Lokhu kuwucwaningo oluvamile lwendlela isiko lemfundiso yamalungelo esintu esabalale ngayo eNingizimu Afrika. Ngokuthathelwa emibhalweni yamazwe omhlaba nasemiqulwini yezifunda, umlando wamalungelo esintu uvela ezindaweni ezikuze naseduzane. Ngaphandle nje kwezinkinga ngemfundiso egxishwe yisimo sokuthi umqondo wamalungelo esintu yinto esanda kuhlonishwa lapha eNingizimu Afrika, lesi Sahluko sihlose ukuhlaziya imiqulu yamazwe omhlaba, yezifunda nozwelonke.
Isihluku abantu abahlangabezane naso ngeMpi yoMhlaba yeSibili saholela esinqumeni seNhlangano yeZizwe sokuthatha isinqumo sokuphumela obala ngezibophezelo zokuhlonipha nokuvikela amalungelo esintu. Lesi sinyathelo siqale ngo 1946 lapho Umkhandlu weNhlangano yeZizwe usungule khona Isivumelwane seNhlangano yeZizwe.
INingizimu Afrika njengombuso oyilungu, wadlala indima ephambili kulesi-Sivumelwane ngenxa yokuthi Umongameli wezwe, uJenene Smuts wadweba Isivumelwane. Ezinye zezihloko zeSivumelwane ziphoqelela Inhlangano yeZizwe "ukukhuthaza inhlonipho eqondiswe kuwo wonke umuntu ngenhloso yokwazisa amalungelo esintu nenkululeko yoluntu ngaphandle kokubandlulula ngobulili, ngobuhlanga, ngolimi noma ngenkolo".
Isihloko 56 silinde yonke imibuso engamalunga ukuba ihambisane nomqulu. Nakuba kunjalo, kwahlaluka ukuthi Iningizimu Afrika yayiqhubeka nokwephula amalungelo esintu. Noma Inhlangano yeZizwe yayilokhu igcizelela isinqumo sokuthi intshisekelo yesintu iqonde ukuqeda ubandlululo olugxile ebuhlangeni, Umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika waqhubeka nezinhlelo zokwephula amalungelo esintu. Lomqondo wamiselwa esihlokweni 2.7 seSivumelwane esivimbela ukugxambukela koMkhandlu Omkhulu "ezindabeni zangaphakathi" owasetshenziswa kabi ekufezeni izinhloso zokuhlukumeza amalungelo esintu. Ukwehlukanisa ngobuhlanga lapha eNingizimu Afrika kubonakala kushayisana nezibophezelo zeSivumelwane, ngakho ngo1982, Inhlangano yeZizwe yathatha isinqumo sokunswinya iNingizimu Afrika.
Isihloko 2.7 sadala ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamalungelo esintu nezibophezelo ezilindelwe emibusweni engamalunga ngesizathu sokuthi lesi sahluko sasiqhuba sithi; akukho okuqukethwe yilesi Sivumelwane okuyogunyaza Inhlangano yeZizwe ukugxambukela ezindabeni ezibalulekile zangaphakathi ezweni elinamandla okuzilawula noma okuyofuna ukuba amalunga alethe izindaba ngenhloso yokudingidwa ngaphansi kweSivumelwane kanti lenkambiso ngeke ibeke engcupheni ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokulungisa nokuphoqelela isimo ngaphakathi, ngokulandisa kweSahluko VII.
Ngaphandle kwezinkinga, Isivumelwane sidlale indima esemqoka yokuthuthukisa nokwakha kabusha amaqophelo nezimiso zamalungelo esintu emhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo salokhu; ziningi izinhlaka ezisungulwe ngaphansi kophiko lweNhlangano yeZizwe ngenhloso yokufeza izibophezelo zeSivumelwane. Lemizamo yayivela ngohlobo lwezimemezelo noma ngemibuthano. Izingqalabutho zemibuthano zaziqukethe inkambiso ebanzi yokuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kwezivumelwane. Isivumelwane sokuqala semukelwa ngo 1948, esaziwa ngeSimemezelo soMhlaba saMalungelo Esintu. Lomqulu waqala ukusetshenziswa ngamazwe angu 48 emalungeni angu 56 ngenxa yokuthi angu 8 kuhlangene neNingizimu Afrika enqaba. Noma kunjalo, lomqulu wemukelwa yizinhlaka eziningi ngaphakathi emazweni nasemhlabeni. Udumo lwesivumelwane luveza ukusebenza okunzulu kombono wesimemezelo seNhlangano yeZizwe. Lombono wethulwa embikweni wezindaba owaduma kakhulu otholakala ehhovisi leZindaba zoMthetho lapho uchaza khona kanjena "ngokubuka isizotha nokubaluleka kwesimemezelo, singathathwa njengesenzo esinomthelela ezinhlakeni ezisemukelayo, ngakho kunezinkomba eziqinile zokuthi amalunga omphakathi wezizwe uyosihlonipha. Ngakho, uma lokho okulindelwe kuholela ngempela emikhubeni eyenziwa yiMibuso, isimemezelo singaqhakambisa isimo sokwakha nokumisa imithetho ebophezela imibuso. Ukukhuthaza ukuba semthethweni kwaMalungelo Esintu Emhlabeni wonke, kwemukelwa yiSivumelwane saMazwe Omhlaba saMalungelo Ezombusazwe Nokuvikelwa koMphakathi kanjalo neSivumelwane saMalungelo Ezomnotho, Inhlalo naMasiko ngenhloso esobala yokuguqula isimemezelo esingabophezeli sibe nezimiso zomthetho ezibophezelayo, lezi zivumelwane zethiwa negama "Amalungelo Esintu Emhlabeni". Amalungelo Esintu Emhlabeni aqala ukusebenza eNingizimu Afrika ngo 1962. Okunye ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo esintu kwaqhutshwa wukwethulwa kwemiqulu yezifunda efana neSivumelwane saMazwe aseYurophu ngo 1950 ngenhloso yokuvikela amalungelo esintu nenkululeko yomuntu. Isivumelwane saMazwe aseYurophu saqala ukusebenza eNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kwaMalungelo Esintu eBophuthatswana kodwa lomqondo wachithwa nguHulumeni wakudala waseNingizimu Afrika owawunamandla okulawula ohulumeni bezabelo.
Ngengxoxo edlule, kuyacaca ukuthi isiko lamalungelo esintu kwakufanele lisabalale ngokulandela izihlinzeko zeSivumelwane seNhlangano yeZizwe. Isibonelo; Umbhalo 56 uchaza ukuthi amalunga azibophezela ekuthatheni izinyathelo zokubambisana ngokuhlanganyela nangokwehlukana nenhlangano mayelana nokufeza izinhloso ezimiswe wumbhalo 55. eNingizimu Afrika, intuthuko yaMalungelo Esintu yaphazanyiswa yinqubo yombuso wengcindezelo, ngakho Inhlangano yeZizwe yaqala yehluleka emizameni yokunxenxa izinguquko zengqubomgomo yobuhlanga yaze yafaka unswinyo ngo 1982. Ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, isiko lamalungelo esintu langena e-Afrika ngesikhathi Inhlangano yoBumbano lwase-Afrika isungula iSivumelwane sase-Afrika ngo 1961.
Nakuba inqubo yabambezeleka ngeminyaka engu 20, phakathi kohlaka lokuqala lokwemukela umqulu ngo 1981 njengeSivumelwane saseBanjul, lokhu kwaba yigxathu eliyimpumelelo enkulu ekwemukeleni umnyakazo wamalungelo esintu e-Afrika. Into egqame kakhulu ngomqulu kwaba wukwamukela "amalungelo abantu" okuyinkomba yokuzibophezela ekukhuliseni umqondo wamalungelo esintu. Lesi sibophezelo siqhakanjiswe yisandulelo esiphawula ngesibophezelo esenziwa ngamalunga "impokophelo yokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu base-Afrika". Lesi sibophezelo saphonsa enkulu inselelo eNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yokuthi yayingakazimiseli ukwemukela nokuvikela amalungelo esintu. Udaba lwaluthinta ukubuyisana namalungelo abantu okuhlinzekwe yiSivumelwane sase-Afrika kanye nelungelo lomuntu ngamunye okufiswa yimiqulu yezizwe. Ngakho, kwacaca ukuthi Iningizimu Afrika kufanele ibambisane ngokwazisa amalungelo esintu ngaphambi kokuqala kweSivumelwane sase-Afrika lapha eNingizimu Afrika.
Inselelo yabekwa kwelinye izinga ngabaMeli boMbutho Wamalungelo Esintu owasungulwa eNingizimu Afrika ngo 1979. Inhlosonqangi yombutho wukugcina nokuqinisa amandla amalungelo esintu ngokuhambisana nokubusa ngenkambiso enobulungiswa bomthetho nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngendlela ehlonipha Isimemezelo saMazwe Omhlaba saMalungelo Esintu. Ngo 1987, iziko elisebenza ngokugcwele labunjwa ngenhloso yokukhankasela ukuvikela nokuphoqelwa kwamalungelo esintu asemqoka. Leli thimba laba nomthelela omkhulu eNingizimu Afrika, ngokushesha kwavela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubuyekeza kabusha isimo somthethosisekelo ngenhloso yokuvikela amalungelo esintu.
Ngaphambi koMthethosisekelo weSikhashana wezwe ka 1983, ingcindezi yokwazisa nokuvikela amalungelo esintu eNingizimu Afrika yayivela emiqulwini yamazwe omhlaba, yezifunda nakuzwelonke. Lemiqulu yiSivumelwane seNhlangano yeZizwe, Isimemezelo saMazwe Omhlaba saMalungelo Esintu, Isivumelwane sase-Afrika, Isivumelwane sikaKhongolose nemikhankaso yemfundo eqhutshwa wumbutho wabaMeli baMalungelo Esintu. Ingcindezi yamazwe omhlaba yokuqeda ubandlululo yaholela kwinqubo yokuhlela kabusha isimo somthethosisekelo okwaholela ephalamende engunxantathu ngo 1983. Lokhu kuveza izimpawu zokuqala zokufadalala kombuso wengcindezelo yamalungelo esintu, ngakho ngo 1987 iBophuthatswana yazama ukuqopha umlando ngoMqulu Wamalungelo Esintu eMazantsi neZwekazi lase-Afrika. Iningizimu Afrika yaqala ukubona ukuthi ingcindezelo ayisibuyisa isithunzi namandla ayo, ngakho yahlonza izindlela zezinhlelo ezintsha ezinobulungiswa bomthethosisekelo ezihlinzekela ukwemukela nokuvikela amalungelo esintu. Ngo 1986, Ungqongqoshe wezoBulungissa (Cootze JH), waqoka iKhomishani yoMthetho yaseNingizimu Afrika ukuphenya ngokuvikelwa kwamalungelo esintu. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbutho olwa nengcindezelo yobandlululo (Inhlangano kaZwelonke yabaMeli beNtando yeNingi) base bebonile ukuthi uhulumeni uphakamisa izinguquko zomthethosisekelo kodwa Inqubomgomo kaZwelonke yayingahlinzekeli izifiso zabantu, ngakho yagqugquzela Ikhomishani yoMthetho yaseNingizimu Afrika ukuba ifake ezinye izihlinzeko zeSivumelwane seNkululeko kanye neSivumelwane saseBanjul.
