Iqiniso elikhona njengamanje 28.
Kulandela uMhlangano ka Masingana 2002, iKhabhinethe yayalela Ungqongqoshe wezobuCiko, Amasiko, Isayense nobuChwepheshe ukuba ethule Iqhinga likaZwelonke loCwaningo neNtuthuko. Leli Qhinga liyoba wukhiye wokundlondlobala kwezomnotho futhi leseka amanye amaqhinga afana neQhinga Lokuthuthukisa Abantu, Iqhinga Lemikhiqizo Ezididiyele kanye noHlelo Lweqhinga leZolimo eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukuqeda impokophelo eqavile yobuchwepheshe (isibonelo; ukugxila kakhulu embuthweni wokuvikela nokuzimela kwizidingo zamandla) ebezivame kuhulumeni wesikhathi esedlule phakathi kuka 1990 no 1994. Lokhu kwaba nomphumela wokwehla kwemali echithwa ohlelweni lukazwelonke loCwaningo neNtuthuko ngamaphesenti angu 1.1 ngo 1990 yafinyelela ku 0.7 ngo 1994. Lokhu kuncipha kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho Uhlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha lwaludinga ukukhula ukuze luhambisane nezidingo zabantu abayizigidi ezingu-40 uma kuqhathaniswa nezingu-6.5.
Ukubhekela izinto zesikhathi eside, intuthuko yabantu, ezomnotho nezokuphepha. Izimpendulo ezifanele eziqondene nezifo ezintsha nezinhlobo ezindala zezifo ezintsha, akukhathalekile ukuthi lezo zifo zithinta abantu noma izilwane kufanele zilawulwe yizinhlelo zocwaningo lwendawo. Uma kubhekwa ezokuphepha, ngisho umthengi ohlakaniphile wobuchwepheshe obukhona ongesiye obuqophayo ubuchwepheshe udinga inqwaba yososayense abenza ucwaningo ezindaweni ezifanele.
Izindaba zabasebenzi nabantu. Umkhakha wethu wabantu besayense nobuchwepheshe awuvuselelwe kahle nangendlela eyanele. Iningi labamhlophe, abesilisa nabantu asebekhulile abangososayense abashintshani nabantu abasebancane ngendlela eveza isithombe esifanele sengxube yabantu balelizwe.
Amaphuzu angelula abuswa kakhulu yizinguquko zokusebenzisana namanye amazwe anomphumela wokwehla kwamazinga okutshala izimali nokusebenza kwemboni yangasese yoCwaningo Nentuthuko eNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kungaba nomphumela wokulahleka kokulawuleka ngaphakathi kwesizinda solwazi esiyisisekelo sempumelelo yezinkampani zakithi ezincintisanayo.
Imithetho engenele yempahla engamafa omqondo kanye nengqalasizinda. Intuthuko entsha kwezobuchwepheshe bemithi inyuse isimo sengcuphe yokuxhashazwa kocwaningo emkhakheni wemithi, kanti amacebo amasha ocwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni awavikelekile futhi awaphethwe ngendlela efanele.
Izakhiwo zobulungiswa ezihlakazekile. Nakuba izikhungo zocwaningo zibuyekeziwe futhi kubunjwe izinkomba ezinqala, ayikacaci kahle indima yeMinyango kwezobulungiswa nokumisa amazinga alindelwe ezikhungo zikahulumeni zocwaningo. Uma ubheka isabelo sezimali, akukho ukubuka ngeso elibanzi izindleko zikahulumeni zesayense nobuchwepheshe.
Ukudala uhlelo olunamandla loCwaningo nobuChwepheshe bukaHulumeni.
Insika engamacebo amasha ibandakanya ukusungulwa nokutshalwa kwemali izimpokophelo ezehlukene zobuchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yezomnotho nenhlalakahle. Lokhu kubandakanya izigcawu ezimbili eziwukhiye wobuchwepheshe esikhathini samanje, lokhu kuxuba ubuchwepheshe obuthinta imithi nolwazi. Enye impokophelo yokwengezela, wubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza nobuchwepheshe obenza izinguquko kwizinto ezigxile noma ezisuselwe kwimvelo. Okokugcina, sizobumba impokophelo, ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ubumpofu obuyobhekana nezinhlupheko esibhekene nazo esikhathini samanje. Lengxube yempokophelo iyolawulwa yisikhungo esisha esaziwa ngeSikhungo Samacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe (FTI) esiyosebenza njengengosi yokutshala imali egxile elwazini, lengosi iyogxila kakhulu kumacebo amasha ngaphakathi kwempokophelo ngayinye yobuchwepheshe. I-FTI iyofaka imali kumacebo amasha kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi nasembonini ezimmele kanjalo ezigabeni ezehlukene okungasukela ekucatshangweni kwecebo kuze kufike ekwethulweni komkhiqizo emphakathini nakuba uyobheka kakhulu isigaba sokusungulwa kwecebo okunezindleko ezinkulu nokwemukelwa komkhiqizo wumphakathi lapho usudayisa, ungeniswa noma usatshalaliswa.
Indlela esihamba ngayo ekuthuthukiseni abantu imiselwe ngakolunye uhlangothi kwisidingo sokwenyuka ngokushesha kwesibalo sabantu ababencishwe amathuba esikhathini esidlule, abesifazane abangena emkhakheni wesayense ukuba bahlale kuwo, kanti kolunye uhlangothi sihlose ukwakha iqhinga lokuhlangabezana nezinselelo zokuhweba nokusebenzisana namazwe omhlaba. Ukuqonda kabanzi koMphakathi ngeziNhlelo zeSayense kungaba yimpumelelo ekwenyuseni lezi zibalo kuphela uma intsha ingabona amathuba ahehayo najabulisayo emisebenzi ebalindele. Ngezikhathi zo1970 no 1980, lawo mathuba emisebenzi ayemaningi ngenxa yezinselelo zempokophelo yangaleso sikhathi - nakuba ayebhekiswe kakhulu ohlangothini oluthile lomphakathi. Ngakho, insika engabantu isemqoka kakhulu ukuba ixhunyaniswe nensika yobuchwepheshe. Emhlabeni wonke, indlela yokukhiqiza kahle ososayense abasezingeni eliphezulu abakwazi ukwedlulisela kweminye imikhakha ibandakanya ukugxila kakhulu kwikhono lokwenza kahle umsebenzi. Enye indlela yeqophelo eliphezulu ezingeni likazwelonke wukugxila kakhulu ezidingweni zezinga eliphansi lesayense ezindaweni lapho sinamathuba amahle khona empumelelo ngenxa yokuba nezinto zemvelo nolwazi olutholakala kalula. Eningizimu Afrika, lezo zindawo zifana nolwazi lwezomkhathi nolwazi lwezemvelo. Isikhungo esiphezulu uma kukhulunywa ngaleli qhinga, esikhuthaza isayense yiSikhungo soCwaningo kuZwelonke sihlangene nemboni yemfundo ephakeme ngokusebenzisana noHlelo lukaZwelonke lweMfundo Ephakeme.
Nakuba imisebenzi yangaphakathi kuhulumeni yahlelwa kabusha ngo 1994, izibophezelo eziningi ezinqala zoHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha zamiswa.
Ukucacisa phakathi kweqhaza leminyango ejutshelwe imisebenzi efana noMnyango weZolimo noweZempilo othula izinhlelo ezimbonini ezithile kanye noMnyango wobuCiko, Amasiko, Isayense nobuChwepheshe (DACST) okufanele udlale indima edidiyele.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhuba elindelwe emhlabeni jikelele mayelana nokutshala izimali kwisayense nobuchwepheshe iyalandelwa, ikakhulu imisebenzi ekleliswe phambili yocwaningo (ukukhiqiza ulwazi), amacebo amasha (amabhizinisi amasha, imikhiqizo nemisebenzi) kanjalo nokusungulwa kwamabhizinisi.
Iqhaza leDACST kuyoba ukuxhumanisa uhlelo olubumbene lokwengamela igalelo lokusebenza lawo wonke amalabholethi aphethwe wuhulumeni nokuba nesibophezelo esiqondile ezikhungweni ezinhlanu ezigamanxile, njengeSikhungo sikaZwelonke soCwaningo, Isikhungo sokuKhuthaza iSayense (kade saziwa ngeFEST), Isikhungo Samacebo Amasha obuChwepheshe, Umkhandlu wezoCwaningo lweSayense neziMboni kanye noMkhandlu Wezesayense Yabantu. Iminyango eqondene iyoba nezibophezelo zokunquma izikali nesabelo-mali sezikhungo ezingaphansi kwayo. Ucwaningo olusezingeni lokuqala yiwona msebenzi okuhleshulelwana ngawo phakathi kweDACTS noMnyango wezeMfundo. Iminyango esezingeni lokuqala iyobandanyeka ekusunguleni amacebo amasha ngokubambisana neDACST.
Umlenze otshala izimali emabhizinisini amasha nokuheha ngentela ngenhloso yokukhuthaza iqhaza elibanjwa yimboni ezimmele uyoba yisibophezelo soMnyango wezoHwebo neziMboni kanye nesikhungo seNhlangano neNtuthuko yeziMboni (IDC).
Umhlaba wonke, ngokuzwela emkhubeni okhona wezinga elenyukile lomkhiqizo wolwazi, ukusakazwa nokusetshenziswa kwalo, ukuncipha kwegebe lesikhathi sokwakhiwa komkhiqizo nokwenyuka kwezinga lokuncintisana ngezinsiza ezingabantu, amazwe amaningi akhuphula imali ayitshala ocwaningeni lukazwelonke nasentuthukweni.
Uma ubheka izilinganiso ze-OECD, uthola ukuthi phakathi kwezimboni ezizimmele nezikahulumeni, imali etshalwe wuzwelonke ocwaningeni nentuthuko ingamaphesenti angu-2.15 okukhula konke komnotho. Amazwe afana neFinland neKorea akhokha izimali ezinkulu kakhulu. Izinga lamanje laseNingizimu Afrika elingamaphesenti angu 0.7 nalapho ingxenye enguhhafu ivela eMelika ingaphansi kakhulu kunaleyo okufanele ngabe ikhona ukuze iqinisekise ngokuncintisana eminyakeni eminingi ezayo. Leli qiniso lifakazelwa njalo ngonyaka wuMbiko Wokuncintisana Kwamazwe.
Ngalendlela, iQhinga loCwaningo neNtuthuko lincike ekuphindeni kabili imali etshalwa nguHulumeni kwiSayense nobuChwepheshe kuleminyaka emithathu ezayo bese inyuswa njalo emuva kwalokho. Lokhu kungenyusa imali etshalwa nguhulumeni idlule kancane iphesenti elilodwa okuyinto engenkulu ukulingana namanye amazwe kodwa yenele ukukhomba iqhinga elifanele, elinamandla, elibanzi neliyohlala isikhathi eside emnothweni womqondo, emphakathini wamanje wabacwaningi baseNingizimu Afrika nesizukulwane esisha okuyofanele sifeze lezi zinhloso.
Phakathi konyaka ka1990 no 1994, impokophelo eqinile zobuchwepheshe ezasungulwa wuhulumeni wamaBhunu (isibonelo, ukutshala imali eningi embuthweni wokuvikela, ukulondwa kwezamandla, njalonjalo) zancishiswa ngamabomu kwathi imali echithwa ngobuchwepheshe nentuthuko yehla isuka ku 1.1 wamaphesenti iya ku 0.7. Isigcawu sekhono lokukhiqiza, ezolimo, ucwaningo lwezimayini nokumbiwa phansi kanjalo nezesayense ezibalulekile emanyuvesi azichithwanga kodwa izindawo okwakutshalwe kakhulu kuzo izimali zazingasekho ngo 1994. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, ukudlondlobala kwezinhlelo zokuhlelwa kabusha kwamabhizinisi ngenxa yesimo sokuhwebelana namazwe omhlaba kwehlise izinga lokuheheka kwezimboni zaseNingizimu Afrika ekubumbeni izimpokophelo ezintsha kulemboni. Kunobufakazi bokuthi imboni ezimmele ngaphandle kweSASOL namanye amabhizinisi amancane asenyule izimali zawo kuR&D ngendlela ethusayo. Inqubo yokuguqula izikhungo zikahulumeni zibe ngamabhizinisi ngenye yezingozi eziqondene nokuncipha kwabantu abanekhono kwiR&D uma izidingo zocwaningo lukazwelonke zingacatshangwa (isibonelo esihle ngalokhu, wucwaningo lwezamandla).
Uhulumeni omusha ubhekene nenselelo yentuthuko esemazingeni aphansi. Sesibheke ikusasa isikhathi eside kangaka ngesikhathi somzabalazo, kufanele manje sidingide izidingo ezintsha zokwethula imisebenzi ephuthumayo yesikhathi samanje. Akwethusi ukuthi isithombe esikhona soxhaso sadinga kuhlelwe kabusha amakhono asele ezobuchwepheshe aqonde kwimpokophelo egcizelela izinga-mpilo nekhono lezomnotho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwagcizelelwa kakhulu ekuhleleni kabusha izidingo-nqangi ngaphandle kokutshala imali kwimpokophelo entsha. Ngaphakathi kwayo lenqubomgomo, Umthethosivivinywa weSayense nobuChwepheshe owemukelwa yiKhabhinethe ngo 1996 wasungula uhlaka lwenqubomgomo yesayense nobuchwepheshe eNingizimu Afrika oluthathelwe embonweni yoHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha (NSI).
Ohlakeni lweNSI, "amacebo amasha" achazwa njengesingeniso emakethe (ezomnotho noma ezenhlalo) yemikhiqizo emisha noma eyenziwe ngcono. I-NSI ngokwayo ingathathwa njengeqoqo lezikhungo ezisebenzayo, izinhlangano nenqubomgomo esebenza ngokuhlangana ngenhloso yokufeza isifiso esisodwa senhlalo nomnotho ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa kwamacebo amasha njengento ewukhiye wokuthuthukisa uguquko. Umbono wamacebo agxile ocwaningeni uma uwaqhathanisa nesayense yokwenza ngcono okuvele kukhona uvele sewukhona ezigcawini zenqubomgomo ye-OECD kanti ingqwele yoMbutho Wamazwe Abumbene aseYurophu (EU) yilowo owayengumholi eFulansi, uNgqongqoshe Edith Cresson. Nakuba iNingizimu Afrika yaba yizwe lokuqala ukwemukela lolu hlaka njengenqubomgomo kazwelonke, asemaningi amanye amazwe alandele ezinyathelweni zakuleli.
Noma izwe laseNingizimu Afrika selizakhele udumo ngenqubomgomo, inqubomgomo kazwelonke yesayense nobuchwepheshe isathole ubunzima ekufakeni igalelo elinomthelela kwizinkulumo-mpikiswano ebanzi nenqubo yomnotho nasemphakathini.
Izakhiwo zobulungiswa ohlelweni lwesayense nobuchwepheshe yizinto ezixake kakhulu, ngakho kudingeka umngenela wabantu abaningi eqhingeni lekusasa inkulumo yentuthuko inomkhuba wokugxila kakhulu ekuqedeni izinkinga eziseduze esikhundleni sokwakha isigcawu esibhekene nentuthuko yesikhathi eside esizayo inkulumo-mpikiswano yezomnotho isanda kwedlula esigabeni sezingxoxo zokulawula izinkomba zomnotho kanti seyiqonde ekwaziseni ukubaluleka kwamaphuzu afana nocwaningo, uqeqesho nobuhwebi.
Noma zikhona izinguquko ezinkulu eNingizimu Afrika nasemhlabeni wonke, uhlaka loHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha lubonakala lunensa njengoba lwalwenza eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule. Kusobala ukuthi ukukhula kwezomnotho kuncike kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngamandla kwamaqhinga emboni (ezolimo, ukukhiqiza, ezokuxhumana njalonjalo) ingqalasizinda (ugesi, ezokuthutha) nezinhlelo zokwenza umsebenzi (abantu, ucwaningo nentuthuko).
Isamba semali echithwe kwiR&D sibalelwa emaphesentini angu-0.7 uhulumeni ngamaphesenti angu 0.29 omthamo wamandla omkhiqizo wangaphakathi ezweni GDP kanti isibalo esivame emazweni e-OECD kuba ngamaphesenti angu 2.15 omthamo wamandla omkhiqizo wezwe, isibonelo izwe laseFinland elinomnotho olingana nezwe laseNingizimu Afrika lichithe imali engamaphesenti angu 3.5 uhulumeni ukhipha iphesenti elilodwa.
Uma ubheka isivinini esiphezulu sentuthuko ezindaweni ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe namuhla, sizobhekana nobungozi obukhulu bezokuphepha okungathi uma sehluleka ukugcina nokuthuthukisa amakhono afanele ezinhlelweni ezehlukene kuholele kwingcuphe emikhakheni yokubhekela nokuhlomela ikusasa (izindawo ezifana namanyuvesi, imikhandlu yocwaningo, imboni ezimmele, njalonjalo).
Abantu bakithi besayense nobuchwepheshe abathuthukisiwe ngokwenele ngokunjalo awavuselelwa amakhono abo; sinenkinga yesizwe sabantu abadala nabanciphiya abanolwazi nobuchule besayense. Izinkomba ezinkulu zikhomba ukuthi ososayense besifazane kanye nonjiniyela abangeni emkhakheni wokufundisa kanti nengqalasizinda esemqoka ibunjwe ngabantu abazothatha umhlalaphansi esikhathini esifushane kusukela manje. Ngonyaka ka1990, iphesenti lemibhalo yesayense ekhiqizwa ngabacwaningi abaneminyaka engu 50 naphezulu yayingamaphesenti angu-18 kodwa ngo1998 lesi sibalo senyuka safinyelela emaphesentini angu-45. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphesenti lemibhalo eshicilelwe ngososayense abamnyama senyuka kancane sisuka kumaphesenti angu-3.5 siya ku-8. Njengamanje kunomcwaningi oyedwa emalungeni ayinkulungwane abasebenzi uma uqhathanisa naseAustralia kanti eJaphani bayishumi. Umzekelo othi "ubuchwepheshe bunezinyawo ezimbili", "ukuma kwezibalo zabantu" okuvamile Ohlelweni lwakithi Lwamacebo Amasha ukhombisa isimo esibucayi.
