Chemicals (Maize) (1408 words)							IsiZulu
Ukuphatha ukhula emmbileni ngokupheleleyo
Instructions:
Folio strap: Ukuphatha ukhula
Byline: Kubhalwe ngumkhiqizi osuthathe umhlalaphansi
Ithebula 1: Inani lokuthela elinikezwayo
Ithebula 2: Izinhlanganiso zomuthi ezikhona emakehthini
Kubalulekile njalo ukuhlola kahle ukuthi kukhona inkinga yokhula ethize epulazini lakho. Izindlela zokulima, izindlela zokubulala ukhula ngamakhemikeli nokushintshana kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kuyahluka ezifundeni ezithile nasemapulazini athile. Kungenzeka ukuthi inkinga yokhula epulazi lakho ingafani lutho nenkinga yokhula kumakhelwane. 
Hlola njalo ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo zokhula ezinjani epulazini lakho bese uhlanganisa amakhemikheli afanelekile uwathele. Sicela ubheke kule tebula elingenzansi ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo zomuthi ezinjani ezitholakala lapha eNingizimu Afrika ezibulala ukhula ukhula emmbileni.
Umqobelo (into) osebenzayo
Amakhemikheli nezinhlanganiso zamakhemikheli ezitholakalayo zinomqobelo oyingqikithi obulala ukhula ofana notshani omila njalo ngonyaka noma ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka. Umqobelo osebenzayo uyikhemikheli elibulula ukhula ngokuvimba ukhula ukuthola ukukhanya kwelanga bese ukhula luyahluleka ukuqhubeka ukumila.
Lawa makhemikheli ayahlanganiswa lapho amasimu omkhiqizi anenkinga ngotshani nangokhula olunamakhasi abanzi. Kwezinye izindawo ungaba nenhlanhla ngoba usebenzise uhlelo oluhle lokushintsha izinhlobo zezitshalo noma uphathe ukhula ngendlela efanelekile bese kuzoba khona inkinga yokhula olunamakhasi abanzi kuphela emasimini ommbila. Lapho-ke uzolahla imali uma ufafaza utshani. Ukuhlola okuqondile kwenkinga yokho kuzokusiza ngezindleko zakho lapho ubulala ukhula.
Inani lesidaka emhlabathini wakho
Kuhle ukwazi ukuthi lingakanani inani lesidaka emhlabathini wangaphezulu kuwo wonke amasimu epulazini lakho. Isilinganiso samakhemikheli sihambelana nesidaka emhlabathini – lapho inani lesidaka likhuphuka nenani lamakhemikhele liyakhuphuka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba isidaka simunca ingxenye yomqobelo isitshalo sokhula asitholi umuthi okwanele ukusibulala.
Ngubuphukuphuko ukungatheli inani lomuthi elifanelekile ehekthelini ngoba ufuna ukunciphisa izindleko zakwamanje ehekthelini. Umuthi ongasebenzi kahle uzokwenza ukuthi kulahleke umvuno omkhulu lo nyaka. Lapho kungathelwa umuthi okwanele kwenza ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zokhula zingafi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lezo zitshalo zokhula zizodinga umuthi/umqobelo ozofika ku-x 100 ukuzibulala.
Ngakho-ke wonke umuzi wokulima (zonke izifunda) uzosizakala lapho kulandelwa umlayezo wokuthela umuthi ngendlela efanelekile. Kubiza imali (nesikhathi) eningi ukuthola umuthi namakhemikheli amasha lapho umuthi othile ungasasebenzi kahle.
Isibonelo esingaphansi sikhombisa ukuthi inani lekhemikheli lishintsha kanjani lapho kushintsha inani lesidaka emhlabathini. Laph sikhuluma nge’acetochlor’, ikhemikheli elibulala izitshalo ezifana notshani. I-‘acetochlor’ ivama ukusetshenziswa lapho ihlanganiswe nge’safener’. Uma lokhu kuhlanganiswa ne-‘acetochlor’ kuvimba i-‘acetochlor’ lingabulali isitshalo sommbila – khumbula: ummbila uyisitshalo esifana notshani. 