Umqondo wokwazisa nokuvikela amalungelo esintu waphumelela ngemuva kwenkulumo edumile kaMongameli De Klerk (Umongameli wokugcina woMbuso woBandlululo). Wachaza ukuthi 'uhulumeni wemukela inkambiso yokwazisa nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo samazwe amaningi asebenzisa intando yeningi. Siyavuma futhi iningi nendlela esobala yokuvikela lamalungelo, isemahlombe okudalulwa kanjalo ihlolwe yiziko elizimele lobulungiswa'. Waqhubeka nokunxenxa iKhomishani yoMthetho yaseNingizimu Afrika ukuba yethule umbiko wokugcina waMalungelo Esintu.
Namalungelo asemqoka esintu avikelwe wumthetho.
Ngakho, ekugcineni amalungelo esintu emukelwa, avikelwa futhi aqala ukusebenza eNingizimu Afrika ashicilelwa kuMthethosisekelo kusukela ngo 1993. Kulo Mthethosisekelo okhona, bheka isigaba 7 esihlinzeka ngalokhu Lamalungelo Esintu ayisihluthulelo sentando yeningi eNingizimu Afrika. Amumethe amalungelo omuntu wonke ezweni lethu futhi aqinisa inkambo yentando yokuhlonipha isithunzi somuntu, ukulingana nenkululeko. Ukuvikela okuphelele kuhlinzekwa yisigaba 8 esichaza ukuthi Amalungelo esintu asebenza kuyo yonke imithetho futhi abophezela isishayamthetho, iminyango kahulumeni neziko lezobulungiswa ngendlela ephikisana nomthethosisekelo odlule owawugidlabeze isishayamthetho amandla okungaphikiswa. Ekugcineni, umthethosisekelo uyakwazi ukubhekana nezinto ezingaphelele zokwazisa nokuvikela amalungelo esintu. Ngenhloso yokuphoqelela, umthethosisekelo uhlinzeke ngeziko elizimele lezobulungiswa kanjalo neNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo kanye namanye amalinge okuvikela efana nezinye izinkantolo namakhomishani.
Uma siphetha, ucwaningo olungenhla luveza ngokusobala umthelela omkhulu wemiqulu yamazwe omhlaba, yezifunda nozwelonke okuholele ekuqaleni kwesiko lamalungelo esintu eNingizimu Afrika. Nakuba Umthethosisekelo wezwe ungaba namaphutha noma izinkinga zobusha kodwa ukwazile ukubhekana nesihluku esithwalwe ngabantu embusweni odlule. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, izihlinzeko zokukhuluma ngenkululeko ziqwashisa kangcono ngamalungelo esintu, ngakho lokhu kuqiniswa wuhlelo lwamanje lokufundisa ngamalungelo esintu ngenhloso yokuqinisa amandla Amalungelo Esintu.
Eningizimu Afrika ziningi izimo zokwephula amalungelo esintu nezenzo zokuhlukumeza ezazenziwa nguhulumeni wobandlululo nezivumelwane zakhe. Sizwile ngokuningi okwenzeka ngesikhathi seKhomishani yaMaqiniso nokuBuyisana (TRC) noma izindlela thina, imindeni yethu, abangani noma omakhelwane abahlukunyezwa ngayo nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abo. Isishayamthetho sasinemithetho engujuqu, singaphezu kwakho konke futhi siphasisa imithetho yengcindezelo eyayimiswa ngokusemthethweni yizinkantolo ezichemile. Ngesizathu salokhu, imibutho eminingi elwa nobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika yadweba iSivumelwane seNkululeko, lokhu kwaba wumqulu wokuqala obalulekile waMalungelo Esintu nowathola ukwesekwa ngabantu abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika. Ngesizathu salokhu, ngesikhathi Iningizimu Afrika ishicilela Imihlahlandlela yoMthethosisekelo yeNingizimu Afrika yentando yeningi, iSivumelwane saba yingxenye yayo. Ngemuva kokuvulwa umlomo kwamathimba amaningi ezombusazwe nokukhululwa koMongameli odlule uNelson Mandela, Umthethosisekelo weSikhashana waqala ukusebenza. Lomthetho-sisekelo uyingqalabutho eyandulela lona okhona kanti ungeminye ehamba phambili emhlabeni. Umthethosisekelo wethu wasayinwa nguMongameli Nelson Mandela ngoSuku Lwamalungelo Esintu lwaMazwe Omhlaba zingu 10 Zibandlela 1996.
Umthethosisekelo wethu unamandla ngaphezu kwayo yonke imithetho yezwe futhi ubandakanya Amalungelo Esintu ayisihluthulelo sentando yeningi eNingizimu Afrika. Amalungelo Esintu ashicilela amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika futhi aqinisekisa inkambo yokuhlonipha isithunzi somuntu, ukulingana nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ngokushicilela lamalungelo, uhulumeni unika isiqiniseko sokuthi zonke izakhamizi zakhe ziyovikelwa futhi zibe nenkululeko yokuphila ngendlela efanele.
Amalungelo esintu yilawo malungelo abantu abathathwa ngokuthi banawo ngokwendalo nokuba ngabantu. Umbhishobhi Desmond Tutu uchaze amalungelo esintu "Amalungelo ayinto yabo bonke abantu, noma ngubani, akukhathalekile ukuthi bangobani, abampofu nabacebile, yinto esiyisipho sikaNkulunkulu esabelwe yona ngenxa yokuba ngabantu, abafundile noma abangazi lutho, abahle noma ababi, omnyama noma omhlophe, indoda noma owesifazane, inqobo nje uma bengabantu Njengomuntu oyikrestu, ngingafaka nokuthi umuntu ngamunye unenkambo engenawo umkhawulo ngenxa yokuthi wonke umuntu uyisidalwa sikaNkulunkulu. Wonke umuntu uhamba noNkulunkulu futhi ukuphatha omunye umuntu ngendlela engahloniphi ubuntu bakhe kuyisiqalekiso, kufana nokuthimisela ubuso bukaNkulunkulu".
Isingathekiso esinqala yileso esithatha wonke umuntu njengesidalwa esinomqondo futhi esiphilayo, ngakho asifani nezinye izidalwa lapha emhlabeni. Ngalendlela, abantu banegunya lamalungelo nenkululeko ethile ezinye izidalwa ezingenawo. Isibonelo; imbongolo ayikwazi ukwenqaba ukugitshelwa ngumuntu ngenxa yokufuna isinxephezelo senkokhelo futhi ayikwazi ukuteleka noma ukushaya inhlabaluhide yokukhalaza. Noma kunjalo, umuntu uyakwazi ukukhuthaza isimo sokuvikela ezinye izidalwa njengokunqanda unya ezilwaneni.
Ngakho, amalungelo esintu awadingi ukunikwa, ukuba yifa, ukuthengwa noma ukuzuzwa. Abantu bazalwa nawo amalungelo esintu futhi achazwa njengesiphiwo sokuzalwa, esiyigunya emhlabeni wonke, esingahlephuki futhi esingeke sidluliselwe komunye.
Yiqoqo lemithetho noma imigomo esungulwe ngenhloso yokulawula inqubo yanoma yisiphi isikhungo, izwe, inhlangano, isikole noma isonto. Umthethosisekelo uhlahla indlela yamalunga esikhungweni maqondana nokubumba, inqubo nezibophezelo. Umthethosisekelo uqukethe izahluko noma izigaba, isibonelo; Umthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika unezahluko eziyishumi nane, izigaba eziyikhulu namashumi amane nantathu, amasheduli ayishumi nesikhombisa nezijobelelo. Esigabeni ngasinye uchaza ngokucacile izihlinzeko zoMthetho ngendlela ehlelwe ngezigatshana. Uhlaka olwenziwe lula oluchaza indlela imithetho eshaywa ngayo nezahluko ezahlukene zoMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika 108 ka 1996.
Ukuthakasela ukubaluleka koMthethosisekelo wamanje, kwethulwa kafushane imvelaphi yoMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ngenjongo yokuqhakambisa izimo ezingejwayelekile zoMthethosisekelo ngamunye. Isibonelo.
Umthetho woMthethosisekelo wezwe Elizimele laseNingizimu Afrika ukhomba ukuhlangana kwezifundazwe ezine ezakha iNingizimu Afrika ebumbene kodwa zazikhona izinkomba zokungamelwa kwezinye izinhlanga eSishayamthetho.
Umthetho woMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ukhomba isikhathi esiqonde ekumeleni abantu abaningi, lesi sikhathi saziwa ngeSishayamthetho esinguNxantathu, lapho abamhlophe, amakhaladi namaNdiya banikwa khona ithuba lokubamba iqhaza eSishayamthetho kanti abaMnyama banikwa ozimele geqe abaziwa ngeTBVC (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda neCiskei).
Umthetho woMthethosisekelo weSikhashana 200 ohlinzeka ngaMalungelo Esintu okuqala eNingizimu Afrika owaqhamuka nokwazisa nokuvikela zonke izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika.
Umthetho woMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika. Lena yintuthuko yoMthethosisekelo weSikhashana ongenhla owaletha izinguquko ezikhona namuhla emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika noma ukwaziswa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngenkambo yentando yeningi nokulingana, isithunzi nenkululeko ehlinzekwe ngaMalungelo Esintu aqukethwe yiSahluko 2 soMthetho woMthethosisekelo.
Wuhulumeni wabantu okhethwe ngabantu ukuze ubabuse.
Ngakho, intando yeningi isho uhulumeni omiswe ngegunya labantu. Eningizimu Afrika, inkambo entathu yentando yeningi, ukulingana, isithunzi somuntu nenkululeko yizisekelo zentando yeningi, ngakho Umthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ukleliswe njengehluke kakhulu emhlabeni. Inkambiso yentando yeningi eyaqalwa kuMthethosisekelo weSikhashana inomthelela womehluko phakathi kwemithethosisekelo edlule nalona okhona namuhla.
Iqhaza elibanjwa yizakhamizi.
Lenkambiso noma inkambo yimibono ethathwa ngabantu abaningi njengebalulekile entandweni yeningi. Lemibono yaziwa 'ngezinkomba' zentando yeningi ngoba lapho siyibuka, iba yizimpawu zokuthi izwe lisendleleni yentando yeningi. Lenkambiso noma izimpawu zivame ukuba yingxenye yoMthethosisekelo noma Amalungelo Esintu ezweni elibuswa ngentando yeningi. Imibuso eminingi ebuswa ngentando yeningi yeseka inkambiso efanayo.