Ucwaningo nentuthuko eyenziwe ngamabhizinisi amakhulu aseNingizimu Afrika lukhomba ukwehla okukhulu eminyakeni emine edlule. Izibalo zomhlaba zikhomba ukuthi izinto ezinquma ngempela intuthuko yezomnotho eshayelwa wubuchwepheshe imiselwe ezingeni eliphezulu locwaningo nokusungulwa kwamacebo amasha okwenza izinto, oluqhutshwa ngamabhizinisi amakhulu embonini ezimmele. Igxathu elikhona njengamanje lokubuyekezwa kwamabhizinisi amakhulu esikhathini sokuncintisana kwezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele kunemithelela enzima kuzwelonke emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe. Isimo esiqhubekayo sokwehluleka ukukhuthaza amacebo amasha kuyodicilela phansi umnotho sigcine silandela amanye amazwe kwinqubo yobuchwepheshe nenkolelo yokuthekela ubuchwepheshe kwamanye amazwe (esikhundleni sokwakha amacebo amasha obuchwepheshe obuphambili). Lokhu ngeke kweseke iqhinga elisha lokukhiqiza noma ukusivumela ekufezeni amazinga afanele okudlondlobalisa umnotho.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha budale izinselelo ezintsha mayelana nempahla eyifa lomqondo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, ikakhulu emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe obuthinta izinto eziphilayo nobudlelwane bawo nemisebenzi yolwazi lwendabuko. Umcabango okhona emhlabeni ngemithetho uyashesha futhi uguquka njengamanzi ufuze ubuchwepheshe. Sidinga ukusungula ngokushesha amakhono noma sibhekane nengwadla yokuxhashazwa nokushiywa ngaphandle okuhambisana noxhaso locwaningo olwenziwa nguhulumeni.
Ukuhlakazeka kwempatho, ukumiswa kwamalungiselelo ezikhungo nezakhiwo zokuxhasa ngemali ezinhlelweni zesayense nobuchwepheshe eziholwa wuhulumeni akusiyo indawo efanele yobuhholi nokuqondana nenselelo yekusasa. Izinhlelo ezehlukene eziqhakambisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe nezinhlelo ziqhutshwa kakhulu njengamanje yiminyango ehlukene kahulumeni lapho kunokuxhumana okuncane kakhulu kweqhinga noma ukushiyelana ulwazi.
Inhloso yaleli qhinga wukubhekana nobuthakathaka ngendlela enamandla kodwa futhi enokwenzeka ngempela. Ikakhulu, ukusebenzisa impokophelo ehlolwe emhlabeni jikelele nezinhlelo ezibuyekezelwe indawo nezidingo zakithi. Iqhinga kufanele likwazi ukuzwelana nezinjongo zikazwelonke zentuthuko yomnotho neqophelo elifanele lempilo yazo zonke izakhamizi.
Lokhu kubandakanya ukusungulwa kwempokophelo entsha yobuchwepheshe elumbaniswe nezinjongo nezinga-mpilo namaqhinga ezomnotho nezimboni. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, kuhlongozwa isikhungo esizinikele ngokugqugquzela amacebo amasha. Lesi sikhungo siyotshala imali kulempokophelo bese sixhumana nezinye izikhali ezikhipha imali yamacebo amasha, ubuchwepheshe nokufukamela amabhizinisi amasha, ukwedlulisa nokusabalalisa imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe. Zonke izikhungo ezifanele, imboni ezimmele, izinhlangano zocwaningo, imali yokuqala ibhizinisi namanyuvesi ayonxenxwa ngokwethula amacebo amasha ngokulandela lempokophelo yobuchwepheshe. Ukufeza indima yokubumbana emkhakheni wokusungula amacebo amasha wumgogodla wempumelelo yokuhlelela ikusasa.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe esigabeni 2.3, Iningizimu Afrika inesifo "sokuncipha kwabantu" emkhakheni wesayense, ubunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kwenzeka ebuhlangeni nasebulilini. Iqhinga eliphumelelayo lidinga izindlela ezintsha zokusebenza nokunaka kakhulu amacala womabili, isibalo sabantu abafunywayo nabakhona. Ngakwelinye icala, kunendlela esemqoka efunekayo yokwenyusa izinga emkhakheni weZibalo neSayense ngokunxenxa abafundi abamnyama bakamatikuletsheni kanye nabesifazane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kwakhiwe izikhungo ezintsha zempumelelo ngenhloso yokuheha abantu abasebancane balandele umgudu wokucwaninga ngobuchwepheshe nokuqikelela ukuthi leyo mikhakha ihlala isikhathi eside.
Iqhinga elisha liveza ngokucacile umehluko phakathi komnyango ohlanganisayo obhekele ukuphathwa kwesayense nobuchwepheshe "emhlabeni" nobuchwepheshe kuhulumeni eminyangweni eqondene nemisebenzi namaqhinga emboni ebandakanya ucwaningo nentuthuko. Umnyango odidiyelayo (njengamanje yiDACST) uyoba nesibophezelo sohlaka lokulawula oluthinta zonke izikhungo ezithatha ucwaningo nentuthuko njengomsebenzi wokuqala kanti iminyango eqondene iyomisa izinhloso nesabelo-mali salezi zikhungo ngokuhambisana nalolu hlaka. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, izikhungo ezitshala imali esabalele yocwaningo nentuthuko kanjalo nokusungulwa kwamacebo amasha iyogcinwa ngaphansi kweDACST kanye namalabholethi kahulumeni nezinhlangano zocwaningo ezijutshwe ngemisebenzi egamanxe kweminye iminyango.
Iqhinga elisha leR&D ligxile kuHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha (NSI) olwemukelwa kuMthethosivivinywa weSayense nobuChwepheshe. Lapho kwabuye kwengezwa ngohlaka lwenkomba yokukala umsebenzi wohlelo lweS&T esikhathini esifushana neside esizayo.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zamacebo amasha emazweni ehlukene mkhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo; izwe lase-Astralia linohlelo oluthuthuke kakhulu lwamalabholethi axhaswe kakhulu nguhulumeni olugxile kakhulu ekwenzeni ngcono imikhiqizo ephambili embonini yezimayini nezolimo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi i-Finland igcizelela kakhulu ngokutshala imali kumathuluzi akhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kocwaningo, ezemfundo nezimboni zamabhizinisi kanti imandla kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni abantu namacebo amasha embonini ekhiqizayo. Izwe lase-Chile libonakala liqhela ohlelweni oluxubile lwamalabholethi kahulumeni namanyuvesi lisondele kakhulu ohlelweni lwezwe lase-Finland. Iningizimu Afrika inohlelo oluxubile lwe NSI oluthi aluthathe ucwaningo nentuthuko eqhutshwa yimboni ezimele, imfundo ephakeme nohulumeni ngendlela efanayo. Imboni ezimmele nohulumeni bafaka imali engamaphesenti angu-50 ngamunye.
Ngaphandle komehluko okhona phakathi kwezinhlelo zamacebo amasha, imisebenzi ebalulekile iyabonakala ezinhlelweni ezinamandla zikazwelonke zamacebo amasha ezijwayelekile kuwo wonke lawo mazwe zisukela ocwaningeni zifinyelela emkhiqizweni nasezikhungweni zonke zemfundo kuze kushaye emabhizinisini amasha namakhulu obuchwepheshe.
Umdwebo 1. Kusukela emandleni okuzenzela kufinyelela kwimiphumela - umthelela weR&D emnothweni okhulayo nakwizinga-mpilo.
Izinkomba Zempumelelo yobuchwepheshe.
Umdwebo 2: Izinkomba ezinqala ezibonisa ukusebenza kohlelo lweS&T ezingeni eliphezulu neziyisisekelo sokuhlelela isikhathi esizayo oHlelweni lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha nemisebenzi yalo esemqoka.
Umdwebo okhomba lolu hlaka nobudlelwane obusemqoka kakhulu phakathi nezinhlaka zalo zivezwe kumdwebo 1. Izimo zomnotho esikhathini samanje zifuna zonke izinhlaka zibe khona futhi zikhule. Lolu hlaka lummele Izinhlelo zikaZwelonke Zamacebo Amasha (NSI). Imiphumela emibili ebalulekile efunwa kuR&D namacebo amasha yizinga eliphezulu lezempilo neqophelo eliphakeme lempilo. Kunobufakazi obungephikiswe obukhomba ukuthi lenqubo idinga ukuba imboni ezimmele ihlale njalo itshala izimali. Okungenani amaphesenti angu-30 emali yeR&D emazweni anomnotho othuthukile nodidiyele (anomphakathi onabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingu-60) atshalwa wuhulumeni - lena yimali elinganiselwa ku 0.4 kuya ku 0.5 phesenti wokukhula kwamandla omnotho wezwe. Ezizweni ezincane, iqhaza likahulumeni ezinhlelweni ezingaxhumene nezokuvikela lilinganiselwa phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-0.6 kuya ku-0.75. Ezomnotho ezigxile kabanzi elwazini zichitha imali kahulumeni ecishe ibe yiphesenti elilodwa lokukhula komnotho wezwe.
Lemali etshalwayo idala amandla eR&D okuzenzela futhi inonophalisa izinga lamakhono abantu, amandla esikhathi samanje eR&D nomnotho jikelele. Umsebenzi omkhulu weSET neR&D wukwenza ngcono nokuveza amacebo amasha emnothweni (kanjalo ukuzibandakanya ekwemukeleni izindlela ezingcono zokuthola ulwazi oluncelwa kwamanye amazwe).
Ukwenza ngcono namacebo amasha athinta ngqo izinga lempilo isibonelo, umkhakha wezempilo nokusebenza kwebhizinisi, isibonelo, imikhiqizo emisha nenqubo yokwenza izinto. Emazweni athuthukile ukukhula komnotho okungaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-50 kudalwa yinqubekela-phambili yobuchwepheshe bokwenza umsebenzi.
Ukukhuthaza nokwenza ngcono amakhono okuhweba nokusungula amabhizinisi kanjalo nokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi ngokusungula amabhizinisi athile nokuheha imboni ezimmele yeR&D ngokuyikhokhisa intela encane.
Kunezinkomba ezibalulekile ezibonisa impilo yezinhlelo zikazwelonke zamacebo amasha. Lokhu kubonakala ngoMdwebo 2. Lezo zinkomba ziyindlela ethembekile yokukala inqubekela-phambili yesikhathi esifushane, esiphakathi neside eqhingeni elimisiwe.
Ezinye zezinkomba zaziwa noma zisetshenziswa njengezihamba phambili - zinika isithombe sempilo yakusasa yohlelo - okufana nesibalo noma ingxenye yabafundi be-SET bemfundo engaphezulu kweqhuzu elilodwa laseNyuvesi ezikhungweni zeMfundo yaseNyuvesi. Ezinye ngezilandela ngemuva, phakathi kwazo singaphawula lezo "ezinegalelo lolwazi" ekuthuthukisweni komnotho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinkomba kuvumela ukuhlelela isikhathi eside esizayo nokulandelela inqubeko yohlelo kanjalo nokuqhathanisa nalokho okwenzeka kwamanye amazwe. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamazwe amane kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa Inkomba Yomphumela wobuChwepheshe yeUNDP, Umbiko weNtuthuko Yabantu 2001 lapho iqhathaniswa nedlanzana lezinye izinkomba (Imidwebo 3 no 4).
Amazwe amathathu, Australia, South Korea neMalaysia banamaqhinga ahlukile kodwa acacile obuchwepheshe. I-Australia isebenzisa indlela yocwaningo, ulwazi nolwazi lobuchwepheshe bokunonophalisa umnotho walo osekelwe yizizinda. I-South Korea igxile ekukhiqizeni okusezingeni eliphezulu nokudala isizinda solwazi esidala amacebo amasha okukhiqiza. Amazinga aphezulu emfundo nocwaningo ezingeni eliphakeme lemfundo nokuchitha imali ekuzakheleni igama kwizimo ezintsha yikho okwehlukanisa leliqhinga kwamanye. I-Malaysia iqoke ukulandela ezithendeni kanti igxile ekunceleni kwamanye amazwe ulwazi ngokuTshala Izimali kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, iMalaysia ayinakile kakhulu ucwaningo nokuzidalela amagama ngamacebo amasha kodwa igxile ekunceleni ubuchwepheshe nokwandisa ulwazi ngobuchwepheshe esizweni sonkana. Nakuba leliqhinga lilisebenzele lelizwe, kunezinkomba zokuthi esikhathini esifushane esidlule lehlulekile ukugcina isivinini sokudlondlobala komnotho esibonakale esikhathini esiphambili.
Ngaphandle kokuveza isithombe samaqhinga ehlukene asetshenziswa ngamazwe I-Australia, Korea neMalaysia, izinkomba zokuqhathanisa izwe laseNingizimu Afrika zokuthuthukisa amakhono abantu nokukhuthaza amazinga aphezulu eR&D, ukutshala imali ngenhloso yokuqhubela phambili ezomnotho yizinto ezingabonelwa ezweni laseKorea ngoba zenzeka njengamanje. Ukuqhathanisa lamaqhinga kuphinde kuveze ukuthi iqhinga elasetshenziswa yiKorea lokulandela ezithendeni zabanye alivulelekile eNingizimu Afrika. Imalaysia neNingizimu Afrika banamazinga afanayo okukhula komnotho kodwa iMalaysia ayikafinyeleli ezingeni elifanayo lokuthuthukisa amakhono abantu. Ngakho, iNingizimu Afrika ayikwazi ukulandela iqhinga elifana nelaseMalaysia kodwa kufanele liphokophele kakhulu iqhinga lokuqinisa ulwazi (yicebo elihambisana neQhinga Lomkhiqizo Odididele neQhinga lokuThuthukisa Amakhono abantu kuZwelonke).
Umdwebo 3; Inkomba Yokuzuzwe Ngubuchwepheshe. Isithombe sibonisa izinkomba ngokuqhathanisa nezinye izizwe, lezi yizibalo ezithathelwe kuMbiko weUNDP ka 2001. Ubuchwepheshe neNtuthuko.
Umdwebo 4; Ukubukela kwezinye izinkomba kunika isithombe esibanzi samaqhinga amanye amazwe mayelana neR&D.
Iningizimu Afrika inomlando oqinile nophakathi nendawo ngobuchwepheshe obuncelwa kwamanye amazwe ukwedlula izwe lase-Australia kanjalo namandla amakhulu esizinda semvelo. Ngaleyo ndlela, iNingizimu Afrika ingaqoka iqhinga lokusebenza eligxile kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinsiza zemvelo kuthi ngaso leso sikhathi ilandele amaqhinga aqinisa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi namaqhinga obuchwepheshe bezitshalo. Lokhu kungahambisana nendlela elandelwa yizwe laseKorea.
Nakuba lamathuba eheha, Iningizimu Afrika inenselelo enkulu emkhakheni wokunika amakhona abantu. Njengoba sizoke sikhombise kabanzi kuSahluko 6, Iningizimu Afrika inesizwe sabantu besayense nonjiniyela abagugayo, iningi okungabesilisa abamhlophe. Ubufakazi bukhomba ukuthi njengamanje bancane abangena emkhakheni wokwenza izifundo zeSET. Lezi zibalo "ezinciphayo" ziphonsa inselelo enkulu kakhulu eminyangweni yonke kahulumeni ebhekene nesayense nobuchwepheshe, ikakhulu Umnyango wezoBuciko, Amasiko, Isayense nobuChwepheshe, Umnyango WezeMfundo noMnyango Wabasebenzi.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngokushesha iqhinga elinamandla afanele, kubalulekile ukulandelela izinkomba "zempilo yezinhlelo yesayense, yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokumisa izinhloso zekusasa". Uma kumiswa izinhloso, kufanele kuqashelwe amaphuzu achazwe ngenhla. Kusemqoka kakhulu ukuphawula ukuthi inqubekela-phambili idinga Iqhinga leR&D likaZwelonke eligamanxe futhi ladidiyelwa neminye imisebenzi. Izinkomba zethulwe ukuveza isithombe esikhona, ukutshala izimali nemiphumela yeqhinga kufinyelela ku 2012, kanti u1990 usetshenziswa njengonyaka oyisiqalo nokwaziwa imininingwane yawo evezwe kumaThebula 1 no 2.
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Ithebula 1 no 2 likhombisa izibalo zeNingizimu Afrika eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, njengamanje nesilindelwe eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Njengoba kubonisiwe, izinkomba azichazi izibalo eziyiqiniso kodwa zisiza njengesibikezelo. Kufanele ziholele ochungechungeni lwezenzo zokubhekana nenselelo. Zidinga ukuxhumana nokuhlela ngendlela edidiyele neminye iminyango kahulumeni lapho kukhona umthelela oqondile othinta Uhlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha.
Umdwebo 5: Umdwebo okhombisa isimo nokusebenza kwecebo elisha.
Kufanele kudwetshwe umehluko ogqamile phakathi kwemisebenzi yokubumba amakhono abantu kanye nezinguquko ezihambisana nobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yokuthi lemisebenzi eqavile ayikachazwa ngokwenele, igebe phakathi kwalabo abakhiqiza ulwazi nezimakethe alikabhekelwa kahle ezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kuboniswa ngomfanekiso woMdwebo 5.
Imizamo yokunciphisa igebe lojikelezo lwamacebo amasha igxile kakhulu ekuxhumaniseni umkhakha wolwazi lwabantu (amanyuvesi nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme) lusondele eduze kwezimakethe. Nakuba lokhu kubonakala njengento enomqondo, kulawula kakhulu uhlelo lwemfundo esikhathini esifushane esizayo, kwenyuse izinga lezinkinga ezifuna ukuxazululwa nokweluleka. Umphumela wokwehliswa kocwaningo lwezemfundo (uma uqhathanisa neminye imikhakha engamadlelo aluhlaza) wenyusa umthwalo wokufundisa kwabavele besemkhakheni wokufundisa, ulwazi oluncane locwaningo kubantu abenza izifundo zeqhuzu lesibili noma ngaphezulu, ukuzigodlela ulwazi noma isimo lapho lusingethwe khona yizimboni ezizimele. Konke lokhu kwandisa isikhathi sokucinga izindlela ezifanele, ngaphansi kohlelo oluxhaswe ngemali encane.
Isidingo esikhulu sokusebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezinsiza zeSET, ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuthuthukisa imizamo efanele yokuvala igebe lojikelezo lwamacebo amasha yizinto eziyinselelo enkulu kwinqubomgomo yeS&T eNingizimu Afrika. Okuchazwe ngenhla kubhebhethekiswa yisimo somlando wempokophelo engafanele yobuchwepheshe bukahulumeni (ukwethembela kakhulu kwimpahla yamandla, ezokuvikela nokuphepha kokudla kuzwelonke). Lempokophelo ephawulwe ngenhla ngeyesikhathi sakudala kanti esikhathini sanamuhla sentando yeningi, impokophelo yobuchwepheshe ezimbonini ezizimele (isibonelo, izimayini nokumbiwa phansi) inciphe kakhulu ebusweni bohwebo oluxube amazwe omhlaba.
Nakuba izinkomba ziveza, njengamanje azikho izinhlelo zokwethula impokophelo entsha.
Akumangalisi ukubona amazwe anamandla kwisayense (isibonelo, Brithani, Melika, Jalimane) iheha ososayense abaphambili ngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni balamazwe bazimisele ukuthwala ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zocwaningo ezigxile emanyuvesi. Izinhlelo ezixhaswe kancane azikwazi ukuncintisana nlezi zinga lezindleko. Kunobufakazi obuhle bokuthi ucwaningo oluxhaswe kahle Emanyuvesi nasezinhlanganweni zocwaningo emazweni amancane lungathuthuka futhi lugcine luyisiziba sokuthola amakhono amahle.
