ezivamile eziteshini zokuqapha ezweni lonke bese ecwaningwa emalabhorethri oMnyango ukuze kubonakale ukudla okukuwo kanye nezingxenye ezingaphili nezinemizimba.
Inhloso yocwaningo okuncike kulo le-athikili kwakungukunikeza ulwazi ngezingxenye ezinkulu ezingaphili zamazinga amakhemikhali emanzini asetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika. Kuhloswe ukunikezela incazelo kafushane yesimo sezinga lamanzi anamakhemikhali asetshenziswa ngokwezidingo zezinga lamanzi ezingxenye ezinkulu ezingabasebenzisi bamanzi, okungukusetshenziswa kwamanzi emakhaya kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okunisela kwezolimo. Ulwazi futhi lwethulwa ezingeni elinikeza imininingwane egcwele lapho kwakukhona khona ulwazi oluqoqiwe olwanele ezindaweni ezifanele. Lolu lwazi luqondene kakhulu nomuntu obhekene kakhulu nezinga lesifunda kunelikazwelonke.
Incazelo yamagama iyavela ekugcineni kwalo mbhalo. Inhloso yalokhu ukuchaza amagama akhethiwe esayensi kanye nawemvelo okungenzeka ukuthi angajwayeleki kumuntu ongasiqeqeshelwe lesi sifundo.
Ekwengezeni kunhlaliswano yezilwane nezitshalo zasemanzini (lokhu akufakwanga kulolu cwaningo), izingxenye ezisebenzisa amanzi ekhaya kanye nokunisela kwezolimo yiwona maqembu amabili ngokujwayelekile anezidingo ezinkulu ezinqala zezinga lamanzi. Ngokunisela kwezolimo, kaningi asikho kahle isikhathi sokwelapha amanzi ngokwezidingo ezishiwoyo ngaphambi kokuwasebenzisa kanti nabantu abaningi eNingizimu Afrika basasebenzisa amanzi angelashiwe emakhaya. Enye ingxenye yabasebenzisi bamanzi kungenzeka ukuba inezidingo ezifanayo nalezo zezingxenye ezimbili ezingenhla noma iyakwazi ukuzelaphela amanzi okudingekayo emanzini angelashiwe ukuze afanele izinhloso zabo.
Isikhathi socwaningo esiyiminyaka emi-5 saqala ngonyaka ka-1996 saphela ngonyaka ka-2000. Okuphakathi nendawo okwakuqashiwe kulawo makhemikhali amaningi esampuleni elahlukile ngalinye kwakusetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa izinga lamanzi asekhaya nawokunisela ngoba kunomthelela omncane wezigameko ezinkulu noma amaphutha enzeka kumasampula ukunomphumela ophakathi nendawo.
Indawo yamasampula kazwelonke eyasetshenziswa yayikhethwe kusethi yolwazi oluningi olwaluqoqiwe olunamasampula ayeqoqwe cishe eziteshini zokuqapha ezingu-1600 eNingizimu Afrika. Izindawo ezikhethiwe kwakufanele ukuthi ngokufanele zibe seduze kwesizalo sendawo yamapayipi okuhambisa amanzi lapho umfula ugelezela khona kanye namarekhodi olwazi oluqoqwe eziteshini zokuqapha ezikhethiwe kwakufanele kube ngezesikhathi eside ngokwanele futhi kwakufanele ziqashwe ngezikhathi eziningi ezilandelana kahle (kabili ngesonto noma njalo ngenyanga). Izindawo zamasampula eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu nesithupha ekugcineni zafakwa kusethi yezindawo zamasampula ezasetshenziswa.