Yini izinkomba okufanele sizibone ezweni laseNingizimu Afrika elihamba endleleni yentando yeningi?
Zonke izakhamizi ziyakwazi futhi zinamalungelo nomsebenzi wokubamba iqhaza kuhulumeni nasemphakathini. Lenkomba ngebaluleke kakhulu entandweni yeningi. Iqhaza lezakhamizi lixuba ukumela ukhetho, ukuvota, ukwaziswa, ukubamba iqhaza ezindabeni zempikiswano, ukuhambela imihlangano yomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela nezinhlangano ezingaxhumene nohulumeni noma ezinye izinhlangano emiphakathini, ukukhokha intela, ukukhala, inhlabaluhide yokukhononda njalo njalo. Ukubamba iqhaza kusho ukuthi abantu bayingxenye yomphakathi futhi babusa imiphakathi.
Uhulumeni uthatha izinqumo ezincike ezidingweni zomphakathi.
Intando yeningi ichaza ukuthi abantu bayalingana. Ukulingana kusho ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanayo futhi banikwa amathuba alinganayo. Ngeke lube khona ubandlululo oluqondiswe ebantwini ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi ngobulili njalo njalo. Embusweni wentando yeningi, abantu banelungelo lokugcina nokusebenzisa amasiko, ulimi nenkolelo yabo.
Imiphakathi yentando yeningi iyakwazi ukubekezelana kwezombusazwe. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi nakuba kuyiningi elibusayo entandweni yeningi, amalungelo alabo abayingcosana kufanele avikelwe. Wonke umuntu kufanele avunyelwe ukusho imibono noma ukubumba amaqembu ezombusazwe. Umphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika uxube abantu bamasiko, bezinhlanga, bezinkolo nezizwe eziningi ezinemibono ehlukile. Umphakathi wentando yeningi uvumela abantu bekwazi ukuphawula ngemibono yabo ehlukile. Abantu kufanele bahloniphe ilungelo labanye, lapho bekwazi khona ukukhuluma ngemibono ehlukile. Inkulumo-mpikiswano nengxoxo yingxenye ebalulekile yombuso wentando yeningi.
Embusweni wentando yeningi, iziphathimandla ezikhethwe ngabantu kufanele zizibophezele ebantwini. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi zinesibophezelo sokuchaza ngezinyathelo ezithathayo. Iziphathimandla kufanele zithathe izinyathelo futhi ziqhube imisebenzi ngendlela ehambisana nezimfuno nezifiso zabantu, kungabi ngezabo.
Uhulumeni neziphathimandla zakhe kufanele aqhube imisebenzi yomphakathi ngendlela esobala. Uhulumeni osebenza ngenqubo esobala ubamba imihlangano yomphakathi futhi avumele ukuba ihanjelwe yizakhamizi. Uvumela abezindaba nabantu ukuthola kalula ulwazi ngezinqumo futhi awufihli abantu abathathe isinqumo nezizathu zazo.
Enye yezinkomba ezisemqoka zentando yeningi wukhetho olubanjwa njalo, olukhululekile nolungachemile. Ukhetho yindlela izakhamizi eziqoka ngokwazo abantu ezifuna bazimele kuhulumeni. Ukhetho kufanele lwenziwe ngendlela ekhululekile nengachemile engenazo izihibe zokwesabisa nenkohlakalo ngesikhathi sokhetho noma ngaphambi kwalo.
Amazwe amaningi anaMalungelo Esintu ahlose ukuvikela abantu ekusetshenzisweni budedengu kwamandla yilabo abaphethe. Amalungelo esintu wuhlu lwamalungelo nenkululeko eyisiqiniseko sabo bonke abantu abakhele izwe. Uma Amalungelo Esintu eba yingxenye yoMthethosisekelo wezwe, izinkantolo zinikwa amandla okuqikelela ukuthi ayavikelwa amalungelo. Amalungelo Esintu anciphisa amandla kahulumeni futhi amise izibophezelo ezithile kubantu nasezinhlanganweni.
Embusweni wentando yeningi, kufanele kube nezindlela zokunqanda isiphathimandla esiqokiwe noma ithimba labantu ukuba bengasebenzisi budedengu amandla nezimali zikahulumeni. Indlela evame kakhulu yokusebenzisa budedengu amandla yinkohlakalo. Inkohlakalo yenzeka lapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ngendlela engafanele izimali zombuso ngokuzihlomulisa noma zisebenzise amandla ngendlela ephambene nomthetho.
Ziningi izindlela zokuvikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni. eNingizimu Afrika, uhulumeni unezakhiwo ezingamagatsha amathathu: Isishayamthetho, igatsha elibhekele ukuqhutshwa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni negatsha lezinkantolo nomthetho. Lesakhiwo sinciphisa amandla eziphathimandla emagatsheni ehlukene. Izinkantolo zisebenza ngokuzimela.
Embusweni wentando yeningi, kufanele abe ngaphezulu kwelilodwa amaqembu ezombusazwe abamba iqhaza okhethweni. Uhlelo oluvumela amaqembu amaningi luvumela iqembu noma amaqembu ehlulekile okhethweni ukuba yiqembu eliphikisa lelo eliphumelele. Lokhu kusiza uhulumeni ukubuka nokuzwa imibono ehlukile ezindabeni ezikhona. Uhlelo lwamaqembu amaningi lunika abavoti ithuba lokuzikhethela umuntu walo, amaqembu nenqubomgomo abangayivotela. Ngokuvamile, uma izwe lineqembu elilodwa liholelwa ekubusweni ngondlovu-kayiphikiswa.
Embusweni wentando yeningi, akekho umuntu ongaphezu komthetho, ngisho ingonyama noma Umongameli okhethiwe. Lokhu kwaziwa ngamandla omthetho. Umthelela walokhu usho ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele ahloniphe umthetho futhi aboshezelwe esenzweni sakhe uma ewephula. Intando yeningi ichaza ukuthi umthetho kufanele usebenza ngokulingana, ngendlela ekhululekile futhi engaguquki.
Nakuba wonke amalungelo aqukethwe emqulwini wamalungelo ebalulekile, kunemizamo eyenziwe yokugcizelela amalungelo athinta kakhulu izimpilo zabantu noma ayemiselwe ukulonda inkambo entathu yoMthethosisekelo, lapha siphawula: ukulingana, inkululeko nesithunzi somuntu.
Njengoba sekuchaziwe phambilini, ukulingana wumqondo oveza ukuthi abantu abangaphansi kwesimo esifanayo kufanele baphathwe ngendlela eyodwa.
Bonke abantu bayalingana ngaphambi komthetho futhi banelungelo lokuvikelwa nokuhlomula ngendlela efanayo phambi komthetho.
Ukulingana kuxuba igunya lokuhlomula amalungelo nenkululeko ngokugcwele. Ukukhuthaza izinyathelo zesishayamthetho, ukulingana nezinye izindlela ezibunjelwe ukuvikela noma ukubeka phambili abantu noma izigaba zabantu abancishwa amathuba ngenxa yobandlululo.
Umbuso awuvunyelwe ukubandlulula ngendlela eqondile noma enye noma ngubani ngesizathu sobuhlanga, sobulili, sokukhulelwa, isimo somshado, ngobuzwe, ngebala, ngemvelaphi yobulili, sokukhubazeka, inkolelo, isiko, ulimi njalo njalo.
Akekho umuntu oyobandlulula ngendlela eqondile noma ngenye indlela noma ngubani ngesinye sezizathu ezibalwe esigatshaneni . Kufanele kuphasiswe umthetho kaZwelonke onqanda noma ovimbela ubandlululo oluchemile.
Ubandlululo olumiselwe kwesinye sezizathu ezisohlwini lwesigatshana alunabo ubulungiswa ngaphandle uma kuvela ukuthi lolo bandlululo lufanele
Ngenxa yezihlinzeko ezingenhla noma Amalungelo Esintu ngokuphelele, kuvela ikhambi lokwelapha isimo sokungalingani phakathi kwabantu baseNingizimu Afrika okwadalwa wumbuso wobandlululo. Abantu bancishwa amalungelo obuntu, ikakhulu abamnyama. Isibonelo; abantu bahlukunyezwa emisebenzini, emakhaya nasemphakathini ngenxa yebala labo, ngobulili, ngokukhubazeka nezindawo abahlala kuzo. Nakuba isigaba 9 sihlinzekela ukungabandlululi, isigaba esikhulu sesizwe esihlukile sisahlupheka ngenxa yokungalingani, isibonelo abesifazane, abantu abakhubazekile, abantu abaphila neSandulela-Ngculazi/Ingculazi futhi kunomehluko phakathi kwamazinga empilo yabantu abaphila emaphandleni nalabo abaphila emadolobheni. Izibonelo ezimbalwa zethulwe ngenhloso yokuveza ukungalingani nokuthi Inkantolo yoMthethosisekelo yenzeni ngalezi ziwombe.
Ngo 1945, Isahluko seNhlangano yeZizwe semukela amalungelo ezomnotho nenhlalo kanjalo namasiko njengamalungelo ohlu lwesibili.
Amalungelo okuba iziboshwa zithole indawo yokuhlala, ukudla okunempilo, izinto zokufunda nokuhlengwa.
Ngokweqiniso, amalungelo esintu ahlobene ngoba kwashesha kwavela ukuthi akusho lutho ukunika umuntu ilungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kokumnika indawo yokuhlala. Ngakho, uhlelo lokuKhuluma Ngobumpofu luka 1999 lwanika abantu ithuba lokushiyelana ngolwazi lobumpofu. Lokhu kwaphonsa inselelo kuhulumeni ukuze athuthukise amalungelo ezomnotho nenhlalo. Ngakho, amalungelo ezomnotho nenhlalo aqondene nokuhlinzeka abantu ngezidingo ezisemqoka, ngakho inhloso yokuqala yalolu hlelo lwango 1998 kwaba wukwehlukanisa phakathi kwezidingo nezimfuno.
Inhloso yesihloko kwaba wukunika abantu amandla okuklelisa phambili izidingo zabo uma kufanele benze njalo ngesikhathi sokwethula izidingo zezomnotho nenhlalo. Ngokuhlinzeka lamalungelo kuMthethosisekelo, uhulumeni ukhombise isibophezelo sokuqeda ubuphofu nokungalingani kwamaqophelo enhlalo lapha eNingizimu Afrika. Okunye ukuzibophezela kuvezwa yisinqumo sokwemukela Umbuthano waMalungelo weZomnotho, Inhlalo naMasiko ngo 1998.