Iningizimu Afrika ibe negalelo locwaningo eliyingxenyeni yephesenti (0.5%) uma uqhathanisa namazwe omhlaba. Ngakho, kusemqoka kakhulu ukuxhumana ngamandla nohlelo lwezolwazi lwamazwe omhlaba. Iningizimu Afrika isayine izivumelwane ezimbalwa zeS&T namanye amazwe kanti kunesinye neNhlangano Yobumbana Yamazwe aseYurophu esikhuthaza iqhaza lethu ezinhlelweni zohlaka lwenhlangano. Yiqhaza namathuba afana neqhaza ocwaningeni lomhlaba okuyokwakha isimo esihle sokuba ososayense baseNingizimu Afrika bahlale ezweni, uma bethola ithuba lokuxhumana nozakwabo futhi behlanganyela ocwaningeni oluphambili lwamazwe omhlaba.
Lesi Sahluko siphawula Ngamacebo Amasha, Isahluko 6 sidingida amandla abasebenzi (SET) nezinguquko kanti Isahluko 7 sigxile ekwakhiweni nasekuqinisweni kohlelo lweS&T nengqalasizinda kahulumeni. KwiSahluko 8, amehlo abhekiswe ekutshaleni imali kwiQhinga leR&D kuZwelonke ngenhloso yokufeza izinhloso.
Amacebo amasha (inqubo okungena ngayo imikhiqizo nemisebenzi emisha emakethe nokubunjwa kwamabhizinisi amasha) ayinjini yokukhula komnotho nokudala umnotho. Uhulumeni udlala indima enkulu ngamacebo amasha ngokuthola inqubo yokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezigabeni zokuqala lapho izimboni ezizimmele zingazimisele khona ngobungozi. Uhulumeni ukwenza lokhu ngokutshala izinsiza emikhakheni enqala enamathuba nokuqinisekisa ngemali eyenele, ukuxhumana namalungiselelo afanele ezikhungo zokwenza impumelelo ngemali nezinsiza ezitshalwayo.
Njengamanje, iNingizimu Afrika inenkinga "yoJikelezo Lwamacebo Amasha" exoxwe kuSahluko esedlule. Ngaphandle kwengxenye enkulu yeqhaza lemboni ezimele ezikhungweni ezithile zemfundo nasemikhandlwini yocwaningo, ukukhula komnotho okuzinze kumacebo amasha asendaweni kuncane kakhulu. Imisebenzi eminingi igxile ekuthuthukiseni amakhono abantu nocwaningo nokwenyusa ucwaningo kulokho osekuvele kukhona.
Lezi zimpokophelo ngamathuba anqala okutshala izimali ukufinyelela ekulinganeni noma ukukhonya emkhakheni othile wobuchwepheshe noma emkhakheni womkhiqizo. Impokophelo yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha anomthelela wobumbano embonini nasemphakathini ocwaningayo ngoba anika isizathu sokufaka igalelo, sokuheha abantu abasha nokutshala imali nokusungula ubuchwepheshe obusha.
Iningizimu Afrika inamandla okuzenzela alingene esikhathi samanje okwenza kungabi lula ukuhlangabezana nenselelo entsha yobuchwepheshe obuthathwa njengobucayi emnothweni womhlaba, isibonelo I-ICT nobuchwepheshe kwizilimo.
Ezingeni lesikhungo, asinawo amandla okuzenzela adidiyele akwazi lokubhekana namacebo amasha ngendlela ehlelekile. Ohulumeni abaningi abanezinhlelo zeS&T ezilingana nathi basungule izikhungo eziqondene nokubhekana nempokophelo yamacebo amasha nokuhlinzeka ngezikhali ezifanele zokweseka. Lezo zikhungo zinomlando omuhle ekukhuthazweni kwezimboni ezintsha nokuhlinzeka ngesizinda sokuqinisa izimboni ezindala - ukwethula ubuchwepheshe obusha nolwazi.
Ukugcina isimo somsebenzi wamacebo amasha usebenza ngokubumbene, kunemizamo embalwa okufanele yenziwe. Umngenela onqala kwisakhiwo kuyoba ukusungulwa kweziko likahulumeni, Inhlangano Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe (FTI) enikwe isibophezelo sokukhuthaza nokuqinisa amacebo amasha obuchwepheshe.
i-FTI iyodala isimo sezimali nempokophelo yobuchwepheshe eyoqondana nezidingo-nqangi, izimboni nezindawo ezintsha okufanele kutshalwe kuzo izimali ezithinta kakhulu izinga-mpilo nokukhula komnotho. Leyo mpokophelo isebenze kakhulu empumelelweni endulela impi yomhlaba ezizweni eziningi ezatshala izinsiza kuR&D zedlulela nasekuvaleni igebe lokudalwa kwamacebo amasha.
Maningi amathuluzi okuqoqa imali (Izibonelo; Isikhwama Samacebo Amasha, SPII no PII) nokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zokubedlulisa (Tsumisano, GODISA neNAMAC, kwezinye) ezingahlomula ngokubumba nokusebenzisa umgudu owodwa ohlelekile wokubhekela ikusasa. Kuyoba nesidingo sokubuyekeza okunye kwalokhu nobudlelwane bokunye nokunye ukuqinisa iqhaza elenziwa kumacebo amasha.
Ukufinyelela ebuChwephesheni kosomabhizinisi abancane nabaphakathi nendawo nezinkampani zabamnyama kungaba yinkinga uma zingekho izinsiza zobuchwepheshe bendawo. Amazwe amaningi anezinhlelo ezincane zamacebo amasha zihlinzeka izinsiza zobuchwepheshe kulawo mabhizinisi afuna ubuchwepheshe. Kunesiphakamiso sokusungula uhlelo lokuthungatha lezi zinhlobo zokufuna ubuchwepheshe.
Amanye amazwe anezinhlelo ezithile zokwethula uxhaso emishinini ethile yeR&D emabhizinisini noma ukuhlinzeka ngosizo olwehlukile lwemali yokwenza ngcono imigudu yokuthenga. Kuyobaluleka ukuphenya ukuthi lendlela ingaba yimpumelelo eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukusungula amandla okuzenzela, ukuxhumanisa nokutshala imali kwimpokophelo yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha eNingizimu Afrika. Njengoba kuchaziwe esingenisweni (isigaba 1.1) impokophelo yobuchwepheshe ephambili yaseNingizimu Afrika yasuswa wuhulumeni omdala phakathi kuka1990 no 1994.
Ukuhlanganisa nokudidiyela indlela okuphethwe ngayo amacebo amasha, imizamo yokufukamela amabhizinisi amasha nokusatshalaliswa kwayo okwehlukene lapha eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukusungula izinhlelo zosomabhizinisi abancane nabamnyama ukuthungatha ubuchwepheshe emhlabeni uma lungatholakali ekhaya.
I-FTI ayikwazi ukuzenzela yona imisebenzi yamacebo amasha - efana nocwaningo olwandulela ukukhishwa komkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, ukufukamela ibhizinisi njalo njalo kodwa ifaka imali futhi isize ngolwazi namanye amaqhinga alemisebenzi.
Emhlabeni jikelele, izinhlangano eziqhuba imisebenzi ye-FTI zakha amandla okuzenzela ukuze imboni ezimele ikwazi ukuqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza ekuqhubeleni phambili impokophelo yobuchwepheshe obusemqoka obemukelwe. Ngalendlela, kubumbeka ubudlelwane obuhle nobunempumelelo obunezithelo zokuzimisela okuqinile ezinhlosweni zamacebo amasha.
Umsebenzi weziko uyoshayelwa kakhulu yinqubomgomo nemizamo kahulumeni. I-FTI iyodinga amandla amakhulu okuzenzela ekuphathweni kweS&T nokuphatha ubuchwepheshe bamacebo amasha. Leli ziko liyodinga isiqu esicacile.
Leli ziko kufanele libunjelwe emisebenzini ekhona engaphakathi kwalomkhakha. Ngokuphathekayo, lingaqalwa ngokubuyekezwa kabusha kweSikhwama Somfelandawonye Samacebo Amasha esiyosheshisa ukusungulwa kwalo nokuqalwa kwemisebenzi eqavile elimiselwe yona.
Isikhathi soguquko lwesayense nobuchwepheshe eNingizimu Afrika sibandakanya ukunciphisa izimpokophelo zesikhathi sobandlululo (esasigxile kakhulu ezintweni ezifana nezamandla, ukungethembeli kwabanye, amandla ezempi ekuhlaseleni nasekuvikeleni izwe nohlelo lwenuzi, ukubala nje okumbalwa). Ngaphezu kwalokhu okubaliwe, izimo zokwemukelwa ngamazwe omhlaba zinciphise amathuba amabhizinisi aseNingizimu Afrika ukubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuvezeni amacebo amasha ayebonakala esikhathini esidlule.
Okunye futhi, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla amandla onke okuzenzela ohlelo ayingxenye yokukodwa kokuthathu kanti kufanele afinyelele kuhhafu wobukhulu ukuze abe yisisekelo somnotho wolwazi waseNingizimu Afrika esikhathini esiphakathi nendawo neside esizayo. Kunezinto eziphathana kabi ezihlobene nokwehlisa ucwaningo embonini ezimmele, izinga lokusingatha ubungozi ezingeni likazwelonke, ukusebenzisa ithuba nokufaka igalelo ebudlelwaneni bamazwe omhlaba emkhakheni wesayense nobuchwepheshe kwiNhlangano yeNEPAD namazwe athuthukile. Inqubo embalwa yenqubomgomo namaqhinga, kokunye, iphendla indlela yokuqoka impokophelo entsha.
Imizamo yamanje "yokudweba umhlahlandlela" ohlose ukuchaza kangcono izinsiza zobuchwepheshe okufanele zitshalwe ukuze ukwazi ukuncintisana nezimakethe zemikhiqizo ephambili (ukuqhubeka).
Inhloso enkulu yempokophelo yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha ukwenyusa isivinini sokukhula komnotho nokudala umnotho ngendlela eqhubeka njalo nokwenza ngcono izinga-mpilo labantu baseNingizimu Afrika. Leyo mpokophelo idala isimo sokwenyuka kwesivinini samasu amasha akhelwe ebuchwephesheni. Akusiyo yonke impokophelo yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha eyenza izinto ngale ndlela. Kwezinye iziwombe, sebukhona ubuchwepheshe kanti sekubhekwe ukwehlisa izindleko, ukukhombisa nokuqinisa ukwemukelwa nokusetshenziswa kwabo. Kwezinye izigameko, ubuchwepheshe busebusha noma busephansi kwezinguquko ezishubile kanti ubungoti bezimboni nosolwazi kwezemfundo buyabaluleka ekusungulweni kwamacebo amasha. Ngakho, impokophelo ehlukene ixube imisebenzi yokufeza izinhloso zayo. Ngemuva kwempi yomhlaba, amaqhinga ezomnotho ayimpumelelo alunjaniswa maduze nezinsiza zikahulumeni ezitshalwe ekusunguleni amacebo amasha.
Ukusungula amacebo amasha kudinga ukhethe lokho okufunayo nezinsiza. Izigaba zakamuva zamacebo amasha (ukukhuphula, isingeniso somkhiqizo, inqubo yobunjiniyela, ukusebenza kokuqala kwesikhungo somkhiqizo) zibiza imali enkulu futhi zihlala zinobungozi bobuchwepheshe. Mikhulu imivuzo etholwa yizizwe eziphumelelayo.
Impokophelo yamacebo amasha inomthelela ekuthuthukiseni abasebenzi kodwa sekuvamile ukuthi impokophelo yamacebo amasha ithathe ngokuthi amakhono afanele kubantu yinto okufanele ikhiqizwe wuhlelo olubanzi lwezemfundo (bona isimo samakhono abasebenzi noguquko ngezansi). Indawo okugxilwe kuyo ngamacebo amasha, ukukhombisa ubuchwepheshe, ukufukamela amabhizinisi amasha nezinga eliphezulu lokuxhumanisa abasebenzi abanolwazi nababhizinisi abandanyeka kumacebo amasha obuchepheshe.
Njengamanje, izinhlangano zaseNingizimu Afrika zinethuba elincane noma izinsiza zobuchwepheshe kodwa kunobufakazi bokuthi kunobuchwepheshe obuhle obulahlekayo noma okungahwetshwa ngabo ngenxa yokwentuleka kwezinsiza zamacebo amasha.
Ukuze ibe nempumelelo impokophelo yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha kufanele ihlangabezane nemigamu emiselwe izinhloso nephathelene nemiphumela elindelwe.
Izimvume zamafa omqondo osebenza kwamanye amazwe eziyifa leNingizimu Afrika.
Ukuqagula impokophelo yobuchwepheshe namacebo amasha akusiyo inqubo yezemfundo futhi ayibanzi ukwenabela kuyo yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho noma kwinselelo yenhlalo. Leyo mpokophelo iqagulelwa kakhulu umthelela ezintweni zezinga-mpilo nasemathubeni okudala umnotho. Kunemikhakha emine eqokelwe ukuqhuba intuthuko ethathelwe emaqhingeni achazwe ngenhla nokubuyekeza amandla okuzenzela oHlelo Lwamacebo Amasha kaZwelonke.
Ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo izimboni ezigxile kwizizinda nokuthuthukisa izimboni ezisebenzisa ulwazi olusha olukhiqizwa yizo (ukuhlanganisa amandla ezimboni ezikhona).
Iningizimu Afrika nesifunda babhekene nenselelo enkulu yokulwa nobuphofu.
Iningizimu Afrika ibhekene nenselelo enkulu yobuphofu. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, ngabantu besifazane ezindaweni zasemaphandleni abathwala umthwalo onzima wengxenye yosizi. Njengoba lukhula uhlelo lweNEPAD futhi nezingxoxo zeWSSD zikhombisile, ubuchwepheshe kufanele budlale indima enkulu. Ukuze intuthuko ikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside, imiphakathi yasemakhaya nasemadolobheni kufanele ikwazi ukufinyelela kumacebo amasha adlondlobalisa intuthuko naletha izixazululo ezintsha nezinamandla ukwedlula ezibonakale esikhathini esidlule. Amacebo amasha awamane alungele ukusetshenziswe nje ukulwa nobuphofu. Inqubo yokuthenga impahla isadonsela emuva, abantu kufanele baqiniswe idolo ngezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza eziyobahlomulisa kanti ochwepheshe abaningi bathatha kancane inqubo yenhlalo edingelwa ukwemukela izinhlelo nezindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.
Kunentuthuko entsha eyenzeka ekuhlinzekeni ezempilo nemfundo ziphendulwe amacebo amasha enhlalo, inqobo uma ehlolwa ngendlela esabalele futhi emukelwa yimiphakathi futhi nabantu bezibambela iqhaza kwinqubo yokusebenzisa amacebo amasha. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zokusebenzisa imithi ngokusebenzisa ucingo okuyinto engasiza ekuguquleni ukwethulwa kosizo lwempilo emakhaya. Kunemihlomulo eminingi ngokwethula izifundo lapho kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-internet. Uma seyikhona inqalasizinda efanele, ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-email bubonakala bushibhile ukwedlula ukuthumela nokubhala izincwadi ngeposi. Amazwe amaningi aphezu kwezinhlelo zokuhlola imikhiqizo nokuyethula emphakathini. Lezi zinhlelo zinomthelela omkhulu futhi zisebenzisa izinsiza zocingo ezishibhile ngoba izingcingo sezandile, ngakho zifinyelela kalula kubantu zandise ulwazi nokuxhumana.
Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, kunamasu amasha okwethula imisebenzi kubalimi nolwazi lwentengo kanye nezimakethe okuyinto enciphisa ukwethembela kwimigudu yokudayisa umkhiqizo.
Izindawo eziningi ezihlala abantu eNingizimu Afrika zakhiwe ngokugqagqelana okwenza kube lukhuni ukuletha izinsiza ezifana nogesi. Leli yiqiniso elihlaluke ngesikhathi kwethulwa izinhlelo zikagesi ezweni lonke. Kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa amandla namakhono ezindaweni nokuletha izinhlelo zezamandla ezishibhile nezaziwa kahle.
Izidingo-nqangi zeNingizimu Afrika kwiWSSD zilandela kakhulu isidingo sokunciphisa ubuphofu nokuhlinzeka izinhlelo zokubuka ngelinye iso intuthuko.
Kunokuhambisana okukhulu kwezidingo-nqangi zeWSSD neNEPAD. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokwemukelwa kweqhaza elisemqoka lobuchwepheshe ekunciphiseni ubuphofu nokuqinisa intuthuko emile kufanele kuqondwe ngamehlo okwakha nokuqinisa amakhono abantu (bona izikhungo zamakhono ngezansi) nokudala izixazululo eziningi ezinamandla ngempokophelo yalobu buchwepheshe.
Iqhinga kufanele liqondane nezizathu zobuphofu nomthelela wokuphofu kubantu besifazane nomphakathi ngoba abesifazane bathwele kanzima.
g Ukwenza ngcono izinga lomsoco emikhiqizweni yolimo okuholela kwimpilo engcono.
Iningizimu Afrika ayikwazi ukuziba intuthuko embili eqavile yobuchwepheshe eyenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Lobu wubuchwepheshe be-ICT Nezinto eziphilayo. Ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo nomthelela wabo kuchaziwe kwiQhinga likaZwelonke Lobuchwepheshe Bezinto eziphilayo. Sesiqalile nezinhlelo zokuqala umsebenzi. Ukushicilelwa kweQhinga kwahlanganisa isibalo esiningi semizamo yezifundazwe kanti sekudingeka isethembiso sokutshala izimali. Ukuphathwa kwalezi zigcawu ezintsha kuyodluliselwa kwiNhlangano Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe lapho seyibunjiwe.
I-ICT ibonakala isemqoka ezweni kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi iningi lemali etshalwe ku-ICT isebuchwepwesheni obuncelwe kwamanye amazwe (bufinyelela kumaphesenti angu-98). Iningizimu Afrika kayinawo amandla amakhulu okuzenzela iR&D futhi uma ezikhathini lapho ingenza kahle kakhulu, imiphumela yakhona ayicaci kahle. Ngakho, kusemqoka ukutshala imali emikhakheni ehlukene ye-ICT enezimpawu ezehlukile engahambisana kahle nentuthuko yasekhaya ihlonyulelwe umhlaba.
Ukubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni imizamo yezwe yokunciphisa izindleko zentengo yamakhompuyutha (isibonelo, uhlobo olwaziwa ngeSimputer eNdiya).