Chemical
Umqobelo osebenzayo g/l
% Isidaka
Inani: amalitha/ha
Isikhathi sokuthela
Uhlobo lwesitshalo
Acetochlor (+ ZSafener)
840g/litha
0 – 10
0,75 -1,00 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwesitshalo
Utshani ngokwejwayelekile
11 - 20
1,00 - 1,30 l/ha
Pre - E
21 - 30
1,30 - 1,65 l/ha
Pre - E
31 - 40
1,65 - 1,80 l/ha
Pre - E
41 - 55
2,0 l/ha
Pre - E
Pre - E noma Pre-emergence kusho ukufafaza amakhemikheli emhlabathini noma lapho bekungalinywanga khona kakhulu emva kokutshala kodwa ngaphambi kokuvela kwezitshalo emhlabathini.
Lapho kukhona izinhlobo zotshani ezimila kakhulu njalo ngonyaka emasimini athile kuzothelwa amakhemikheli amaningi futhi.
Izindleko zamakhemikheli ehektheleni elilodwa zingaqala ku-R97,50 esihlabathini (lapho kukhona isidaka esingu-0% - 10%) ziye ku-R150 emhlabathini onesidaka esiningi (41% - 55%). 
Umvuno wommbila ongafika kumathani angu-4,5 ehekthelini ungaletha ingcebo efika ku-R7 200 ehekthelini. Ngakho-ke kungaba isiphukuphuku nje esizofuna ukulondoloza R60 ehekthelini uma sibheka ezinye izinkinga nezingozi ezingavela. Siyaphinda sithi: hlola inkinga kahle wena nomphathi wamakhemikheli uphathe konke ngokufanele. 
Isikhathi sokuthela umuthi
Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi uzosebenzisa ziphi izinhlobo zomuthi ukuze uzokwazi ukulungisa umshini wokufafaza kusenesikhathi ngalowo nyaka. Umuthi ungathelwa emva kokutshala kodwa ngaphambi izitshalo zivela, ungathela futhi umuthi emva kokuvela kwezitshalo emhlabathini noma emva kokutshala lapho umhlabathi ulungiswe kahle. Umhlabathi olungiswe kahle usho umhlabathi omuhle onezintwanyana ezingeke zimunce amakhemikheli.
Lapho kufafazwa umuthi ngesikhathi sokutshala noma masinya emva kokutshala, umkhiqizi angakhetha ukulinganisa ipulantela lakhe ngendlala umuthi ufafazwe kabanzi kuyo yonke imisele lapho kutshalwe khona noma endaweni encane ngaphezu komsele owodwa. Enye indlela yilokhu: umshini wokufafaza ungangeniswa ensimini masinya emva kokutshala. Kanjalo kuzoba khona isikhathi esikwanele sokwenza umsebenzi wokufafaza emva kokumila kwezitshalo zokhula. 
Indlela yokusebenza izohambelana kakhulu nogandaganda neminye imishini umkhiqizi enazo noma eziqashwayo. Lapho kwakhiwa amasu okuqhubekisa umsebenzi kufanele kubhekwe izinto ezahlukene njengokuba nesikhashana esimfushane sokuqeda ukufafaza ngoba imvula ina kakhulu, ngendlela engajwayelekile. 
Izibonelo zezinhlanganiso zomuthi ezitholakala emakhethini zikhonjiswa ngaphansi. Lapho ungumkhiqizi noma ungumphathi wepulazi thola ulwazi maqondana namakhemikheli abalulekile. Emakhethini kukhona umuthi ohlukene onamagama amaningi amahle kodwa onke anenhlanganiso yemithi esebenzayo ngendlela efanayo. Uma ulinganisa izintengo zezinhlobo zemithi ezihlukene bheka futhi amandla zalezo zinhlanganiso bese uthola inani lentengiso ulilinganise nalokho okusemithini okusebenzayo ukuze uthole izindleko ngelitha uzilinganise.