Izingxenye ezimbili zamazinga amanzi zasetshenziselwa izingxenye ezifanele ezisebenzisa amanzi njengezinkomba. Izinkomba zingaxhunyaniswa nezinkinga eziqondene nazo ngqo ezingahlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa okuthile kanye nemisebenzi yomhlaba. Lezi zinkinga zamazinga amanzi zibandakanya iswayi elikalwa ngezinga lenani leswayi elincibikele, i-asidi evela ezimayini kanye nezinto ezingena emanzini zivela emoyeni wasemkhathini kanye noshevu ongaba khona okalwa ngezinga le-pH, umthelela wokuguguleka okalwa ngokudungeka, iziniki mandla kanye nezinye izinkinga eziphathelene nemisebenzi yokwelashwa kwamapayipi amanzi angcolile kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo kwezolimo okukalwa ngezingxenye ezifana nezingxenye eziningi zezinhlayiyana ze-amoniyamu NH4 kanye nenayitreyithi-nayitrayithi NO3+NO2. Izingxenye ezisetshenziswe ukuhlola ukulungela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi asetshenziswa emakhaya kuhlukaniswe amaqembu amabili Ukusetshenziswa Ekhaya - Ukusetshenziselwa Ezempilo kanye nasekhaya - Ukubaba kukasawoti ngezizathu zokumela uhlelo kuphela.
Indlela yokuhlola ngokuhlukanisa esetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwamanzi ezinhlosweni zasekhaya incike kulokho okuchazwe Encwajaneni Yokuhlolwa kwezinga lamanzi Athunyelwa Emakhaya (WRC, 1998) kanye neZiqondiso Zamazinga Zamanzi zaseNingizimu Afrika: Asetshenziselwa Emakhaya (DWAF, 1996 A) kanye nokunisela kwezolimo Iziqondiso Zamazinga Amanzi eNingizimu Afrika - Asetshenziselwa Ezolimo: Ukunisela (DWAF, 1996 B).
Imiphumela efingqiwe yalesi sifundo ikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 1. Izindawo Ezilawula Amanzi Eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili (WMA) zikhonjiswe emfanekisweni 1 kuThebula 1 noThebula 2.
Ithebula 1 likhombisa lezo zifunda eziseNingizimu Afrika lapho izindawo ezithile okuthathwe kuzo amasampula zedlulele ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokusetshenziselwa amakhaya Eziyisibonelo esihle neziNhle, kanti Ithebula 2 likhombisa lezo zindawo lapho izindawo okuthathwe kuzo amasampula zedlulele Ezinhlotsheni Zamazinga Amanzi Ezihlosiwe (TWQR) zokusetshenziselwa ukunisela kwezolimo.
Umfanekiso 1: Imiphumela efingqiwe yokuhlolwa kwamazinga amanzi endaweni eqashiwe ngayinye.
Ithebula 1: Izinga lamanzi elifingqiwe leziNdawo Ezilawula Amanzi zaseNingizimu Afrika (WMA) lapho izinkomba zezinga lamanzi lalingaphandle kwezinhlobo eziyisibonelo esihle sokusetshenziswa emakhaya (X).
Izinkinga ezinkulu zamazinga amanzi asetshenziswa emakhaya ezweni lonke ziphathelene nokwanda kwamazinga eswayi aphezulu kanye namazinga eflorayidi aphezulu ezindaweni ezithile.
Amanzi anamazinga aphezulu eSamba seSwayi Elincibikele (TDS) anambitheka eneswayi futhi awakuqedi ukoma. Amazinga eswayi aphezulu futhi ayalehlisa izinga elihle lamanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kungeze kwaba nemiphumela emibi esikhathi esifushane, kodwa kunokwenzeka kancane ukuthi kube nokunqwabelana kweswayi kubantu abanemizimba ezwelayo emva kwesikhathi eside. Amazinga Eswayi Elincibikele ayephakeme ikakhulukazi e-Orange Emaphansi, eFishi ukuya eTsitsikamma kanye naseziNdaweni Ezilawula Amanzi eGouritz. Bekungabukeka sengathi la mazinga enziwa imvelo lapho umumo wamatshe kungowokudabuka olwandle, kodwa-ke amanzi abuya uma kuniselwa angaba nakho ukuthinteka ekukhuphuleni amazinga eswayi. Izindawo Ezilawula Amanzi eBreede kanye naseBerg zinamazinga eswayi aphakeme uma kucatshangwa ngezindawo zamasampula Ezindawo Ezilawula Amanzi ngazinye.