Isinyathelo sesibili sesigcawu se-ICT kungaba wukuqinisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ICT ezimbonini ezimandla ngezinsiza ezitholakala ezweni kanjalo nokukhiqiza. Kulo mkhakha, kungenzeka kusetshenziswe kakhulu ulwazi oluncelwe kwamanye amazwe kodwa inselelo enkulu isekuthuthukiseni nokwenza ngcono ikhono lokudidiyela nokwenza ngcono indlela yokusebenzisa I-ICT kulezi zimboni.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana emkhathini sekube nomthelela wokusitha ubuchwepheshe obuningi obukhiqiza ulwazi ngesimo somhlaba, yizinto eziwakhele kanjalo nemvelo yaselwandle. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, ubuchwepheshe bokuqopha izinto ezisemhlabathini ube usemkhathini kwenyuka ngesivinini esikhulu, singaphawula ukuhlelela ukhetho, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi, intuthuko yamadolobha nokuhlela izindawo zokuhlala, amabalazwe njalo njalo. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe lisephansi ukwedlula izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola lobu buchwepheshe ngenxa yokuthi izithombe ezithwetshuliwe azisetshenziswa ngokwenele noma azenganyelwe ngemfanelo. Imisebenzi kahulumeni ingaqina kakhulu uma bekukhona amacebo amasha akwazi ukuhlanganisa amaqhinga okusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-internet anamandla okubambisana nalezi zinsiza nobuchwepheshe osebukhona bokuqopha emkhathini.
Ukuqina kolwazi kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ezimbonini ezidlondlobalayo emkhakheni wokukhiqiza kanti iningi lalezi zimboni, ezifana nemboni yezimoto zisungule uhlelo oludidiyele lokwakhiwa kwezimoto. Lokhu kuchazwe emqulwini woMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni osanda kukhishwa. Lezi zimboni zisebenza ngokubheka zonke izigaba zomkhiqizo bese zilumbanisa kahle izigaba zobuchwepheshe (okufana nokudweba, ukulawula iqophelo nokugcinwa kwempahla) okuyinto engakavami kakhulu eNingimu Afrika. Amazwe atshala imali ngokufanele ayohlomula esikhathini esizayo ngoba ukuqina kolwazi embonini yokukhiqiza izimoto yinto ekhulayo.
Ezimbonini zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali nemithi, kunemikhakha enqala engakagqami kakhulu efana: nokuhlaziya izici zengxube, incazelo yobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo, izilwane nezinto eziphilayo nokuphatha izinhlelo ezingeni elikhulu, njalo njalo. Ukuqoka lezi zindawo nokuveza izixazululo kwenza izwe laseNingizimu Afrika libe yindawo eheha abatshali bezimali, kwenyuse namathuba okuhweba ngamafa omqondo emhlabeni futhi kwenyuse amandla namathuba okugxila kulezi zindawo esikhathini esizayo (imishini yokumba ezimayini, umkhiqizo wezimoto ezishayelwa kwesokudla, umkhiqizo omusha wemithi njalonjalo).
Lezi zimboni ezilandelayo: ezolimo, ukudweba olwandle namahlathi, imikhiqizo yasemayini nokumbiwa phansi nezamandla, yizinto eziyohlala njalo zibalulekile eNingizimu Afrika. Imboni yezolimo nezinye izimboni zemikhiqizo yemvelo , izimayini namandla zinamathuba namandla avele ekhona angazenza zisetshenziswe njengomjikelo wokuqhubela phambili intuthuko. Njengoba kuchaziwe kwiQhinga Lokukhiqiza Ngokudidiyela loMnyango Wohwebo Nezimboni, izindlela zokucabanga ezidlule (ukwethembela kakhulu empahleni engaguquliwe, abasebenzi abashibhile, ubuchwepheshe obuvikelwe abathile namalungelo ayingcosana okufinyelela emakethe) azisafukameleki isikhathi eside. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sekugqame kakhulu abantu abaqeqeshwe kakhulu, izinga elikhulayo lokuthuthukisa indlela yokwenza izinto, ukusungulwa kwamacebo amasha obuchwepheshe nokuthola ngendlela ehlakaniphile ulwazi yizinto esezihamba phambili nezehlukanisa phakathi kwabathuthukayo nabamile. Lokhu kudinga ukuqinisa igalelo lolwazi ezimbonini ezigxile kakhulu emikhiqizweni yemvelo. Iqhinga elifana naleli lihambisana kakhulu nengxenye yomkhuba waseFinland weminyaka yo1990 lokuvuselelwa kabusha kwesizinda sokuqasha esasebenza ngokuzwana nezimakethe ezintsha ze-IT ezaqoqa amakhono amasha abasebenzi.
Iningizimu Afrika iyaqhubeka nokukhombisa igxathu elihle lokusungula amacebo amasha embonini yempahla yemvelo. Eziwombeni eziningi izinguquko ezinhlakeni zamabhizinisi amakhulu akithi nezinga elehlile le R&D kanye nesabelo sezimali samacebo amasha sishiye lobu buchwepheshe ezandleni zokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindawo. Ngesinye isikhathi ubuchwepheshe buthola indawana ethile enothile ngaphakathi ezweni bese behluleka ukufinyelela kwamanye amazwe lapho bungadlondlobala ngempela khona.
Lezi zimboni zinomfutho wokuncintisana ngentengo ngokwenza izinto ngendlela ehlukile nehlomulisayo lapho zingahlangana khona nezimakethe ezintsha nokuguqula noma zenze ngcono indlela yokudidiyela umgudu wonke wokukhiqiza bese udayiswa kwamanye amazwe. Zonke lezi zindawo ziwalungele amacebo amasha obuchwepheshe nokusungulwa kwezindlela ezintsha zohwebo.
Isikhwama Samacebo amasha asikafinyeleli esivininini sokukhula esilindelwe. Izimali ezintsha ziyodingelwa ukubuyisela lesi simo emgqeni. Uma impokophelo yobuchwepheshe seyisunguliwe emikhakheni eqokiwe, Isikhwama Samacebo amasha siyodlala indima enkulu esondele ezimakethe (ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo othile noma ukweseka umqondo). Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, Isikhwama Samacebo amasha siyobumba amandla okuzenzela ngokutshala imali kubafundi besayense nobunjiniyela ngesikhathi befunda eNyuvesi lapho beyocobelela khona ulwazi lokucwaninga nokuqala imikhiqizo yokulingisa. Lendlela yokufunda isetshenziswa yizikhungo ezifana neMIT yaseMelika neFinland ekwenzeni imiphumela yocwaningo ihehe abafuna ukuqala amabhizinisi. Izindleko zokwenza ngalendlela zincane kodwa izinga lokubunjwa kwamabhizinisi amasha likhula masinyane.
Kusemqoka kakhulu ukusungula uhlelo lokuthola amafa omqondo (IP) ocwaningeni olufakelwe kahle imali wuhulumeni oluhlangabezana nesikalo esithile. Amandla okuthola amafa omqondo avame ukuncintisana (ngokwesabelo-mali) nezinye izindleko ezifana namahholo. Lokhu kudinga ukwaziswa bese kuhlinzekwa ngemali yokuthola amacebo amasha nemidwebo eqondene.
Izinhlelo zokuhlola zamanje nokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe nokufukamela amabhizinisi amasha kufanele ziqiniswe. Izinhlelo ze-GODISA neTSUMISANO ziletha ithemba kodwa zixhaswe kakhulu yi-ODA. Kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuxhumanisa lezi zinhlelo, I-SPII, PII neSikhungo Sokweluleka Ukukhiqiza zibe wuhlelo olubuka ngeso elilodwa neliseka amacebo amasha. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinyathelo, labo abanekhono lokusungula amacebo amasha nosomabhizinisi abasha akufanele balahlekelwe yisikhathi sabo ukulalela nokuqonda izinhlelo ezahlukene. Ngaphandle kokudidiyela ngendlela elungile, uhlelo ngalunye lusungula isikali salo nesu ngaphandle kokuveza ithuba lokushiyelana ulwazi nokusebenzisa izinsiza kulezo zindawo ezinamathuba angcono.
Isibalo esiningi salezi zinhlelo sizakhele umlando, ngakho zingaqiniswa ukwenyusa ubukhulu nomthelela. Kunemizamo yeziFundazwe engahlomula ngamandla okushiyelana ulwazi ngenhloso yokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezinhlelo (Isibonelo, CITI ne-Innovation Hub).
Ukufinyelela ebuchwephesheni koSozimboni Abancane Nabaphakathi nendawo kanye Namabhizinisi Abantu Abamnyama kungaba yinkinga uma bungekho ubuchwepheshe bezinsiza zendawo. Amazwe amaningi anezinhlelo ezincane zokusungula amacebo amasha ahlinzekela lawo mabhizinisi ngosizo lokufuna ubuchwepheshe.
Amanye amazwe anezinhlelo ezithile zokwethula uxhaso lwemishini ethile yeR&D emabhizinisini noma ethule usizo lwezimali oluqondene namakhono okuthenga. Kungaba semqoka ukuphenya ukuthi lendlela ingaba yini yimpumelelo eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukukhulisa masinyane Umnotho Nentuthuko": Igalelo leQhinga Lokukhiqiza Ngendlela Edidiyele" kwethulwe esikhathini esifushane esidlule wuMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni. Lokhu kuveza ngokusobala isidingo "sokwakhela phezu kwengqalasizinda nohlelo lomkhiqizo, intengo yempahla enokuncintisana, amakhono, ubuchwepheshe namacebo amasha, ukusebenza ngokubambisana, ukulawula ngendlela efanele nosizo lukahulumeni". Iqhinga likhomba ukuthi "umnyombo wentuthuko ugxile ekuqineni kolwazi okuchaza ukusebenzisa nokuthuthukisa ulwazi namakhono abantu bakithi ngenhloso yokudidiyela ubuchwepheshe, amacebo amasha nezidingo zolwazi olunzulu lwe-ICT nomgudu wonke wokusebenza kwesimo sezomnotho."
Ngakho, kunesidingo esikhulu sobumbano phakathi kweQhinga likaZwelonke leR&D neQhinga Lokukhiqiza Ngendlela Edidiyelwe. Njengoba kuchaziwe "Kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa amandla angaphakathi okuzenzela kwisayense, ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe namakhono ezingeni eliphezulu (ikhasi 16)". Kuye kwaphawulwa kakhulu ngokucaphuna leliqhinga: "Iqhinga lobuchwepheshe obusha, amacebo, ucwaningo nentuthuko (R&D) liphakamisa amalinge ambalwa okufanele uhulumeni awalandele ahlangene nokwethula isimo esihle esivumela ukuba iR&D ikwazi ukusebenza kanjalo nokubumba amandla afanele okuzenzela emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo eNingizimu Afrika.
Izindawo noma imikhakha eqagulwe yiQhinga Lokukhiqiza Ngendlela Edidiyele zifuna amalinge ahlose amacebo athile amasha okwenza izinto. Ngaphandle nje kwamalinge aphawuliwe obuchwepheshe kwizinto eziphilayo ne-ICT, zinomthelela embonini ehlonziwe nesidingo sokudala amaxhama okuxhumana emikhakheni engagxilile ebuchwephesheni bolwazi olunzulu, izimboni ezihamba phambili ezikhiqizayo zidinga njalo izimali ukuze zinciphise ukwethembela ebuchwephesheni obuncelwa kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuyoxuba imikhakha efana nezimboni zezimoto nezokuthutha, imboni yamakhemikhali nemishini eseka imboni yasemayini. Insika yesibili yokuhlangabezana nenselelo wukweseka izinhlelo ezithile zamacebo amasha ezimbonini ezisebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo ezihlanganisa imikhiqizo yezolimo, insimbi nezamandla.
Iqhinga lesikhathi eside lezolimo eNingizimu Afrika libheke kakhulu ulwazi namacebo amasha okusebenza. Njengamanje, ucwaningo lwezolimo lwenziwa ezingeni lesiFundazwe noZwelonke. Kunesidingo esemukelwe sokucacisa phakathi kwale mikhakha emibili. Lona wumkhakha onesidingo esicacile somnyango oqondene nemisebenzi. Isidingo sokwenyusa izimali ezitshalwe ocwaningeni lwezolimo njengeqhinga locwaningo embonini seseka isiphetho sokuhlaziywa kweqhinga lesikhathi esizayo elethulwe lapha.
Ngakho, Uhlelo Lokucwaninga Ezolimo kuZwelonke lulindele (futhi lwethula) amalinge obuholi ahambisana ngokugcwele neQhinga likaZwelonke leR&D.
Namuhla isayense wumsebenzi oqhubeka emhlabeni wonke. Nasemazweni athuthuke kakhulu (njengeJalimane neCanada) abahlaziya inqubomgomo bazwakalisa ukukhala ngokuthi ososayense abaphambili bahuhwa kakhulu wuhlelo lwaseMelika. Ukuphikisa nokulwisana nalomkhuba, amazwe athintekayo ethula imizamo ehlukene yokungenelela isimo. Isibonelo, iCanada isibeke eceleni isamba sokuphendla izikhundla ezingu-2000 zobunjiniyela nesayense emanyuvesi akhona nezihlelelwe iminyaka emihlanu ezayo. IFulansi neJalimani isohlelweni lokuguqula kakhulu imithetho nemikhuba yokukhuthaza amaxhama okuxhumana esayense nezimboni ukuze ahambisane noMthetho iBayh-Dole waseMelika okhombisa ukuba yimpumelelo kakhulu. ENingizimu Afrika, imibiko esanda kuphuma ikhomba amaphesenti angu-11 ngonyaka abantu abashiya phansi umsebenzi waselabholethi kahulumeni kanti ngamaphesenti angu-15 abacwaningi abashiya amanyuvesi ngesizathu esifanayo. Kulesi sibalo esichaziwe, amaphesenti angu-5 ngososayense abashiya amalabholethi kahulumeni namaphesenti angu-22 abafundisa amanyuvesi abathathwa ngamanye amazwe.
Uhlu lwakamuva lokufuduka kochwepheshe bezimboni ezisebenzisa kakhulu ulwazi eNingizimu Afrika lushiya imibuzo ngekhono lakithi lokugcina amakhono abalulekile. Sekunomkhuba ovamile wamabhizinisi wokuthungatha amakhono ocwaningo kwamanye amazwe. Kusobala ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa yisidingo sokuzuza ngokomnotho kodwa Iningizimu Afrika kufanele isungule iqhinga lokulwa nalokhu. Esikhathini esiningi umphumela walokhu wukulahlekelwa ngamabhizinisi asungulwe kuleli nabunjwe ngomqondo waseNingizimu Afrika. Isiphetho salomdlalo wukwehla kwegalelo lamabhizinisi asekhaya agcine eyizikhungo zokudayisa nje okuyinto ephikisana nentuthuko njengenhliziyo yokusungulwa kwamacebo amasha nokukhiqiza.
Uhlelo olunethuba lokuba sezingeni lomhlaba nolungabamba iqhaza elwazini oluhamba phambili emhlabeni.
Ikakhulu emazweni athuthukile, kuya ngokwanda ukubona ukudibana kwalezi zinkambiso. Isimo esinzulu sokuncintisana ngenxa yohwebo lomhlaba nokukhula ngesivinini kobuchwepheshe bolwazi lwezinto eziphilayo siholele ekuphuthumeni kwezinhlelo zokusungula amacebo amasha. Umnotho ohlangene wamazwe omhlaba uncike kakhulu elwazini ukwedlula esikhathini esiphambili, futhi kuyacaca ukuthi wulwazi olusha oluhambisana nekhono lokuncintisana nokwenza umehluko. Amazwe asathuthuka kufanele azicije kanjani ngesimo somnotho ogxile elwazini nesincike emkhakheni wocwaningo lukazwelonke nasemaxhameni okuxhumana kulomkhakha noHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha?
Kuyacaca ukuthi impokophelo echazwe kuSahluko 5 inikwa umdlandla yizifiso zokuhlangabezana nezinhloso ezinkulu zomnotho nenhlalo. Lena "yinkambiso yemakethe" eshayela izinhlelo zamacebo amasha. Ukwengezela lokhu, umkhuba obonakala emhlabeni uncoma ukuthi indlela enhle yokwakha amakhono abasebenzi wukugxila ekusebenzeni ngokuzikhandla nokungabekezelwa kwamaphutha ezingeni lomhlaba. Ezweni elifana neNingizimu Afrika, yimaphi amaqhinga akhona okuthuthukisa amathuba ososayense nokwenza baphumelele Kusobala ukuthi njengoba sinezinsiza ezilingene, amathuba amakhulu empumelelo ancike kumakhono ethu okugxila ezintweni esingazenza sibe singakhohliwe wukuxhumana nabacwaningi bomhlaba?
Imikhakha yesayense enamathuba acacile ngenhla yalapho ikhona ngokwendawo.
Imikhakha yesayense enamathuba asobala olwazi.
Ubuchwepheshe be-fluorine (imigoqo yokungenisa umkhiqizo ezweni ichaza ukuthi ubungoti obusungulwe ohlelweni lwensimbi eyigugu i-uranium lungaphendulwa amathuba amahle eNingizimu Afrika).
Izibonelo ezinikiwe zihlose ukwenza umzekelo kodwa azigeqi amagula. Zikhombisa indlela yokubuka isayense ezama ukuklelisa phambili lokho okungaba nemiphumela nokungasetshenziswa ekudaleni amathuba nomqondo wokuncintisana kuzwelonke.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi umdlandla omkhulu wososayense ngabanye udalwa wugqozi lomqondo ngaphandle nje kokuqhathanisa nemiphumela elindelwe, kufanele ukuthi izinqumo zithathwe ngendlela engalandeli kuphela imizwa nogqozi lomuntu ngokwakhe. Ukwehluleka ukuklelisa izidingo-nqangi ngendlela ezama ukukhuphula izinga lomthelela yisenzo sokungazibophezeli futhi esichitha amathuba. Umphakathi nalabo abathatha izinqumo nabakhethwe wumphakathi bathatha izinyathelo zokulungisa isimo ngenhloso yokuphumelela. Yiqhinga elinzulu kososayense, kubaphathi besayense nochwepheshe benqubomgomo ukusungula indlela elula yokwenza ngcono amathuba empumelelelo.
Awavuselelwe ngokwenele amakhono abasebenzi bakithi besayense nobuchwepheshe. Yikho nje umphakathi unesibalo sososayense abagugayo - njengamanje umkhiqizo negalelo lamaphesenti lingamaphesenti angu-50 livela kososayense abaneminyaka edlule ku-50 uma uqhathanisa namapheshenti angu-18 ngo 1990- bona umdwebo x. Embonini ezimmele, isibalo sabacwaningi sehle ngamaphesenti angu-16 eminyakeni emine edlule. Njengamanje, kunomcwaningi oyedwa enkulungwaneni ngayinye yesibalo sabantu abaqashiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nabacwaningi abayisithupha e-Australia neshumi eJaphani. Noma ikhona inqubekela-phambili ekuthuthukiseni abaphathi abamnyama ohlelweni lwesayense nobuchwepheshe (sisuka emaphesentini angu-4 ngo 1994 siya ku-30 namuhla) kodwa basebancane kakhulu abacwaningi abamnyama. Iphesenti lemibhalo eshicilelwa ngososayense abamnyama linyuke lisuka emaphesentini angu-3.5 ngo 1990 lafinyelela nje ku-8 ngo1998.
