Umqulu weNqubomgomo wesimo sobulungiswa sezendabuko ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo.
Umbono nenhloso yalolu hlaka lwenqubomgomo 7 1.
Izimiso zamasiko ezikhuthaza ukuxhumana kwemiphakathi, uxolo nokuhlalisana kahle.
Indlela yobuholi bendabuko elungele iNingizimu Afrikha nesikhathi esisha sentando yeningi.
Ukuqinisekisa kwemigomo yokubuyiselwa kwemithetho ngaphakathi kohlelo lomthetho wendabuko.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwamacebo afanele ukuze kwenziwe lula indima nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kobulungiswa.
Umbiko weKhomishana ebhekene nokuguqulwa komthetho ezinkantolo zendabuko eNingizimu Afrikha nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekushayweni kwemithetho.
Abaholi bendabuko kumele babeke yonke into obala uma benza imisebenzi yabo ekuphathweni kwemithetho.
Izinkantolo zendabuko zinelungelo zokulalela izindaba ezimayelana namacala emibango asuselwa emthethweni ophathelene namasiko neminye imithetho namacala egazi.
Izinkantolo zendabuko zeleka unswinyo oluphathelene nokuguqulwa kobulungiswa.
Ukukhishwa kwezaziso nezinhlelo zokusebenza nokuqinisekiswa kokusebenza kwezinqumo ezithathwe ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Ukushiywa ngaphandle kwabammeli ekulalelweni kwamacala ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Izinqumo zasezinkantolo zendabuko kumele zibe ngezingujuqu futhi kuvunyelwe ukudluliswa kwamacala ngaphansi kwemigomo ethize.
Ukubuyekezwa kwezinqumo zezinkantolo zendabuko.
Izindlela okumele zenziwe ukuze kususelwe kuzo emacaleni asuka ezinkantolo zendabuko ayiswe ezinkantolo zezimantshi, ngokushintshana.
Indima edlalwa izinkantolo zendabuko ohlelweni lokuthethwa kwamacala egazi.
Abaholi bendabuko nezinkantolo zendabuko kumele ziqhubele phambili izimiso kanye nemigomo ekuSomqulu wamaLungelo abantu.
Isidingo sokuthi umthetho kazwelonke olawulayo uqinisekise ukufanana.
Ukuthuthukiswa komthetho ezinkantolo zendabuko. 40 7.
Ukubaluleka kwesikhungo ekugcineni uxolo nokuxhumana emphakathini wasemaphandleni.
Umphakathi wasemaphandleni udlala indawo ebalulekile nebucayi ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Uyingxenye yefa lamasiko labantu base-Afrikha kanti lokhu kuvunywe nawuMthethosisekelo.
Umthetho ophathelene namasiko wawukhona kusukela esikhathini sasendulo futhi uvunywa nawuhlelo lwezemithetho lwaseNingizimu Afrikha. Iningi labantu abahlala emiphakathini yasemakhaya egunyazwe yimigomo yemithetho ephathelene namasiko nokusingatha uhlelo lwenkantolo yendabuko, usebenzisa lolu hlobo lomthetho. Abantu abangalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyishumi nane bazoba yingxenye yomphakathi wendabuko kuzo zonke izifundazwe zaseNingizimu Afrikha ngaphandle kwaseNtshonalanga Kapa.
Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko sidlala indima ebalulekile ekwenyuseni izinga lezokuhlalisana komphakathi, uxolo nokuxhumana emphakathini. Kulesi sikhundla sokuphathwa kwemithetho yobulungiswa, abaholi bendabuko baxazulula izimpikiswano ezinkantolo zendabuko (Inkundla). Ukubaluleka kwezinkantolo zendabuko kusukela ephuzwini lokuthi zisondelene kakhulu nemiphakathi kanti futhi zisebenzisa ulimi nezindlela umphakathi oziqonda kangcono ukunezinhlelo ezisetshenziswa ezinkantolo zezimantshi. Umholi wendabuko nabeluleki bakhe bahlala ngokuhlanganyela, balalele ubufakazi babamangali kanye "nabamangalelwa" baxazulule izingqinamba njengokwemithetho yamasiko akulowo mphakathi. Izinkantolo zendabuko azinalo uhlu lwemithetho ezilulandelayo olubhalwe phansi. Ziqondiswa amasiko nemikhuba yakulowo mphakathi ezisebenza kuwo. Ngaleyo ndlela, ubulungiswa benziwa ngendlela elula nesheshayo.
Esikhathini esingemuva kokhetho lwentando yeningi lonyaka we-1994 lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zobuholi zemukelwa.
Leli thebhula elilandelayo likhombisa ukusabalala esifundazweni kwamazinga amathathu obuholi bendabuko kuleli zwe.
Indlu yabaholi bendabuko kuzwelonke yakhiwa ngaphansi komthetho weNdlu yabaHoli beNdabuko kaZwelonke ka 1997 futhi usebenza kuzwelonke, leli thebhula elilandelayo likhombisa isimo esikhona esithinta iziNdlu zezifundazwe nezasekhaya ezifundazweni.
Kulowo nalowo mphakathi ongaphansi komholi wendabuko, umkhandlu wendabuko kumele wakhiwe futhi wamukelwe.
Umbono walolu hlaka lwenqubomgomo ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwesikhungo sobuholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho, esingabala kukho ukuthuthukiswa kwethuba lokufinyelela ebulungisweni nokufaka isandla ekwenzeni ngcono izimpilo zabo bonke abantu.
Inhloso esemqoka yale ncwadi yenqubomgomo ukuvumelanisa uhlelo lwemithetho yezinkantolo zendabuko noMthethosisekelo.
UMthetho wokuphathwa kwabaMnyama, njengensalela yokwakuyisisekelo sokuhlukanisa ngokobuhlanga, wachithwa ngoLwezi kowe-1995. Lokhu kwaveza isidingo sokufaka isimiselo somthetho kazwelonke sokuqhuba ngendlela indima edlalwa ngayo kanye nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho.
Ibhukwana lenqubomgomo liyinhlanganisela yomphumela ovele ocwaningweni lwemibhalo, isifundo sokuqhathanisa ezinye izindawo lapho kumele umthetho usebenze khona, ukufakana imilomo nabaholi bendabuko, leyo Minyango kahulumeni ebhekelele izindaba zendabuko nabanye abanentshisekelo emkhakheni womthetho ophathelene namasiko. UNgqongqoshe kanye nezinye izikhulu bavakasha ngenhloso yokuyofunda ukuze bazibonele ngokwabo indlela okuqhutshwa ngayo eNdiya naseBotswana. Olunye ulwazi lwasuselwa kokwatholakala engqungqutheleni yomhlaba yezikhungo zendabuko, eyayibanjelwe eThekwini kuNhlaba kowezi-2007, kanye nengqungquthela yeziMantshi eyalandela lapho, eyayibanjelwe eMidrand kuMandulo kowezi-2007. Kulezi zingqungquthela, kwaxoxwa ngeqhaza lezi zikhungo ezilibambile ekuphathweni kwemithetho.
Ukhetho lwentando yeningi lowe-1994 lwaholela enqubweni entsha. Le nqubo entsha yaba yisisekelo sokubuyekeza umthetho nezinqubo ezazikhona ngaphambi konyaka we 1994. Le ncwadi yenqubomgomo igxile endimeni edlalwayo kanye nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko kulesi sikhathi sentando yeningi, ekuphathweni kwemithetho.
Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko sithatha enkulu indawo empilweni yobu-Afrikha, ngokomlando, nasengqikithini yombuswazwe waseNingizimu Afrikha. Sibandakanya ukugcinwa kwamasiko, imikhuba, izimiso nemigomo yabantu base-Afrikha, kanti ngaso leso sikhathi simele izigaba zomphakathi zangesikhathi esedlule kanjalo nokubusa. Kodwa-ke ngesikhathi iNingizimu Afrikha yamukela uMthethosisekelo wesikhashana emva kwalokho kwase kuba noMthethosisekelo wezwe ka1996, abantu bakithi bachaza iNingizimu Afrikha njengezwe elizimele, elibuswa ngokwentando yeningi elisekelwe emigomweni eyamukelwe wumuntu wonke, lapha singabala nokubangungqo shishilizi koMthethosisekelo. Lokhu kwaba yinkomba yokuthi itshe selizogaya ngomunye umhlathi.
Emva kokhetho lowe-1994, uhulumeni omusha waqala isigaba sokubumba kabusha izwe laseNingizimu Afrikha. Lokhu kwakufaka nezikhungo zokubusa ezazizovumelana nenqubo entsha yentando yeningi nemigomo yoMthethosisekelo enjengokulingana, nokungacwasani. Esinye salezi zikhungo esobuholi bendabuko. Njengalabo ebabehambe le ndlela ngaphambili kuleli zwekazi lase-Afrikha, sisabhekene nenselelo enkulu yokuchaza indima eyayizodlalwa isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko ohlelweni olusha lokubusa. UMthethosisekelo omusha usibekile isisekelo salokhu kanjalo wabambisana nohulumeni omusha ukuthuthukisa umthetho ozobhekana nalolu daba ngokugcwele.
ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kobuholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho nokusungula isibuko sobulungiswa bendabuko esifanele uhlelo olusha loMthethosisekelo.
Ukwakha isisekelo sokumiswa komthetho ogunyaza indima nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho yobulungiswa, ehambelana nohlelo olusha loMthethosisekelo.
Ukungabi khona kwazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo ezinkantolo zendabuko makulungiswe ngendlela yokuthi kugcine kuhambelana nezidingo zoMthethosisekelo omusha.
Esahlukweni esilandelayo (isahluko sesibili), indima eyayidlalwa wubuholi bendabuko ngokomlando inikeziwe. Lesi sahluko sizama ukucacisa futhi sinike nolwazi oluyisisekelo ngendima eyayidlalwa wubuholi bendabuko ekuphathweni komthetho ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza koMthethosisekelo. Lesi sahluko siveza nje kancane ngokwakwenzeka ngesikhathi sengcindezelo, isikhathi sobandlululo, nesikhathi sezabelo ezazinozibuse, nesikhathi esasingaphambi kancane kwesikhathi sohlelo loMthethosisekelo omusha.
Isihloko sesithathu: sigxile esifundweni sokuqhathanisa sohlelo lwemithetho yendabuko emazweni akhethiwe ase-Afrikha nakwamanye amazwe aseNyakatho, kanjalo nalezo zinto eziveza uhlelo lwaseNingizimu Afrikha. Isihloko sesine sibheka intuthuko elethwe wuhlelo loMthethosisekelo omusha, bese kuthi isihloko sesihlanu sibheke izinselelo ngobubanzi, ubuholi bendabuko obubhekene nazo ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo omusha. Isihloko sokugcina (isihloko sesithupha) sigxile kwinqubomgomo engafanela uhlelo lwaseNingizimu Afrikha lwemithetho yendabuko bese sinika nohlaka lomthetho obhekiswe ekunikeni amandla uhlaka lwenqubomgomo.
Isihloko sesikhombisa: sinesiphetho esinika isithombe sokukade kudingidwa ohlelweni lokufakana imilomo olwenziwa ukuze kuqhanyukwe nalolu hlaka lwenqubomgomo.
Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko ngesikhathi sombuso wengcindezelo.
Indima edlalwa yizikhungo zendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho isuka endulo. UBennet3 uyachaza ukuthi isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko saqala ezikhathini zasendulo lapho abantu babenezinkolelo ezifanayo, benamakhosi awodwa lapho babesikelwa umhlaba wokuhlala namadlelo. Umholi wayeyinhloko yomphakathi, ngaphansi komholi bese kuba nezigaba ezimbili zomphathi womphakathi kanye nenhloko yomndeni. Umholi wayedlala indawo yokuhola kuzo zonke izinhla zomphakathi, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo zasemaphandleni kuye ekuholeni amabutho eya empini nasekuxazululeni ukungaboni ngaso linye emphakathini. Uhulumeni wendabuko wawehlukile ukunowentando yeningi wamanje. Wawungabhekeli ukwabiwa kwamandla nemisebenzi ephathelene nemithetho yokugweba, ukuphatha nokwenziwa kwemithetho.4 Indima yesikhungo ibalulekile ekuqondeni izinselelo ezibhekene nesikhungo ngaphansi kohlelo lwentando yeningi. Ukwamukelwa kwezinkantolo zabaholi bendabuko, njengoba iningi licabanga, kwakuyinto efanele, njengoba lokhu kwakwenziwa kuncikiswe ezinhlelweni zomthetho ezejwayelekile kulowo mphakathi.
Ukufika kwengcindezelo kwaletha ushintsho oluphelele ekuphathweni kwemithetho ngabaholi bendabuko. Ohulumeni bengcindezelo nowobandlululo bangenelela ezinhlakeni zezinkantolo ngokuqala izinkantolo eziseceleni zabantu abamnyama. Ukwamukelwa kwe "zinkantolo zamakhosi" ngesikhathi sengcindezelo kwakubonakala njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphatha ngokucindezela ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo yomthetho wesi-5. Inqubomgomo yomthetho ongagunyaziwe, ngaphandle kokuthi yayiyisidingo esibalulekile sokuphatha ukuze kuphumelele ukuhlola ukusebenza kwayo ngabengcindezelo, yayisuselwe ephuzwini lokuthi kwakunokushayisana kwamasiko phakathi kwabacindezeli nomphakathi wabomdabu. Lokho okwakudinga ukuthi izindaba zabomdabu ziphathwe ngokwahlukana nalezo zezikhungo nezinhlaka ezazibekelwe abaMhlophe.