Lapho eyozithokozisa khona ngesiko labo, baqhube inkolo yabo noma basebenzise ulimi, bahlanganyele noma bagcine izinhlangano zesiko, zenkolo noma zolimi ngokusebenzisana nezinye izinhlaka zomphakathi. Amalungelo ethulwa yisigatshana akufanele asetshenziswe ngendlela ephambene nemibandela ehlinzekwe Ngamalungelo Esintu
Zombili izigaba ziphawula ngokucacile kodwa kufanele zihambisane nemibandela ehlinzekwa Ngamalungelo Esintu. Ngamanye amazwi, ziyosetshenziswa ngaphansi kwemikhawulo ethile. Okwesibili, zibunjwe ngendlela yokuvikela abantu besiko noma bolimi oluthile noma abantu.
Umbuso nabantu kufanele baqaphele ukugxambukela noma ukwephula ilungelo lokuba imiphakathi ikwazi ukufeza imikhuba yayo yamasiko. Ngaphandle kokwazisa amasiko njengoba sihlinzeka iSihloko 27 sesiMemezelo Somhlaba Samalungelo Esintu esashicilelwa ngo 1948, kukhona isivumelwane samazwe omhlaba saMalungelo Ezomnotho, Inhlalo Namasiko sika 1996. Zombili izivumelwane zamazwe omhlaba sezimukelwe yiNingizimu Afrika, ziyasebenza futhi ziphoqelekile. Iningizimu Afrika nesimo sayo sokwehlukana ngamasiko kufanele ibe nomthetho olandelela lamasiko ehlukene, yingakho nje sibona izigaba ezimbili ngenhla. Ngenxa yokuthi imikhuba yamasiko akufanele ingqubuzane namanye amalungelo esintu, uma kwenzeka kuba nokushayisana, kufanele acolwe ngenhloso yokuhambisana Namalungelo Esintu. Isibonelo: isiko elidlule eliqondene nefa ngaphansi komthetho wendabuko laveza isidingo sokuguqulwa ngaphansi koMthetho Omukela Imishado yeNdabuko 120 ka 1998. Esinye isimo, umthetho wendabuko olawula izindlafa wawuhlinzeka ngokuthi ngabantu besilisa kuphela abanelungelo lokuthola ifa lomhlaba (indlalifa-ngumfana omdala). Umfelokazi nezingane zazondliwa yindoda ethole ifa lempahla noma bangashiyelwa lutho. Leli siko liphikisa ngokucacile amalungelo esintu, ngakho nomthetho wamanje oweseka umthetho ovikela ngokulingana wonke umuntu.
Ngokulandela inqubo yokubamba iqhaza, kubalulekile ukuba abantu bahloniphe amalungelo abanye. Lokhu kuchaza ukuhlonipha amalungelo okuveza imibono ngesikhathi bekhankasela amaqembu ezombusazwe, ukunxenxa imibono nokwesekwa kwemibono yabo (noma ishayisane nowakho), ukuvotela umuntu oqokiwe njalo njalo.
Inhloso yohlelo wukuqhakambisa izibophezelo/nemisebenzi ehambisana nelungelo ngalinye elishicilelwe kuMthethosisekelo. Ngakho, kusemqoka ukuba zonke izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika zizibophezele kabanzi ngokuqikelela ukuthi zonke izakhamizi zithola amagunya enkambo entathu efana: nenkululeko, ukulingana nesithunzi.
Usubunjiwe umhlahlandlela ohlinzekela umbuso nezakhamizi zezwe ngenxa yokuthi amalungelo asebenza ngezinxa ezimbili; ngendlela evundlayo neqonde phezulu.
Umsebenzi wami : ukuhlonipha abanye noma benombono ohlukile kowethu futhi ukubemukela njengabantu abalingana nathi.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukushaya umthetho osebenza ngendlela efanayo ebantwini bonke ngaphandle kokubandlululo ngobulili, ngebala, ngohlanga njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungakhulumi ngendlela ebandlulula abanye abantu ngesizathu sokubabukela phansi ngenxa yobuhlanga, yebala, yobulili njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukushaya imithetho engabandlululi abantu ngobuhlanga, ngebala, ngobulili njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungalimazi omunye umuntu ngendlela ebeka impilo yakhe engcupheni.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukushaya imithetho evikela izimpilo zabantu.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungahlukumezi umasihlalisane noma izingane zami ngesikhathi ngihlezi kwami.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuqeda indlela yokufuna iqiniso ngokushaya nokuzwisa ubuhlungu.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungavumeli izingane ziyosebenza uma zisencane.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukushaya imithetho enquma amahholo neminyaka ephansi egunyazelwe ukuqala ukusebenza.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukugcina ulwazi lomuntu luyimfihlo, isibonelo; umuntu wesifazane ofuna ukuhushula isisu kufanele azi ukuthi lolo lwazi luyogcinwa luyimfihlo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungagxambukeli nokunqanda umuntu ukuba akhonze ngendlela afisa ngayo, ukulalela abanye abantu nokwemukela amalungelo abo okuveza uvo olwehlukile kolwami.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuvumela abantu bathathe izinsuku zekhefu ngezinsuku eziqondene nenkolo yabo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungaqhubi inzondo phakathi kwabantu bezinhlanga, benkolo, amaqembu ezombusazwe njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ungafaki ingcindezi kwabezindaba ngoba ungafuni ukuba abezindaba bagxeke umbuso.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungaphathi isibhamu noma isikhali esiyingozi ngesikhathi sokuhlaba uhide nokubhikisha.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukudala isimo esiphephile kubantu abafuna ukubhikisha, isibonelo, ukuhlinzeka izimoto enye indlela nokubamba izibhamu nezikhali eziyingozi.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungakhipheli eceleni abantu enhlanganweni yami ngesizathu sokubandlulula, isibonelo; ukwenqaba amalunga angamaShayina enhlanganweni yami.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukungagxambukeli kwinqubomgomo yamaqembu ezombusazwe, izinhlangano zabasebenzi njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungesabisi abantu belinye iqembu lezombusazwe uma lihlukile kwelakho.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuvumela wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe asebenze ngenkululeko, ukuvumela wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe isikhathi esilinganayo sokuvela kumabonakude.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungafuni noma ukungesabisi abantu bavotele iqembu lami lezombusazwe.
Umbuso wami : ukuvikela abantu eziteshini zokuvotela ngokuhlinzeka ngezokuphepha. Ukunika amathuba alinganayo okukhankasela ukhetho wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe ngesikhathi sokhetho nokuhlinzeka ngezokuthutha ezindaweni zasemakhaya ukuze bafinyelele ezikhungweni zokuvota.
Umsebenzi wami : ukuvumela abantu bafake imibhalo nezingqwembe zeqembu edolobheni noma endaweni yami nokungayisusi imibhalo noma izingqwembe.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukunika noma ngubani ithuba leqembu labo lapho wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe ethola khona isikhathi esilinganayo sokuvela kumabonakude.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukushaya imithetho eqinile yokungenisa izifiki ezivela kwamanye amazwe zingena eNingizimu Afrika.
Umsebenzi wami : ukwemukela noma ngubani ofikayo nongumakhelwane wami.
Umbuso wami : ukukhipha izincwadi zokuhambela kwamanye amazwe nomazisi kuzo zonke izakhamizi ezifaka izicelo.
Umbuso wami : ukuvumela abahwebi nalabo abadayisa emigwaqeni kodwa kube nomthetho olawula indlela yokuhweba.
Umsebenzi wami : ukuphatha abantu abangisebenzelayo ngendlela efanayo, ukulalela izinkinga zabo, ukubanika isexwayiso ngaphambi kokuxosha njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukwenza lula nentengo encane yokusiza abasebenzi ekuvuleleni umqashi icala uma bekholwa wukuthi baxoshwe noma baphathwe ngendlela engafanele.
Umsebenzi wami : ukuvumela abanye abantu engisebenza nabo bahlanganyele nenhlangano yabasebenzi abayithandayo ngaphandle kokwesabisa.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuvumela zonke izinhlangano zabasebenzi zibhalise.
Umsebenzi wami : uma ngitelekile, ngivumele abanye engisebenza nabo baqhubeke uma beziqokela kanjalo.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuvikela abasebenzi abatelekile noma ngabe isimo sidinga ukuvikelwa ngamaphoyisa.
Umsebenzi wami : ukungahlali ngenkani endaweni yomunye umuntu.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukwazisa amalungelo abanye abantu okuphindisela emuva umhlaba wabo uma besuswa ngenkani, ukunxephezela abantu uma bathathelwa umhlaba wabo.
Umsebenzi wami : Uma ngifaka isicelo sokuthenga indlu ngesikweletu, kufanele ngenze amalungiselelo okukhokha njalo ngenyanga.
Umsebenzi wombuso: ukuhlinzeka ngoxhaso oluncane nomhlaba lapho abantu bengakha khona izindlu; ukusebenza nemboni ezimele njengamabhange, ukudala amathuba okuba abantu abaningi bathole izindlu, ukususa izihibe ezenza kube nzima ukuthola imali yokuthenga nokwakha izindlu.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukwakha izikole ezenele nokuhlinzeka ngamathishela enele ukuze wonke umuntu akwazi ukuya esikoleni.
Umsebenzi wami : ukondla izingane zami, ukungahlukumezi izingane ngesikhathi zisekhaya noma emphakathini. Ukuhlinzeka izingane zami ngendawo yokufihla ikhanda.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlelo zokuphakela ukudla nezindawo zezingane ezintulayo, ukuphenya iziwombe zokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane.
Umsebenzi wami : ukunakekela nokubheka izifutho zamanzi esiphakelwa wona nokugcina lengqalasizinda isebenza, ukunganukubezi amanzi aphuzwa ngabantu, ukungaphuzi, ukungabhemi noma ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ngenhloso yokuvikela impilo yami, ukulahla udoti endaweni efanele ekude nabantu, ukukhokha intela nezindleko zezinsiza ezilethwa nguMkhandlu kaMasipala.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuletha izidingo zokuthutha udoti obanga izifo, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi agijimayo ahlanzekile emiphakathini yonke, ukungaxoshi iziguli ezibhedlela uma zidinga ukunakekelwa.
Umsebenzi wami : ukuhlonipha amasiko nolimi lwabanye abantu nokungagxambukeli endleleni abanye abantu abenza ngayo izinto.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukwazisa ukubaluleka kwezilimi ezihlukene, ukubumba izinhlelo zikamabonakude zezilimi ezihlukene zaseNingizimu Afrika.
Umsebenzi wami : ukuphonsa imibuzo eziphathimandleni zikahulumeni uma zithatha izinqumo ongaziqondi.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuhlinzeka ngezizathu zezinqumo, ukwenza kube lula ukuba abantu bathole ulwazi eziphathimandleni.
Umsebenzi wami : ukubika izisebenzi zikahulumeni ocabanga ukuthi zisebenzisa budedengu amandla azo kuMvikeli woMphakathi.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuthathela abasebenzi abakhohlakele izinyathelo nokungavikeli labo abasebenzisa budedengu amandla abo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukusebenzisa izinkantolo ngenhloso yokuxazulula ingxabano, ukugwema ukuzibambela umthetho.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukuhlinzeka ngabameli bombuso abangasetshenziswa ngabantu ekuzivikeleni ezinkantolo.