Seyiqalile imizamo eminingi eMnyangweni Wezemfundo ukukhuthaza Izibalo Nesayense (isibonelo, Umsebenzi Wokuqoka izikole ezingu-100). Noma kunjalo, kudingeka izinhlelo zamacebo amasha uma siyokwazi ukuqhubeka sedlule isibalo esikhona njengamanje sabafundi abangu-3 000 abaphumelela izifundo zabo zeZibalo kwizinga eliphezulu. Okwedlula lokhu, kufanele kwandiswe kakhulu isibalo samantombazane athatha izifundo zezibalo, zesayense nobunjiniyela ngesikhathi zisafunda isikole nokuyosiza abesifazane bangene emkhakheni wesayense, yobuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela.
Loludaba seluyingcindezi enkulu ngangoba sekusemqoka ukwenyusa izinhlelo "zangaphandle kwesikole" zokweseka izifundo zezibalo, zesayense, ubunjiniyela nezifundo zekhompuyutha. Izinhlelo zokuhlola eziqhutshwa ngamavolontiya azinikelayo zikhombisa imiphumela emihle. Kufanele kubhekelwe futhi nalezo zikole ezikhuthaza umkhiqizo wabafundi bakamatikuletsheni abamnyama nabesifazane beZibalo neSayense kwizinga eliphakeme. Isibonelo; izikole ezizimele ezikhiqiza abafundi bezinga eliphakeme leZibalo neSayense benganxeshezelwa ngokunikwa imali efana noxhaso lwemfundo eqondaniswe nemali echithwe kubafundi.
Imisebenzi Yengqalasizinda, isibonelo iSouthern African Large Telescope nePebble Bed Modula Reactor ingasebenza kakhulu ekuvuseleni umdlandla wesayense entsheni. Inhlangano kaZwelonke Yocwaningo isungula amacebo amasha okufundisa noxhaso lwezimali esibalweni sabafundi abamnyama abenza izifundo zemfundo ephakeme. Nakuba kwenzeka lokhu, amathuba adinga ukusatshalaliswa nawo wonke umkhakha. Akusizi kakhulu uma izingxenye ezinkulu zososayense abancane zidlulela emikhakheni engeyona eyesayense ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zabo. Lomkhuba udalwa kakhulu yizinga eliphezulu lokugcogcoma kwentsha efundile emikhakheni okwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yini imbangela, lomkhuba ungancipha kuphela ngokuzibophezela ezingeni likazwelonke ezinhlelweni zentuthuko nocwaningo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuheha intsha emkhakheni wesayense nobunjiniyela kudinga incazelo eqondile yokuthi lemikhakha inekusasa nokuthi labo abalandela lomkhakha bayothola ukugculiseka nekusasa eliqhakazile. Eminyakeni yo 1970 no 1980 eNingizimu Afrika izinga lokuzigqaja ngekusasa lwesayense lalikhona (noma kwakuyiqembu elincane), futhi lomkhakha wawusondezwe eduze nempokophelo yobuchwepheshe obuningi obabenziwa wuhulumeni wangaleso sikhathi. Lobuchwepheshe buhlanganisa ukweseka ezokuvikela, amandla okuzenzela, ezamandla neminye imikhakha esemqoka. Sithemba ukuthi amandla okuheha intsha emikhakheni yesayense nobuchwepheshe ayoncika ekwemukeleni kwethu impokophelo entsha yobuchwepheshe eqoshelwe iNingizimu Afrika yentando yeningi nebuka izinto nokuzibophezela ngaphansi kwezinhlangano ze-SADC, NEPAD ne-EU.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela izinhlelo eziqondene nokugcina othishela abanohlonze besayense nobunjiniyela ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme, inqobo uma beyoheha futhi bathuthukise intsha emnyama neyesifazane eyophelela ekwenzeni ucwaningo emazingeni emfundo ephakeme.
Ukubunjwa kweQoqo Elibhekele Abesifazane kwiSayense nobuChwepheshe kuyoqinisa amalinge aholwa ngabesifazane ezinhlakeni zonke zokubamba iqhaza emkhakheni wesayense nobuchwepheshe, kusukela ezikoleni kufinyelela emisebenzini imbala. Leliqoqo labesifazane eliyothula imibiko kwiPhini likaNgqongqoshe weSayense nobuChwepheshe liyosiza futhi liqinise imisebenzi yoMkhandlu kaZwelonke Wokweluleka kuMacebo Amasha maqondana nodaba lobulili ezinhlelweni zikazwelonke zesayense namacebo amasha.
Kungenzeka ubungoti nempumelelo encike kumuntu ngamunye, kowaziwayo kanye nethimba lakhe babe nempumelelo yesikhathi esithile kodwa iqhinga elifunekayo nelihlalayo yilelo elidala (elifukamela, uma sebekhona) "Isikhungo Sempumelelo" emkhakheni wesayense.
Zinethuba elihle lempumelelo uma zisungula noma zikhuthaza ukuxhumanisa igalelo lempumelelo kuyo yonke i-Afrika.
Uhlelo lwe-Autek oludidiyelwa yiMintek luyisikhungo sokuxhumana ngobuchwepheshe sokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yegolide.
Uhlelo lwemayini I-Deepmine olwathuthukisa abantu nobuchwepheshe ezimayini ezishone phansi kakhulu.
Yonke lemizamo kufanele iqiniswe kakhulu ukusimamisa izwe nokuthuthukisa amakhono abasebenzi emikhakheni efana nobuchwepheshe bolwazi lwezinto eziphilayo, izifo ezibangwa ngamanzi, ubuchwepheshe obutholakala ezinsimbini ezincane, ukubala nje okumbalwa.
Ukusungulwa kwamaxhama Esikhungo Sempumelelo kuyingxenye yesiqubulo sesayense nobuchwepheshe seNEPAD kanye neSADC futhi sisekela impokophelo yobuchwepheshe eyoqinisa inqubo yokusungula amacebo amasha.
Isayense yinto yomhlaba, ngobubanzi nokufinyelela. Uma sifuna ukugcina ososayense abaphambili lapha eNingizimu Afrika, kusemqoka ukuba baxhumane nocwaningo lomhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zabantu abanolwazi nemali ukubhekana nenselelo yocwaningo eNingizimu Afrika. Kudingekile ukutshala imali yokuthuthukisa amaxhama ocwaningo ezwenikazi lase-Afrika ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ososayense base-Afrika bathola ukwesekana okufanele ezwenikazi lonke.
Inqubomgomo yokuthuthukisa abesifazane kwisayense engahlukumezi intuthuko yemisebenzi yabo.
Ukukhuthaza ngamandla nokufaka abesifazane emikhakheni yobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo kungaba nomthelela omkhulu.
Ukwenyuka kwezinga lesayense kugxile ohlelweni lokubuyekeza nokuhlola izinto ngokusebenzisa izingqungquthela, ukufunda ngokuhlanganyela nokushiyelana ulwazi kososayense okuyinto etholwa ngocwaningo olwenziwa sekuphothulwe izifundo zobudokotela, imifundaze nokuvakashela kwelinye izwe ube ufunda futhi ucobelela ulwazi nesinye isikhungo semfundo. Kuya ngokwanda ukubona amazwe egcizelela ukuthi zonke izinhlelo zesayense kufanele zibuyekezwe wumhlaba, isibonelo ngamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, amazwe anezinhlelo ezincane zesayense asebenzisa imibhalo yesayense ebuyekeziwe njengesisekelo sokuhlola izinhlelo zawo zemfundo ephakeme (efana neZifundo zeqhuzu leMasters noma Ubudokotela) ukwedlula izifundo zokubhala umbiko okuyinto esavamile eNingizimu Afrika.
Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuba imiphakathi yocwaningo yaseNingizimu Afrika ixhumane neyamazwe omhlaba.
Ezingeni likazwelonke, Iningizimu Afrika icishe ibe nezivumelwane ezingu-30 zokusebenzisana namazwe omhlaba kwiSayense nobuChwepheshe (uma uqhathanisa nezimbalwa ngo 1994). Uma Iningizimu Afrika ifuna ukugcina lezi zivumelwane ngendlela egculisayo, kufanele kube namasu ahlelekile nemisebenzi echazwe kahle ehlanganisa lezi zivumelwane. Kuze kube manje, ukugcinwa kwezivumelwane yinto engahlelekile kahle futhi eqhubeka ngezikhawu ezithile. Ngakho kubalulekile ukusungula amandla okuzenzela aqondene nalomkhakha. Ezingeni eliphezulu, iNingizimu Afrika inesivumelwane socwaningo neNhlangano Yamazwe Abumbene aseYuruphu (EU) negunya lokuba yisibukeli emihlanganweni yeKomidi leNqubomgomo yeSayense nobuChwepheshe kwi-OECD. Isivumelwane se-EU sisivumela ukubamba iqhaza ohlakeni locwaningo nentuthuko yamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Lokhu kudala amathuba angandile okuxhumanisa iNingizimu Afrika (namazwe asathuthuka) nezinye izizwe zaseNtshonalanga. Ngesikhathi siseka igalelo lokubamba iqhaza eliqinile kulezi zinhlaka, siphinde siqinise amathuba okuba abacwaningi baseNingizimu Afrika bahlale ezweni ngenxa yokuthi bayozizwa bengabandlululeki ezindabeni zokucwaninga nokuxhumana nomhlaba. Ngakho, kubucayi ukuba sihlale siseka kakhulu imizamo yokuxhumana ngobusayense emhlabeni wonke ukwedlula igalelo elidlule. Ubudlelwane bethu ne-OECD bube nomthelela omuhle uma ubheka uhlangothi lwenqubomgomo neqhinga kanti isibalo esikhulu sohlaziyo olweseka intuthuko ekhona yeQhinga likaZwelonke leR&D sivela emqondweni otholakale kulobu budlelwane.
Iningizimu Afrika ngelinye lamazwe abalulekile kwiBalazwe uma sikhuluma ngesayense nobuchwepheshe. Ngakho, kusemqoka ukuba sikwazi ukubamba iqhaza kwiSADC, NEPAD naseNhlanganweni yoBumbano, ikakhulu ezintweni ezithinta ubuchwepheshe nesayense. Kubalulekile ukuzihlupha ngamasu nokudala izimo eziheha ososayense, onjiniyela nosochwepheshe ukuba baxhumane nozakwabo bakwamanye amanzwe lapha e-Afrika.
Amaxhama okuxhumana alolu hlobo e-Afrika yinto esanda kuqala futhi adinga ukwesekwa kakhulu. Amaqhinga obuchwepheshe eWSSD neNEPAD afuna kusungulwe Izikhungo Zempumelelo yobuChwepheshe neSayense ezifundeni nakuzwelonke (noma ukuqinisa lezo ezikhona). Ngeke sikwazi ukuqhuba lemisebenzi ngaphandle kokuhambisa ososayense, ukukhuthaza izingqungquthela, ukufundisana, ubudlelwane obuxube ukubambisana kwezikhungo zemfundo, ukwedlulisa ubuchwepheshe namandla ezwekazi lase-Afrika okuziqalela izinto ezintsha okugxile emanzini, inhlanzeko, ezolimo nokudla, ezamandla kanye nemfundo.
Uhlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha okwenza, luchaza iqhaza locwaningo kwimboni yezemfundo olusebenzisana nezidingo zokusungula amacebo amasha emnothweni nasemphakathini.
Iqhinga lokuthuthukisa amakhono abasebenzi nabantu (HRD) ligxile ezinkombeni kanti izinkomba zocwaningo nentuthuko zihambisana nalezo ezikleliswe kuleli qhinga. Okunye okuphawulekayo wukuthi indlela entsha eqonde ekuxhaseni ucwaningo emfundweni ephakeme ihlose ukuhlomulisa iqhinga leR&D okuyinto efuna ukukhuthaza imifundaze nemfundo ngendlela ehlelekile.
Ngo1994, uhulumeni omusha wahlomula ngefa lohlelo olungahlelekile lwesayense nobuchwepheshe. Nakuba I-DACST yeneke uhlaka olunzulu ngokomqondo Wohlelo lukaZwelonke Lamacebo Amasha, umphumela ngempela wezinguquko awukabonakali kahle. Ukubuyekeza kusagxile kakhulu emandleni, ekuzibophezeleni nokuhambisana nenqubomgomo ezikhungweni ngazinye. Isizathu esikhulu salokhu wukungathandi ukuqondana nokushayisana kwemigomo yeminyango esungulwe ngezikhathi ezehlukene zombusazwe.
Izinhlangano zocwaningo ezigxile emikhakheni ethile.
Lokhu kwehlukana kwezikhungo zikahulumeni kuhlaluka kahle ohlelweni lwesabelo-mali nemibiko enhlakanhlaka. Isibonelo, njengamanje isabelo sesayense esidwetshwe wuMnyango Wezobuciko, Isayense Nobuchwepheshe sihlanganisa Umkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwezemithi okuyinhlangano engaphansi koMnyango wezeMpilo kodwa akwenzeki kanjalo kwiNational Insititute of Virology eyingxenye yoMnyango wezeMpilo. Ngokunjalo, isabelo sesayense sihlinzekela iMintek noMkhandlu weGeosiences (ezingaphansi kweDME) kodwa iKomidi Lezokuphepha Lokweluleka Ucwaningo Wezimayini, ukucwaninga ngezamandla nobuchwepheshe benuzi (NECSA) nakho okuyisibophezelo seDME akuvezelwe uDACST ngendlela ecacile. Ezinye izibonelo ezifuze lezi zisabalele nezinhlelo eziningi. Zonke izikhungo zesabelo-mali yesayense zibika ngeziNkomba Zokusebenza ezifanayo ezasungulwa ngokubonisana nezijutshwe wuMkhandlu kaZwelonke Wokweluleka Ngamacebo amasha kanye neDACST.
Izikhungo zesayense nobuchwepheshe ezingeyona ingxenye yesabelo sesayense zinobudlelwane obehlukene bokusebenza neminyango eqondene.
Ubukhulu, ukuma nokuqukethwe yizinhlelo zikahulumeni nezikhungo zesayense nobuchwepheshe ezixhashwe wuhulumeni kufanele zilumbaniswe namaqhinga kahulumeni entuthuko, omnotho nenhlalo. Izinhlelo kufanele zihambisane kakhulu nempokophelo yobuchwepheshe echazwe kwiSahluko 5. Nakuba imininingwane yezinhlelo zocwaningo lobuchwepheshe ingasingathwa kangcono ngososayense ngokwabo, uhulumeni udinga ukubuyekeza njalo indlela okuqhutshwa ngayo ucwaningo nezikhungo ngokubhekela imiphumela elindelwe, okuhlosiwe nomthelela. Isibonelo, kungenzeka ukuba ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe obusha (njengobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi) ludinge izinhlelo ezintsha zesikhungo noma izinhlelo ezindala zibuyiselwe ezandleni zemboni ezimmele. Amaqhinga amasha afana neQhinga Lokukhiqiza Elididiyele loMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni kuyofanele anikwe usizo locwaningo nentuthuko. Ukuhlela kabusha imfundo ephakeme kunemithelela yemiphumela yocwaningo lwamanyuvesi nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme. Amalinge adidiyele okuthuthukisa amaqhinga obuchwepheshe nokutshala izimali kufanele asungulwe ngaphakathi ezinhlakeni zethuba elizayo nokucabangela izindleko.
Kuvamile ukuzwakala ukuthi uhulumeni uyehluleka ukuqoka izidingo-nqangi zocwaningo. Lokhu wukugxeka okuthile ubuhlakani babasebenzi bakahulumeni okungabeki ngempela ukuthi inkinga enkulu yileyo yokutho uhlelo oluneminingwane egcwele alukwazi ukumumatha nokufica isivinini soguquko ngamacebo amasha. Isibikezelo nokubona ikusasa lobuchwepheshe yinto esiyande kakhulu ukwedlula isimo seminyaka eyishumi edlule emazweni athuthukile. IJaphani inohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu kanti I-United Kingdom imatasatasa nesivivinyo sesibili. Ukwenyuka kogqozi lukhonjiswa ngamazwe okungesiwona awe-OECD kanti Iningizimu Afrika neThailand bazihola phambili. Isu okumiselwe kulo lezi zifundo libandakanya ukudala umbono oshiyelwana ngabahholi nayimboni mayelana nobungozi namathuba okungabhekwana nawo esikhathini esizayo nokusungula amaqhinga okuhlela ngendlela ebanzi. Ukucabangela ikusasa akufanele kuthathwe njengesibikezelo semininingwane yangempela yobuchwepheshe bakusasa.
Inhloso yoxhaso lwezimali ezikhungweni ezigxile kakhulu ebuchwephesheni kufanele nayo ibhekelwe. Izikhungo eziningi zizuza embonini ezimmle amaphesenti afinyelela ku-50 kwizinkontileka nemisebenzi yocwaningo, eminyangweni kahulumeni nezikhungo zomhlaba.
Ukulumbanisa ucwaningo nezinye izidingo zemakethe.
Kuyabonakala ukuthi kunengozi yokugcizelelwa kwemisebenzi yezocwaningo yokuxhunyaniswa kahle kobuchwepheshe, ukubukhulisa nemisebenzi yokweluleka uma uqhathanisa nocwaningo lwesikhathi eside esizayo okuyinto ewugqozi nentshisekelo yesizwe esikhathini eside esizayo. Izikhungo eziningi sezihambe ibanga elide ngalendlela. Noma kunjalo, ukuzifuna zigxile ocwaningeni olunzulu kufuna imali eningi kuhulumeni (isinxephezelo somsebenzi wenkontileka oyekiwe) noma ukunciphisa kakhulu isibalo sabasebenzi nomthamo wemisebenzi. Imizamo engenziwa yethulwe kwiSahluko 8 lapho kuxoxwa khona ngemali kodwa lemizamo idinga ukuchazwa ngesikhungo ngasinye esinikwa imali ngaphansi kohlelo lweMTEF ngesikhathi sokubunjwa Kwesu likaZwelonke leR&D.
Kufanele kube nesidingo esisobala sezibophezelo phakathi kweminyango ehlukene kahulumeni nezikhungo mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali nokusebenza ngempela koHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha. Emhlabeni wonke, kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zamalungiselelo ezikhungo nobulungiswa ngezinhlelo zesayense nobuchwepheshe ezithola imali kuhulumeni. Lomehluko ukhona ezingeni likahulumeni nasezikhungweni. Kwamanye amazwe (isibonelo, I-China) kunoMnyango ozimmele Wesayense Nobuchwepheshe. E-Finland, umsebenzi uphakathi koMnyango weMfundo Ephakeme nowoHwebo Nezimboni kanti uxhunyaniswe wuMkhandlu osezingeni leKhabhinethe, usihlalo wawo yiNhloko kaHulumeni. Emazweni amaningi ayephethwe yiBrithani (isibonelo, Iningizimu Afrika, India, Australia neCanada) uthola uhlelo oluthuthukiswe kahle lwamalabholethi kahulumeni agajwe kakhulu wuhlelo lwesikhungo esifana neCSIR. Emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga (isibonelo, Finland) neMaphakathi neMelika (isibonelo, Chile) amalabholethi adlala indima encane kanti agcizelela kakhulu ucwaningo olugxile kumanyuvesi, amacebo amasha avezwa yimboni ezimmele namaxhama okuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo zazo zombili lezi zimboni.