Ngokuka Olivier, ngasekupheleni kokucindezelwa kwaboMdabu ngamaNgisi (phakathi kuka 1957 no 1967), imithetho yayisisebenza yomibili ngokulingana. Lolu hlelo lwezinhlaka ezimbili zazihlanganisa imithetho yokufika (owaseNtshonalanga) kanye nomthetho omayelana nendabuko.
Nakuba abomdabu babesazisebenzisa lezi zinkantolo ngalesi sikhathi, kwakungakhululekisi ukusebenza kwazo. Lezi zinkantolo, njengazo zonke izingxenye zemiphakathi yabomdabu, zazenganyelwe abesilisa. Ukucwasa ngokobulili ekwakhiweni kwalezi zinkantolo kwakungundabamlonyeni. Kweminye imiphakathi abesifazane babengavunyelwe ukwengamela noma ukubamba iqhaza ekuqhubekeni kwezinto "ezinkantolo zamakhosi", ngaphandle kokuba ababeleseli bezikweletu, noma uma besizwa amadoda. 8 "Izinkantolo zamakhosi" zazisathathwa njengeziwusizo futhi zithandeka ngokuthi zazikwazi ukushesha ukuqhamuka nezixazululo, njengoba futhi kwakufikeka kalula kuzona, zazingabizi (zivamise ukuba mahhala) futhi kuwuhlobo lwenkantolo eqondile.
Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko ngesikhathi sombuso wobandlululo.
Ngenxa yokuhlunyeleliswa komthetho wokuphathwa kwabomdabu, "amakhosi" aba abantu abasebenzela uhulumeni, esebenzisa amandla awo ephethe izinkantolo, esengasekho ngaphansi kwemvume yokusebenza ayinikwe abantu kodwa esesebenza ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni wangaleso sikhathi. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwengcindezelo nohulumeni wobandlululo owalandela, "izinkantolo zamakhosi" zazisetshenziswa wuhulumeni ukufeza izinhloso zakhe ngokusebenzisa amandla akhe ngokusebenzisa isikhundla, indima kanye nomsebenzi wa"makhosi" nezi"nkantolo zamakhosi" zazisetshenziselwa ukuzuza kukahulumeni.
Ngalesi sikhathi umkhuba wokwalusa okwakwenzeka ekubuseni kwabaholi bendabuko umkhandlu kwakuyiwona owawunika izeluleko nokwathi kamuva "amakhosi" afakwa ngaphansi kukasigaxamabhande omkhulu, emva kwalokho aba ngaphansi kukaMongameli wezwe owayenesikhundla sobuNdunankulu esikhathini sengcindezelo nesobandlululo. Ukuze kugcineke ukuphatha, kunohlelo lwakhiwa olwalunika igunya inkantolo kaKhomishani (okwakubusa kuyo abamhlophe) eyayisebenza njengenkantolo yokwedlulisela amacala anqunywe "amakhosi".
Umphumela wokufaka izinkantolo zabaholi bendabuko ngaphansi kohlelo lwemithetho yezwe kwakuyisimo esinezinhla ezimbili zomthetho ezisebenza kanyekanye, izinkantolo ezaziphethwe ngokwaseNtshonalanga eziphakamisa ukugcinwa "komthetho wezwe" kube kukhona nalezo zinkantolo ezazingenamibhedesho, "izinkantolo zamakhosi" nezinkantolo zikaKhomishani ezazibhekele ukugcinwa kwemithetho ephathelene namasiko. Lokhu kuba "mbaxambili" komthetho kwabeka "izinkantolo zamakhosi" esikhundleni esingaphansi kwalezo ezazibhekelele umthetho waseNtshonalanga, nakuba babethi bamele ukulingana. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi babenokucabanga ukuthi "izinkantolo zamakhosi" zingaphansi ngokwezinga.
Izinkantolo zikaKhomishani zaqedwa ngonyaka we-1986 ngaphansi komthetho wenkantolo eziyisipesheli zabantu abantu abamnyama ka 1986 (Umthetho 34 ka 1986), kanti "izinkantolo zamakhosi nezinduna" zagcinwa. Lokhu kwalandela iziphakamiso zeKhomishani kaHoexter ngonyaka we-1983.
Ukwakhiwa kwezabelo nezindawo ezinozibuse kwaletha ushintsho ohlelweni lwezinkantolo zendabuko. Izabelo nezindawo ezazinozibuse zazinikwe amandla okuziphathela zona izinkantolo zazo. Lokhu kwaholela ezabelweni ziba nezinhlelo ezehlukene "zezinkantolo zamakhosi" kuye ngokuthi amasiko nemikhuba yakuleyo ndawo kusebenza kanjani.
Ezindaweni ezazaziwa ngokuthi yiTranskei neKwaZulu "izinkantolo zamakhosi" zazinamandla acishe afane nawezinkantolo zeziMantshi. Ukwedluliselwa kwamacala endaweni eyayaziwa ngokuthi yiTranskei esuswa kubaholi bendabuko kwakuyiswa kubaholi beziyingi lapho amakhosi nezindlovukazi babemelwe khona.
Endaweni eyayaziwa ngeBophuthatswana, ngokwenkambiso yomthetho wezinkantolo zendabuko zaseBophuthatswana ka1979 (Umthetho 29 ka 1979), igunya lokulalela amacala egazi nawombango lanikezelwa ezinhlakeni (amakhosi ezigodi) hhayi kumholi wendabuko ngamunye. Ukwedluliselwa kwamacala esuswa kulezi zinhlaka zendabuko kwakuya enkantolo eyisipesheli kuleso naleso sikhungo sikamantshi namalungu amabili ongeziwe (ongoti basezizweni ezakhele leso siyingi).
Endaweni eyayaziwa ngeCiskei, "amakhosi" nezinduna babenelungelo lokulalela amacala egazi nawemibango aphathelene nemithetho yendabuko ngokwezinga lezikhundla zabo zokuba amakhosi endabuko.
Ezindaweni ezazaziwa ngeGazankulu, Lebowa neQwaqwa, lesi sikhathi saqinisekisa ukushaywa komthetho owawukhuluma ngokuphathwa kwaBantu abamnyama. Ngokwalo mthetho, uNgqongqoshe wanika amandla okulalela amacala egazi nawemibango "emakhosini" nasezinduneni.
Endaweni eyayaziwa ngeVenda, isigaba 24 nesigaba sika 25 sokumenyezelwa kokuphatha kwabaholi bendabuko baseVenda (isimemezelo sika 29 sonyaka ka 1991), sahlinzeka ukuqinisekisa kokulalela amacala egazi nawemibango phezu "kwamakhosi" nezinduna nguSihlalo womkhandlu wobumbano lukazwelonke.
Izinkantolo zendabuko ziqhubekile nokuba khona nokusebenza ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komthetho omdala owawuhlinzekwe wumthetho wokuphathwa kwabomdabu neminye imithetho yezifundazwe. UMthethosisekelo uvumela ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwalezi zinkantolo, lokhu kuncike kuMthethosisekelo nasekushintsheni komthetho ngabantu abakulungele. Umthetho wokuphathwa kwabomdabu wachitshiyelwa kwezinye izindawana ukususa izindawana ezazingavumelani nezimiso zoMthethosisekelo njengokushaya noma ukushaywa. Ukushaywa kwavela njengento ephambene nelungelo lokuhlonishwa kwesithunzi sobuntu njengokusho kukaSomqulu wamaLungelo. Ilungelo lokuboshwa yizikhulu zeziyingi endaweni eyayaziwa ngeTranskei latholwa lingelingalungile.
Izwe laseBotswana linohlelo olumbaxambili. Izinkantolo zendabuko zisebenza ngokulingana nezinkantolo zezimantshi. Lezi zinkantolo zakhiwa ngokohlelo lukaNgqongqoshe woHulumeni wezaseKhaya ngaphansi komthetho wezinkantolo zendabuko ka1974. Izinkantolo zihlukaniseke izigaba ezintathu: iKhomishani yezinkantolo zendabuko, inkantolo yokwedlulisela amacala, kanye nezinkantolo zomthetho ophathelene namasiko.
Emazingeni aphansi alolu hlelo lokuxazulula izinkinga kukhona umndeni, oba nendoda, unkosikazi nezingane. Abantu abathintekayo kulokho kushayisana ngemibono bavamise ukuxazulula izinkinga zabo zomndeni ngaphakathi emndenini. Uma lokhu kungasebenzi, bangalethwa phambi kwengqoqo, eba nabantu abasondele bomndeni abahlala enxulumeni elilodwa. Elinye izinga kuba yingqoqo enabantu abahlala esigodini esisodwa. Uma imindeni engaphezu kowodwa ihlala ndawonye endaweni ephethwe ngohlelo olubonakalayo lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yiwadi. Amawadi angaphansi kwenduna esikhundla sayo sitholakala ngokuzalana. Ezizweni ezinkulu njengoBangwaketse noBamangwato, izinduna zihlukaniswa ngamazinga (kusukela ku A kuya ku G kulesi sizwe sokuqala bese sisukele ku A siye ku K kulesi sesibili). Kwezinye izizwe ezinjengaBakwena, aBatawana namaBamalete, kukhona izinduna namasekela amakhosi. Esizweni saBakwena, la masekela amakhosi abekwa emazingeni asukela ku A aye ku C. Yileso naleso sikhulu somthetho sinamalungelo omthetho okulalela amacala, okwenza bakwazi ukuxazulula ukungezwani. Izinkantolo zezinduna zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zokuxolelana , okungenzeka ukuthi umthetho we-12 wezinkantolo zemithetho yesintu waba nomthelela ekuqalweni kwalolu hlelo.
Izinkantolo zendabuko, ziholwa ngomongameli abakhethwa nguNgqongqoshe woMnyango woHulumeni bezaseKhaya zisebenza ezikhungweni ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni (Gaborone, Francistown, Lobatse, Selebi-Pikwe, Jwaneng, Ghanzi naseKasane). Lezi zinkantolo zisebenza ngamacala amancane afaka imibango yemihlaba, imishado nezimpahla. Amacala ezifikanamthwalo angalalelwa kulezi zinkantolo. Ukuthola abammeli akuvumelekile ezinkantolo zemithetho yendabuko kanti futhi ayikho imithetho elawula ukwethulwa kobufakazi. Amajaji asezinkantolo zamakhosi akhethwa yinkosi noma umphakathi, anquma izigwebo, ezingedluliselwa enkantolo yamacala emibango. Ikhwalithi yesinqumo esithathwa kulolu hlobo lwenkantolo luyehluka kulowo nalowo mphakathi. Kwezinye izikhathi amajaji akulezi zinkantolo akhipha izigwebo ezinjengokushaywa kwabantu esidlangaleni.
Kunezinkantolo ezimthethweni ezasungulwa nguNgqongqoshe woMnyango woHulumeni baseKhaya njengoba kuhlonza umthetho wezinkantolo. Lo mthetho uyibeka ngokusobala ukuthi imingcele yezindawo lezi zinkantolo ezinamandla kuzo. Lo mthetho ubuye uhlonze ukusebenza kwenkantolo, izinqumo okumele kubukelwe kuzo ngamalungu azo namandla nemisebenzi alowo nalowo muntu oqashelwe ukusiza ekuthatheni izinqumo.
IMalawi, isanda kwenza uhlelo oluthi alufane lokubuyekeza izinhla zezinkantolo zayo, yabuye yazama nezindlela zokufaka ukuhlanganisa imithetho emayelana nokuphathwa kwemithetho. Leli lizwe lenze izithangami zemithetho ephathelene nezendabuko enamalungu angafika ema-24 000, emphakathini. Lezi zithangami zemithetho ephathelene nobulungiswa, ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezizinda zezinkantolo ezingama-217 ziphethwe yizimantshi, zilalela amacala angaphakathi kwama-80 nama90% okungezwani.
Uhlobo lokungezwani oluvamise ukulethwa phambi kwenkantolo yendabuko kujwayele ukuthi kube yilawo amayelana nemindeni, imibango yemihlaba nezimpahla.
Izithangami zemithetho yendabuko zibhekelela.
Nakuba uhlelo lwemithetho yase-India luhlelwe kahle futhi lusebenza ngendlela, izinkantolo zibhekene nezinkinga ezine ezisemqoka; inani lezinkantolo namajaji kuwo wonke amazinga akwanele, kube nokwenyuka emacaleni okumele alalelwe kule minyaka ngenxa yezenzo ezinokungethembeki ezenziwa yilabo abakuhulumeni, imali edleka ngokushushisa amacala ezinkantolo zezimantshi iphezulu ngenxa yezimali ezikhokhelwa abammeli nezimali ezongezwa ngaphezulu, nokulibaziseka kokuthethwa kwamacala ngenxa yokuthi ahlala ehlehla nokugcina kwenze izinkantolo zasalela emuva ngenani lamacala athethwayo.