Umsebenzi wami : ukwemukela isimo sokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthethwa kwecala lakhe ngobulungiswa, ilungelo lokuthola ummeli wombuso, ilungelo lebheyili, njalo njalo.
Umsebenzi wombuso : ukutshela abantu ngelungelo lokuthola ummeli kahulumeni, ithuba lokuthethwa kwecala ngendlela enobulungiswa, njalo njalo.
Ukunciphisa yisisho esifana nokwephula amagunya. Umthetho onciphisa ilungelo wephula igunya elihambisana nelungelo. Noma kunjalo, isenzo sokunciphisa ilungelo asithathwa njengesinyathelo esiphambene nomthethosisekelo uma kunesizathu esemukelekile sokwephula ilungelo, emphakathini ovulelekile wentando yeningi omiselwe kwinkambo entathu yentando yeningi (isithunzi somuntu, ukulingana nenkululeko). Ngamanye amazwi, akusikho konke ukwephula amalungelo anqala esintu okuthathwa njengesenzo esiphambene nomthethosisekelo. Uma ukuphazamisa ilungelo kunesizathu esiqinile esihambisana nomgudu omiswe esigabeni 36, leso senzo sokunciphisa ilungelo siyothathwa njengesinyathelo esivumelana nomthethosisekelo.
d ubuhlobo phakathi kwesinciphiso nenhloso yakho; kanjalo e ukusebenzisa izintuba ezihlukumeza kancane ngenhloso yokufeza lenhloso.
Ngaphandle kwendlela ehlinzekwe esigatshaneni 1 noma kwezinye izindawo zoMthethosisekelo, awukho umthetho onganciphisa noma yiliphi ilungelo elimiswe ngaphansi koMqulu waMalungelo Esintu.
Ngaphambi kokuphawula kabanzi ngombandela wokunciphisa ilungelo (isigaba 36), kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi izinciphiso ezifanayo ziyatholakala emingceleni ethile nasemishwaneni eyisipesheli. Isibonelo salokhu; amanye amalungelo akhomba izinciphiso eziphoqwe esigabeni esithile saMalungelo Esintu.
Nokho isinciphiso selungelo kufanele singafaniswa nomshwana oqondene nokujivaza noma nokumisa, njengesigaba 37 esisebenza kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo esiphuthumayo nesivumela ukumisa lungelo leSahluko 2, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Nakuba amalungelo engelona igunya elingethintwe, ngokulandisa kwesigaba 36, isinciphiso selungelo sibeka embusweni nasemphakathini isibophezelo sokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, umshwana awubukeli phansi ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abantu. Omunye umbhali, uRonald D'workin wakhipha isihloko "Taking Rights Seriously" ngo 1970 lapho esho khona ukuthi amalungelo omuntu ngamunye angaphezulu kwezinhloso zeningi ezididiyelwe. Noma ngabe inhloso yeningi ibaluleke kangakanani, ayikwazi ukulandelwa ngendlela ehlukumeza ilungelo lomuntu oyedwa. Noma kunjalo, umshwana onciphisa amalungelo usitshela ukuthi eMqulwini waMalungelo Esintu waseNingizimu Afrika, noma amalungelo omuntu ngamunye eyohlala engaphezulu kwezinhloso ezididiyele, zikhona izimo lapho amalungelo kufanele adedele izidingo ezisemqoka zomphakathi.
Sizolandelisa ngencazelo emfushane yalokho okumiswe yisigaba 36 mayelana nokuncishiswa kwamalungelo abantu.
Umthetho obusa kuzo zonke izimo usho umthetho osetshenziswa ngazo zonke izikhathi. Isibonelo, kufanele kube wumthetho lapho uhulumeni enegunya khona lokuthatha izinyathelo, singalinganisa ngokuthi akekho umuntu oyoba ngaphezulu komthetho. Okwesibili, kufanele kube wumthetho ohlanzekile, okufinyelekayo kuwo noqondakala kahle ukuze labo abathintekayo bakwazi ukukala ubungako bamalungelo nezibophezelo zabo, isibonelo; Umthetho Olawula Inqubo yoBugebengu ka 1977, njengoba uchitshiyelwe.
Umbandela ufuna ukuncishiswa kwelungelo kuqondane kuphela nalezo zizathu ezimukelwe nezinozwela ngenkambo yentando yeningi ethinta inhlonipho yesithunzi somuntu, ukulingana nenkululeko. Ngokunjalo, isinciphiso selungelo masikwazi ukufinyelela enjongweni esakhelwe yona. Isibonelo; inhloso yokubopha umuntu wukuba akwazi ukuvela enkantolo. Uma kunobufakazi bokuthi oboshiwe uyokwazi ukuvela enkantolo ngosuku lwecala nokuthi izifiso nokuphepha komphakathi sekucatshangelwe, siyashabalala isidingo sokunciphisa ilungelo lenkululeko nesimo sokuphepha.
Ukunciphisa amalungelo abiwe wumthethosisekelo ngenhloso efanele nedingekayo emphakathini wentando yeningi kubandakanya ukuqhathanisa inkambo encintisanayo nokuhlaziya ekugcineni izimo lapho kwenziwa izingathekiso. Umbandela wesigaba 33 uveza lokhu ngaphandle kombhalo ocacile. Iqiniso lithi amalungelo ehlukene ahunyushwa ngezindlela eziningi ngenhloso yentando yeningi kanti ngokoMthethosisekelo womphakathi ovulelekile nentando yeningi omiselwe enkululekweni nasekulinganeni, lokhu kuchaza ukuthi alikho ngempela iqophelo elilodwa elingakhonjwa elinquma ngesimo esifanele nesibalulekile. Ingabunjwa inkambiso kodwa ukusebenzisa leyo nkambiso ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene kuyohambisana nesimo ngasinye. Lokhu kuhlaluka kahle esidingweni sokulumbanisa izintshisekelo ezahlukene zesimo. Inqubo yokulumbanisa ichaza ukubhekela amaphuzu athintekayo ayohlanganisa uhlobo lwelungelo elincishiswayo nokubaluleka kwalo emphakathini wentando yeningi egxile enkambisweni yenkululeko nokulingana, isizathu sokunciphisa ilungelo nokubaluleka kwaleso sizathu kulowo mphakathi, umgamu wokunciphisa ilungelo, izithelo zokuncishiswa kwelungelo, ikakhulu uma isinciphiso sibalulekile, ukuhlaziya ukuthi umphumela ofunwayo ungetholwe yini ngenye indlela enganciphisi amalungelo okuphawulwa ngawo. Ngesikhathi sokucubungula lezinto, kufanele kuqashwe imibandela yesigaba 33 nenkambo yoMthethosisekelo, kuyokhunjulwa into eyashiwo nguMehluleli waseCanada owathi "indima yeNkantolo akusikho ukuqagela ubuhlakani bokuqokwa kwenqubomgomo okwenziwe yizakhi-mthetho esishayamthetho".
Lezi ngezinye zezibonelo zesimo lapho amalungelo engqubuzana khona futhi elinye (noma amabili) kufanele ancishiswe khona. Uma amathimba angqubuzanayo ehluleka ukuxazulula inkinga, udaba angalwedlulisela ezinkantolo. Inkantolo iyonquma ukuthi yiliphi ilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu ngaphansi kwesimo ngasinye nokuthi kufanele futhi kubalulekile ukulinciphisa.
Ukunciphisa ilungelo lokuphila komuntu nelungelo lesithunzi somuntu.
Kuyilungelo lengane ukuvikelwa ekulinyazweni kabi nasekuhlukunyezweni uma uqhathanisa nelungelo lomzali eqondisa isigwegwe emzini wakhe, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.
Yilungelo lowesifazane ukuphathwa ngendlela elinganayo nenhlonipho kanye nelungelo lenkululeko nokuphepha komuntu (inkululeko odlameni).
Yilungelo lomuntu ukuqoka indlela yokuziphilisa uma uqhathanisa nelungelo lomphakathi lokuphila kwimvelo evikelekile ukuze bonke abantu bakwazi ukuphila njalo kuleyo ndawo.
Ilungelo lokubhikisha uma uqhathanisa nelungelo lomphakathi lokuphila endaweni ephephile.
Ilungelo labantu besifazane ukunakekela imizimba yabo nokuthatha izinyathelo ngokuzala uma uqhathanisa nelungelo lokuphila kwengane engakazalwa.
Umuntu kufanele aqonde ukuthi "ilungelo lokuphonsa isibhakela ligcina lapho kuqala khona ikhala lomunye umuntu". Ngakho, kufanele umuntu azame futhi abone ukuthi azikho yini ezinye izindlela ngaphandle kokunciphisa ilungelo lokufeza inhloso efanayo.
Umbuso kufanele usungule umthetho wokuvikela abantu ekwephuleni noma ekunciphiseni amalungelo abo noma ukuhumusha kahle isigaba 36 seziNkantolo zeKhomishani. Isibonelo; isigaba 39 sihlinzeka ngalokhu; 'Uma ihumusha umqulu waMalungelo Esintu, inkantolo kufanele ikhuthaze inkambo eyisisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi egxile esithunzini somuntu, ukulingana nenkululeko'. Isimo asiguquko noma sikhona isigaba 36.
Umlando waseNingizimu Afrika ukhombisa ukuthi kwakunezingxenye zomphakathi ezazincishwe amathuba wumbuso omdala wobandlululo. Isibonelo; Abantu abamnyama babebukelwa phansi kunezinye izizwe zaseNingizimu Afrika. Noma kunjalo, kunamaqembu athile ezizweni ezikhona zaseNingizimu Afrika ezihlale njalo zihlupheka ngenxa yobuncane bazo. Lamaqembu athola ingcindezelo ngisho namuhla esikhathini sentando yeningi. Yiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi iningi labantu ezweni baMnyama.
abasebenzi kanye nabavoti.
Lama thimba angenhla afakiwe kanti ahlinzekelwe kakhulu yisigaba soMthethosisekelo esingenhla ngokunjalo miningi imithetho eshayelwe ukuwavikela ngendlela enqunywe kuMthethosisekelo wamanje ophoqa ukuqoshwa koMthetho weMvelo owakhelwe ukuqinisekisa ilungelo. Nakuba lemithetho ishayiwe, eqinisweni kuningi okungahambi kahle ngokulandelwa noma ukwephulwa kwayo kuphelezelwa yinhlawulo. Lomqondo wehlise kakhulu ithemba lomphakathi maqondana negalelo lohlelo lobulungiswa, yingakho abaningi bezibambela umthetho ngokwabo.