Amazinga aphezulu eFlorayidi (F) ayebonakala ku-WMA ese-Olifanti emaphansi. Imiphumela kwezempilo kanye nokuba namabala emazinyweni kungalindeleka ebuningini beswayi ezindaweni ezikhethiwe okuthathwe kuzo amasampula.
Esikalini se-WMA, amazinga e-pH nawo ayebonakala ephuma endleleni ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe. I-pH yayiphansi eKlip Spruit (ye-Olifants WMA) futhi okunamathuba amakhulu okuthi kuholele ekuphazamiseni ulwebu olusamafinyila olusemzimbeni wabantu abasebenzisa amanzi kule ndawo. Kungenzeka ukuthi isisusa se-pH ephansi ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ane-asidi asuka ezimayini zamalahle nalapho kulahla khona izimayini kule ndawo. Umphumela we-pH ephansi obonakalayo kuyoba "amehlo ashoshozelayo" uma amanzi esetshenziselwa ukuzithokozisa. IMagneziyamu (Mg), iSalfeyithi (SO4), iKlorayidi (CI), isodiyamu (Na) kanye nephotheziyamu (K) nakho kwakuphezulu ezingxenyeni eziningi ezahlukene zezwe.
Ngokwezolimo eziniselwayo, ukumuncwa kwezinga lesodiyamu, ukuhanjiswa kogesi, i-pH kanye neklorayidi (CI) kwakuphezulu ezifundeni eziningi zezwe.
Ezindaweni Ezilawula Amanzi ukusuka eFishi ukuya eTsitsikamma naseGouritz kwakunamazinga e-pH aphansi kanye nokumuncwa kwesodiyamu okuphezulu, ukuhanjiswa kogesi kanye namazinga eklorayidi; ukulima okuniselwayo kulezi zindawo kuyinselele kakhulu, futhi kubeka imingcele ekukhethweni kwezitshalo ezikwazi ukumelana neswayi.
Izindawo zokulawula amanzi oThukela zinamazinga aphezulu e-pH, kanti nezindawo Eziphezulu naPhakathi neVaal zinamazinga aphezulu okuhambisa ugesi.
INingizimu yeNtshonalanga Kapa (izindawo ezilawula amanzi eyaseBreede neyaseBerg) yayinamazinga aphansi e-pH abonakala kwezinye izimo kanye nezinga lokumuncwa kwesodiyamu eliphakeme, ukuhanjiswa kogesi kanye namazinga eklorayini, iphinde futhi ibeke imikhawulo ekukwazini ukukhulisa izitshalo ezizwelayo eswayini.
Isithasiselo A: Incazelo Yamagama ukukhipha (amanzi): ukukhishwa kwamanzi emthonjeni wamanzi (emfuleni, esihlanjeni, amanzi ambiwe, njll.
izinga lobuhle: ukwahlulela okusezingeni eliphezulu okuncike ekutheni umthombo wamanzi ubukeka kahle kanjani emehlweni kanye nakwezinye izinzwa zomuntu, hhayi ezokunuka okungesikho, ukunambitheka okungemnandi, noma okuphazamisayo ukukubuka.
okuphathelene nokwenza komuntu: kungenxa yezenzo zomuntu.
izinto eziphila emanzini kanye nendawo yazo: amayunithi asebenzayo angumphumela wokuhlangana kwezinto ezingaphili kanye neziphilayo endaweni yasemanzini. Ziyingxenye yezinto ezisebenzisanayo, ezihlobene ezenza into ephelele. Zonke izindlela zokuphilisana nendawo eziphila kuyo ziyizinhlelo "ezivulekile" ngenxa yokuthi amandla ayafakwa aphinde akhishwe kuzo.
isithunzi sesilwane nezitshalo eziphila emanzini: ukukwazi kwezilwane kanye nendawo eziphila kuyo ukuthi zeseke futhi zigcine umphakathi wezinto eziphila emanzini usimeme, uhlangene, uguquguquka unezinhlobo ezahlukene, kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzayo uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo zokuhlala zemvelo esifundeni.