Abahlwempu bakuthola kunzima ukushushisa icala ngenxa yokubiza kwezinto. Amajaji asezinkantolo eziphakeme alokhu egcizelela ukuthi abantu abahlwempu kumele bathole ukummelwa mahhala. Okunye okungenziwa, ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinkantolo zabantu, lapho kwenziwa khona ubulungiswa ngaphandle kokulandela ubuchule bomthetho.
Uhlelo lwezinkantolo zabantu lwaqalwa eGujarat ngoNdasa kowe-1982 kanti manje selusabalale kulo lonke izwe. Ukushintsha kwalolu hlelo kwakuyingxenye yobuciko bokuphungula imithwalo yamacala alindele ukulalelwa ezinkantolo. Lezi zinkantolo zakhiwa ukuze zibhekane namacala asalinde ukuthethwa futhi zihlinzeke ukukhululeka kulabo ababasela izikweletu.
Iphalamende lase-India lamisa umthetho wokuphatha imithetho obizwa nge-Legal Services Authorities, ka1987, enye yezinhloso zalo mthetho kwakuwukuhlela izinkantolo zabantu (Lok Adalat) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusebenza kohlelo lomthetho oluphakamisa ubulungiswa obakhelwe phezu kwamathuba alinganayo kuwonke wonke. Lo mthetho unikeza amandla ekuxazululweni kokungaboni ngaso linye ngokuhlangabezana nokukhokhelana kwabantu enkantolo yabantu. Lo mbono usukela ohlelweni olubizwa nge-Panchayats, unezimpande emlandweni nasemasikweni ase-India.
Abaqoqi bezikweletu bathola inzuzo eningi ezinkantolo zabantu (Lok Adalat). Akukhokhwa mali noma ngabe icala bese liqalile sekudingeka ukuthi kukhokhwe imali iyabuyiswa uma kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni ezingeni "lapho kungadingeki kukhokhwe khona". Ayikho indlela ephoqelela ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswe ngendlela ethile, noMthetho woBufakazi ngesikhathi kusabhekwa amaphuzu abalulekile ecaleni. Abathintekayo odabeni, noma bemelwe abammeli basemajajini, kodwa basangaya enkantolo yabantu, bafike bachaze isimo sabo nokuyinto engenzeki ezinkantolo zezimantshi. Izinkinga zingalethwa ngqo phambi kwenkantolo yabantu esikhundleni sokuthi kuqalwe kuyiwe ezinkantolo zezimantshi. Isinqumo sasenkantolo yabantu siyabopha kwabathintekayo kanjalo nokuthi ziyakwazi ukushaya umthetho ngezinhlelo ezifanele zomthetho.
Akuvunyelwe ukudlulisa amacala athethwe ezinkantolo zabantu (Lok Adalat), kanti ezinkantolo zezimantshi kuhlezi kunethuba lokudlulisela amacala ayiswe ezithangamini eziphezulu ukuze kubuyekezwe isinqumo esithathwe ecaleni, okuholela ekuphuzeni ukuthola isisombululo sokungaboni ngaso linye.
Nakuba kwaziswa ubukhosi, izinkantolo zendabuko zaphela emva kokuba izwe lithole uzimele geqe. Isikhungo asinawo amandla okushaya, ukuphatha noma ukukhipha izigwebo ngokomthetho. Nakuba kunjalo, inkosi isenamandla amakhulu, isahlonishwa abantu bomphakathi, isakwazi ukuqondisa izigwegwe. Amakhosi nemikhandlu yendabuko anwebe amandla awo aba ngaphezu kokubheka izindaba zobukhosi, ezomndeni, ezezimpahla, izehlukaniso, nokuthi ubani ozothatha izingane emva kwesehlukaniso nemibango yomhlaba. Banquma ikakhulu amacala abizwa ngokuthi awangasese nawemibango ukunalawo egazi. Izinto ezibalulekile ngalolu hlelo lwemithetho yendabuko ukuthi luyinto esemqoka kakhulu ezweni laseGhana, nemithetho ephathelene namasiko iyaqiniswa esifundeni nasezinkantolo, lokho kuncike ohlotsheni lwento edala ukungezwani.
Ijaji elikhulu lasezweni laseGhana, uJaji George Kingsley Acquahwakhumbuza ababemlalele ukuthi "amakhosi yibona bagadi bezwe, nokuthi axazulula izinkinga eziningi zemibango yezwe. Ngakho-ke amakhosi ahlala 'ethandeka ngokwemisebenzi yawo' ezakhamuzini eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Babuye baxazulule izinkinga eziningi zemibango yemindeni ezindaweni zabo. Ukungabi namithetho emileyo kulezi zinkantolo kwenza ukuthi zithandeke futhi zisebenziseke kalula nabantu bazibuke njengezabo, hhayi njengento abaxhilwa ngayo."
Abaholi bendabuko basawagcinile amandla abo okuthetha amacala abaqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa nakuba kwaqedwa izinkantolo zendabuko ngeminyaka yokuqala wenkululeko.
Nakuba uMthethosisekelo ungazigunyazi izinkantolo zomdabu, abaholi bendabuko nemikhandlu yendabuko sebezandisile izindawo lapho bebusa khona badlula nezinto eziphathelene nemindeni nemibango yezimpahla, lapha singabala nezehlukaniso, ukuthi ubani ozothola ukuhlala nezingane nezemihlaba. UMnyango wezobulungiswa noMnyango woMmeli-Jikelele bakhombisa ukuthi lolu hlelo kumele luhambe kanjani ekubuyiseni uhlelo lwezinkantolo zendabuko olwakhiwa ngaphansi komthetho owashaywa ngo1883 owaziwa ngele-Native Jurisdiction Ordinance. Ukuqeqeshwa kwiADR nakwezinye izinto ezithinta umthetho sekukhuphukile nohlaka lomthetho kuzokwakhiwa ukusimamisa lolu hlelo olubalulekile. Ukubona leli phuzu elimqoka kangaka lamandla okubusa endaweni ethize, izikhungo ezingazodwa njengeBhange loMhlaba zinike umdlandla ekuhlinzekweni koqeqesho lomthetho emakhosini endabuko. Lokhu kusize kakhulu eGhana.
Embhalweni othi Information Bulletin oshicilelwe nguhulumeni waseNingizimu Australia, uJohn Tomaino wabhala ukuthi izinkantolo zemisinsi yokuzimilela eNingizimu Australia, ezakhiwa njengohlelo lokuhlola ngonyaka ka1999, zathuthuka ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho ukwethemba izinkantolo zezimantshi. Abantu bakuleyo ndawo babona ukuthi, njengabaxazululi, babeneqhaza elincane ababelibambile ekushayweni kwemithetho nasekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Babebona lezi zinkantolo zibandlulula ngokwamasiko, futhi zingawamukeli umphakathi nemindeni. Uyakubeka nokuthi ezinye izinto ezisunguliwe ukuze imiphakathi yakuleyo ndawo izizwe ikhululekile ingenakwesaba. Bonke ababambe iqhaza, lapha sibala nezimantshi, bahlala ezingeni elilodwa nemiphakathi ukuze bakwazi ukugcina amaxhama okuxhumana evulekile. Imantshi ihlala nelungu lomphakathi elingumsinsi wokuzimilela kuleyo ndawo futhi elinolwazi ngamasiko nelingeluleka inkantolo kwezinye izinto ezithinta amasiko. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi olutholakala singakakhishwa isigwebo, lapha sibala nemibiko ngezicelo zebheyili, ukusiza kuthathwe isinqumo esiyiso. Uhulumeni nezinhlangano ezizimele unika usizo nenduduzo kumakhasimende akhe, nokuvula amathuba okuhlumelelisa izimilo. Izimantshi ezilalela amacala enkantolo aba nokuzwana nemisinsi yokuzimilela kulowo mphakathi, okusiza ukuletha ulwazi ngezindaba ezenzeka kulowo mphakathi okuholela ekukhishweni kwezigwebo eziyizo.
Ukusebenza kwezinkantolo zemisinsi yokuzimilela, kuveza umbono ngokufanele izinkantolo zemiphakathi zaseNingizimu Afrikha zibe yikho, ukufana kwazo nezinkantolo zendabuko kugxile ekutheni zombili izinkantolo zifukamele amasiko, ukuthi abantu abazethamelayo babamba iqhaza futhi bahlale bevuselela imithetho.
Ukuvuselela imithetho kuhlinzeka ngesimo esisha sokususa ingcindezelo kubantu bakulowo mphakathi. Bafuna ukusuka ezimweni zobulungiswa ezingezwakali kahle, ezibibiyelwe nezenziwa yonke indawo neziwusiko lwaseYurophu oluchaza ubulingiswa ngendlela abanolwazi ngayo, imikhuba nemigomo yabo. Lolu hlobo lwemithetho lumayelana nokufunda 'ngokufanele sibe yikho' kanye 'nokufunda kabusha okubheke kithi ngokosiko' lokhu kubukeka njengokwelapha ngoba izinxushunxushu nobugebengu kubukeka kuyizifo zomoya, zomphefumulo, zomzimba nomqondo kubantu abaphila kulowo mphakathi okumele zelashwe ngendlela yesintu. Ingxenye yalolu hlelo ifaka ukubuyisana kommangalelwa nonembeza wakhe nokunikwa iziyalo yizibonda zendawo noma amanye amalungu omphakathi. Lokhu kunika amandla futhi kusize lowo muntu athole ubulungiswa emphakathini.
Ukuze kubonakale kahle ukuvuselelwa komthetho eCanada kwaqalwa iprojekthi yoMkhandlu womphakathi, eyayinezinhloso yokubuyisela emuva ukulethwa konswinyo olwalungafanele ezimpilweni zalabo ababevele bengabhekelelwe wumthetho, ukuvimbela imithelela esindayo nefundisa ngobugebengu obukhulu basetilongweni, lokhu kunika izindlela eziningi ezehlukile ezingasiza kulabo abathatha izinqumo ukuze bakhethe kuzo, zihlinzeke imithetho eyanelisayo kwabahlukumezekile nasemiphakathini ukuze kubhekwane nezinto ezithinta umphakathi, ezomnotho nezangasese okuhlobene namacala angaba nezigwebo zokukhokhwa kwemali.
Okwenzeka eNingizimu Australia naseCanada kungena shi ezinkantolo zendabuko kubuye kugcizelele ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho okufanele zimele lo mthetho.
Kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu kuhluza okungenhla kuyizibonelo zokuxazululwa kokungezwani emiphakathi yendabuko yaseAfrikha, Asia, Australia naseCanada. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo oqubuka ngokushesha ukuthi kungabe lezi zibonelo zifanele izinkantolo zendabuko?
Isibonelo saseBotswana sidala ukugibelana phakathi kwezinkantolo zezimantshi nalezo zendabuko.
Isibonelo sase-India sivumela labo abaqondene nalokhu ukuthi bamelwe ngabammeli basemajajini, lokhu enye indlela yokuxazulula ukungezwani.
E-Australia naseCanada izimantshi nalabo abangebona abaholi bendabuko bahlala balalele amacala ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Ukwamukelwa kwezinkantolo zendabukongaphansi koMthethosisekelo omusha.
UMthethosisekelo uyasazisa isikhungo, ngezinga nendima edlalwa wubuholi bendabuko njengoba kusho umthetho ophathelene namasiko, kodwa usengaphansi futhi kumele uvumelane noMthethosisekelo. Wazisa futhi wamukele ukuthi kumele kuhlonishwe amandla nokuphatha omthetho ophathelene namasiko, ube ungaphansi kwemithetho ebekiwe.