Likhona iqhaza elibanjiwe lokugcizelela nokuvikela lamalungelo ngokusebenzisa uMthethosisekelo, Isivumelwane esithinta Amalungelo Ezingane sika 1990 esasayinwa yiNingizimu Afrika ngoLwezi 1993 futhi salungiswa ngoNhlangulana 1995 kanjalo nemithetho eminingi ehlobene namalungelo ezingane. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, ibunjiwe imisebenzi nezinhlelo zokuqhakambisa ubucayi bodaba lokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane kodwa isimo siya ngokuba sibi zonke izinsuku, ikakhulu izigameko zokuhlukumeza ngocansi nokunganakwa kwazo. Zikhona izinhlangano ezilwa nalo mkhuba kodwa ngokwezibalo abaphehli balezi zenzo bayakhululwa ngenxa yokwentuleka kobufakazi. Izimo ezinjena zibhebhezelwa phambili yizimo zenhlalo nomnotho lapho izingane ziluthwa khona ngokuvala umlomo. Noma kunjalo, umbuso uhlinzeke ngamalinge ahlonzwe yisigaba 70a soMthetho Wenqubo yoBugebengu 51 ka 1951 ngendlela ochitshiyelwe ngayo ukusiza ofakazi bezingane.
Kusukela ohlwini olungenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuzwela kwethimba kuncike ekungasetshenzisweni kwezinsiza ezihlinzekelwe ukuvikela amalungelo ezingane. Ngakho, umphakathi uyanxuswa ukuqapha izigameko zokwephulwa kwamalungelo ezingane noma ngabe ingane ihlukunyezwa ngumzali noma ngamalunga omndeni. Ukuqagula amalungelo asemthethweni ezingane ungabukela elwazini olufakiwe lwezinkinga izingane ezihlangabezana nazo enkantolo nokufunda ibhuku laMalungelo Esintu, iSahluko esiqondene namalungelo ezingane.
Okokugcina umbuso uhlinzeke kuMthethosisekelo isimo sokuvikela amalungelo ezingane ngokusebenzisa izikhali ezibunjwe wumthethosisekelo noxube Ikhomishani yeNtsha esungulwe ngaphansi koMthetho weKhomishani kaZwelonke yeNtsha 19 ka 1996 ngendlela ochitshiyelwe ngayo ngo 2000. Umbiko ogcwele ngale khomishani utholakala esigabeni sokuVikelwa kwaMalungelo ethu.
Isigaba 9 soMthethosisekelo sihlinzeka ngalokhu: Umlando uveza ukuthi abesifazane bazithole besezikhundleni zokuba yizingane unomphela kanti eNingizimu Afrika yisimo esaqala kudala. Lesi simo asikhethi minyaka, hlanga noma inhlalo. Nakuba isigaba 9 soMthethosisekelo sikubeke kwacaca ukuthi wonke umuntu uyalingana ngaphambi komthetho futhi unelungelo lokuvikelwa nokuhlomula emthethweni, esigatshaneni , kuchaziwe ukuthi ukubandlulula abantu ngesimo sabo sobulili kufanele lunqandwe kodwa abantu besifazane bayaqhubeka nokuhlushwa. Ngaphezulu kwalokho, njengasezinganeni, zikhona izikhali ezingeni lomhlaba, ezifundeni nakuzwelonke ezikhombisayo ukuthi amalungelo abesifazane ayahlonishwa futhi kufanele avikelwe.
Ngesizathu sokuthi abesifazane babencishwe amathuba esikhathini esidlule ngezici eziningi ngezimpilo zabo, umuntu engathatha ngokuthi banamalungelo amaningi kanjalo nezibophezelo eziningi. Umbuso ulindeleke nokwenza izinguquko emthethweni wezwe noma ushaye imithetho emisha yokwelapha lenkinga.
Igama lokukhubazeka noma abaqhinekile lisho ukulahlekelwa noma amathuba alingene okubamba iqhaza ngomfutho nokuphila impilo ejwayelekile namanye amalunga omphakathi. Noma ingekho incazelo esemthethweni yegama lokukhubazeka kodwa lixuba izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuqhineka kokusebenza kwezitho zomzimba. Emqulwini wenqubomgomo yaseNingizimu Afrika, leli gama liqonde ukuqhineka emzimbeni, engqondweni nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa. Ukuphazamiseka kwezitho zomzimba kungaba ngokwesikhashana noma unomphela. Ngakho abantu bengakhubazeka emzimbeni njengezingalo nezinyawo, imizwa njengokungezwa, ubumpumputhe nokukhubazeka engqondweni okuyizimo ezithinta ikhono lomqondo nokulawula imizwa.
Isigaba 19 soMthethosisekelo sihlinzeka ngokuthi 'zonke izakhamizi zikhululekile ukungenela ezombusazwe okubandakanya ukuziqalela iqembu lezombusazwe, ukubamba iqhaza ezenzweni zeqembu nokukhankasela iqembu.
Sonke isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokuvota ngokukhululeka noma yinini sivotela isigungu esisemthethweni esibunjwe ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo. Sonke isakhamuzi esikhulile sinelungelo lokuvotela inhlangano esemthethweni esungulwe ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo nokwenza njalo ngendlela eyimfihlo nokungenela ukhetho lwesikhundla.
Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sigaba sinika zonke izakhamizi ezikhulile ilungelo lokuvota ngesikhathi sokhetho, lokhu kuyigxathu elikhulu kwezombusazwe eNingizimu Afrika. Amalungelo okuvota ayevunyelwe idlanzana elincane labamhlophe kwaze kwaba ngu 1983 lapho kwaqala khona Isishayamthetho esinguNxantathu. Abantu ababenethuba lokuvota babeMhlophe, Amakhaladi namaNdiya kuphela kwaze kwafika isikhathi sentando yeningi yokuqala ngo 1993 lapho bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bathola khona ithuba lokungenela ukhetho nokusungula amaqembu abo ezombusazwe. Nokho ngaphambi kokhetho luka 1999, amalungelo okuvota ngenkululeko ayesephulwa. Isibonelo salokhu, Umbiko woNyaka ka 1999 okhishwe yiSAHRC waphenya ngezigameko lapho amalungelo abantu ezombusazwe ayephikiswa khona ngabaholi bendabuko noma ngabalimi.
Esigabeni saMalungelo neZibophezelo kukhona izinto okufanele abantu nombuso uzenze noma ungazenzi maqondana nelungelo ngalinye.
ukuqinisekisa ukuba yisakhamuzi ngaphambi kokubhalisela ukuvota ngokuthola umazisi osemthethweni nokuhamba nawo uye esikhungweni sokuvota.
Uhulumeni kufanele avumele wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe asebenza ngenkululeko.
Ukuphoqelela Umthetho wezoKhetho ngaso sonke isikhathi, ikakhulu ngesikhathi sokhetho.
Isigaba 23 soMthethosisekelo esihlinzeka ngokuthi "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo emsebenzini" sinabela elungelweni labaqashi nabasebenzi nasekubunjweni kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi. Lesi sigaba sihambisana nesigaba 13-esiqondene nobugqila, ukusetshenziswa ngempoqo, 16-ukukhuluma ngenkululeko, 17-ukuhlanganyela ngenhloso yokubhikisha, ukunxenxa nokubhala uhlu lwezikhalo kanye nesigaba 18-inkululeko yokuhlanganyela nabanye noma nenhlangano.
Lendawo kanye nomthetho wawubuswa ngobandlululo olugxile ebuhlangeni, ebulilini, isikhundla nobudala. Abantu abaMnyama yisona sizwe esasihlukunyezwe kakhulu kunezinye eNingizimu Afrika. Ngaphandle kokubheka izinga lemfundo, abaMnyama babesezikhundleni eziphansi, ikakhulu abesifazane nezingane ezazisetshenziswa njengezigqila futhi ziphoqiwe ukusebenza. Abantu abakhubazekile babengagqizwa qakala embonini yokusebenza. Manje umthetho wabasebenzi usuthuthukiswe kakhulu ngenhloso yokwelapha ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esidlule nokubhekana nenselelo yobandlululo nokungaqashwa. Okunye okuvelayo wukuthi abasebenzi basemapulazini bashiywa ngaphandle wuMthetho Olawula Ubudlelwane nabasebenzi waseNingizimu Afrika ka 1995 ngaleso sizathu abasebenzi bahlukumezeke kakhulu futhi abalimi bayaqhubeka nokubenza isilo sengubo. Nakuba lesi simo sidale ukungezwani kodwa siba ngcono ngemuva kokushaywa komthetho wabasebenzi basemapulazini nasezindlini. Umthetho Olawula Ubudlelwane nabasebenzi ka 1995 uchitshiyelwe kanjalo noMthetho Olawula Izimo Zokusebenza ka 1997 nomusha ongenile, isibonelo; Umthetho wokuPhatha Abasebenzi ngokulingana 55 ka 1998, Umthetho wezokuPhepha neMpilo yaBasebenzi 78 ka 1995 noMthetho wokuThuthukisa Amakhono 85 ka 1996. Inhlosongqangi yokuthuthukisa imithetho wukwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza lapho imakethe yabasebenzi iyothuthuka khona ilethe izimo zokusebenza eziseqophelweni eliphezulu kuwo wonke umuntu ngendlela efunwa wumthethosisekelo, njengoba siqhakambisa isandulelo sawo "ukwenza ngcono izimpilo zezakhamuzi nokunika umuntu ngamunye ithuba lokuveza igalelo lakhe".
Ukugwema ukubandlulula abanye noma ngayiphi indlela.
Umbuso kufanele udale futhi uphoqelele umthetho ovikela abasebenzi ekubandlululweni nokusetshenziswa ngenkani.
Abantu baphokophele ukugcina noma ukuzwana namanye amathimba anomqondo ofanayo ngoba lokhu kuhambisana nendlela abazibuka ngayo.
angiqondile ukuthi unembeza womuntu wenza athathe isinqumo sokulandela injwayezo nemizwa engafanele.. eqinisweni, injwayezo ephathelene nobuhlanga nobulili ihlale ikhona ezingqondweni zethu okuyinto eyizithelo zendlela esiphila ngayo futhi ekhuthazwe ngamasiko namaphephandaba. Ngesinye isikhathi, zitshalwe ezikhungweni zethu. Sinomkhuba wokuzemukela njengamaqiniso. Uma sibhekene nenkinga, sizilandela ngaphandle kokucabanga ngoba kujwayelekile futhi kulula - kulula kakhulu kunokucubungula inkinga nokufinyelela esiphethweni esiphusile ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokulalela, ukucabanga nokuhlaziya
INDLELA YOKUCABANGA: ukuklelisa izinto ngezigaba kwenza umhlaba ukwazi ukuhlela ngendlela efanele izimo nokudala inhlalo eqondakalayo emhlabeni wezinto ezicacile, emhlophe nemnyama icace, impilo esobala nengadidani. Lomqondo uveza isakhiwo somhlaba nethuba lokuqongelela ifa lolwazi. Indlela yokucabanga isivumela sicubungule ulwazi oluningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
INKAMBO : Injwayezo ineqhaza elikhulu ezinhlelweni zokubumba isiqu somuntu. Uma indlela esiklelisa ngayo izinto emhlabeni yakhelwe ekwakheni inkambo futhi ihambisana ngqo nohlelo oluphathelene nesiqu somuntu, siyahlaluka isidingo sokutshala lelo gugu nokuligcizelela ebantwini.