Ikhemikheli – lokho okusebenzayo
Inani (amagramu elithini)
Inani elithelwayo maqondana nenani lesidaka
Isikhathi sokuthela
Izinhlobo zezitshalo zokhula
Acetochlor
750/900 g/l
0,9 to 2,7 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila
Kakhulukazi utshani omila njalo ngonyaka.
Acetochlor (+ ‘safener’)
700/840 g/l
0,7 to 2,7 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila.
Kakhulukazi utshani omila njalo ngonyaka
Actochlor /atrazine/propazine
96/202/202 g/l
3,25 to 7 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila. Thela ensimini elungiswe kahle.
Ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka nezinhlobo zotshani ezithile.
Acetochlor/atrazine/simazine (+ ‘safener’)
160/165/165 g/l
3,25 to 7,5 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila. Thela masinya ensimini elungiswe kahle.
Ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka nezinhlobo ezithile ezifana notshani.
Acetochlor/atrazine terbuthylazine (okunakho noma okungenakho ama’safeners’). Kukhona izinhlanganiso eziningi.
125/187,5/187.5 g/l
2.75 to 5 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila.
Izinhlobo zokhula olunamakhasi abanzi nezizinhlobo zotshani ezithile.
Alachlor
480 g/l
3,2 to 4 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila. Thela masinya ensimini elungiswe kahle. Ungabolinda izinsuku ezindlula ezimbili.
Izinhlobo zotshani eziningi ezimila njalo ngonyaka.
Alachlor/atrazine
Izinhlanganiso eziningi.
336/144 g/l 
5,5 l /ha
Ngaphambi kokumila. Thela masinya ensimini elungisiwe kahle. Ungatheli emhlabathini onesidaka esingaphansi kwa-16%.
Izinhlobo zokhula olunamakhasi abanzi nezinhlobo zotshani ezithile.
Ametryn
500 g/l
2,5 to 3 l/ha
Emva kokumila. KwaZulu-Natal kuphela.
Izinhlobo zokhula ezinamakhasi abanzi nezinhlobo zotshani ezithile.
Atrazine
Izinhlanganiso zomuthi ezinezinhlobo zomuthi eziningi ezisebenzayo
500 g/l
2,5 to 5 l/ha
Thela kukhula olumila ngokuphelelo.
Kakhulukazi ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka. 
Atrazine/cyanazine
250/250 g/l
2,25 to 4,25 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila noma masinya emva kokumila.
Kakhulukazi ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka.
Bromoxynil
225 g/l
1,5 to 2 l/ha
Thela lapho ukhula seluthwase ngokugcwele.
Kakhulukazi ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka.
2-4D (dimethylamine salt)
480 g/l
2,7 to 5,4 l/ha 
Thela emva kwezinsuku ezingu-5 - 6 lapho utshalile ensimini emanzana.
Kakhulukazi ukhula olunakhasi abanzi olumila njalo ngonyaka.
EPTC (+ ‘safener’)
720 g/l
2 to 4 l/ha
Thela ensimini elungiswe kahle ufake umuthi kahle emhlabathini.
Kakhulukazi izinhlobo zotshani ezimila njalo ngonyaka, ezinombala obunsomi noma eziluphuzi. 
Metolchlor (+ ‘safener’)
915 g/l
0,75 l/ha
Ngaphambi kokumila. Thela ensimini elungisiwe kahle, kodwa ungalindi izinsuku ezintathu emva kokutshala.
Mainly annual grasses, yellow nutsedge.
Kuyakhanya kahle lapho sibheka izibonelo ezingaphezulu ukuthi umkhiqizi unomthwalo omkhulu ukungalehlekeli ukusebenzisa zonke izinhlanganiso zomuthi ezikhona emakhethini. Ngaphezu kwalokhu umkhiqizi ufanele ahlole konke lokhu aqonde ukuthi uzothela umuthi ongakanani nangasiphi isikhathi emhlabathini onjani lapho kukhona ukhula olufanele luphathwe ngendlela efanelekile. Kungcono njalonjalo ukuxoxa nomuntu onobungcweti lapho unenkinga nemithi yokubulala ukhula. 