Ngesikhathi kukhishwa izitifiketi , ukusikazwa kokuthi uMthethosisekelo osebenzayo wawehluleka ukusungula izinkantolo zendabuko (njengoba kubiza umgomo woMthethosisekelo XIII) waphikiswa. Ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo osebenzayo izinkantolo ezisebenza ngaphansi komthetho ophathelene namasiko zichazwa njenga 'noma iyiphi inkantolo eyakhiwe noma eyaziswa wumthetho njengoba kuhlonza iPhalamende.' Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ababusa ngendlela yendabuko babuye babe abashayi bemithetho, kushiwo ukuthi njengamajaji, abakwazi ukungathathi hlangothi njengoba kufunwa yiFCs 156 . KuBangindawo nabanye ebhekene Ikhanda leNyanda Regional Authority nabanye 1998 SA 262 (Tk), abamangali basebenzisa le nkulumo ukuphikisana nenkantolo yesifunda yaseTranskei. Inkantolo enkulu yakuchitha lokhu kuphikisa ngesizathu sokuthi ukuhlolwa komthetho wokuhlalisana ngokuzimela nokungathathi hlangothi yayisetshenziswa. E-Afrikha, nakuba ungacacile kahle umehluko phakathi kokwakhiwa kwemithetho nokusetshenziswa kwayo kodwa akukho muntu oke akhononde ngendlela abaholi bendabuko abasebenzisa ngayo amandla abanawo ekushayweni kwemithetho.
nesesi 1017 - 18 inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi abaholi bendabuko abanaso isiqiniseko sokuthi umsebenzi wabo uzohlala ukhona njengamajaji nokusekelwa yisigaba se-177 soMthethosisekelo. Icala likaMhlekwa alihambanga ngaphezu kwelikaBangindawo, nelaligxile ekuphathweni kwamacala emibango. NgokukaBennet, lo mphumela uyiwo emacaleni emibango, ukuthi uyahambisana yini noMthethosisekelo kumele kukalwe ngokuqhathaniswa nokutholakala kosizo lomthetho. Ukuphuca abaholi bendabuko amandla kuyobe kungukuncisha umphakathi wasemaphandleni izinkantolo eziseduze lapho ukwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zawo kalula khona. Icala likaMhlekwa liyaqinisekisa umbono we South African Law Reform Commission ngezinkantolo zendabuko nemisebenzi yokwahlulela kwabaholi bendabuko labo abanamacala nokuyilona daba olusezithebeni lapha uma sithinta udaba lwamandla ezinkantolo zendabuko okuthetha namacala egazi. Ikhomishani iyakwala ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi nokuzimela akubalulekile ngaphezu kokukhululeka ekushayelweni umthetho. Le nkinga ivelela kakhulu emacaleni egazi, lapho labo abathetha amacala bengabavamile ukungathathi hlangothi, uma ngesikhathi esisodwa bengu "mmangali", "umshushisi" and "nejaji".
Ngokwenhlolombono kaBarbara Oomenendaweni kaSekhukhune, amalungu omphakathi kuleyo ndawo akhetha izinkantolo zendabuko ukunalezo eziphethwe yizimantshi. Amaphesenti angama-65 abantu abaphendulile ezindaweni ezisemakhaya bathanda "izinkantolo zamakhosi" futhi basekela uhlelo lokuba izinkinga zabo zokungezwani zixazululwe ezinkantolo zendabuko. Kuyakhombisa ukuthi abantu basemaphandleni bazizwa bephephile ngendlela amacala abo aphathwa ngayo, ngoba ayalalelwa nezinqumo ziphume ngokushesha. Enye into eyenza abantu abaningi bathande izinkantolo zendabuko ukuthi bakwazi ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabo, nokuyinto imiphakathi ephila isintu eyithanda kakhulu.
Ezinye izinkinga ezivamise ezixazululwa ezinkantolo zendabuko wubusela, ukushaya abantu, ukulimaza impahla, ezemihlaba, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokushaywa abomndeni, ubuthakathi, eziphathelene nemishado kanye nokucokofulwa, nakuba amacala amaningi efaka imibango ngenxa yomonakalo odalwa yizilwane ezifuyiwe ezidla ukudla kwabantu, kodwa kukhona nokukhulelisa inkosikazi yomuntu, ukukhulelisa intombazane esencane nemibango ephathelene nokukhokhwa kwamalobolo.
Endaweni kaSikhukhune, enye yezimantshi yacacisa ukuthi abanawo umsebenzi omningi ngoba abantu abaningi baxazulula izinkinga zabo emakhaya. Washo nokuthi uvamise ukuba necala elilodwa ngesonto nokuvamise ukuthi kube elobusela, njengabo bonke ozakwabo ubona ukuthi amacala okumele alalelwe ngaphansi komthetho wendabuko yilawo ambandakanya imibango yemihlaba, izimpi emndenini nokucokofulana.
Ngaphambi kokufika koMthethosisekelo omusha kwabonakala ukuthi umthetho owawukhona ngesikhathi sokhetho lomhla ka 27 kuMbasal 1994 emva kwesikhathi.
aImithetho eyayikhona ekuqaleni kwale mithethosisekelo yayizoqhubeka nokusebenza kulezo zindawo eyayisebenza kuyo ngaphambi kokuthi le mithethosisekelo iqale ukusebenza.
b Uma kunesidingo, ukuphathwa kwemithetho eyayikhona kwakuzonikezelwa kwabafanele ezigabeni ezifanele zikahulumeni, njengoba kusho le mithethosisekelo yomibili. Isizathu salokhu sisuka ekutheni yomibili imithethosisekelo yayihlinzeke ukuthi amandla okwakha imithetho abe sezigabeni ezehlukene zikahulumeni. Amandla namalungelo okwenza imithetho kuzwelonke nasezifundazweni achazwe ngokucacile. Lo mbono awuchazwanga kahle ngesikhathi sokwenza uMthethosisekelo esingaphambi kuka 1994. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izabelo zazinemithetho yazo , eyaqhubeka nokusebenza nasemva kuka 27 kuMbasa 1994 nokwafanela ukuba iphathwe emazingeni afanele kahulumeni, hhayi kuphela lapho yayikade isebenza khona phambilini.
c Zonke izinkantolo, lapha sibala nezinkantolo zabaholi bendabuko, ezazikhona ngesikhathi kuqala ukusebenza koMthethosisekelo omusha, zazizoqhubeka nokusebenza ngokwemithetho ezilawulayo, nakuba eminye yayisangashintshwa kumbe icishwe.
Nakuba zaziqhubeka nokubakhona ngaphansi kombuso wentando yeningi izinkantolo zendabuko ziyaqhubeka nokuthola izinselelo ekusebenzeni koMthethosisekelo nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Izinsolo zokusetshenziswa ngokungendlela kwamandla okulalela amacala ngabaholi bendabuko, yilabo abakholelwa ekutheni amadoda kumele kube yiwo aphetheyo nokuqhubeka kokukhishwa inyumbazana kwabesifazane ezinkantolo zendabuko nokubophela abesifazane amanqina enyathi enqubweni yasezinkantolo. Izinselelo ezisuka ekungabonini ngaso linye ngoba kunokugibelana kwezinto ezithinta uMthethosisekelo nezinkantolo zezimantshi, ukuphazamiseka kokuqhubeka kwezinto nokungabibikho kohlelo oluqhubekayo nesiqinisekiso sokuthi imithetho ilandelwa ngendlela yokuthatha izinqumo ezinkantolo zendabuko zicacisiwe kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.
Ukuqala ukusebenza koMthethosisekelo kwaqeda ukuthi iPhalamende libe umakhonya kuzo zonke izinto.
UMthethosisekelo ungumakhonya nokusebenza komthetho.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uMthethosisekelo ungumthetho oyishaya yonke kwiRipublikhi noma ngabe yimuphi umthetho ongahambelani nalokhu awuyiwo.
USomqulu waMalungelo abantu uyisizinda sentando yeningi eNingizimu Afrikha. Uveza amalungelo awo wonke umuntu ngokucacile ubuye uqinisekise imigomo yentando yeningi okuyisithunzi sabantu, ukulingana nenkululeko, uhlinzeke ukuthi uhulumeni ahloniphe , avikele, athuthukise abuye agcwalise amalungelo abekwe kuSomqulu waMalungelo abantu.
Inselelo enkulu ebhekene nesikhungo sabaholi bendabuko ukuqondisa imicimbi esukela emasikweni nasemikhubeni lokhu kuhambelane nemigomo yoMthethosisekelo, njengokulingana nokucoboshiswa kokucwaswa ngokungenasidingo okufaka ubuhlanga, ubulili nobudala. Isibonelo, okwakuhlinzekwe umthetho nokuPhathwa kwaBantu abamnyama, ofuna ukuthi abaholi bendabuko balalele amacala emibango ambandakanya abantu abamnyama, namacala egazi uma ummangalelwa engowomdabu, lokhu kungukucwasa ngokobuhlanga. Indima nomsebenzi wobuholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho kumele lubhekwe luqhathaniswe nalokhu okubikwe ngenhla.
Okunye okubalulekile ngezindawo izinkantolo zendabuko ezikwazi ukushaya imithetho kuzo wudaba lokujezisa ngokushaya. Izinkantolo zendabuko zisaqhubeka nokusebenzisa lesi sijeziso ngokwehluka, kusuka ekushayeni imivimbo embalwa kuya ekudindeni ngenduku.
UMthethosisekelo ufuna ukuthi abaphathi bomthetho abaqokwe noma kuyiphi inkantolo ukuthi babe ngabesilisa nabesifazane abaqeqeshiwe nabakulungele ukusebenza. Ukunikwa umsebenzi, ukukhushulelwa esikhundleni, ukushintshwa endaweni osebenzela kuyo, ukuxoshwa emsebenzini kwabantu abasebenza ngomthetho kumele kwenziwe ngokungachemi nokungakhethi bala. Ngaphambi kokuba abasebenza ngomthetho baqale imisebenzi yabo kumele bafungiswe ngendlela ebekwe wuMthethosisekelo, ukuthi bazowuhlonipha futhi bawuvikele uMthethosisekelo.
Nakuba abaholi bendabuko benikwe imisebenzi yokwenza umsebenzi wokugcina imithetho ngaphansi komthetho wokuphatha abantu abamnyama, lokho akusho ukuthi sebengabasebenzi bokushaya imithetho njengoba kuhlonza uMthethosisekelo. Abasebenzi bomthetho (izimantshi namajaji) abaqashwe ngaphansi komthethosiseklo kanye nomthetho olawula izimantshi. Abaholi bendabuko abaqashelwe ukushaya imithetho, kodwa baqashelwe ukuhlala ezihlalweni zobukhosi. Ngakho-ke okudinga babe nakho, ukuthi babe abantu abakulungele ukusebenza, kanti ukukhushulelwa ezikhundleni nokuxoshwa kwabashayi bomthetho akubathinti abaholi bendabuko.
UMthethosisekelo ka1993 wahlinzeka ukuthi kukhishwe umyalelo wokuphathwa komthetho wezifundazwe, uma lowo mthetho uwela ngaphansi kwendawo echazwe esigabeni sesi-6 eMthethosisekelweni ka1993, "abasezikhundleni ngokwendabuko" kanye "imithetho yemisinsi yokuzimilela nemithetho ephathelene namasiko" yayibaliwe kulezi zindawo ezichaziwe. Iningi lemithetho ephathelene nokuphathwa kwemithetho zazinikezelwe ezifundazweni.
Ukuze kube nohla olulodwa lwemithetho esebenzayo kuzwelonke (hhayi imithetho yeNingizimu Afrikha endala nezabelo esezaphela ebhekelene nezinkinga ezifanayo ezindaweni ezehlukene ezweni), ngemva nje kuka 1994 iMinyango eminingi kahulumeni yakhulisa imithetho yokufanisa imitheshwana yasezabelweni neyaseNingizimu Afrikha. Ukufaniswa kwale mitheshwana kwacisha leyo eyayisebenza ezabelweni, eyayisebenza kulezi zindawo, nemithetho evumelana nayo yaseNingizimu Afrikha yayisebenza kulo lonke izwe. Kodwa-ke lokhu akwenzekanga kuleyo mithetho eyayihambelana nendima nokusebenza kwabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokungabi lula kwalezi zindaba nokulinganisa isikhungo sabaholi bendabuko nohlelo olusha loMthethosisekelo, kuzodinga ukubuyekezwa kwenqubomgomo ezoholela emthethweni omusha.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kunemithetho eyehlukile eyayikhona ngaphambi kuka 27 kuMbasa 1994 yabuyekezwa emazingeni afanele kahulumeni, njengoba kwakusho uMthethosisekelo wesikhashana, ukuphathwa kwemithetho eminingi kwakuphakwe ngokwenyuka (kuhulumeni kazwelonke) kwaphakwa ngokwehla (kohulumeni bezifundazwe). Kulolu hlelo, ukuphathwa kwayo yonke imithetho ebhekelele indima nokusebenza kwemithetho eyayinqunywa esigabeni sezifundazwe, neyake yafakwa ngaphansi kukazwelonke okwesikhashana ngaphansi kukaNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa. Emuva nje kwalokho, ukuphathwa kweningi lale mithetho kwanikezelwa ezifundazweni ezehlukene. Eminye imithetho yasala ngaphansi kweso likaNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa nokuThuthukiswa koMthethosisekelo.
Iningi lemithetho ebalwe ngenhla ebhekelele indima nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho, osekuphethwe yizifundazwe ezehlukene, kwaqalwa yizigaba se-12 nesama-20 zemithetho yokuphathwa kwabomdabu neminye imithetho eyayikhona ngezikhathi zezabelo. Kwezinye izifundazwe ukushaywa kwemithetho kulala ezandleni zabaholi bendabuko abadala, bese kuthi kwezinye kube yizinduna, kwezinye kube yimikhandlu yendabuko.
Isibonelo, esifundazweni saseNyakatho Ntshonalanga (endaweni eyayaziwa ngeleBophuthatswana), imvume yokulalela amacala aphathelene negazi nemibango inikeziwe ezinhlakeni zezinkantolo zendabuko hhayi kumholi wendabuko ngamunye. Ukudluliswa kwamacala esuka ezinhlakeni zendabuko eya ezinkantolo eziyisipesheli zezimantshi, ezinezimantshi kanye nabantu ababili (ochwepheshe basemiphakathini yakuleso sifunda). Endaweni eyayaziwa ngokuthi yiCiskei, amakhosi nezinduna banamalungelo okulalela amacala egazi nawemibango asukela emthethweni wezendabuko ngokwezikhundla zabo. Ukwedluliselwa kwamacala esuka kubaholi bendabuko eya ezifundeni, lapho amakhosi nezindlovukazi zimelwe khona.