Ukulalela ngesineke kungena kugxile emqondweni womuntu lapho ebuka izinto. Ukulalelisisa kunika ithuba lokubuka izinto ngeso lomunye, ukuqonda indlela ababuka ngayo umhlaba nokuqonda imizwa yabo.
Ukulalelisisa yitulo elinamandla ngenxa yokuthi likunika ulwazi oluqondile lokusebenza. Ngaphandle kokuveza owakho umbono nokufaka okwakho umqondo, imizwa, izifiso nokubuka izinto, kufanele wazi ukuthi usebenza ngemizwa nesimo sengqondo nenhliziyo yomunye umuntu. Inhloso wukulalela ukuze uqonde. Ugxile ekutholeni nokwemukela ingxoxo evela komunye umphefumulo.
Nakuba kunzima, qaka ngokufuna ukwazi noma uhlole ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo nokunquma.
Isixazululo sokwehlulela kahle silele ekuqondeni. Ukuqala ngokwehlulela kwenza umuntu ehluleke ukuqonda ngokugcwele.
Ngenxa yokuthi sijwayele ukuzicabangela, sinenjwayelo yokubheka izinto ngezindlela ezilandelayo. Sihlaziya izinto ngokuvumelana noma siphikisane; siyacubungula - siphonse imibuzo ethathelwe emqondweni wethu; siyeluleka - sikhipha izeluleko ezisukela elwazini oludlule; noma sihumushe izinto - sizama ukwazi ngomuntu, ukuchaza izinhloso zabantu, indlela abaziphatha ngayo ngokuthathela ezintweni ezisikhuthazayo nesenza ngayo izinto. Izenzo ezichazwe ngenhla ziyazifikela. Lomqondo ugxile kithini futhi sibuswa yiwo ezimpilweni zethu.
Yini ngempela umehluko ongenziwa wukuqonda kahle isimo! Noma yimiphi imizamo emihle yokweluleka lapha emhlabeni iyoba yize uma singabhekani nenkinga edluliselwa kithi. Futhi ngeke sifinyelele enkingeni uma sinomqondo wokucabanga okwethu, imibono yethu nokwehluleka wukususa ugongolo emehlweni lapho siyobuka khona umhlaba ngelinye ihlo.
Uma ufuna ngempela ukwazi ngaphandle kokuholwa nenkohliso, kunezikhathi lapho uyomangala khona ngolwazi nokuqonda okucolekile oyokuthola kwabanye abantu.
Ngesikhathi ufunda ukulalelisisa abanye abantu, uzothola umehluko omkhulu ekubukeni izinto. Ungabona umhlaba ngelinye ihlo.
Ukuthinta umphefumulo womunye umuntu kufana nokunyathela emhlabeni ongcwele.
Kunesivivinyo esenziwa ekilasini. Izithombe zesivivinyo zisatshalaliswe ekilasini.
Uma ilungelo lomuntu lephulwa, uyakwazi ukusebenzisa enye indlela yokulivikela. Ungazama ukuxazulula udaba ngokukhuluma nomuntu othintekayo.
Umholi wendawo, njalo njalo.
Uma lamakhambi angenhla ehluleka, ungafaka udaba esikhungweni.
Isikhungo esikleliswe eSahlukweni 9 yileso sakhiwo okungayiwa kuso ngenhloso yokuvikela ilungelo lomuntu.
Unamandla okuphenya, okwenza izincomo zokulungisa isimo nokukhipha imibiko.
Noma ngubani engafaka isikhalo kuMvikeli woMphakathi oyoqala uphenyo ngesikhalo. Thatha Umvikeli woMphakathi njengonompempe obuka zonke izinhlangothi zenkinga. Uma Umvikeli woMphakathi ethola ukuthi isikhalo siliqiniso, uyokwenza okusemandleni akhe ukuthola isisombululo senkinga esingaxuba izincomo zokushintsha uhlelo.
Umvikeli woMphakathi engabhala nombiko uqonde eSishayamthetho esiyohlalela inkulumo-mpikiswano ngodaba bese siqikelela ngokulandelwa kwezincomo.
Uphenyo luvamise ukwenziwa ngendlela engenamigomo yomthetho kodwa Umvikeli woMphakathi engakhipha amaphepha asenkantolo abiza abathile ukwethula ubufakazi obufungelwe, uma sikhona isidingo.
Noma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni. Lokhu kuxuba uhulumeni omkhulu, uzwelonke, izifundazwe nemikhandlu yomasipala.
Noma ngubani owenza umsebenzi wombuso. Lokhu kubandakanya noma ngubani oqhuba umsebenzi othinta wonke umuntu noma ingxenye yabantu baseNingizimu Afrika, isibonelo; osebenzela umbuso njengephoyisa noma isiphathimandla esiqokiwe.
Imikhandlu yombuso, isibonelo Umkhandlu woCwaningo loBuchwepheshe beSintu (HSRC) noMkhandlu woCwaningo lweZimboni noBuchwepheshe (CSIR).
Ubunzima bokubekwa engcupheni bomuntu ofake isicelo, isibonelo ngenxa yokuxhaphaza amandla, ukwenza ngendlela engenabo ubulungiswa, isenzo sokuthathela phezulu, isenzo esingenayo inhlonipho noma inqubo engalungile, ukuthatha isikhathi eside ngendlela engafanele, ukwephula ilungelo lesintu noma esinye isizathu esithuliwe noma isinqumo esithathwe yiziphathimandla.
Ukuthola into ngokusebenzisa izintuba ezingaqondile.
Uma isikhalo sakho sithinta ukubekwa engcupheni ngendlela engafanele, kufanele uzame ukuzixazululela inkinga ngokwakho ngaphambi kokufaka isikhalo kuMvikeli woMphakathi, isibonelo; ungakhuluma nesiphathimandla esithintekayo noma uma ungalutholi usizo ubhalele umuntu osiphethe, isibonelo Inhloko yoMnyango.
Okunye ongakwenza wukubonana neLunga lakho leSishayamthetho sikaZwelonke noma Esifundazweni.
Uma wehluleka ngempela ukuxazulula inkinga yilapho ungabhalela khona Umvikeli woMphakathi - uthumele ngesikhahlamezi noma ngencwadi ehamba ngeposi.
Kwesinye isikhathi, Umvikeli woMphakathi engafuna umbiko ofungelwe ngaphambi kokuqala uphenyo.
Uma ungenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi Umvikeli woMphakathi engakwazi ukuphenya udaba lwakho noma ungakwazi ukubhala, ungashayela ucingo ihhovisi loMvikeli woMphakathi. Ihhovisi linabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe abayolalela isikhalo sakho, akukhathalekile ukuthi sikhulu noma sincane, bese beyaphenya.
Kwesinye isikhathi, abasebenzi bengasiza abantu ekutholeni izixazululo eziphuthumayo ngezinkinga zabo. Abasebenzi bengakutshela nokuthi ungasifaka kuphi isikhalo uma ungeke uthole usizo loMvikeli woMphakathi.
Ungavakashela ihhovisi ukuze uzikhulumela ngqo, uma uqoka kanjalo. Kungcono uqale ngokubhala incwadi lapho ucela khona isikhathi sokubonana nabasizi.
Uma kufanele, Umvikeli woMphakathi nabasebenzi bayogcina igama lomuntu ofake isikhalo liyimfihlo, uma ikhona indlela yokwenza njalo.
Alubizi mali. Usizo lutholakala mahhala futhi luyotholwa yiwo wonke umuntu onenkinga echazwe ngenhla.
Izinqumo zabeHluleli neziMantshi kuhlangene nezigwebo ezikhishwe yibo. Izenzo zabantu ngabanye, izinkampani ezizimele, odokotela noma abammeli abangasebenzeli umbuso.
Noma engaziphenyi izigameko ezinhla, abasebenzi boMvikeli woMphakathi bangasiza ekuchazeni lapho ungafaka khona isikhalo noma izinyathelo ongazithatha ngaphansi kwezigameko ezichazwe ngenhla. Kwezinye iziwombe, Umvikeli woMphakathi engakwedlulisela enkantolo yomthetho ngoba ukuya enkantolo kuyindlela engcono yokudingida inkinga. Ngenxa yokuthi uMvikeli woMphakathi akasiye ummeli womuntu, uyodluliselwa kummeli uma udaba ludinga ukuya enkantolo.
Ihhovisi loMvikeli woMphakathi kuZwelonke litholakala ePitoli.
Zonke izifundazwe zinabo Abavikeli boMphakathi.
Ikhomishani Yamalungelo Esintu ikhuthaza inhlonipho nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo esintu. Iqhaza layo wukufundisa abantu ngamalungelo esintu nokuphenya ngezikhalo zokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo esintu. Ikhomishani ingahlelela umuntu ummeli oyosiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo abo futhi ingadlulisela udaba enkantolo, uma kufanele. I-HRC wuphiko oluzimele futhi iboshwe kuphela nguMthethosisekelo. Kufanele yethule umbiko wonyaka kwiSishayamthetho.
Lekhomishani isungulelwe ukukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo ezenkolo, amasiko nolimi emiphakathini ehlukene. Ikhomishani kufanele ikhuthaze futhi ithuthukise uxolo, ukubekezelelana nobunye besizwe phakathi kwemiphakathi nokutshala umoya wokulingana, ukungabandlululani nenkululeko yokuhlanganyela.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zonke izakhiwo zombuso, ngisho noMongameli kufanele aqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi ayikho inkululeko ngaphandle kwenkululeko yabantu besifazane lapho bekhululwe khona kuyo yonke ingcindezelo
Inkulumo engenhla icashunwe kuMongameli Nelson Mandela ngosuku evula okokuqala Isishayamthetho sentando yeningi, ngomhlaka 24 Nhlaba 1994.
Ikhomishani Ebhekele Ukulingana kobulili ngenye yezikhungo eziyisithupha eziseka intando yeningi ezaqokwa wuMthethosisekelo ngo 1996. Inhloso yeKhomishani njengoba inqunywe esigabeni 187 soMthethosisekelo wukukhuthaza ukulingana ngobulili, ukweluleka nokwenzela Isishayamthetho izincomo noma ezinye izakhiwo zomthetho mayelana neminye imithetho ekhona noma ehlongozwayo ethinta ukulingana ngobulili nesikhundla sabantu besifazane.
Umcwaningi-Mabhuku kaHulumeni uhlola izincwadi zeminyango kahulumeni ezingeni likazwelonke nezifundazwe nayo yonke iminyango yohulumeni basekhaya ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izimali zisebenza ngendlela efanele.