idwala ngaphansi komhlabathi: idwala elakheka ngaphansi komhlabathi elikwazi ukugcina amanzi noma livumele ukuthi amanzi ahambe ngaphansi kwalo.
izinto ezisala emkhathini: izinto eziya emkhathini (isib. Intuthu kanye nemimoya enamaphunga anamandla avela emafemini) angaguqulwa uhlelo lwamakhemikhali emkhathini, okuyaye kaningi kungasondelani nemisuka yasekuqaleni, bese futhi kubuyiselwa emhlabeni sekusesimeni esimanzi noma esomile.
amabhakthiriya: Izinto ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo ezibonakala ngemayikhroskophu ezingasiza ekulawulweni ukungcolisa ngokuthi zigaye indle, uwoyela ochithekile noma ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo. Kodwa-ke amabhakthiriya asemhlabathini, emanzini noma emoyeni angabanga izinkinga zempilo kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni.
izidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo: izinga lamanzi eliyisisekelo elidingwa umuntu ngamunye.
izakhiwo zokulawula: izakhiwo kwezamanzi ezilawula noma ezithinta ukuhamba kwemvelo kwamanzi, njengezindonga zamadamu noma izakhiwo eziyizingodo zokuvimbela amanzi emfuleni.
ukuguguleka: ukuhamba komhlabathi upheshulwa umoya noma ugugulwa amanzi, okwandiswa imisebenzi yokulungiswa komhlaba okuphathelene nokulima, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukwakhiwa komgwaqo noma nokuhlelwa komhlabathi.
izigameko ezadlulele: izimo lapho mhlawumbe izingxenye zokumunciwe ziphezulu kakhulu noma ziphansi kakhulu zingakalwa khona ezingaba nomthelela esibalweni esingaba phakathi nendawo ukuze kukhushulwe noma kwehliswe ngokungesikho okwemvelo umqondo walokho isimo esiphakathi nendawo esiyikho.
ukulungela ukusetshenziswa: izinga lamanzi lidinga ukuhlolwa ngokufaneleka kwalo ukusetshenziselwa into ethile njegoba izingxenye ezahlukene ezisebenzisa amanzi zingaba nezidingo zamazinga amanzi ahlukene.
iflorayidi: ingxenye yekhemikhali edingekayo lapho kunamazinga amancane ekuphileni kahle kwamazinyo, kodwa-ke, lapho amazinga ephakeme khona yenza ukuthi amazinyo abe namabala futhi kungaba nezinkinga zokuthi angaqini.
amanzi asemhlabathini: amanzi atholakala ngaphansi komhlaba, ngokuvamile emadwaleni angaphansi komhlaba, adlulisela amanzi emithonjeni naseziphethwini.
izingxenye zamakhemikhali ezingaphili: izinto ezingamakhemikhali ezivela kumaminerali, ezingeyiso isakhiwo sekhabhoni kahle hle.
iphakathi nendawo: igama lokubala elichaza ukuqoqana okuphakathi nendawo olwazini obeluhlolwe ngokusuka phansi kuya phezulu (okwekhulu kwama-50 - phakathi nendawo olwazini oluhlelwe ngamazinga).
inhlabathi etholakala kumaminerali: inhlabathi evela ezintweni ezingaphili njengamadwala.
izikhungo zokuqapha: izindawo eziqonde ngqo lapho kuthathwa khona amasampula amazinga amanzi kanye nezinhlobo zamasampula.
izinsalela eziphilayo: okusala uma kuphuhluzeka into ephilayo imbungulu: into ephila ngenye into idla lapho kudla khona leyo nto kodwa yona kube kungekho lutho elunika lento edla kuyo.
izingxenye zemvelo: yilezi zingxenye eziphathelene nemvelo yendawo njengezinga lokushisa nokubanda kanye ne-oksijini ephelile (uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxenye eziphilayo nezingaphili).