Nakuba kunokwesekela okuningi emthethweni yendabuko, kunabantu abangavumelani nalokhu, abathi lezi zinkantolo azikwenzi lokhu ezazakhelwe ukukwenza. Ikakhulukazi kulesi sikhathi semithetho emisha. Izinsolo zokuhlukumeza amandla okubusa ngabaholi bendabuko, ukuphakanyiswa kwabesilisa, ukushiywa ngaphandle kwabantu besifazane nokuchema nabantu besifazane abangabaxazululi kusalokhu kuletha ifu elimnyama phezu kwezinkantolo. Uma umuntu wesifazane eshade nomunye wesifazane (indoda) ukuze atholele umyeni wakhe izingane, uyahlawuliswa ngokuthi, njengomuntu oshadile, akakwazi ukukhuluma emile.
Nakuba isikhungo sabaholi bendabuko nezinkantolo zendabuko zaba ngezinye zezikhungo ezasetshenziswa wuhulumeni wobandlululo ukugcina abomdabu bebodwa, kodwa zazingatholi imali eyanele kuhulumeni. Zazincike ezimalini ezazikhokhelwa izizwe ezingaphansi kwamakhosi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkantolo zikaKhomishani zazihlomula ezimalini zikahulumeni; noKhomishani abamhlophe ababegada abaholi bendabuko babethola imali eyongeziwe ukubakhokhela ngoba benza umsebenzi ophazamisa izimpilo zabo. Ukuthi lolu hlelo luyaqhubeka ukusebenza nakuba kungekho mali efakwe kulo wuhulumeni kuwubufakazi bokuthi umphakathi walwemukela ngazo zombili izandla. Lwaze lwemukelwa emva kokwaziswa kwabaholi bendabuko wuMthethosisekelo nokuyilapho uhulumeni aqala khona ukuluxhasa ngezimali, esebenzisa iMinyango yezifundazwe ukuthi zilubheke. Ukufika kwale mali kwakusho ukuthi kumele kuchazwe ukuthi isetshenziswe kanjani. Lokhu kwakungekho ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Kwakungekho migomo ebekiwe okwakufanele kusetshenzelwe phezu kwayo ukuchaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali ekhokhwe yizakhamuzi, namaholo amakhosi', izinduna namaphoyisa amakhosi nokuyizinto ezazenziwa kuqala ngaphambi kwalokho okwakudingwa wumphakathi. Akukhokhelwa ukulalela amacala ezinkantolo zamakhosi. Kubukwa njengokusiza umphakathi.
Azikho izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezanikwa nabaholi bendabuko ukubalungiselela ukusebenza koMthethosisekelo omusha. Imigomo nezinhlelo zalokhu ezalethwa yintando yeningi zaziyinto entsha endleleni yokwenza izinto ngokwamasiko. Ukuphathwa kwezimali zomphakathi eziyintela ekhokhwa yisizwe kwasuswa kubaholi bendabuko yayiswa kuhulumeni. Izindaba zokubusa zalungiswa ngaphansi kweNdlu yabaholi bendabuko. Isikhungo sasingahlinzekwanga ngabantu abanamakhono okunika ukweseka ngesikhathi sokuqala ukusebenza komthetho omusha wentando yeningi. Abanye abantu ababevolontiyile ezinkantolo zendabuko babengeke bashuthekwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni ngenxa yokuthi babengenazo izicucu ezifanele.
Ukujeziswa ngokushaywa, nokwakuwuhlobo lwesigwebo olujwayelekile ezinkantolo zendabuko, kwayekwa ngoba kungenziwa ngendlela efanayo sonke isikhathi futhi kuphambene namalungelo esithunzi somuntu abhalwe kuSomqulu waMalungelo abantu, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa enkosi kwayekwa njengoba kwase kukapakela emsebenzini wamaphoyisa kahulumeni avunyelwe wumthetho ukuthi angabopha abantu. Ukuba ntekenteke kokuphoqa ukusebenza ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihambisana noMthethosisekelo, kwehlisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinkantolo zendabuko.
UMthethosisekelo wasungula izikhungo ezinjengeKhomishani yamalungelo abantu -iKhomishani yokulingana ngokobulili noMvikeli woMphakathi ngamagunya okuphenya izinto eziphambana noMthethosisekelo. Lezi zikhungo, kwesinye isikhathi, zihlinzeka imisebenzi ehlobene nokuxazululwa kokungezwani okusukela kuSomqulu waMalungelo abantu ebuye incintisane nezinkantolo zendabuko kwesinye isikhathi.
Kukhona futhi okunye ukukhwelana phakathi kwamandla okusebenza kwezinkantolo zezimantshi nezinkantolo zendabuko kwamanye amacala, isibonelo: amacala okweba nokuthukwa, kanti lokhu kuholela ekutheni abantu bazame ukuthenga abanye ukuze babavune. Lokhu kwenza amandla ezinkantolo zendabuko okumela ukuziphatha okuhle namasiko abe ntekenteke.
Lezi zifundo zamacala ezilandelayo zikhombisa ezinye zezinselelo ezisekhona ekuthethweni kwamacala ezinkantolo zendabuko.
i Ingxabano yasuka ngoNcwaba ka1997 esigodini saseMononono eBakgatla-ba-Kgalefa engaphansi kwenkosi uPilane. Owesifazane washonelwa wumyeni wakhe wase enqaba ukulandela indlela yokuzila olubekwe eBakgatla yokuthi achinse ikhambi elibizwa nge'mogaga' lapho ezohamba khona uma ephuma egcekeni lakwakhe. Wanqaba ukwenza lokhu ngenxa yenkolo yakhe eyayingahambisani nalolu siko. Walethwa phambi kwenkantolo wagwetshwa ukuthi angaphumi egcekeni lakwakhe izinyanga eziyi-12. Lo mfelokazi wasesigodini saseMonono wayazi ukuthi uhlala esigodini saseBakgatla-ba-Kgalefa, nokuthi wayebhekeke ukuthi alandele amasiko aseBakgatla. Kodwa-ke, uMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrikha uyabavumela abantu ukuthi basebenzise amalungelo abo. Le nkinga ijulile ngoba ihlanganisa izinhlelo ezimbili ezehlukene. Umfelokazi wazithola esenhlukanamgwaqo ngenxa yesiko lomyeni wakhe kanye nenkolo yakhe. Okwenza le nkinga ibe yindida kakhulu ukuthi abaseBakgatla babemgwebe ukuthi angaphumi emagcekeni akwakhe izinyanga eziyi-12 ngale kokucabanga ngenkolo yakhe.
Isifundo saleli cala senziwa uBarbara Oomen endaweni yaseSekhukhune. Sibheka ingxabano eyanqunywa enkantolo yaseSekhukhune eMamone phakathi kwemindeni emibili, abakwaMagakala nabakwaMonagedi. Kuleli cala, indoda yakwaMagakala yesabisa umkayo ngokuthi izombulala. Umndeni womkayo wathatha incwadi wayiyisa emzini womholi omkhulu, lapho kwavunyelwana khona ukuthi yomibili imindeni izolandela imithetho ebekiwe ngokuletha icala kumholi wendabuko. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi indoda kumele ihloniphe umkayo, ingamshayi nokuthi kumele bahlale ngoxolo. Ekugcineni uMnu Magakala walivuma icala lakhe. Ekukhipheni isigwebo, kwaba nokungavumelani emkhandlwini. Abanye babethi akashaywe, abanye bethi akahlawuliswe.
Kulezi zifundo zamacala ezingenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi uhlaka lwenqubomgomo kumele lubhekane nezinselelo eziqondene ngqo nezinkantolo zendabuko, njengohlobo lwamacala oluvulwayo, unswinyo olulethiwe, ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga nokubuyisela umthetho endaweni, ukulingana ngokobulili kanye nokujeziswa ngokushaywa ngenduku.
Izimiso zamasiko ezikhuthaza ukuxhumana kwemiphakathi, uxolo nokuhlalisana kahle indima edlalwa yisikhungo sobuholi bendabuko ekuthuthukiseni ukuphathwa kwemithetho yobulungiswa ayivalelekile engosini yokuxazulula ukungezwani kuphela.
i indima yokugadla kuqala ukukhuthaza ukuzwana komphakathi, ukuhlalisana kahle, uxolo nokuzwana, iiindima yokulinda zize ziqubuke izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba kube khona okwenziwayo.
Izimiso zendabuko, ezisuselwa emthethweni ophathelene namasiko zitholakala emiphakathini yendabuko kuphela. Okuqaphelekayo kulezi zimiso wukuthi ziyimikhuba eyenziwa emiphakathini yendabuko ekhuthaza ukuzwana kwemiphakathi, ukuphilisana, uxolo nokuxhumana, kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ubuntu, kwenziwa ngokutshala imbewu yokuhlonipha umthetho nokwenza izinto ngendlela, ngenye indlela nokukhumbuza abantu ngamandla okuphatha. Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko silokhu saba ngumbheki walezi zimiso kanti futhi kumele siqhubeke nokwenzenjalo. Sidlala indawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni lezi zimiso, nasekuzishintsheni uma kunesidingo. Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko sibekelwe ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni nasekuthuthukiseni lezi zimiso nemikhuba.
Kunezikhathi lapho kwakuba nokushayisana phakathi kwalezi zimo nemikhuba efakwe kuMthethosisekelo. Lokhu kushayisana kuveza isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa umthetho ophathelene nezendabuko ukuze kuhambisane nezimiso zoMthethosisekelo. UMthethosisekelo uhlanganisa zonke izinkantolo, lapha singabala izinkantolo zendabuko, izinkantolo zasehlathini uma kuhunyushwa noma yimuphi umthetho noma uma kuthuthukiswa umthetho ophathelene namasiko, ukwenyusa umoya nokuphakamisa okushiwo wuMthethosisekelo.
Lezi zindawo ezilandelayo yilezo ezingabamba elikhulu iqhaza ekukhuthazeni ukuhlalisana komphakathi , uxolo nokuxhumana.
Imikhuba ejwayelekile nemigidi yamasiko idume ngokwakha ubumbano, njengezimbizo zokukhulekela uxolo nemvula noma ukwenza inhlambuluko emva kokwehlelwa yibhadi noma ukuhlonipha izinsuku ezithile nezindawo ezinomlando ukukhumbula izehlakalo ezithinta umlando isib.
Ukuthuthukisa izimiso zemindeni, ukuba wumzali owenza okufanele nokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo, kuhlanganiswe nezinhlaka zokubusa ezifanele.
Ukuvimbela ubugebengu, ngokuhlanganyela namaphoyisa nezinye izinhlaka zokugcinwa komthetho, njengamaphoyisa asebenzela emphakathini nezinhla ezibhekelele ukuphepha emphakathini.
Isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko singaphinde siqhubeke sidlale indima ekusabalaliseni ukusebenza kwale nqubomgomo nezinhlelo ezithintekayo ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Isibonelo ezinhlelweni zeShadi labaxakekile, isikhungo sabaholi bendabuko kungenzeka sinqindeke emandleni aso ukusiza imiphakathi ngemikhankaso ukuze basebenzise amalungelo abo ngendlela echazwe eShadini.
Uhlelo lobuholi bendabuko kumele lukhulise futhi lugcine imigomo yemithetho yaseAfrikha, egxiliswe emithethweni yokubuyisana neyokubhala kabusha imithetho. UMthethosisekelo uvikela amalungelo aphathelene namasiko nesikhungo sobuholi bendabuko. Abaholi bendabuko, ikakhulukazi, bangababheki bamasiko nemikhuba. Ukwabiwa kwemisebenzi yesikhungo sabaholi bendabuko kumele kwenziwe ngendlela ezogcina imigomo isesimweni isikhungo esimiselwe kuso.
Izinkantolo zendabuko ziyehluka ezinkantolo zezimantshi ngokuthi zitholakala kalula, ukuze zivuselele futhi zibophe ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu bendabuko futhi zibe nokuthathwa kwezinqumo ezisobala abantu basemphakathini abavunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza kuzo. Izinkantolo zezimantshi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zilandela uhlelo lwemithetho oluphicayo olugxila ekubuyisaneni.
Lapha, inkosi elungile yayiziveza hhayi ngokwesabisa noma ngokuba ikwazi ukukhombisa, kodwa yayiziveza ngekhono lokusebenzisa imithetho ngendlela eyiyo emphakathini, okubuye kufake ukusebenzisa imithetho kuwo wonke umuntu eyamukelekayo nemithetho eyayisetshenziswe phambilini ukuxazulula izinkinga isetshenziswa ngendlela eyiyo
UMthethosisekelo uqhakambisa "ilungelo lawo wonke umuntu ukuthi abe nenkinga engaxazululwa wumthetho ecaleni elilalelwa esithangamini senkantolo lapho kunobulungiswa, noma lapho okufanele khona, kube nesithangami esizimele nesingachemile." NgokoMthethosisekelo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenkantolo noma isithangami sihlangabezana nezimiso ezingaguquki zomthethosisekelo zokuzimela nokungachemi.