Uhlelo (olubandakanya imali yamabhizinisi amasha) olukhuthaza ukuhweba ngemiphumela yocwaningo (luncike ezingeni lokukhula ngamandla kwezomnotho).
Kuwumbono wethu ukuthi kubalulekile ukusungula amagunya nezibophezelo ngaphakathi kohulumeni eziqondene nalemisebenzi nokuqikelela ukuthi kunemali eyanele futhi iqhutshwa ngempumelelo lemisebenzi. Imininingwane nengxube yezinhlelo zezikhungo eziqondene nokuqhutshwa kocwaningo nentuthuko ayibalulekile kakhulu, nakuba phela idinga ukubuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaleyondlela, ezigabeni 6.3 no 6.4, senza izincomo eziphathelene nokusingatha izimo ezixhaswe wuhulumeni ngaphansi koHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha.
Uhulumeni udinga iqhinga leR&D elididiyele nokukala ngendlela eyodwa ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezithinta ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwemali efakwe ocwaningeni nakwintuthuko.
Uhulumeni uyoshicilela futhi abuyekeze njalo emuva kweminyaka emithathu Iqhinga leR&D neMTEF (uhlaka lwezindleko zesikhathi esiphakathi nendawo) lapho eyoveza khona umbono weR&D kanjalo nokuhlose ukuzuzwa nemali eyotshalwa. Iqhinga leR&D liyomumatha izinhlelo zomnyango ngamunye zihlangene nokuhloswe yizikhungo zikahulumeni kanye "nomhlomulo wokutshala imali" olindelwe emalini edlulisiwe. Ukudweba isu kuyoba yisibophezelo seDACST futhi kuyothulwa ePhalamende njalo ngonyaka.
Uhlaka olumile lokubika/lokusingatha lwezikhungo zonke olunegunya eliqinile leR&D kufanele lubunjwe yiDACST bese lucutshungulwa yiKhabhinethe. Lolu hlaka luyophathwa yiDACST, luyosebenza ngaphandle kokunaka ukuthi lezo zikhungo zisembonini yemfundo ephakeme, embonini yezikhungo zikahulumeni (umkhandlu wesayense nezinye izigungu) noma ingaphansi kweminyango kahulumeni.
Iminyango ethintekayo iyonquma izinhloso nezabelo-mali zeR&D kulezo zikhungo ezingaphansi kweminyango, lokhu kuyokwenziwa kulezo zinhlaka ezichazwe ngenhla. Izabelo-mali ziyochaza imali eqondene nocwaningo lwamaqhinga olungaphakathi kwesibophezelo segunya lesikhungo nengxenye ebekwe eceleni yokuqhuba umsebenzi womnyango oqondene. Ngalendlela, umnyango ngamunye uyoba nohlelo lweR&D oluyingxenye yeQhinga likaZwelonke leR&D.
Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziphathelene nokwehlukaniswa kwezibophezelo zokuphathwa kwezimali ezitshalwe wuhulumeni ocwaningeni nasentuthukweni, kufanele kugxilwe ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi kwezikhungo neminyango ngaphakathi ohlelweni.
Ucwaningo lwezinga eliphansi oluthola imali kuDACST ephuma eNhlanganweni Yocwaningo noMnyango Wemfundo kuZwelonke eqondene nocwaningo oluhlelekile olunikwa izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme. Eminye iminyango efana noMnyango Wezempilo unendima enkulu oyidlalayo ngokusebenzisa izinhlaka zeMRC neENHR.
Amaqhinga emboni ekhiqizayo nezinhlelo zemali yamabhizinisi amasha awumthwalo weDTI nakuba eminye iminyango ineqhaza lokweseka.
Ngokweqiniso nakabanzi, lomehluko okhona wezibophezelo awulungile. Ucwaningo oluphansi, kungaba semkhakheni wezibalo noma uhlaziyo lwezinto eziphilayo lunezinkomba ezifanayo zokusebenza nesidingo sezinsiza. Noma kunjalo, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe idinga imboni ezibophezele. Lokhu kubonakala kalula ngokwehlukana "kobunini" eminyangweni esebenzayo. Kukhona kodwa ukuhlangana emkhakheni ofana neqhinga lemboni lapho inkambiso efanayo ewumsuka wobambiswano phakathi kwemboni ezimmele nohulumeni, umhlomulo wokutshala imali kuveza isithombe esinomqondo sokunqwabelana kwamandla ezimali zamabhizinisi amasha emnyangweni I-DTI nokusingathwa kwesimo sentela embonini ezimele yeR&D.
Nakuba uhlelo lwethu olubanzi oluqondene nemisebenzi eqavile luphusile, sikholwa wukuthi kusadingeka silumbanise futhi ezinye izingxenye zalo. Uma sikhuluma ngokuvamile, amalabholethi amaningi kahulumeni namaziko okutshala imali angehlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili, singabala awohlobo oluncike kakhulu embonini ethile nalawo axube izimboni. Izibonelo zamalabholethi aqondene nemboni ethile yiMintek neNational Insitute of Virology. Amaziko aqondene nezimboni ezithile axube iKhomishani Yocwaningo Lwamanzi noMkhandlu Wokuphepha Oluleka Ucwaningo Lwezimayini. Njengamanje, iziko elikhulu elitshala izimali nelixube izimboni yiNhlangano kaZwelonke Yocwaningo neNhlangano Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe ehlongozwayo eyongena ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba lapho isibunjiwe. Amalabholethi aphezulu ocwaningo axube izimboni wuMkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwezimboni Nesayense (CSIR) noMkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwesayense Yesintu (HSRC).
Lapha kunezincomo zokuba zonke izikhungo eziqondene nemboni ethile zisondezwe eduze kweminyango eqhuba izibophezelo zayo ngaleyo mboni. Kungenzeka ukuxetshulwa kwezinye zezikhungo zifakwe kweminye iminyango kube nomthelela wegalelo elingcono (isibonelo, Africa Institute of South Africa ingazinza kangcono eMnyangweni iDFA kunalapho ikhona njengamanje kwi-DACST). Inkambiso yokulumbanisa ngaphakathi ohlakeni lweR&D inezinhloso ezinhle.
Leli qhinga lingabhekana kanjani nezikhungo ezixube izimboni Enye indlela engacatshangwa ukuba ziconzulwe, isibonelo; izigaba ezehlukene zeCSIR, HSRC neNRF zabelwe iminyango eqondene (Defencetek iye eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela, Environmentek iye kwaDEAT, njalo njalo). Ngombono wethu, lokhu ngeke kube yisisombululo ngenxa yokuthi abaphathi bazo zonke lezi zinhlangano babambe iqhaza elikhulu njengamanje. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, imizamo yamazwe omhlaba "okuhlakaza" izinhlangano ezididiyele ucwaningo ayikatholi imiphumela efunekayo futhi ibonakala izobhekana ngqo nomkhuba omusha obandakanya ucwaningo olukhulu oluxube imikhakha ngaphakathi ezweni nakwamanye amazwe. Inhlangano yeCSIR okuyilabholethi enkulu kahulumeni neDTI, ngaphandle kweminyango ebhekele isayense nobuchwepheshe ibonakala izenzela ngoba yabunjwe ngaphambi kweDACST futhi kufanele iqashelwe. Lokhu kuphawuleka kahle uma ubheka ukuthi yiziko elilodwa kuphela leCSIR, M&Mtek (ubuchwepheshe bempahla nokukhiqiza) elilumbene ngendlela ehlukile nomsebenzi ngqo weDTI. Ngakho, kunesiphakamiso sokuba zonke izikhungo ezixube izimboni zibe ngaphansi kweDACST nokuthi zonke izikhungo eziqondene nemboni njengamanje ezibika kwiDACST zidluliselwe eminyangweni ethintekayo?
Abasunguli-macebo amasha baseNingizimu Afrika ababhalise izidingo-nqangi eHhovisi Elibhalisa Amafa Omqondo eNingizimu Afrika (TRIPS) baqoqa amalungelo amafa omqondo aseMelika ayikhulu ngonyaka. Lesi yisibalo sabantu abangu-2,5 wezigidi okuyisibalo esincane uma siqhathaniswa nezwe elithuthukile. Amazwe afana neJaphani abhalisa amalungelo amafa omqondo angu-776 esigidini ngasinye. Umehluko esivininini sokubhalisa amalungelo amafa omqondo phakathi komhlaba othuthukile nosathuthuka ukhomba umehluko omkhulu wegebe lolwazi. Ngenxa yokuthi amafa omqondo ammele uhlobo oluqinile lwefa elingabonakali ngamehlo, lobufakazi yinkomba yobuthakathaka beNingizimu Afrika bokuba yizwe elinothe ngolwazi.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano ekhona emhlabeni yamafa omqondo iguquke kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni kwezivumelwane zaMafa Omqondo Eziphathelene noHwebo (TRIPS). Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, Imbizo yoBuchwepheshe bokwehlukana kobuchwepheshe obugxile ezimileni ixhumanise ulwazi lwendabuko nokwabelana ngomhlomulo wombono wamalungelo amafa omqondo. Ukuvikelwa kwezihlahla ezehlukene ngokusebenzisa amagunya amafa omqondo noma umthetho oqondene (izinhlaka zomthetho emazweni ehlukene) luyabuyekezwa njengamanje yiNhlangano yoMhlaba Yamafa Omqondo (WIPO). Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, I-WIPO isidale isigcawu sokubonisana esiphathelene nolwazi lomdabu nendabuko.
Lenkulumo-mpikiswano yenqubomgomo nezinhlaka ayimele lenguquko kuphela emkhakheni. Selokhu kwaqala uMthetho iBayh-Dole eMelika eminyakeni yo1980, azikho izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni okusetshenziswa ngayo ucwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni lusetshenziswa yizikhungo ukwenza umehluko emnothweni nokukhuthaza intuthuko yamabhizinisi anobuchwepheshe obuphambili.
Njengamanje, iNingizimu Afrika ayinalo uhlaka olumile lwenqubomgomo yokuvikela amafa omqondo ocwaningo oluxhaswe ngemali kahulumeni. Omunye umthelela walokhu wukungabi nesiqiniseko (ezikhungweni nakubantu ngabanye) ngamagunya amafa omqondo nokuphathwa kwawo, ikakhulu uma ucwaningo lusingethwe futhi lwaxhaswe wuhulumeni. Ukushiyelana ngomhlomulo, izindleko zegunya lefa lomqondo, ukudayiswa kwamagunya amafa omqondo ngaphandle kwezwe laseNingizimu Afrika, iqophelo lezivumelwane zemvume nokuphathwa ngendlela ephusile kokuvikelwa kwamafa omqondo emanyuvesi nemikhandlu yocwaningo yizinto ezibalulekile.
ithimba lokusebenza leminyango kahulumeni echaphazelwa, eqondene nolwazi lwendabuko nezindaba zamafa omqondo lihlangana njalo libhunge futhi licubungule izinguquko zalomkhakha oguquka masinyane.
Njengamanje, kuncane okunconyelwa igalelo lamafa omqondo elisetshenziswa njengesikhali sokubumba umnotho waseNingizimu Afrika. Amabhizinisi amaningi anamahhovisi efa lomqondo amahle kanti amanyuvesi neMikhandlu yeSayense awanazo izinhlaka eziqinile zamafa omqondo.
Awachaziwe amalungelo kahulumeni, izikhungo ezitshala imali, izikhungo eziqhuba umsebenzi kanye nabasebenzi. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokubumba uhlaka oluqondile nemithetho yokusiza ukuphathwa kwamafa omqondo evela ocwaningeni oluxhaswe ngezimali zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuyocacisa inkundla okudlalwa kuyo maqondana nocwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni nocwaningo olwenziwa yizikhungo ezingaphansi kukahulumeni.
Kufanele kwenziwe umfaniswano phakathi kwenqubo yamazwe omhlaba ethinta ukushiyelana ngomhlomulo, ukudalula amacebo amasha asunguliwe nokumisa amaqophelo alindelwe ekuphatheni amafa omqondo emhlabeni jikelele.
Emhlabeni luningi ulwazi oseluthuthukisiwe ezikhungweni ezifana namanyuvesi nezinhlangano zocwaningo. Ngesikhathi sokubumba imithetho, kusemqoka ukuqongelela ulwazi lokuhola izikhungo zaseNingizimu Afrika ngenqubo enhle engalandelwa.
Kufanele kubunjwe Isikhwama esimiselwe uxhaso lokuthola amalungelo amafa omqondo awumphumela wocwaningo nentuthuko exhaswe yimali yomphakathi, uma lokhu kuyohlomulisa umphakathi. Ukuphathwa kwesikhwama kufanele kube ngenye yemisebenzi yeNhlangano Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe.
Umqondo okhona wenqubomgomo yanamuhla eNhlanganweni Yamazwe Omhlaba Yamafa Omqondo (WIPO) ikhomba intengo enkulu yokubhalisa ubunini bamafa omqondo. Lokhu akusilo iqiniso ezinhlanganweni eziningi emazweni asathuthuka. Izindleko zokubhalisa ubunini befa lomqondo ziphezulu kanti izindleko zabasebenzi bamahhovisi amafa omqondo emanyuvesi nasezinhlanganweni zocwaningo ziya ngokukhula. Isibonelo, ihhovisi eliphakathi nendawo ngobukhulu lamafa omqondo eNyuvesi yaseMelika lingaba nabantu abangu-15 abanolwazi lokuhlaziya ubuchwepheshe, ukubhalisa ubunini bamafa omqondo nokubudayisa.
Izindleko zokubhalisa amafa omqondo zincintisana ngqo nesabelo-mali sokukhokhela abasebenzi. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, zincane izikhungo ezizibophezele isikhathi eside ekutholeni amafa omqondo (IP). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukubhaliswa kwamafa omqondo kuthathwa njengenqubo nje engasetshenziswa njengeqhinga eliholela ekuhlumiseni umnotho, lokho kuyokwandisa kakhulu ubunini bamafa omqondo kodwa iqophelo licwile futhi lowo mqondo ungabi namthelela kwezomnotho.
Uma ubheka isimo esingesihle sokuvikelwa kwamafa omqondo, kunesidingo sokunciphisa imigoqo evimba ukufinyelela ezimalini. Lokhu kuyinkinga ezikhungweni uma zithola amafa omqondo ngocwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni. Indlela yenqubomgomo kuyofanele iqine ukuqikelela ukuthi izikhungo zihlala zibophezekile emafeni omqondo kuthi ngaso leso sikhathi zifune ukuwadayisa.
Inhloso encikile yenqubomgomo wukukhombisa iWIPO izinga elikhulayo lokungaphatheki kahle kwethu ngezindleko nobunzima bokufinyelela ezikhungweni zomhlaba zamafa omqondo ezikhungethe izikhungo zemfundo nocwaningo ezixhaswe wumphakathi emazweni asathuthuka.
Ingodla yolwazi yamafa omqondo kuzwelonke evela ocwaningeni oluxhaswe yimali kahulumeni yisikhali esibaluleke kakhulu sokukala umsebenzi wohlelo esikhathini samanje nangomuso. Kunesiphakamiso sokuba iDACST ithathe isibophezelo sokwakha lengodla yolwazi.
Umnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni (DTI) uphenya amathuba okweseka ngentela izinhlelo ezikhona njengamanje (isibonelo THRIP) okuyisenzo esiyofaka phakathi umhlomulo wokuncishiselwa isibophezelo sentela. Uhlaziyo lweziNhlelo zikaZwelonke Zamacebo Amasha lukhomba ukuthi lokhu kusemqoka kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ucwaningo lwemboni ezimmele ukwedlula eminyakeni emihlanu edlule lapho kwashicilelwa khona Umqulu Wesayense noBuchwepheshe. Ukuheha ngentela kwehlukene kabili: uxhaso oluqonde ngqo kanye nokuheha ngokunciphisa intela ekhokhwayo.
Uma uhulumeni enezinhloso ezicacile ezingase zilawulwe yizimakethe noma ngeminye imithelela, uxhaso oluqonde ngqo lungaba yisu elingcono. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, uma inqubomgomo iqonde ukwenza ngcono isimo sokuncintisana embonini yebhizinisi, ngokudayisa umkhiqizo omusha nezindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza, ukuheha ngokwehlisa intela kubonakala njengeqhinga elincomekayo. Ukungena ohwebeni lomhlaba kwenyusa ingcindezi yenqubomgomo ekhuphula isimo sokuncintisana emabhizinisini asekhaya. Leli yiphuzu eligqamile nelisetshenziswa ngamazwe amaningi ukukhulisa imboni yebhizinisi leR&D ngokunxenxa ngokwehlisa intela. Iningizimu Afrika ibhekene nesimo esifanayo uma kukhulunywa ngesimo sokuhwebelana namazwe omhlaba.
Isibalo esiningi nesinye esikhula ngamandla samazwe athuthukayo silandela inqubo efanayo. Isibonelo, izwe lase Mexico livumela ukususwa kwamaphesenti angu-100 ezindleko zamanje zeR&D ukuba zisuswe ngonyaka ezithwalwe ngawo. Emishinini, kungacinywa amaphesenti angu-35 ngonyaka kanti izakhiwo kube ngamaphesenti angu-5. I-Singapore ivumela ukuhleshulwa kwentela kabili ezindlekweni ezimbalwa ezichazwayo. I-Korea ivumela ukususwa kwazo zonke izindleko zeR&D ezithwalwe ngalowo nyaka.
USA 0.521 0.879 Yebo 40.
Ungabheka eThebulini No. 8 indlela amazwe ahlela ngayo intela. Kuqhathaniswa Izindleko Ezisala emuva kwentela (ATC) Nezinkomba zokukala amandla okuheha - izibalo ezincane zisho izinga eliphezulu lokuheha (B-index). I-CIT ichaza Izinga Lentela Ekhokhwa Ngamabhizinisi.
Kuphakanyiswa ukuba I-DTI inikwe igunya lokubonisana neNgosi yakwaSARS (Abaqoqi-ntela) neZiko Lezimali ukulandela intuthuko yokuheha ngentela ngenhloso yokuqinisa amandla okuheha nobulula beR&D eNingizimu Afrika, uma uqhathanisa namanye amazwe esihwebelana noma esincintisana nawo.
Intuthuko enomthelela omuhle eminyakeni embalwa edlule ibonakale ngokwenyuka kwezinga lokuzibandakanya kohulumeni bezifundazwe ekusunguleni ingqalasizinda yamacebo amasha. Isibalo esiningi salemizamo sihlomula ezinhlelweni zeDACST ne-DTI (isilinganiso, uhlelo lokufukamela lweGODISA). Kunesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngendlela ebumbene kwamalinge ezingeni likazwelonke. Leli qhaza lingabanjwa yiNhlangano Yamacelo Amasha Obuchwepheshe ehlongozwayo njengengxenye yomsebenzi wokweseka nokukhuthaza ukusungulwa kwamacebo amasha. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, isadingeka imizamo eyakhayo yezifundazwe engakabi nayo ingqalasizinda yamacebo amasha namalinge.