izinto ezinemisebe enamandla kakhulu: izinto ezingazinzile ezinama-athomu ahlakazeka ngokwawo bese ekhipha imisebe ekwazi ukungena emizimbeni eqinile futhi ikhiphe imiphumela yamakhemikhali noma ye-elekhtrikhi.
amanzi abuyayo: amanzi aseqile abangwa ukunisela kakhulu, noma eminye imisebenzi, abuyela futhi emgudwini wamanzi. Angathwala ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezivela kumanyolo noma amanye amakhemikhali ahlangane nawo.
ukuba namanzi ngokuba umnikazi womhlaba: ngaphambi kokushaywa komthetho Wamanzi kaZwelonke (Umthetho 36 ka-1998) abanikazi bomhlaba ababenemihlaba engasemifuleni babenamalungelo akhethekile okuthola amanzi kunalabo banikazi bempahla eyayingeyiyo ingxenye yomfula. Selokhu kwaba ne-NWA akusenzeki lokhu, wonke umuntu usenelungelo elifanayo lokuthola amanzi.
amanzi agijimayo: ingxenye yemvula, yeqhwa elincibilikayo, noma amanzi okunisela ageleza esuka emhlabeni eyongena emifuleni noma kwamanye amanzi aphezu komhlaba. Angaba nezinto ezingcolisayo ezivela emoyeni nasemhlabeni ziyongena emanzini.
ukuba neswayi: uhlelo lapho amanzi eba neswayi eliningi khona.
amaphutha enzeka kumasampula: amaphutha enzeka ngenxa yokuthi amasampula awathathwanga ngendlela elungile ngokwemigomo ezama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isampula limelele isimo okuyiso ngempela somthombo wamanzi ngesikhathi sokuthathwa kwesampula.
imisebenzi yokwelashwa kwendle: ukufakwa kokwelapha indle kanye namanzi angcolile avela ezindaweni zokuhlala nezohwebo akhishelwa emapayipini okuhambisa amanzi angcolile.
izinhlobo Zamazinga Amanzi Ezihlosiwe: izinhlobo lapho izinga lengxenye (iqoqo) litholakala khona lingcono kakhulu ukuthi lingasetshenziswa umsebenzisi wamanzi oqondene ngqo.
izindawo zokungena amanzi eziphezulu: indawo yokwehlela amanzi, umhlaba wonke kanye nendawo yamanzi eyehla amanzi angene emfuleni othile. Kungaba nezindawo ezincane kulezo zindawo ezihambisa amanzi. Indawo esezingeni eliphezulu yokuhambisa amanzi iyingxenye yesibili encane (encane kuya kwenkudlwana, enkundlwana kuya kwephezulu) endaweni yokwehlisa amanzi ebalulekile.
ubuthi: izinga lapho into noma inhlanganisela yezinto ingalimaza khona abantu, izilwane noma izitshalo.
amanzi angelashiwe: amanzi asuke engakafakwa lutho, asetshenziswa enjalo esuka emthonjeni ngaphandle kokuthola ukwelashwa nanoma yikuphi.
igciwane: izinto eziphilayo (ezincane kunamabhakthiriya) ezikwazi ukubanga izifo.
indawo Elawula Amanzi (WMA): indawo eyenziwe njengeyunithi yokulawula eswini lemithombo yamanzi kazwelonke lapho inhlangano esizayo elawula ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi izoqhuba umsebenzi wokuvikela, wokusebenzisa, wokwenza, wokonga, wokuphatha kanye nowokulawula imithombo yamanzi.
ukuhlolwa kwezinga lamanzi: ukuhunyushwa kwezinga lamanzi eliqashiwe ngemigomo yeziqondiso eziqonde ngqo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuhlosiwe.
izinkomba zamazinga amanzi: izingxenye eziphathelene nomzimba, namakhemikhali noma nempilo eziqonde ngqo ezisetshenziswa njengezinkomba zamazinga amanzi.
umthombo wamanzi: kubandakanya imigudu yamanzi, amanzi angaphezu komhlaba, isizalo somfula kanye namanzi angaphansi kwamadwala.
