Boom (Maize) 								 Zulu 

Imishini yokufafaza: lonke ulwazi oludingayo (boom spraying)

Imilayezo:

Folio strap: Okwemishini 

Byline: Itholwe esifundweni sikaJane McPherson esibizwa ngokuthi: Skills 	Development

Photos:  Boom 1 (Look at original article to see where to put photo) 

   	Boom 2 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

 	Boom 3 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

 	Boom 4 (Look at original article to see where to put photo, replace the  text)

         Boom 5 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

       Boom 6 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

Isicindezelo esiphansi 

Amaconsi amakhulu

Isicindezelo esiphezulu

Amaconsi amancane

Izinhlobo zamaphethini okufafaza

Ikhoni lokufafaza eligobongo

Ikhoni lokufafaza elihlangene phakathi

Isiphephezelo esifafaza ngokuyisicaba (flat)

Ukufafafaza okulingene

Ukufafaza ngokugcwele

Uphahla 

Ibhumu 

Ithangi

Hlola ileveli likawoyela

Igeji lesicindezelo

Amavelfu alinganisayo

Ivelfu elilinganisa isicindezelo

Ivelfu elivalayo

AMATHIPU AMASHA OKUFAFAZA

Kwenzeka ukufafaza okulingene zonke izindawo nalapho kuhlangana khona.

AMATHIPU OKUFAFAZA ADLEKILE

Kwenzeka ukuthi kudleke umuthi omningi futhi athela kakhulu ngaphansi kwalelo thipu.

AMATHIPU OKUFAFAZA ALIMELE

Awafafazi ngokulingana – kwezinye izindawo ukufafaza akuhlangani, kwezinye kuhlangana kakhulu.

 Umdwebo 1: Isiphephezelo esifafaza ngokuyisicaba

 Umdwebo 2: Isiphephezelo esifafaza ngokuyisicaba okunwebekile

 Umdwebo 3: Isiphephezelo esifafaza ngokuyisicaba okubanzi

 Umdwebo 4: Ukufafaza okulingene zonke izindawo 

Lapho kukhiqizwa khona ukudla ukufafaza kusetshenziswa ukubulala ukhula, ukubulala izilokazane noma ukuthela umanyolo emakhasini (umanyolo umunywa amakhasi). Kulesi sibhalo sizobhekana nezakhi zebhumu elifafazayo nezindlela zisebenza ngazo. 

Ukufafazela ukhula kungenzeka ngaphambi kokumila (ukufafaza ngaphambi kokuvela), noma ngesikhathi lapho ukhula lumila emasimini (emva kokuvela). Kanjalo-ke kufafazelwa izilokazane nezibungu – ngesinye isikhathi uzofafaza umhlabathi emva kokutshala ukubulala izilokazane ezingaba khona emhlabathini; noma ufafaza izilokazane lapho sezikhulile (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukufafaza ngokuthintana bese isilokazane sifa khona lapho), noma ungafafaza izitshalo bese isilokazane ziyafa lapho sidla isitshalo (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukungenisa umuthi ehlelweni lesitshalo (systemic) – isilokazane sifa lapho sidla isitshalo, hhayi lapho sithintana nomuthi). 

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi umuthi ufanele ufafazwa ngenani elithile ukuze usebenze kahle. Akulunganga ukufafaza umuthi omncane kakhulu ngoba awungeke usebenze kahle, futhi akusizi ukufafaza umuthi omningi kakhulu ngoba kuyadula futhi kungadala ingozi ezitshalweni nasebantwini. 

Lapho kufafazwa khona amaconsi angaba makhulu noma angaba mancane. Uma ufafaza amaconsi amakhulu awangeke aphephuke kalula ngomoya, kodwa azogeleza masinya emakhsini. Amaconsi amancane angeke ageleze emakhasini masinya kodwa angaphephuka emoyeni. 

Uma ufafaza amaconsi amancane kusetshenziswa okumanzana okungaphansi – uma ufafaza amaconsi amakhulu uzosebenzisa okumanzana okuningi. Ngokwejwayelekile ukufafaza ngamaconsi amancane kuzomboza indawo efafazwayo ngendlela efanelekile, kodwa uma usebenzisa amaconsi amakhulu indawo lapho ufafaza khona ayingeke yomboswe yonke. 

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi ufafaze umuthi ngesikhathi esifanelekile – esikhathini ukhula luqala ukuhluma noma lapho isilokazane sizodala ingozi. Kubalulekile futhi ukulandela umlayezo maqondana nesikhathi zosuku lapho ufafaza umuthi, futhi uboqaphela isimo sezulu njengokoma kwezitshalo. Akungeke kusize lutho uma uthela umuthi lapho ukhula selulahle phansi izimbewu, ngoba zisomila futhi ngonyaka ozayo – futhi akusizi ukuthela umuthi lapho ukhula selukhulile selulwa nezitshalo zakho ukuthola ukudla namanzi. Kanjalo-ke akusizi ukuthela umuthi wezilokazane lapho zingabonakali. Kodwa akusizi ukuthela umuthi lapho izilokazane sezidla ingxenye yemvuno yakho. 

Imishini yokufafaza isebenza kanjani?

Amanozili

Amanozili ahlukene akhiwe ukunikeza isiphephezelo sokufafaza esahlukene. Kutholakala amanozili ahlukene futhi anobukhulu okuhlukene. Ngokwejwayelekile iphethini elifana nefeni lisetshenziswa lapho kufafazwa ngaphezu komhlabathi, iphethini elifana nekhoni lisetshenziswa lapho kufafazwa ngaphezu kwezitshalo. 



Amaphampu

Kudingeka iphampu ukudonsa amanzi ethangini. Kufanele iphampu linikeze isicindezelo ukuze inozili lifafaze ngendlela efanelekile. 