Miningi iminotho yamazwe athuthukayo enezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokwesekela ukuthungatha ubuchwepheshe. Ngokwazi ukuthi uhlelo lwamacebo amasha eNingizimu Afrika lungaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lwemisebenzi yamacebo amasha emhlabeni, kuyohlala njalo kunesizinda esinothile sobuchwepheshe obusha okufanele amabhizinisi akithi akwazi ukufinyelela kubo. Imvama yamabhizinisi amakhulu anamandla okuthungatha ubuchwepheshe emhlabeni kodwa amancane ahlangabezana nobunzima futhi kungenzeka amabhizinisi abantu abamnyama abe namathuba amancane okuzakhela amaxhama okuxhumana maqondana nokuthungatha ubuchwepheshe. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, kuneminotho esafufusa enamandla obuchwepheshe kodwa esahwebe kancane neNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kufanele kutholakale emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi nendawo, futhi kufanele kudale amandla okuhlela imibukiso eqondene nobuchwepheshe obuqokiwe eNingizimu Afrika lapho amabhizinisi aseNingizimu Afrika eyothola khona ithuba lokubona ubuchwepheshe obusha.
Ziningi izinto ezenzekile kulendawo eminyakeni embalwa edlule. U-DTI udlale indima ehamba phambili ekubumbeni isimo esifanele. Kusekhona isidingo sabantu abazotshala izimali futhi kulindelwe ukuba imakethe ithuthuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kunesidingo esithile sokutshala imali yokuqala ibhizinisi emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanti iDACST iyoxhumana noDTI ukuthuthukisa lomkhakha.
Isiphetho esikhulu sokuhlaziya iqhinga lesikhathi eside esizayo sesimo seR&D eNingizimu Afrika sithi, uhlelo lwabunjelwa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-5 kuya ku 8 kanti manje kufanele lukhule futhi luthuthuke ukwenelisa bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika.
Leli qhinga liphakamisa indlela ehlelekile yokutshala imali emaqhingeni ethulwe ngenhla.
Indlela egcwele yokutshala imali imumethwe wuhlaka lokuhlela. Umbiko obhaliwe wolunye uhlobo lweqhinga wethulwe kwiSijobelelo B. Umfanekiso awuxubile izindleko zikahulumeni eziqondene neS&T ezingesiyona ingxenye yesabelo sesayense njengamanje. Lokhu kuyodinga isigaba sesibili sokuhlela nokuqagula izindleko eminyangweni yonke kahulumeni. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko kufuna ukwenyuka ngempela okuthathelwe ohlaziyweni lweqhinga lekusasa, kungabi nje wukwenyuka okungenasisekelo nokubandakanya ukuhlanganisa izindleko zakudala zikahulumeni.
Uhlaka lwezimali kufanele luzibophezelele eminyangweni esebenzayo yezinhlelo zeR&D nokunika izikhungo imali, ngesikhathi esifanayo lube wuhlaka oluhlanganisayo lweSabelo-mali yeSayense.
Ukuzuza indlela efanele yomnyakazo wezinkomba (ukusebenza kweqhinga), izinhlelo nemizamo kuyoba wumphumela waleli qhinga. Izidingo ezintsha zemali ngonyaka (ngemuva kokwakha kabusha izinhlelo) ziyakhonjiswa.
Loluxhaso lwemali ngolwezinhlelo ezinezici ezisondele esikhathini esilandela ucwaningo nezigaba zentuthuko emalabholethi esiwombeni sokusungulwa kwamacebo amasha. Amazinga okutshala imali ohlelweni noma emsebenzini ngamunye aphezulu uma uwaqhathanisa nocwaningo nentuthuko eqhutshwa emazingeni emfundo. Izinhloso zalezi zinhlelo zichazwe ngokugcwele kwiSahluko 5.
Izigcawu ezintsha zobuchwepheshe eNingizimu Afrika (R300 wezigidi).
Isikhwama Samacebo Amasha asikafinyeleli ezingeni lokukhula elihloswe yinqubomgomo eyamiswa ekuqaleni. Imali entsha iyofuneka ukubuyisela emgqeni nokuhlumisa amandla okuzenzela ayosiza ekusunguleni uhlelo lokuthola Amafa omqondo ocwaningeni oluxhaswe wuhulumeni oluhambisana nemibandela ebekiwe. Imali yoxhaso efuneka enyakeni wesithathu ingu-R50 wezigidi.
Lezi zinhlelo seziqalile ukuba nomlando omuhle, ngakho zingaqiniswa ukwenyusa umthamo nomthelela wazo.
Ukutshala imali ekuqeqesheni abantu yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzuzeni iqophelo elifanele lempilo nokubumba umnotho. Ubuchwepheshe obuningi esibugogodele budinga amakhono aphezulu esayense nobuchwepheshe bokusungula amacebo amasha, ucwaningo nentuthuko ezimbonini. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, sidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaqonda kahle lobuchwepheshe bayokwazi ukufundisa isizukulwane esizayo sabacwaningi nabasunguli bamacebo amasha.
Izinhlelo ezichazwe ngezansi ziyizidingo ezintsha noma izinhlelo zokwengezela ezigxile ekubuyekezeni iqhinga noma ekuthuthukisweni kweqhinga eliyohlahla indlela yokunyakazisa izibalo ezithule nabantu abakhulile abagcwele umkhakha wocwaningo esikhathini samanje lapha eNingizimu Afrika.
Uxhaso ngalunye locwaningo, akukhathalekile ukuthi luvulelekile noma luqonde isiqubulo esithile selubonakele emhlabeni ukuthi lunamandla amancane okudala amandla okuzenzela esikhathini eside esizayo kanti amazwe amaningi athuthukile asenezinhlelo eziqinile zokusungula Izikhungo Zempumelelo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngezimali ezintsha, ngakho sikhona isidingo sokwenza okufanayo eNingimu Afrika. I-NRF iphenya ngenqubo enhle yasemhlabeni kanti ihlose ukwakha ingqalasizinda efanele. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, imali eyofuneka ngalolu hlelo iyoba yizigidi ezingu-R5 iqale ngezinhlanu enyakeni wokuqala.
Sikhona isidingo sokubumba amandla aqondene nokuhlangabezana nezibophezelo zethu zeSADC neNEPAD. Njengamanje ukuxhumana akwenzeki njalo futhi lincane ithuba lokuqhubeka ezikhungweni eziningi ngenxa yokwentuleka kwezinsiza ezifanele. Zintathu izinhlobo zoxhaso olufunekayo: ukuxhumana/ukuthuthukisa uhlelo, uhlelo lokutshala imali ezinhlelweni kanye nokweseka izikhungo eziqalisa imisebenzi kwamanye amazwe.
Iningizimu Afrika inegalelo elingamaphesenti angu-0.5 ocwaningo lonke lwamazwe omhlaba. Yisimo esiqavile ukuhlala njalo uxhumene nengxenye esele engamaphesenti angu-99,5 yesayense, yocwaningi nentuthuko emazweni omhlaba. Ngaphezulu, lamaxhama okuxhumana anika uqeqesho namathuba okushintshisana asemqoka kubacwaningi abamnyama nabesifazane abangena ohlelweni lwesayense nobuchwepheshe. Lemali yoxhaso iyophinde isetshenziswe ukweseka iqhaza lezikhungo zaseNingizimu Afrika ezinhlelweni zeNhlangano Yobumbano Lwamazwe aseYurophu nezokusebenzisana. Ngemuva konyaka wesithathu, kuyodingeka imali eyizigidi ezingu-R42.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kwacelwa uxhaso olusha lokutshala imali emishinini yeR&D. Kwaphuma isabelo-mali esincane sezigidi ezingu-R14. Nakuba iDACST imise imibandela eqinile yoxhaso lwemishini (imishini emikhulu, ukweseka okuxube izikhungo, amathuba aphezulu okuqeqesha nokwenza ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa emikhakheni ekhethekile) uhlelo lukhombisa ukuthi luxhaswe ngokweqile. Kubalulekile ukwenyusa lezi zinhlelo ngoba imishini eminingi ilandwa kwamanye amazwe (ivame ukuthengwa ngamadola noma ngamayuro-dola), imishini iyiphuzu elisemqoka ebuchwephesheni bezinto eziphilayo nezinto eziphilayo nocwaningo lwe-ICT kanjalo nesayense yamakhemikhali. Impumelelo yososayense bakithi incike ekuxhumaneni namazwe omhlaba neqophelo lemishini esetshenziswayo. Ngemuva konyaka wesithathu, kuyosetshenziswa izigidi zamarandi ezingu-90 kodwa lolu hlelo lungasheshiswa ngokwakhela elwazini olukhona njengamanje, ngakho enyakeni wokuqala kudingeka izigidi ezingu-60.
Njengamanje, eNingizimu Afrika wumkhakha obanzi wesayense ugxile ezizindeni futhi ukanise kwiNhlangano kaZwelonke Yocwaningo. Kunesidingo sokukhuthaza ngamandla isayense ngenhloso yokuheha abafundi emkhakheni wesayense nobuchwepheshe ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zesayense eziphethwe wuhulumeni. Lokhu kudinga indlela enesiqubulo nokunciphisa izinhlaka ezimiswe yizikhungo. Mihlanu imikhakha eqagulelwe isikhathi eside esizayo.
Lezi ziqubulo azihlosile ukushiya ngaphandle eminye imikhakha nezizinda ezikhona kodwa ukusebenzisa amathuba akhona olwazi nempilo yaseNingizimu Afrika ngendlela eyohlala njalo nokunconywa wumhlaba emkhakheni wesayense (uma sibheka ukuthi igalelo lethu liyingxenye nje kuphela yephesenti, 0,5% ocwaningeni nentuthuko yonke yamazwe omhlaba).
Njengamanje Imikhandlu eminingi ifuna imali engcono yokusiza uguquko, ukuvuselela ingqalasizinda yocwaningo nezinto ezithintekayo. Ngenxa yokukhula kwalezi zikhungo nezinga elenyukile lokuxhumana, ukutshala imali kulendima kufuna kwenyuswe ngengxenyana encane nje engaphezulu kwamaphesenti amathathu edlula imali yokuxhasa iMTEF. Lokhu kuyodinga imali engu-R32 wezigidi zemali entsha ngonyaka wesithathu weqhinga (kumiselwe esabelweni samanje sezikhungo - enye iyofakwa kwinqubo yohlelo). Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, ukukhushulwa esikhathini esizayo kuhloselwe ukwenza lula indlela yokuhlela kabusha inani eliphelele lesabelo ngokubonisana neminyango eqondene.
Zonke izizwe zibhekene nobungozi obunomthelela omkhulu emnothweni (obuqondene nekusasa lesayense nobuchwepheshe) nezinga-mpilo (eziqondene nokwehluleka ukubikezela ngenhlekelele). I-DACST inamandla alingene okweseka uhulumeni nabanye ababambe iqhaza kulendima. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izigaba zokuhlola imisebenzi eyokwenziwa ngomuso yaxhaswa futhi ayifakwanga emisebenzini yoMnyango - lokhu kufanele kulungiswe ngempela. Emkhakheni wokwengamela inhlekelele, kunesidingo sokuba nezinsiza zokuthenga izidingo ezikhungweni zemfundo nasemikhandlwini yocwaningo uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo ngenhloso yokweseka uhulumeni esikhathini esifushane nesizayo (lesi yisikhathi esifushane kunesimiselwe isabelo-mali). Ezikhathini lapho ingekho khona imizamo eqondile efunekayo, kuyokwenziwa uphenyo lwenhlekelele olumiselwe kwisayense, imifanekiso nezinkomba ngokubambisana neminyango eqondene nabanye ababambe iqhaza. Lomsebenzi kufanele usebenze ngokuxhumana kanti imali edingekayo ngeke isetshenziselwe ukwenyusa abantu abaqashiwe bakaDACST ngaphandle kwalapho kusingethwe imisebenzi. Onyakeni wesithathu, izidingo zemali yalemisebenzi emisha ziyoba yizigidi ezingu -R60 (izigidi ezingu-R20 ngonyaka wokuqala) nesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-50 aqondene nobuchwepheshe bangomuso noma ukuhlahla indlela nokuhlaziya ubuchwepheshe bese amaphesenti angu-50 eqondana nokuqagula kanye nokunqanda inhlekelele encike kwisayense.
Umdwebo 1 no 2 ikhombisa ukuthi Iqhinga elisha leR&D likanise ngaphakathi kohlelo olugcwele lwemisebenzi yoHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha (NSI) futhi lugxile kakhulu ohlakeni lwezinkomba ezikhona ezihlonishwa emhlabeni wonke. Amandla ahlelekile endlela yeNSI adinga ukuxhunyaniswa nomnotho wolwazi ekuqokeni impokophelo ecacile nengqikithi eqondile yobuchwepheshe.
Izinga elingcono lezinga-mpilo, ikakhulu ukunciphisa ubumpofu kubantu baseNingizimu Afrika.
Izinsika ezintathu zamacebo amasha, izinguquko kubantu nabasebenzi nobuholi ezingeni likahulumeni yizinto ezihlanganiswa ziveze isisekelo esiqinile sokukhula nentuthuko yekusasa.
Amazwe afana neKorea asanda kuthuthuka, izinsiza zemvelo eziphuma kwelaseChile ne-Australia, ubuchwepheshe bezinga eliphezulu baseMalaysia nocwaningo nentuthuko eqinile yaseFinland aziqokela ngokucacile intuthuko yobuchwepheshe emiselwe ohlakeni lukazwelonke lwentuthuko. Lokhu kuziqokela kube nomthelela omkhulu ekukhuthazeni inqubekela-phambili nempumelelo. Leli qhinga laseNingizimu Afrika Lentuthuko Nocwaningo elincike kakhulu ekutshaleni imali endaweni efanele ukufeza izinhloso ezimisiwe liyoba nomphumela ofanayo ezweni lakithi.
Kunezincomo zokusungula nokuxhasa idlanzana lempokophelo yobuchwepheshe ehlanganisa izigcawu ezimbili zobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo nezinto eziphefumulayo nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Enye impokophelo kuyoba wubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza nobuchwepheshe bokukhulisa izizinda zemvelo. Kunezinye izincomo zokusungula impokophelo yokubhekana nobuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ubumpofu obuyonganyelwa yisikhungo esisha esaziwa ngeFTI esiyotshala imali embonini yomphakathi nezimmele emikhakheni yonke kusukela ekusunguleni icebo lomkhiqizo, ukudayisa ngomkhiqizo, ukufukamela nokusabalalisa umkhiqizo. Ikhasi 7.
Kunezincomo zokuthi ngenhloso yokuthola impumelelo kuzwelonke, isayense yamazinga aphansi kufanele igxile ezindaweni lapho sinamathuba amahle khona empumelelo ngenxa yezizinda zemvelo ezibalulekile noma ngolwazi lwazo. ENingizimu Afrika izindawo ezifana nocwaningo lwasemkhathini, ulwazi lwabantu nolwazi lwendabuko. Izikhungo eziphambili ezaziwa ngokukhuthaza isayense yiNhlangano kaZwelonke Yocwaningo exhumene nemboni yezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, Ikhasi 7.
Inhlangano entsha Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe, Umkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwesayense Nezimboni kanye Nomkhandlu Wocwaningo Ngabantu Nabasebenzi. Kunezincomo zokuba iminyango eqondene ithwale izibophezelo zokumisa izinhloso nesabelo-mali sezikhungo ezingaphansi kwayo kodwa lolo cwaningo wumsebenzi okwabelwana ngawo phakathi kukaDACST noMnyango Wezemfundo. Iminyango eqondene iyobandanyeka ekusungulweni kwamacebo amasha ngokuhlanganyela noDACST. Ikhasi 8.
Ukukhulisa ngendlela enamandla umnotho waseNingizimu Africa, kunconywa ukuba kusungulwe amaqhinga anamandla ezimbonini ezifana nezolimo, ukukhiqiza, ukuxhumana ngezingcingo njalonjalo nenqalasizinda (ugesi, ezokuthutha) nezinto eziphambili ezifana (nabantu nabasebenzi , ucwaningo nentuthuko).
Uma ubuka isivinini sentuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili namuhla, kunezincomo zokuba sizibophezele ekugcineni nasekuthuthukiseni izinto esimandla kuzo emikhakheni yonke (emanyuvesi, emikhandlwini yocwaningo, embonini ezimmele, njalonjalo). Kungenjalo, ezindaweni ezibucayi kungenjalo, iNingizimu Afrika iyozithola isengcupheni yokuhlangabezana nobungozi obunzima kwezokuphepha.
Kunezincomo zokuthuthukisa indlela esobala yomqondo wamafa etholwe ngocwaningo oluxhaswe ngemali yomphakathi.
Kunezincomo zokwakha ubudlelwane obunqala phakathi kweqhinga nokucobelelana ngolwazi phakathi kwezikhungo ezisebenzisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe nezinhlelo eziqhutshwa yiminyango kahulumeni njengamanje.
Kunezincomo zokusungula impokophelo entsha yobuchwepheshe elumbene nezinga-mpilo namaqhinga ezomnotho nezimboni. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, kunesiphakamiso sokusungula iziko eliqondene nomsebenzi wokukhuthaza amacebo amasha. Leli ziko, liyotshala imali kulempokophelo bese lixhumana nezinye izikhali ezifaka imali kumacebo amasha, ebuchwephesheni nasekufukameleni amabhizinisi amancane, ukwedlulisa ubuchwepheshe nokusabalalisa imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe. Umphumela wobunye endaweni yamacebo amasha yisimo esibucayi esiqonde kwimpumelelo yeqhinga.
Kunezincomo zokuthi kufanele kulandelwe izindlela ezintsha nokutshala imali okubhekela amacala omabili, ikhono lokwethula izidingo nezidingo ezifunekayo. Kufanele kubunjwe umgudu wekhethelo onombandela omqoka ohlose ukwenyusa izinga lempumelelo emkhakheni wezibalo nesayense kubafundi abamnyama kanjalo nokusungulwa kwezikhungo ezintsha zempumelelo okufanele zihehe intsha emnyama ingene emikhakheni yocwaningo lwesayense nokuqinisekisa ukuthi leyo misebenzi ihlala njalo ikhona.
Kunezincomo zokuba umnyango owodwa (njengamanje iDACST) iboshezelwe ohlakeni lokulawula oluthinta zonke izikhungo lapho umgomo oqavile wocwaningo nentuthuko uyokleliswa phambili kanti iminyango eqondene iyomisa izinhloso nesabelo-mali salezo zikhungo ezingaphansi kohlaka. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, amaziko amakhulu ezimali ocwaningo nentuthuko kanye namacebo amasha ayozinza kwiDACST kanjalo namalabholethi kahulumeni nezinhlangano zocwaningo ezinikwe umgomo oxube iminyango.