Ubuholi bendabuko yilokhu bubhekelele imithetho emiphakathini yendabuko emakhulwini eminyaka. Ngaphambi kukahulumeni wengcindezelo, amacala emibango nawegazi eyayixazululwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho wendabuko wasenkundleni, alalelwe ngabaholi bendabuko. Nakuba izinqumo zazithathwa ngokusebenzisa intando yeningi, uhlelo alubanga yiqiniso, intando yeningi njengoba lubonakala ezinsukwini zesimanje, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesizathu sokuthi abesifazane kwamanye amasiko babengavunyelwe ukuthamela nokuphikisana ezinkantolo.
Umthetho kazwelonke uthi kumele kuqiniswe izikhungo zendabuko noma izithangami ezihlezi njengenkantolo lapho abaholi bendabuko basebenzisa amandla abo aphathelene nokuphathwa kwemithetho. Lo mthetho ohlongozwayo kumele uhlinzeke imigomo ezolandelwa ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Lezi zinqubomgomo ezifakwe kulolu hlaka kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa lezi zindlela zokuphathwa kwemithetho emile emigomweni yemiphakathi yendabuko. Lolu hlelo aluzile ukuzothatha isikhundla sohlelo lwezinkantolo zezimantshi. Kodwa luzoncoma futhi lweseke lezi zinkantolo. Ngakho-ke kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kungahunyushwa imigomo yohlelo lwezinkantolo zendabuko njengoba kwenziwe ohlelweni lokusetshenzwa komthetho. Isibonelo, ummangalelwa, njengoba kuchazwa emthethweni wokuqhutshwa kwamacala egazi ka1977, inencazelo ehlukile kummangalelwa esimweni sohlelo lwenkantolo yendabuko. Kulokhu ummangalelwa kufanele abe nommeli, kanti ummangalelwa akavunyelwe ohlelweni lwezinkantolo zendabuko.
Lezi zinqubomgomo zihlose ukunyusa izinga lokufinyelela emthethweni kwabo bonke abantu abangasizwa ngokwanele wumthetho wasezinkantolo zezimantshi- ngokwehlisa izindleko zokuthethwa kwamacala amancane. Ukuvezwa kwezinto ezisemqoka emphakathini nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga, lokhu kuyokwenza ukuthi lolu hlelo luthole ukuhlonishwa emphakathini wendabuko.
Uhlelo lwemithetho yendabuko, luqala emndenini noma ezingeni lomphakathi. Abadala emndenini babezama ukuxazulula ukungezwani. Uma bengaphumeleli ukwenza lokho, babedlulisela udaba enduneni. Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingeni lomndeni noma lomphakathi kugunyazwe wumthetho wendabuko. Ukuyisa udaba enkantolo yendabuko kuvamise ukwenziwa ekugcineni, futhi kwenziwa uma imizamo yokuqala ukuxazulula izinkinga ifadalele.
Ngokuvama icala lingayiswa enkantolo yendabuko kuphela uma sekuzanywe konke kwehluleka. Ukukhononda kuqala ezingeni lomndeni uma lokhu kungalungiseki kulelo zinga kuqhutshelwa ezingeni lezinduna ukuze kutholakale isixazululo. Uma udaba lungaxazululeki enduneni kumele ludluliselwe kumholi omdala okunguyena obe eseqalisa inkantolo yendabuko. Izinkonondo nokungezwani kulalelwa emahhovisi ezinkantolo zendabuko, okungaba yisehhovisi lenkosi noma endlini yokuthathela izinqumo zomkhandlu. Lezi zikhalazo zilalelwa kungezothathwa zinqumo okufaka nezingxoxo phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo lapha sibala nomholi wendabuko namanye amalungu omkhandlu wendabuko. Bakhetha izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga ezizobasiza ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni sabo bonke abathintekayo. Uma kungafinyeleleki esivumelwaneni, kuba yicala elihlala phambi kwenkantolo yendabuko.
Ukuhlala kwenkantolo kuvulelekile emalungwini omphakathi, anelungelo lokuphawula nokuphonsa imibuzo kubona bobabili abasecaleni. Ekupheleni kwecala umholi wendabuko ukhipha isinqumo senkantolo. Ezindaweni lapho kukhona abaholi bendabuko abadala abangaphansi kwenkosi noma indlovukazi, libakhona ilungelo lokudlulisela leso sinqumo enkosini noma endlovukazini.
Ukuxazululwa kokungezwani ezingeni lomndeni noma lezinduna kubuswa wumthetho wendabuko. Lo mthetho ohlongozwayo uzobusa ukuxazulula ukungezwani uma lelo cala selilethwe enkantolo yendabuko.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwemigomo yokubuyiselwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kohlelo komthetho wendabuko.
Emlandweni, ubuholi bendabuko bunezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga, ezaziphumelela ekuxazululeni izinkinga emiphakathini yasemaphandleni. Inhloso enkulu yezinkantolo zendabuko ukuletha ukuxolelana phakathi kwabantu abebexabene.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi inkantolo yendabuko, uma ilalela icala, ikhipha "isinqumo" (ukuthola umuntu enecala noma emsulwa), kuyiqiniso ukuthi inhloso yokuqhubeka kwecala ukuxazulula izinkinga nokubuyisela ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo. Izinsalela zokubuyiselwa komthetho, ezibukeka ziyitulo elisebenzayo ezinkantolo zezimantshi, sezibekhona kusukela endulo ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwamacebo afanele ukuze kwenziwe lula indima kanye nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho.
Kungafani nasezinkantolo zezimantshi namajaji lapho abasebenzi bakhona beqashelwa ukubhekana ngqo nemisebenzi yokuthetha amacala, isikhungo sobuholi bandabuko sinochungechunge lweminye imisebenzi esukela emasikweni nasezindleleni zokuphila, esigunyazwe ukuzenza wumthetho. Kungafani nezimantshi namajaji, abaholi bendabuko abafakwa ezindaweni abakuzona ngokwamakhono abo noma ngokuwazi kwabo umsebenzi, kodwa bahlala ezihlalweni ngokuthi bazalwa wobani. Abakhethwa, bazalelwa "ukuba abaholi".
Abaholi bendabuko benza umsebenzi wabo emiphakathini. Umthetho wobuHoli beNdabuko nokubusa uhlanganyela nohulumeni ekuhlinzekeni ukuthi zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni kumele zilwele ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezizosiza abaholi bendabuko benze umsebenzi wabo. Ubeka ngokusobala ukuthi zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni kumele zilwele ukwabiwa kwezindima ezidlalwayo nemisebenzi eyenziwa isikhungo sobuholi bendabuko nokuthi konke okudingekayo ukufezekisa lokhu kukhona, nokuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo lokubalwa kwezimali kubekwe obala. Kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka indawo ezokwelekelela futhi yenyuse indlela ehlanganisa izinhlaka ezehlukene ekwenziweni kwemisebenzi yawo wonke amazinga kuhulumeni. Kulokhu, uMnyango wezoBulungisiwa nokuThuthukiswa koMthethosisekelo ubhekeke ukuba uhlinzeke umthamo namacebo angadingeka ikakhulukazi ukuze kusetshenzwe imisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho, njengamacebo abalulekile ukuhlinzeka ukuqeqeshwa nokuphathwa kwemithetho yezinkantolo zendabuko.
Umbiko weKhomishana ebhekene nokuguqulwa komthetho ezinkantolo zendabuko eNingizimu Afrikha nemisebenzi yabaholi bendabuko ekushayweni kwemithetho.
UMnyango kumele umise umthetho, kwakhiwe izinkantolo zemithetho yendabuko ezinamandla okulalela amacala egazi nawemibango, njengoba kushiwo kulo Mthetho, kumele kuhlonzwe nemali enkulu engemukelwa kule nkantolo emacaleni emibango.
Umthetho kumele uhlinzeke ukumelwa nokubamba iqhaza kwabantu besifazane ezinkantolo zemithetho yendabuko.
Ukumelwa ecaleni akumele kuvunyelwe ekuqhutshweni kwamacala ezinkantolo ezingaphansi kwemithetho yamasiko.
izinkantolo zemithetho yamasiko kumele zinikwe amandla okuhlawulisa abantu nokukhipha izigwebo ezilengisiwe.
Abamangalelwa emacaleni eza ezinkantolo ezingaphansi kwemithetho yamasiko kumele babe nelungelo lokuphuma nokuyisa amacala abo ezinkantolo zezimantshi.
Ukudluliswa kwamacala ngenxa yezinqumo ezithathwe ezinkantolo ezingaphansi kwemithetho yamasiko kumele kunqunywe yinkantolo yokudlulisela amacala ephethwe ngemithetho yamasiko eyakhelwe ukulalela amacala adlulisiwe.
Izinqumo zezinkantolo zabaholi bendabuko kumele zisetshenziswe ezinkantolo zezimantshi.
viii Unobhala wasezinkantolo zemithetho yamasiko kumele zakhiwe esifundazweni ngasinye ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukwesekwa ekuphatheni izindaba zezinkantolo zamasiko esifundazweni.
Nakuba umbiko uqukethe iziphakamiso ezizama ukuhlumelelisa nokuqinisa ukuvunyelwa kokusebenza kwezinkantolo ezingaphansi komthetho wamasiko, ezinye zeziphakamiso, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphathelene nokwelekwa kwezigwebo ezilengisiwe, ukudluliswa kwamacala nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi obekuqhubeka enkantolo, kususelwa ezinkantolo zaseNyakatho kanti kungenzeka kungahambisani nenqubo yemithetho yomdabu.
Ukuqokwa kwabaholi bendabuko ukuthi bengamele izinkantolo zabo.
UNgqongqoshe kumele aqoke amakhosi, izindlovukazi nabaholi bendabuko abadala ukuthi bengamele ukulalelwa kwamacala ezinkantolo zendabuko ezakhiwe ezindaweni zabo, ezichazwe emthethweni.
Umthetho kazwelonke kumele uhlinzeke lokhu kuqokwa ngokukubhala phansi. Ukwethanyelwa kwalolu qeqesho olubekiwe kumele kube ngomunye wemigomo yokuqokwa kwabaholi bendabuko ukuthi benze umsebenzi wabo badlale nendima okubhekeke ukuthi bayidlale ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Ngokufanayo, umthetho kumele uhlinzeke ukuthi abantu basuswe ezikhundleni zabo uma besebenzisa amandla abo ngendlela engemukelekile.
Induna noma ilungu lomndeni wasebukhosini lingaqokwa njengomuntu ozolalela amacala ezinkantolo zendabuko ukuze lenze umsebenzi womholi wendabuko omdala uma yena engeke akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe.
Abaholi bendabuko kumele babeke yonke into obala uma benza imisebenzi yabo ekuphathweni kwemithetho.
Azikho izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bendabuko benze umsebenzi wabo ekuphathweni kwemithetho yobulungiswa ezigabeni zomthetho. Ukungabibikho kwezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bendabuko benza umsebenzi wabo wokuphathwa kwemithetho ngendlela okuchazwe ngayo eMthethosisekelweni nasemthethweni, kunika izinselelo. Njengoba umthetho kazwelonke ufuna ukuthi amajaji nezimantshi bathathe izifungo zokwenza imisebenzi yabo ngaphambi kwenkantolo yemantshi endaweni lapho inkantolo yendabuko inamandla okulalela amacala khona.
Umthetho kazwelonke ungahlinzeka ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuziphatha kwabaholi bendabuko abaqokelwe ukudlala indima yabo nokwenza imisebenzi yabo yokuphatha imithetho, kumele futhi ibeke obala izindlela okumele zilandelwe uma abaholi bendabuko bephule leyo mithetho yokuziphatha. Lezo zindlela zingafaka iziphakamiso zokuyoqeqeshwa noma ukuhoxa kwesikhashana noma unomphela esikhundleni uma ukwephula lowo mthetho kugunyaza lokho.
Abaholi bendabuko kumele bathole uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa olubekiwe, ngamalungelo esintu, ukwehlukana ngendlela yokuhlalisana emphakathini njengabantu ababekiwe ukuthi basebenze ukulalela amacala ezinkantolo zendabuko. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kumele kufike nasezinduneni noma amalungu emindeni yasebukhosini abekiwe ukulalela amacala.
Umthetho kumele uhlinzeke izinhlelo ezinjalo zokuqeqesha (ngokuhlanganyela neKolishi lezoBulungiswa) njengoba kungaba nesidingo ukuze kuqhubeke kahle ukusebenza kwezinkantolo zendabuko. Uhlelo lokuqeqesha kumele lufake nokufundiswa ngamalungelo esintu, nokuqeqeshwa mayelana nokwahlukana nendlela yokuhlalisana emphakathini.
Izinkantolo zendabuko zinelungelo zokulalela izindaba ezimayelana namacala emibangoi asuselwa emthethweni ophathelene namasiko neminye imithetho namacala egazi.