Izinhloso zeKhomishani "wukuqinisa intando yeningi emiselwe kumthethosisekelo nokukhuthaza inqubo yokhetho olusebenzisa intando yeningi". Ikhomishani inomthwalo wokwengamela ukhetho ezingeni likazwelonke, ezifundazweni nakomasipala kanjalo nenhlolovo.
Amandla, imisebenzi nezibophezelo zeKhomishani zihlinzekwe eSigabeni 5 soMthetho.
Isigaba 19 soMthethosisekelo siphinde siphakamise ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezombusazwe okuyingxenye enkulu yomthwalo wekhomishani.
Zikhona ezinye izigungu ngaphandle kwezikhungo ezikleliswe ngaphansi kwesahluko-9 ezisungulelwe ukuqinisa intando yeningi yakithi.
leKhomishani isungulelwe ukuqapha zonke izimo zokusakaza izindaba ezweni, isibonelo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsakazo nomabonwakude bakhipha izindaba ngendlela enobulungiswa nokuthi izindaba ziyisithombe somphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika.
Umongameli Nelson Mandela wagcoba iKhomishani kaZwelonke yeNtsha ngomhlaka 16 Nhlangulana 1996 ngaphansi koMthetho weKhomishani kaZwelonke yeNtsha 19 ka 1996. Lekhomishani yabunjwa ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa iqhinga elibanzi lokubhekana nezinselelo eziqondene nentsha eNingizimu Afrika.
Umbono we-ICD wuMbutho wamaPhoyisa waseNingizimu Afrika (SAPS) oguqukile ohambisana nomoya nezinhloso zoMthethosisekelo. Impokophelo yayo wukukhuthaza inqubo efanele yokuziphatha kwamaphoyisa. Izinjongo zayo wukuthuthukisa izinga lokwethenjwa emphakathini nemizamo yeSAPS ne-ICD yokunqanda inqubo engafanele yokuziphatha kwamaphoyisa kanjalo nokugqugquzela iqophelo eliphezulu lokuboshwa kwamalunga atholakala enecala noma azibandakanya ebugebengwini.
Lenkantolo yabunjwa ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo ka 1996. Umsebenzi wenkantolo wukugcina umthetho noMthethosisekelo wezwe okufanele usebenza ngendlela efanayo, engakhethi noma engabeki omunye engcupheni.
Isigaba 25 no soMthetho sichaza ukuthi noma ngubani noma umphakathi olahlekelwe wumhlaba ngemuva kuka-1913 ngenxa yomthetho wobandlululo unelungelo lokufaka isicelo sokubuyiselwa umhlaba noma anxeshezelwe ngalowo mhlaba. Isigaba 25 sigunyaza uhulumeni ukuba ashaye umthetho wokudingida lezi zikhalo. Umbuso washaya Umthetho Wokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Omhlaba lapho kwabunjwa khona Ikhomishani yeZikhalo Zomhlaba neNkantolo ngenhloso yokucubungula izikhalo zabantu ezithinta umhlaba.
Umsebenzi weKhomishani yeZikhalo Zomhlaba wukuphenya izikhalo zomhlaba, ukuxazulula nokukhokha izinxephezelo nokwedlulisela izikhalo eNkantolo yeZikhalo Zomhlaba uma yehluleka ukuziphothula. Ikhomishani yeZikhalo Zomhlaba inamakhulu ezikhalo ezilindele noma ezisohlelweni lokuphenywa.
Inkantolo yeZikhalo Zomhlaba iyonquma ngezikhalo ezingeke zixazululwe yiKhomishani. Inkantolo ingakhipha isinqumo sokubuyisela umhlaba ebantwini noma inike lowo muntu omunye umhlaba noma ikhokhele lowo ofuna umhlaba isinxephezelo ngalowo mhlaba olahlekile.
Umuntu ozalelwe eNingizimu Afrika uyisakhamuzi saseNingizimu Afrika futhi ngeke ephucwe khona. Ngokulandisa kwesigaba 21 soMthethosisekelo, "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokuhamba, ilungelo lokuphuma eNingizimu Afrika, ilungelo lokungena, lokuhlala nokwakha noma yikuphi eNingizimu Afrika nelungelo lokuthola incwadi yokuhambela kwamanye amazwe".
Izinyathelo eziyishumi ezilandelayo ziyokusiza ekudwebeni uhlelo lomkhankaso oqondene namalungelo emphakathini wangakini. Sebenzisa izinyathelo ukuze usizakale emkhankasweni wakho.
Yini uhlobo lwenkinga?
Ithinta bani inkinga?
Yiziphi izinkinga nezikhubekiso ezikhona?
Yiziphi izinsiza ezikhona (imali nabantu)?
QOKA INHLOSO YAKHO EQONDILE yomkhankaso (ungaqoki izinhloso ezingaphezulu kwezine). Ngamanye amazwi, yini ozoyenza njengengxenye yomkhankaso wakho. Thatha isinqumo ngesikhathi osibekele wonke umkhankaso.
THATHA ENYE YEZINHLOSO BESE UFUNA NGAYO IMIBONO ngezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokufinyelela enhlosweni. Bhala ephepheni izinyathelo ozitholile. (ngenxa yesinyathelo sokufuna imibono ehlukene, lesenzo asinayo indlela eyodwa yokuklelisa imibono, ubhala lowo mbono ofika engqondweni).
HLOLA IMIBONO UQALE NGESINYATHELO SESITHATHU bese uqoka leyo mibono enethuba lokuphumelela. Bhala isinyathelo ngasinye esiqokwe ekhadini noma esibhalwe ephepheni elibanzi ngo 5 x 8 cm. (lamaphepha aziwa ngamakhadi ezinyathelo).
THATHA IPHEPHA LOKUBHALELA bese ubhala isihloko somkhankaso wakho nesikhathi osinqumele wona enhla nephepha. Dweba umugqa ngaphansi kwesihloko. Bhala inhloso yokuqala yomkhankaso ngaphansi kwalo mugqa. Dweba omunye umugqa ngaphansi kwalokhu bese ubhala inhloso elandelayo. Qhubeka njalo uze uqede zonke izinhloso zakho.
HLELA NGONONINA AMAKHADI EZINYATHELO, UQALE NGESINYATHELO SESINE uwaklelise ngokuhambisana nezinhloso ezifanele. Qala ngesinyathelo esilula noma esiphuthumayo. Xoxa ngamakhadi ezinyathelo bese uwahlela kabusha uma kufanele. Hlanganisa nezinye izinyathelo eziveziwe.
XOXA NGEKHADI LEZINYATHELO NGALINYE - liyothatha isikhathi esingakanani, ngubani oyothwala isibophezelo sesinyathelo nokunquma izindleko uma zibandanyeka. Bhala isikhathi, umuntu oboshezelwe isinyathelo nezindleko zesinyathelo ngasinye nokubhala izindleko kulelo nalelo khadi lezinyathelo.
QAPHELA ISIKHATH ESIBEKELWE WONKE UMKHANKASO - Bhala izinyanga echosheni eliphezulu lekhasi.
Gcina amakhadi ezinyathelo zakho elandelana ngendlela engaguquliwe bese uhlela amakhadi ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziqondene.
Inqubo yokuziPhatha nokuPhatha iBhizinisi yoMnyango wezoBulungiswa nokuThuthukiswa koMthethosisekelo.
Ukulingana: Ngeke ubandlululwe. Nokho izinyathelo zokuhlomulisa abantu abamnyama nababencishwe ithuba nokubandlulula okufanele kwemukelwe.
Isithunzi somuntu: isithunzi sakho kufanele sihlonishwe futhi sivikelwe.
Impilo: Unelungelo lokuphila.
Inkululeko nokuphepha komuntu: Ngeke uboshwe ngaphandle kokushushiswa, noma uzwiswe ubuhlungu noma ujeziswe ngendlela enonya. Aluvunyiwe udlame lwasekhaya.
Igunya langasese: Ngeke ukhuthuzwe noma, ikhaya noma impahla yakho ipeqwe.
Inkululeko yenkolo, yokucabanga nombono: Ungakholwa futhi ucabange noma yini oyifunayo futhi ulandele inkolo oyithandayo.
Inkululeko yokukhuluma: Bonke abantu (kuhlangene namaphephandaba) bengasho noma yini abayithandayo.
Ukuhlangana, ukubhikisha, ukutoyiza nokunxenxa uzwelo: Ungabamba umbhikisho, utoyize futhi wethule izikhalo kodwa lokhu kwenziwe ngokuthula.
Inkululeko yokuzibandakanya: Ungaba yingxenye yanoma ngubani omthandayo.
Ilungelo lezombusazwe: Ungeseka noma yiliphi iqembu lezombusazwe olithandayo. Uma uyisakhamuzi futhi uneminyaka okungenani engu-18, ungavota.
Ukuba yisakhamuzi: Ngeke wephucwa igunya lokuba yisakhamuzi.
Inkululeko yokuhamba nokuhlala: Ungahamba futhi uhlale noma yikuphi eNingizimu Afrika.
Inkululeko yokuhweba, yokusebenza nokuqoka uhlobo lomsebenzi: ungenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi owuthandayo.
Isimo sokusebenza: Ungahlanganyela nanoma iyiphi inhlangano yabasebenzi futhi ungenele umbhikisho.
Indawo esiphila kuyo: unelungelo lokuhlala endaweni enempilo.
Impahla: Ungathathelwa impahla yakho kuphela ngemuva kokulandelwa kahle kwemithetho.
Indawo yokufihla ikhanda: uhulumeni kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi abantu bafinyelela ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Ukunakekela impilo, ukudla, amanzi nokuphepha: Uhulumeni kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi unawo amanzi, ukudla, imitholampilo nonhlalo ephephile.
Imfundo: unelungelo lokuthola imfundo yezinga lokuqala elihlanganisa imfundo yabadala nokufundiswa ngolimi lwakho (uma lokhu kungenzeka).
Ulimi nesiko: Ungasebenzisa ulimi oluthandayo futhi uziqokele isiko.
Isiko, inkolo nezilimi zemiphakathi: imiphakathi ingasebenzisa amasiko ayo, iqhube inkolo futhi isebenzise izilimi ezithandwayo.
Ukufinyelela elwazini: unelungelo lokufinyelela kunoma yiluphi ulwazi analo uhulumeni.
Izinyathelo zokuphatha ngobulungiswa: izenzo zikahulumeni kufanele zibe nobulungiswa.
Ukufinyelela ezinkantolo: Unelungelo lokuxazululelwa inkinga yomthetho yinkantolo noma yisakhiwo esifanayo.
Abantu ababoshiwe, abagqunywe ejele nabasolwayo: Leli lungelo livikela abantu ababoshiwe, abagqunywe ejele noma abasolwa.
Wonke lamalungelo engancishiswa uma umbandela omiswe emshwaneni wokunciphisa ilungelo (s36) ufanelekile.