Izinhlobo zemishini ezifafazayo

Izinto ezisetshenziswa ngezandla

Isifafazo sesandla 

Isifafazo esinethangi elinesicindezelo 

Isifafazo esithwalwa eqolo 

Izifafazo ezisebenza ngenjini

Isifafazo esithwalwa eqolo esinenjini 

Isifafazo esinebhumu esiboshelwe kugandaganda 

Izifafazo ezisebenza ngomoya

Isifafazo esinebhumu esisizwa ngumoya 

Isifafazo sezithelo 

Izifafazo eziyisphesheli

Esibanjwa ngezandla esinediski esidala isiphephezelo 

Esiboshwe kugandaganda esinediski esidala isiphephezelo 

 

Izakhi zezifafazo ezinebhumu

Uphahla namabhumu 

Kukhona izimpahla ezahlukene lapho kuboshelwa khona amabhumu. Amabhumu angasongwa lapho kuhanjwa emgwaqeni bese angavulwa – lokhu kungenzeka ngamahayidroliki noma ngezandla. Ophahlweni lwesifafazo kukhona izakhi ezingashintshwa ukwehlisa noma ukuphakamisa amabhumu. Lokhu ukushintsha kuyahluka ezifafazweni ezithile. Ezinye zingahintshwa ngamahayidroliki, ezinye zinohlelo zamabhawodi olungashintsha isimo sebhumu. 



Ithangi lokufafaza

Amathangi afanele akhiwe ngezinto ezingathombi, njenge’ stainless steel’, ‘galvanised steel’ noma I’fibreglass’. Lezo zinto azivameki ukungenelwa umuthi, kanjalo-ke akungeke kusale ushefu emva kokusebenzisa ithangi. Kubalulekile ukuthi zonke izindawo lapho ithangi lilimele khona zilungiswe masinye ngoba lokhu kungadala ukuthomba bese ithangi lizovuza.

 

Iphampu

Iphampu nazo zonke izakhi lalo lifanele lisebenze kahle. Lapho kukhona izinto ezivalayo (amasili, ama-o-rings namawashela) ezakhiwe ngesikhumba noma okuqanjiweyo (synthetic) zingoma noma zingashwabana lapho iphampu lingasebenzi isikhathi eside noma lapho lingabekwa ngendlela efanelekile. Amakhemikheli akhona kwezinye izinhlobo zomuthi angalimaza amasili, bese umuthi uzovuza futhi iphampu alingeke lisebenze kahle. 

Amamningi amaphampu agcotshiswa ngowoyeli, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ileveli likawoyela lihlolwe njalonjalo. 



Amaphayiphi

Faka amaphayiphi amasha lapho ubona ukuthi amadala agazukile futhi ayavuza. Khumbula ukuthi amaphayiphi asetshenziswa ukuthela umuthi wokubulala izilokazane angeke ahlanzeke ngokuphelele. Ingxenye yalowo muthi izosala phakathi kwawo. Lapho ulahla amaphayiphi amadala, qaphela ukuthi angaphindi asetshenziswe ngokwenza omunye umsebenzi. 



Amahluzo (izisefo)

Kanjalo sebenzisa amahluzo uma usebenzisa isifafazo. Lokhu kuzovimba ukuthi kungene udoti nensila okuzovala amanozili okuzokwenza ukuthi isifafazo singasebenzi kahle.



Amageji esicindezelo nezakhi ezisilinganisayo

Isicindezelo samanzi phakathi kohlelo lokufafaza sibonakala kumageji esicindezelo. Igeji likhombisa inani lesicindezelo kumanozili uma lifakwe ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso (regulator) sesicindezelo namanozili afafazayo. Ukushintsha kwesicindezelo kungadala ingozi. Qiniseka ukuthi onke amageji asebenza kahle futhi alinganiswe kahle. 



Kukhona ivalfu phakathi kohlelo elikwazi ukwehlisa isicindezelo uma ufuna ukushintsha isicindezelo. Lingavulwa ukuhambisa umuthi ofanelekile ufike kumanozili athile, umuthi osalayo bese uyabuyela ethangini, noma ivalfu lingavulwa lonke bese umuthi ungena kulo lonke uhlelo lesifafazi. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba kuvimba ingxenye yomuthi ingehli ilale phansi ethangini lapho umshini umile. Kukhona futhi impompi engavala ezinye izindawo zesifafazo lapho ufuna ukufafaza indawo engebanzi kakhulu noma ingavulwa ukufafaza indawo ebanzi. 



Okubethelwayo (izinhlanganiso) namaklampu

Uma izindawo lapho kuhlanganiswa khona amaphayiphi ziyaxega noma zigazukile zingadala ukuvuza komuthi. Qinisa ukuthi zonke izinhlanganiso namaklampu kuqinile ngaphambi kokuqala ukukhuphula isicindezelo nokuqala ukumpompa. Lapho uqala ukumpompa (ukufutha), hlola ukuthi azikho izindawo ezivuzayo. 



Amathiphu amanozili nezihlenga

Hlola njalo ukuthi amanozili avulekile. Amanozili adlekile enza ukuthi kufafazwe umuthi omningi kakhulu futhi indlela yokufafaza ayilingani zonke izindawo – lokhu kungenza ukuthi umuthi ungasebenzi kahle. Ubukhulu bezimbobo zamanozili bungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kakhulukazi uma umuthi ongusampuphu uhlanganiswa namanzi – lokhu kwenza ukuthi amanozili adleke kasinya. Faka inozili elisha uma uthola ukuthi inozili elidala selifafaza inani lomuthi elingaphezu kwe-5 – 10% malingana nelisha.