Phambilini, izinkantolo zendabuko zazibukwa njengezikwazi ukuphatha izindaba eziqubuka emikhubeni yezendabuko. Imithetho yendabuko iwuchungechunge lwemithetho engabhaliwe phansi ehlukahlukanayo ngokwendawo esenenza kuyo emiphakathini yendabuko. Imithetho yendabuko, iyimikhuba, imithetho, izikhungo nemigomo esebenza emiphakathini yendabuko.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinkinga ezisuselwa emthethweni wendabuko nakulowo ongabhaliwe phansi awuvamile ukuba sobala. NgokukaSachs, umngcele phakathi kosiko nomthetho ongabhaliwe phansi awusabonakali kahle. Uyasho ukuthi nakuba lamatemu esetshenziswa ngokwehlukana kuMthethosisekelo, kodwa avela njengasetshenziswe ngendlela echazayo negelezayo hhayi ngendlela evamile nehlukanisa izinto.
Zombili lezi zindlela zidinga ukuba zifakwe emigomweni yoMthethosisekelo. Ngezinsuku zokwahlukana ngokobuhlanga lezi zindlela zazihlukanisiwe, ngokwemibono nangokwezikhungo. Kulezi zinsuku asiko isizathu sokuthi kungemukelwa ukuthi indlela ngayinye iyakwazi ukusekela enye futhi iyiqinise. Okunye, zozimbili izindlela zichashazelwe wumthetho, uma ngabe imithetho emsulwa yomthetho ongabhaliwe phansi nomthetho wendabuko yake yaba khona, ayisekho namuhla.
Ukunwebeka kwamandla ezinkantolo zendabuko okulalela amacala emibango nawegazi kungaqukula izinselelo ziseMthethosisekelweni. Kunomehluko omncane phakathi kwamacala asukela emthethweni wendabuko nalawo asukela emthethweni ongabhaliwe phansi. Ukulandela ucwaningo kulolu daba, awekho amacala angaphansi kwemithetho yendabuko aziwayo ngaphandle kwalawo asuselwa emthethweni ongabhaliwe phansi. Lokhu kwenziwa wukuthi umthetho wendabuko awubhaliwe phansi kanti futhi uyehluka kulowo nalowo mphakathi. Nakuba emthethweni wamacala emibango kunezinto ezigxile emthethweni wendabuko, kubalulekile ukuthi kucaciswe umngcele lapho izinkantolo zendabuko zigcina khona ukulalela amacala, zinganikwa igunya ukulalela amacala emibango namacala angaphansi komthetho ongabhaliwe phansi. Ukunwebeka kwamandla okulalela amacala emibango nawegazi kumele kuhlale njalo kuhambelana nezidingo ezibekwe wuMthethosisekelo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkantolo zendabuko zinikezwe imvume namandla okulalela amacala asezindaweni zazo okuthi zilalele amacala angemabi kakhulu nokuxazulula ukungezwani okuhambisana namacala emibango asukela emthethweni wendabuko nowamacala omthetho ongabhaliwe phansi.
Imvume namandla okulalela amacala ezinkantolo zendabuko kumele kube mayelana namacala enzeke kuleyo ndawo.
UNgqongqoshe kumele, ngezinye izikhathi, ngokwenza isimemezelo kuSomqulu kahulumeni wezimemezelo, ukuhlonza ubungako bemali okumele ikhokhelwe amacala alalelwa ezinkantolo zendabuko. Amacala amakhulu njengokuhlunyezwa ngabomndeni noma ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi akumele alalelwe ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Ngenxa yokuthi iNingizimu Afrikha ayinalo uhlelo olulodwa lomthetho wendabuko, izinkantolo zendabuko ziyaqhubeka futhi sisazoqhubeka nokubhekana nezimo lapho kumele zikhiphe isinqumo ekutheni iyiphi indlela okumele isetshenziswe ecaleni okumele balilalele. Lokhu kungavumelani kujwayele ukuxazululwa ngokuvumelana kwalabo abathintekayo kulolo daba. Uma kungafinyeleleki esivumelwaneni, uhlobo okumele lusebenze yilolo olusebenza kulowo mphakathi wendabuko, noma lowo mthetho osondelene nalelo cala.
Izinkantolo zendabuko akufanele zeleke noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuboshwa noma isigwebo esilengisiwe.
Ngokomlando, abaholi bendabuko babekwazi ukweleka unswinyo olunjengokuxosha emphakathini. Kodwa-ke, lolu nswinyo lwabonakala lungalungile ngokoMthethosisekelo.
Izinkantolo zendabuko zingagidlabeza abantu ngezinhlawulo nezinxephezelo zezimali. Ngokwezinkantolo zendabuko, kugxilwa kakhulu ekubuyisaneni nasekwenziweni kabusha komthetho ngaphezu kwezijeziso. Inhlawulo ibhekwa njengento esho ukuthi umuntu uyalivuma icala kanti umuntu uvamise ukuzivumela yena.
Uma umuntu ebona ukuthi usephutheni noma kucaca ukuthi amalungu olibo lwakhe abona kanjalo, angazikhethela ukuhlawula ngemvu, imbuzi noma inkomo ukukhombisa ukuzisola kwakhe nokugeza isiphambeko sakhe. Lokhu ukuzisola kwakhe kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa khona ezinkantolo zezinduna, kuthathwa ngokuthi uvuma icala. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi imali yokuzithandazela, kanti lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi umuntu uzisola ngokwempela. Lapho lowo onecala ezijezisa yena ngokuzihlawulisa yena ngalokhu amalungu enkundla angaboni ukuthi kusifanele isigwebo, lokhu kuthathwa ngokuthi akazisoli ngokwempela, lokhu kungasikhulisa isigwebo asitholayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi uma ezijezisa ngokweqile, leso sigwebo singancishiswa.
Izinkantolo zendabuko kumele zinikwe amandla okugidlabeza umphakathi ngonswinyo olwenziwe kabusha, ikakhulukazi unswinyo olusekela umthetho owenziwe kabusha, ekugcineni indima yendabuko edlalwa ngabaholi bendabuko. Ngokomlando, abaholi bendabuko babanejoka lokugcina uxolo nokuthula emiphakathini. Umthetho omiselwe ukulingana ezinkantolo ungaletha ukuqondisa okunosizo kulokhu, noma ukuthi ummangalelwa anxephezele ummangali imali yamademeshe, kodwa kube nesikali esibekiwe esivimbela ukungaxhashazwa kwabantu.
Umthetho kazwelonke kumele unike amandla kuNgqongqoshe ukuze anqume inhlawulo enkulu kunazo zonke engakhishwa yinkantolo yendabuko. Inhlawulo kumele ibe yimali. Izinhlawulo zezinxephezelo zingaba yimali noma izilwane ezifuyiwe. Izimali ezikhokhwe njengenhlawulo kumele zibe ingxenye yezintela zikahulumeni futhi ziphathwe kanjalo.
Ukukhishwa kwezaziso nezinhlelo zokusebenza kwenkantolo nokuqinisekiswa kokusebenza kwezinqumo ezithathwe ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Emva kokuqala kokusebenza kohlelo olusha lwentando yeningi uhlelo lwamaphoyisa amakhosi nokwakuyinto ebalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinqumo ezithathwe ezinkantolo zendabuko lwafadalala. Omunye wemisebenzi yamaphoyisa endabuko kwakuwukukhipha izaziso, ukuyalela abathintekayo namalungu omphakathi ukuthi baye ezinkantolo nokubhekelela ukuhlonishwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo. Uma engekho amaphoyisa enkosi, kubalulekile ukuthi kuhlinzekwe indlela wokwenza umsebenzi ophathelene nalokhu.
Ukushiywa ngaphandle kokuba nabammeli ekulalelweni kwamacala ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Amalungelo okuthola ukumelwa ecaleni ezinkantolo zezimantshi abekwe ngokucacile esigabeni sama-35 eMthethosisekelweni kanti leli lungelo alinakuvinjelwa. Nakuba kunjalo, ohlelweni lwendabuko, ilungelo lokummelwa enkantolo alusebenzi njengoba uhlelo lomthetho wendabuko lwehlukile kunolwezinkantolo ezejwayelekile njengokuhlonza koMthethosisekelo (isigaba 35 (c)). Inhloso yezinkantolo zendabuko akukhona ukugweba, kodwa ukubuyisela ukuzwana nokubuyisana.
Ngalokhu engikushoyo angichazi ukuthi izinkantolo zomphakathi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, eziholwa abaholi bendabuko futhi ezisebenza ngokwemithetho enganqunyiwe yimithetho ephathelene namasiko, ayinikwe amandla okuyisa abantu ejele. Akufanele futhi zinikwe imvume yokujezisa abantu ngokubashaya. Uma kukhona ongase alahlekelwe yilungelo lokukhululeka, kumele kube nomthetho obekiwe, abammeli abavikela abamangalelwa, amaphepha anemininingwane yokwethweswa icala, uhlelo lokwedlulisela amacala nemithetho eqinile ebhekelele lokhu. Yilokhu okufunwa wuMthethosisekelo. Kodwa ukuxazulula izinkinga emndenini nasemphakathini nokubhekana nokulwa nobusela bezinto ezincane kudinga amanye amasu nezinhlelo.
Ukumelwa ecaleni akumele kuvunyelwe ngoba izinkantolo zendabuko azilaleli amacala anemibuzo edinga ubuchule bolwazi obudinga ukuchazwa abammeli.
Izinqumo zezinkantolo zendabuko zizoba ngezingujuqu futhi kuvunyelwe ukudlulisela amacala ngaphansi kwemigomo ethize.
Izigwebo noma izinqumo zezinkantolo zendabuko zivamise ukususelwa esivumelwaneni sommangalelwa, kanti lezi zinqumo okufinyelelwe kuzo zichaza izinqumo zomphakathi njengoba wonke umuntu ebamba iqhaza ekuxazululweni kwezinkinga. Udaba lokudlulisela amacala alwaziwa kahle ohlelweni lwezinkantolo zendabuko. Lwaqalwa ngesikhathi sengcindezelo nesobandlululo lapho uhulumeni owuhlobo lwaseNtshonalanga wayegada ubuholi bendabuko. Ukudlulisela amacala kwenza uhlelo lwezemithetho luhambe kancane.
Emacaleni akhethiwe ukudluliselwa kwamacala aye ezinkantolo zezimantshi ezinelungelo lokuwalalela kumele kuvunyelwe uma kunemiyalelo yokukhokha inhlawulo eyimali enkulu noma isinxephezelo.
Izinqumo zezinkantolo zendabuko kumele zikwazi ukubuyekezwa yinkantolo kamantshi lokhu kumele kuhlinzekelwe emthethweni oshayiwe. Lezi zizathu kumele zifake ukungabibikho kwamandla okulalela icala elenzeke endaweni ethile, izinto ezingenzekanga ngendlela, ukufuna ukwazi ngesisusa nokuchema.
Izindlela okumele zenziwe ukuze kususelwe kuzo emacaleni asezinkantolo zendabuko ayiswe ezinkantolo zezimantshi ngokushintshana.
Kumele kukwazi ukwenzeka ukuthi amacala asuka enkantolo yendabuko aye ezinkantolo zezimantshi ezinegunya lokulalela lawo macala uma ngokubona kwenkantolo yendabuko, icala lelo lidinga ukudluliswa.
Ngokunjalo, icala kumele likwazi ukuyiswa enkantolo yendabuko wumshushisi omkhulu, uma yena ngokubona kwakhe kufanele kube njalo.
Indima edlalwa izinkantolo zendabuko ohlelweni lwemithetho yamacala egazi.
Izinkantolo zendabuko kumele zisetshenziswe njengezinye zezindlela ezehlukile kulezo ezejwayelekile lapho amacala ekhishwa khona ezinkantolo ezejwayelekile ezisebenzisa uhlelo lomthetho wamacala egazi ngokusebenzisa olunye uhlelo lokuxazulula ukungezwani noma umthetho ovuselelweyo.
Ukubamba iqhaza komuntu ohlushwayo nokwaneliseka okwenyukayo. Izinkantolo ezejwayelekile zidume ngokuba ngezigxile kwizaphulamthetho kanti lowo ohlukunyeziwe akabi ngokugxilwe kuye ikakhulukazi ngoba icala lisuke lenziwe emthethweni. Ukuvuselelwa komthetho kugxila kulowo ohlukunyeziwe nakwisaphulamthetho.
Ukwamukelwa kwesibopho: ukuxhumana phakathi kwesaphulamthetho nalowo ohlukunyeziwe kunika ithuba lokuthi isaphulamthetho sivume ukwenza kwaso okubi futhi samukele isibopho sokuzilungisa.
Ukwehla kokungavumelani: Izifundo ezike zenziwa ziyacacisa ukuthi ukungavumelani kuncishiswa wuhlelo lokuvuselelwa komthetho, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezejwayelekile zomthetho wamacala egazi.
Indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene namacala: Ukubamba iqhaza kwamaphoyisa ezingqungqutheleni zobulungiswa kusiza amaphoyisa nalabo abasebenza ngomthetho wamacala egazi ukuthi baqonde izimbangela zokwenziwa kwala macala ezindaweni ezithile nokuthi kumele lwenziwe kanjani uphenyo.
Amandla ongeziwe: ukunikeza izinhlaka okubanjiswene nazo ohlelweni lwemithetho yamacala egazi ithuba lokubamba iqhaza nokuthatha izinqumo ezingqungqutheleni ekubuyiselweni kobulungiswa kunika amandla.
Kuyisimiselo sokubuyiselwa kobulungiswa ukuthi izinqumo ezibhekelele ukubhekana nokwenzeka emva kwamacala, emva kokuba imibono yalabo abathintekayo isibhekiwe. Emva kokubhekwa nokuhlanganiswa, kuphuma isinqumo seqembu esibe sesiqhutshezelwa phambili.
Isikhungo sabaholi bendabuko, ngezinkantolo zendabuko, sinendawo ebalulekile esiyidlalayo ekufukameleni uhlelo lomthetho ohlunyelelisiwe wokuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye.
Umthetho kumele uhlinzekele uhlobo lwamarekhodi ukuthi agcinwe evumelana nenqubo yasenkantolo yendabuko. Amarekhodi abekiwe kumele abe anele ukuze akwazi ukuveza irekhodi lesinqumo nezizathu zokuthathwa kwaleso sinqumo senkantolo yendabuko ukuze kuvunyelwe ukusebenza kwanoma yiliphi ilungelo, isibonelo, ilungelo lokudlulisela amacala noma ilungelo lokucela ukuthi kubuyekezwe okwenzeka enkantolo.
Abaholi bandabuko nezinkantolo zendabuko kumele ziqhubezele phambili imigomo ekuSomqulu wamalungelo abantu.
Ngamalungelo abantu nokuqeqeshwa kwabantu emiphakathini, abaholi bendabuko kumele baziswe ngokulingana ngokobulili ukuze uma bexazulula ukungezwani okuthinta abesifazane nalawo malungu omphakathi anobuthakathaka, bathobele amalungelo aqukethwe kuSomqulu wamalungelo.
Nakuba kukhona ukuzibophezela kweminye imiphakathi yokwesula ukucwasa okwakukhona phambilini okwakubhekiswe kubantu besifazane nokubuyiselwa kwabo nhlanye ekubambeni iqhaza ezinkantolo zendabuko, kodwa kukhona lapho okutholakala khona ukuthi kusenokungalingani okukhulu nalapho kunabantu abangezwelani nezindaba zobulili ohlelweni lwezinkantolo zendabuko.
Imithetho ephethe izinkantolo zendabuko kumele iqinisekise futhi igcizelele ilungelo lokulingana elifakwe kuMthethosisekelo futhi ihlinzeke izinhlelo ezizoqinisekisa ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele kwabantu besifazane, intsha kanye nabantu abakhubazekile ezinkantolo zendabuko.
Isidingo sokuthi umthetho kazwelonke olawulayo uqinisekise ukufanana.
Ukuphathwa komthetho kuyinto okumele yenziwe ezingeni likazwelonke, okusho ukuthi akumele kube nezigaba eziphathelene nokuphathwa kwemithetho okufanele zeqiwe wuMthethosisekelo uma uxhumana nohulumeni bezifundazwe kanye nabasekhaya. Izifundazwe zinegunya phezu kwaleyo mithetho ehlobene nemithetho yendabuko, lokhu kuncike esahlukweni seshumi nambili kuMthethosisekelo, kodwa azinamandla ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphathwa kwemithetho njengoba kuchaziwe esahlukweni sesishiyagalombili.
Kubalulekile ukumisa umthetho oqinisekisa ukuthi kunokufanana kulo lonke izwe ekushayweni kwemithetho.
Amalungiselelo asengaguquka abalulekile ukunika amandla emkhakheni wezinkantolo zendabuko ophakanyiswe kulolu hlaka lwenqubomgomo kanti lezi zinto zizodingidwa kulo mthetho ohlongozwayo. Lokhu okulandelayo yizindawo lapho la malungiselelo esikhashana ebaluleke khona.
Ngenxa yokuklanywa kwemithetho okumele isetshenziswe ezabelweni ezifundazweni ezahlukene ngo1994, imithetho ehlukene manje isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezithile lapha eNingizimu Afrikha. Ezinye izifundazwe seziyicishile imithetho eyayibhekene nazo, khona manjalo ibe isasebenza kwezinye izingxenye zaseMpumalanga naseMpumalanga Kapa, singabalula uMthetho wakwaNdebele wokulalelwa kwamacala egazi nawombango ka 1984, kanye nomthetho wezinkantolo zezifunda ka 1982 ayikaze ibhekiswe eMpumalanga naseMpumalanga Kapa. Umthetho owodwa oshaywe yiPhalamende ongamele ukusebenza kwabaholi bendabuko nokuphathwa kwemithetho uyadingeka. Lokhu kunesidingo ukuze kwesule yonke leyo mitheshwana eshaywe uhulumeni kazwelonke neminye imithetho yezishayamthetho. Kunesidingo sokubheka ukwesulwa kwale mithetho ukuze kuphele lolu hlaka lwemithetho esekhona nokusiza ukuletha umthetho owodwa oshaywe yiPhalamende ozosebenza iNingizimu Afrikha yonke. Izifundazwe kumele zinikwe isikhathi esanele ukwesula imitheshwana yazo.
Uma kwesulwa le mitheshwana kubuye kubhekelelwa indima nokusebenza kwabaholi bendabuko ekuphathweni kwemithetho, kuyobaluleka ukuvumela izinkantolo zendabuko ukuthi ziqedele izindaba ezisemqoka emithethweni eyayisebenza ngesikhathi lezo zindaba ziqala ukudingidwa. Ukwedluliselwa kwamacala angakathethwa ngesikhathi somthetho omusha, okusho ukuthi kumele athethwe ngaphansi komthetho enzeka ngaphansi kwawo.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka, abaholi bendabuko abanikezwe igunya lokulalela amacala egazi nawemibango nangachithwanga ngaphansi komthetho wokuphathwa kwaboMdabu ka 1927, noma ngaphansi komunye umthetho, kumele bavunyelwe ukuqhubeka nokuthetha amacala baze babekwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi komthetho omusha. Laba baholi bendabuko kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okufanele futhi bafungiswe noma baqinisekise ukuthi bakulungele ukuqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi ngendlela. Laba baholi bendabuko kumele banikwe isikhathi esanele sokuthi bayoqeqeshwa babuye bafungiswe. Lesi sikhathi kumele sibe nosuku olubekiwe okumele kube sekuhlangatshezwene nezimfuno zalo mthetho omusha ngalo.
Lolu hlaka lwenqubomgomo luzama ukuvuselela nokuqinisa uhlelo lwemithetho yendabuko nokuyinto ebalulekile ekufezeni inhloso yokwenza umthetho utholakale kalula kubantu. Incwajana ingumphumela wocwaningo olunzulu nokuxhumana ngenhloso yokuthola imibono yalabo abaqondene nokuphathwa kwemithetho ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemingcele yaseNingizimu Afrikha. Lokhu kuyisendlalelo esibekwe wumthetho omusha okuhloswe ngawo ukuphumelelisa izinhlinzeko zomthetho owuhlaka lwabaholi bendabuko nokubusa kwabo, okuhlanganisa uMnyango, njengengxenye kahulumeni, ukwaba imisebenzi nezibopho zesikhungo sabaholi bendabuko ekuphethweni kwemithetho. UMthethosivivinyo wezinkantolo zendabuko uzophakanyiswa ePhalamende ukuze kunikezwe amandla eziphakanyisweni zenqubomgomo equkethwe lapha.
Ingqungquthela kazwelonke yezimantshi ebibanjwe wuMnyango ngoMandulo 20007 eyayethanyelwe izithunywa ezingama-500, esingabala kuzo amajaji asemkantshubomvu, izimantshi noNgqongqoshe nezisebenzi zomthetho ezaziqhamuka emazweni akhethiwe ase-Afrikha eseNingizimu asafufusa, adingida kweminye yemibuthano, ukubaluleka kwendima edlalwa ubuholi bendabuko ekugqugquzeleni ukuzwana komphakathi nokubhekana nokuxazululwa kokungaboni ngaso linye. Ingqungquthela yabuka inqubomgomo nokuqalwa kwemithetho izithunywa ezazibophezela ngayo njengezifundo ezibalulekile ezingasiza ukuletha ukuzwana emphakathini nokubuyiselwa kwezinto endaweni yazo emazweni akade enezinxushunxushu.
Ingqungquthela, eyayiyisiqalo sezingxoxo ezishubile ngendima edlalwa yizinkantolo zendabuko, yalandelwa yizingxoxo zokubonisana ngesikhathi uMnyango uhlangene NeNdlu kaZwelonke neyesiFundazwe yabaholi bendabuko ukudingida okuhloswe ukusungulwa ngenqubomgomo nokufanele kube yisisekelo salo mthetho ohlongozwayo.
vii) Kusukela zingu 12 kuya zingu 13 kuZibandlela ngo 2007 eGauteng (lapho kwakunabamele iNdlu kaZwelonke yabaHoli beNdabuko kanye nababemele iziNdlu zabaHoli beNdabuko ezifundazweni bahlangana noMnyango ukuzodingida umbiko owawusuhlanganisiwe ususelwa emibonweni eyayibekwe ezifundazweni, kanjalo nakusomqulu omayelana nezinkantolo zeNdabuko ongakaqedwa.
Indlu kazwelonke yabaholi beNdabuko yayinabayimele kuzo zonke izingqungquthela zokubonisana ngamalungu eKomidi yokuThuthukiswa koMthethosisekelo leNdlu kazwelonke yabaHoli beNdabuko. Ileyo naleyo ngqungquthela yokubonisana yavulwa ngokusemthwethweni nguSihlalo weNdlu yesiFundazwe yabaholi bendabuko ofanele. Ngaphandle kwababemele abaholi bendabuko kuleso naleso sifundazwe , ababemele amajaji, abashushisa umphakathi, izikhungo ezisesahlukweni sesi-9 neNhlangano yoHulumeni baseKhaya eNingizimu Afrikha nabo babemenyiwe, beza babamba iqhaza kokwakuqhubeka. Izakhiwo zeMinyango yezifundazwe ebhekelele izindaba zendabuko nazo zazikhona futhi zabamba iqhaza engqgungqutheleni yokubonisana.
Ukwamukela nokuvula kwenziwa nguSihlalo weNdlu yesiFundazwe yabaholi bendabuko.
Inhloso yale ngqungquthela yokufana imilomo.
Izinselelo ezibhekene nomthetho okhona njengamanje wezendabuko, njengoba kuchaziwe esahlukweni sesihlanu.
Izindawo ezikhonjiwe lapho inqubomgomo ingangenelela khona, njengoba kuchaziwe esahlukweni sesithupha.
Amaqenjana ahlukene adingida okwenzekayo (amakhomishani), lezo zinto ezidinga ukungenelela kwenqubomgomo zadingidwa ngokugcwele.
Umbiko ogcwele ophuma eqenjini ngalinye wethulwa kanjalo nokukhuluma okuvulelekile endlini yengqungquthela.
Ukuthola izimvo nokubamba iqhaza kwabantu ababalulekile, ikakhulukazi abaholi bendabuko, ekusungulweni kwenqubomgomo nokudayiswa komthetho, osuselwa kwinqubomgomo, ehlobene nendima nokusebenza kwabaholi bendabuko ekuphatheni izindaba zobulungiswa.
Nokuchasisa izindawo ezidinga ukuthi kubhekwe inqubomgomo.
Emva kwenhlangano yokuthola imibono abebebambe iqhaza bacelwa futhi bagqugquzelwa ukuthi baqhubeke nokuxhumana nezinye izinhlaka ezelekelela uhlelo lwabaholi bendabuko ezindaweni zabo nokuthi balethe izimvo zabo kulolu daba olusezithebeni, eMnyangweni.
Kusukela ezimvweni ezinikiwe zalo mhlangano wokuthola imibono neziphakamiso ezenziwe, kwaba nokuvumelana ezindaweni eziningi ezithinta uhlelo lwezinkantolo zendabuko, imisebenzi ebekelwe abaholi bendabuko njengabantu abalalela amacala ezinkantolo zendabuko kumele isekelwe ekutheni baye kothola ukuqeqeshwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwemigomo yokuziphatha ebekelwe abaholi bendabuko ngesikhathi benza imisebenzi yokuphathwa kobulungiswa, ukuhlinzekwa kwethuba lokudluliselwa kwamacala ngaphakathi kwamazinga ehlukene esikhungo sabaholi bendabuko, ukushiywa ngaphandle kokumelwa emacaleni, ekuqulweni kwamacala ezinkantolo zendabuko nokwenziwa kwezinhlelo ezigqugquzela ukulingana ngokobulili. Kodwa-ke kwakunemibono eyehlukene phakathi kwezifundazwe, isibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zazicabanga ukuthi ukudluliswa kwamacala kumele kwenziwe ezinkantolo zezimantshi.
Zonke izimvo neziphakamiso ezenziwe kule ngqungquthela yokuthola imibono nangemva kwayo nesikhungo sobuholi bendabuko ibhekiwe ngesikhathi sekudidiyelwa iziphakamiso eziqukethwe ohlakeni lwenqubomgomo.