Kunezincomo zokwakha amaxhama nezinhlelo ezinamandla zokuxhumanisa ososayense bakuleli namazwe omhlaba kanjalo nabomkhakha ofanayo kwamanye amazwe nokufinyelela kalula emazingeni aphezulu okucwaninga emhlabeni. Lokhu kuyokwenzelwa ukugcina amakhono ososayense eNingizimu Afrika.
Kunezinye futhi izincomo zokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwabahlaziyi bamazwe omhlaba ukubuyekeza izinhlelo zakithi zesayense okuyoba nomthelela omuhle ekwenzeni iNingizimu Afrika igqame futhi kufinyelele kalula abacwaningi nososayense.
Kunezincomo zemizamo embalwa ehlose ukwenza imisebenzi yamacebo amasha ibumbane futhi isebenzisane. Umngenelo omkhulu wesakhiwo kungaba wukusungulwa kweziko likahulumeni, Inhlangano Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe (FTI) ejutshelwe ukukhuthaza nokuqinisa amacebo amasha obuchwepheshe.
Kunamaziko amaningi okusebenzisa imali (isibonelo; Isikhwama Samacebo Amasha, SPII ne PII) ukusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zokubedlulisa (Tsumisano, GODISA neNAMAC, ukubalwa nje ezimbalwa) angahlomula ngenhloso nomqondo owodwa weqhinga lekusasa. Kunezincomo zokubuyekeza okunye kwalokhu nobudlelwane bakho ngenhloso yokuqinisa igalelo lamacebo amasha.
Ukufinyelela ebuchwephesheni emabhizinisini amancane nakubantu abamnyama kungaba yinkinga uma bungekho ubuchwepheshe bendawo. Amazwe amaningi anezinhlelo ezincane zamacebo amasha ahlinzeka ngezinsiza zokuthungatha ubuchwepheshe obuqhutshwa yilawo mabhizinisi. Kuhlongozwa lezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo zokuthungatha ubuchwepheshe.
Amanye amazwe anezinhlelo ezithile zokuhlinzeka ngoxhaso lwemishini yeR&D emabhizinisini noma zisize ngokweseka izindlela ezehlukile zokuthengwa kwempahla. Kunezincomo zokwenza uphenyo lokuthola ukuthi lendlela ingayihlomulisa kanjani iNingizimu Afrika.
Iningizimu Afrika nesifunda babhekene nenselelo enkulu yobumpofu kanti ubuchwepheshe bunendima enkulu okufanele buyidlale. Ukuze kwakheke intuthuko emile emiphakathini yasemakhaya, kunezincomo zokuba imiphakathi yasemakhaya nasemadolobheni ikwazi ukufinyelela kumacebo amasha agqugquzela intuthuko nokuhlinzeka izixazululo ezintsha nezinamandla kunalezo zakudala.
Kwenziwa izincomo zokwenza intuthuko yokwethula ezempilo nemfundo iphenduke amacebo amasha enhlalo aqavile ngokuwahlola endaweni enkulu bese emukelwa wumphakathi nawo obambe iqhaza kwinqubo yamacebo amasha.
Kwenziwa izincomo zokuthuthukisa nokukhangisa ngamakhono ahlukene asendaweni nezinhlelo zezinga lamandla ekhaya ngalinye okuwumgamu olingene.
Ngakho, kubalulekile ukutshala imali emikhakheni embalwa ye-ICT enezici ezingafani ezikhuthaza intuthuko yasekhaya nokuhwebelana namanye amazwe. Nakuba uphenyo lwazo zonke izindawo lungaphothulwanga, lezi ezilandelayo yizibonelo ezingaba wusizo eNingizimu Afrika nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba othuthukayo.
Isinyathelo sesibili senkundla ye-ICT kungaba wukuqinisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ICT ezimbonini ezinamandla kakhulu ngemikhiqizo yemvelo nokukhiqiza. Kulendima, maningi amathuba okusetshenziswa kakhulu kolwazi olucotshelelwe kwamanye amazwe kodwa inselelo enkulu yentuthuko incike ekhonweni lokudidiyela nokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwe-ICT ezimbonini ezivele sezikhona.
Ezimbonini zamakhemikhali nemithi yokwelapha, kunezinkomba eziqinile zokutshala imali ezingabonakali masinyane; ucwaningo lwengxube yezicubu ezincane, incazelo yezihlahla, izilwane nezinye izilwane eziphilayo, ukusingathwa kwezinhlelo ezingathuthuki njalonjalo. Ukuqoka lezi zindawo nokuveza izixazululo kwenyusa izinga lokuhehwa yiNingizimu Afrika njengendawo yokuvakasha, ukwenyusa amandla okuhweba ngamafa omqondo namanye amazwe nokuqinisa ikhono lokuqonela izimakethe esikhathini esizayo imishini yasezimayini ezijulile, umkhiqizo wezimoto ezishayelwa kwesokudla, imikhiqizo emisha yemithi njalonjalo Ikhasi 35.
Izimboni ezibucayi ezifana Nezolimo, ukudweba namahlathi, imikhiqizo yezimayini nokumbiwa phansi nezamandla yizinto ezibucayi eNingizimu Afrika kodwa azisancikile kakhulu empahleni engahluziwe, ekuholeleni abasebenzi imali encane, ubuchwepheshe bemikhiqizo enobunini nasethubeni eligodlelwe abathile kuphela lokufinyelela ezimakethe, lezi yizindlela eseziphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu, ukwenza kangcono, amacebo amasha obuchwepheshe nokuthungatha ngobuchule ulwazi yizinto ezenza umehluko omkhulu neziyodinga ukwenyusa igalelo lolwazi ezimbonini ezimandla ngezinsiza.
Ukwenyusa izinga lokukhula kweSikhwama Samacebo Amasha ngendlela ebihlosiwe, kunezincomo zokwengezela ngemali okufanele inikwe Isikhwama Samacebo Amasha ukuze athuthukise amandla okuzenzela aqondene nokuxhasa abafundi bonjiniyela nesayense ngesikhathi befunda emanyuvesi nokuthuthukisa imiqondo emisha yocwaningo eholela ekwenzeni imikhiqizo yokuhlola.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi amandla okuthola amafa omqondo avame ukuncintisana (ngokwesabelo-mali) nezinye izindleko ezifana namahholo, ngakho kunezincomo zokubumba uhlelo lokuthola amafa omqondo ocwaningeni oluxhaswe yimali kahulumeni oluhlangabezana nemigomo ethile. Lokhu kufanele kwemukelwe bese kubekwa imali eqondene emiselwe ukuthola amacebo amasha nemidwebo ebalulekile.
Kunezincomo zokuba kuqiniswe izinhlelo zokuhlola ezikhona njengamanje nokwethula eziphelile eziqondene nokusatshalaliswa kobuchwepheshe nokufukamela amabhizinisi amancane.
Ukufinyelela ebuchwephesheni kumabhizinisi amancane nawabamnyama kungaba yinkinga uma bungekho ubuchwepheshe bendawo. Amazwe amaningi anezinhlelo ezincane zamacebo amasha ahlinzeka ngezinsiza zokuthungatha ubuchwepheshe obenziwa yilawo mabhizinisi. Kunezincomo zesiphakamiso sokusungulwa kohlelo oluqondene nokuthungatha lezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe.
Amanye amazwe anezinhlelo eziqondene nokuxhasa imishini ethile yeR&D emabhizinisini noma ukuhlinzeka ngosizo olwehlukile lokuthenga impahla. Kunezinye izincomo zokwenza uphenyo lokuhlola ukuthi lendlela ingaphumelela yini eNingizimu Afrika.
Kuyiqhinga eliphusile kososayense, kubaphathi besayense nochwepheshe benqubomgomo ukusungula indlela eyodwa eqonde ukwenyusa amathuba empumelelo ezintweni namacebo amasha.
Abantu namakhono abo ebuchwephesheni nakwisayense awavuselelwe ngokwenele.
Ukwenyusa iqhaza elibanjwa ngabafundi abenza iziqu zemfundo ephakeme kwiSET.
Kunezinye izincomo zokwandisa izinhlelo zabaqede isikole eziseka imfundo yezibalo, isayense nekhompuyutha. Nakuba I-NRF isungula izinhlelo zokufundisa noxhaso lokwenysa isibalo sabafundi abamnyama abaneziqu zemfundo ephakeme, kunezincomo zokuthi lawo mathuba agcinwe kahle kuwo wonke lomkhakha.
Kunezincomo eziphawula ukuthi ukuze intsha ihehwe emkhakheni wobunjiniyela kufanele lemikhakha ikhangiswe ngokucacile kuvezwe nokuthi inekusasa eliqhakazile nesiqiniseko sokuthi abalandela lemikhakha bayogculiseka futhi baphumelele emisebenzini. Ikhono lethu lokuheha intsha kule mikhakha yesayense nobuchwepheshe lincike ekwemukeleni kwethu impokophelo yobuchwepheshe obusha obuqoshwe eNingizimu Afrika yentando yeningi ngaphansi kwemigomo kahulumeni ngokusebenzisana neSADC, NEPAD neNhlangano Yobumbano LwaseYurophu.
Kunezincomo zokugxila kakhulu ezinhlweni ezithile ngenhloso yokugcina othisha besayense nobunjiniyela nabeluleki bezinga lemfundo ephakeme, inqobo uma beheha futhi bethuthukisa abafundi abamnyama nabesifazane abenza ucwaningo ezingeni lemfundo ephakeme.
Amaqhinga anethuba elihle lempumelelo uma esungula noma ekhuthaza ukuxhunyaniswa kwempumelelo yeZwekazi lase-Afrika.
Ukuba ososayense baxhumane nocwaningo lomhlaba.
Ezingeni likaZwelonke, Iningizimu Afrika inezivumelwane zesayense nobuchwepheshe namanye amazwe ezilinganiselwa emashumini amathathu kanti kunezincomo zokuthi uma Iningizimu Afrika ifuna ukuphumelela, kufanele ixhumanise izinhlelo zokuqhuba umsebenzi ezihlelekile nemisebenzi echazwe kahle elumbene nalezi zivumelwane, futhi kusemqoka ukubumba amandla okuzenzela eqhinga lesikhathi eside eliyobamba iqhaza kulendawo.
Njengoba iNingizimu Afrika iyizwe elikhulu ezwenikazi uma ubheka isimo sesayense nobuchwepheshe, ibalulekile futhi emkhakheni wesayense, ikakhulu ngobuchwepheshe nakumacebo amasha ukuba negalelo kwiSADC, NEPAD naseNhlanganweni Yobumbano Lwamazwe ase-Afrika. Yinto ebalulekile ukuthungatha kahle izinsiza nokwakha izimo eziheha ososayense, onjiniyela nochwepheshe ukuze kwakheke amaxhama afanele nezinye izingxenye ze-Afrika. Amaqhinga obuchwepheshe beWSSD neNEPAD adinga kusungulwe Izikhungo Zempumelelo zezifunda nozwelonke eziqondene nesayense nobuchwepheshe kanti akulula ukuqhuba lemisebenzi ngaphandle kokwenza lula indlela yokuhamba nokushintshisana ngososayense. Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe kunikwa umfutho yizingqungquthela, imibuthano yokucobelelana ngolwazi, ubudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kwezikhungo nokwaba izinsiza ezinhlelweni ezinonophalisa futhi zihlomulise ubambiswano lokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe, ukwedlulisa nokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe kanjalo namandla e-Afrika okuveza amacebo amasha ezindaweni ezifana nezempilo, amanzi nenhlanzeko, ezolimo nesiqiniseko sokudla, ezamandla nemfundo.
Izikhungo zesayense nobuchwepheshe ezingeyona ingxenye yesabelo sesayense zinohide lobudlelwane obehlukile bokukala izinga lomsebenzi neminyango yalo eqondene. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukwakha uhlaka losizo oluvumela ukuhlela ucwaningo nentuthuko ezingeni likaZwelonke oluyisibuko sezinto ezigamanxile nezithinta uhulumeni ngokuphelele, imboni eqondene nokuhlelwa kweR&D eminyangweni eqondene nokuzibophezela kwezikhungo, akukhathalekile ukuthi lezi zikhungo zingaphakathi kohulumeni, yimikhandlu yesayense noma zimele ucwaningo olukhulu noma amandla okuzenzela kwezobuchwepheshe ezikhungweni ezifana neNECSA noma ESKOM.
Ubukhulu, ukuma nokuqukethwe wuhlelo lukahulumeni nezikhungo zesayense nobuchwepheshe nezinhlelo ezixhaswe wuhulumeni kufanele zilumbaniswe namaqhinga ezomnotho nentuthuko yenhlalo kahulumeni. Ikakhulu, izinhlelo kufanele ziqhakambise impokophelo ephambili yobuchwepheshe echazwe kwiSahluko 5.
Nakuba imininingwane yezinhlelo zocwaningo lobuchwepheshe zihleli ezandleni ezingcono kososayense ngokwabo, uhulumeni uhlale ebuyekeza isakhiwo socwaningo nezikhungo ngokubheka imiphumela, imithelela nokuhlosiwe.
Amaqhinga afana neQhinga Lokukhiqiza Elididiyele loMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni liyodinga imingenela yocwaningo nentuthuko. Amalinge adidiyele amaqhinga okuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe nokutshala izimali kufanele abunjwe ngokohlelo olubanzi lwesikhathi eside esizayo nokuhlelwa kwezindleko.
Kufanele kube nokwabiwa okucacile kwezibophezelo phakathi kweminyango nezikhungo mayelana nokutshala izimali nokusebenza koHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha.
Kuwumbono wethu ukuthi kusemqoka ukusungula amagunya nezibophezelo ezisobala ngaphakathi kohulumeni eziqondene nalemisebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zinikwa imali eyenele futhi ziqhutshwa ngendlela efanele. Imininingwane egcwele yokumiswa kohlelo lwezikhungo eziqondene nocwaningo nentuthuko kubaluleke kancane, nokho kufanele ihlale ibuyekezwe. Ngokunjalo ezigabeni 6.3 no 6.4 senze izincomo eziphathelene nobulungiswa bezingxenye ezixhaswe wuhulumeni zoHlelo lukaZwelonke Lwamacebo Amasha.
Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqondene nezibophezelo zokuphatha imali etshalwe wuhulumeni ocwaningeni nentuthuko, kunezincomo zokugxila ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezikhungo neminyango ebhekene nohlelo.
Izincomo: Ukuqinisa amaxhama okuxhumana eS&T nokwazana.
Kunezincomo zokulumbanisa izibophezelo zoxhaso lukahulumeni. Ezinye izincomo ngezithi izikhungo zemboni ethile zihlezi kahle uma zisondele eminyangweni eqondene nazo nejutshwe ngezibophezelo zaleyo mboni. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukubuyekeza kabusha ezinye izikhungo zisuswe emnyangweni othile ziya komunye kwandise igalelo (isibonelo, Africa Institute of South Africa, ingaba sendaweni engcono uma isemnyangweni -DFA kune-DACST). Inkambiso yokulumbanisa imboni nohlaka oluqondene lweR&D yisento esihle.
Kuneziphakamiso zokuthi zonke izikhungo ezixubile zibe ngaphansi kweDACST nokuthi lezo eziqondene nemboni ezingaphansi kweDACST njengamanje zedluliselwe eminyangweni efanele neqondene.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwakha uhlaka oluqondile nomthetho osekelayo wokuphathwa kwamafa omqondo avezwe wucwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni oluyocaba "inkundla" yocwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni nocwaningo oluqhutshwa yizikhungo ezingaphansi kohulumeni.
Luningi ulwazi olusungulwe emhlabeni wonke ezikhungweni ezifana namanyuvesi nezinhlangano zocwaningo. Ngesikhathi kusungulwa imithetho, kuyoba semqoka kakhulu ukuncela elwazini oluqongelelwe ngenhloso yokuhola iNingizimu Afrika ngomgudu nenqubo efanele.
Kunesiphakamiso sokubumba isikhwama sokuxhasa umsebenzi wokuthola amalungelo amafa omqondo achanyuselwe wucwaningo nentuthuko exhaswe ngemali kahulumeni uma lokhu kufeza izinhloso nentando kahulumeni. Ukuphathwa kwesikhwama kufanele kube ngomunye wemisebenzi yeNhlangano Yamacebo Amasha Obuchwepheshe.
Ngokubheka isimo esingesihle sokuvikelwa kwamafa omqondo, kunesidingo sokunciphisa imigoqo yezimali izikhungo ezihlangabezana nayo ngesikhathi zithola amafa omqondo ngocwaningo oluxhaswe wuhulumeni. Indlela elandelwa yinqubomgomo iyoba namandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhungo zihlala ziboshezelwe kumafa omqondo, ngesikhathi esifanayo zithungatha indlela yokudayisa ngolwazi lwamafa omqondo.
Injongo encikile yenqubomgomo kuyoba wukuhlaba ikhwelo kwiWIPO ngokukhula kokungaphatheki kahle ngezindleko nobunzima obuthwele yizikhungo zocwaningo nemfundo ezixhaswe wuhulumeni emazweni asathuthuka, lapho zizwakalisa khona ukwehluleka ukufinyelela eziko lamafa omqondo ezingeni lomhlaba.
Ingodla kazwelonke yamafa omqondo avela ocwaningeni oluxhaswe wuhulumeni yisikhali esisemqoka sokukala igalelo lokusebenza kohlelo njengamanje nasesikhathini esizayo. Kunesiphakamiso sokuba iDASCT ithathe isibophezelo sokubumba nokuthuthukisa lengodla.
Kunesiphakamiso sokuba I-DTI inikwe igunya lokubonisana neSARS kanye Neziko Lezimali zikaZwelonke ukuqhuba intuthuko yokunxenxa ngentela ukuze kuqine amandla okuheha nobulula beR&D eNingizimu Afrika uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe esihwebelana futhi sincintisana nawo.
Kunesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukwazana okufanele kwemizamo yamacebo amasha ezifundazweni ezingeni likazwelonke. Lendima ingadlalwa yiNhlangano Yamacebo Amasha ehlongozwayo njengengxenye yemisebenzi yokweseka nokukhuthaza amacebo amasha. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, kudingeka imizamo yokuzenzela eqalwa yizifundazwe ezingenayo ingqalasizinda yamacebo amasha namalinge okweseka.
Kunesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukwazana okufanele kwemizamo eqalwe ezingeni likazwelonke. Lendima ingadlalwa yiNhlangano Yamacebo Amasha ehlongozwayo njengengxenye yokweseka nokukhuthaza amacebo amasha. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, kudingeka imizamo yokuzenzela eqalwa yizifundazwe ezingenayo ingqalasizinda yamacebo amasha namalinge okweseka.
Ngakho, kunesidingo sokubunjwa kwesikhwama esiqondene nokuthungatha ubuchwepheshe emazweni omhlaba. Lokhu kufanele kutholwe ngamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo futhi kudale amandla okuzenzela okuqonde kakhulu imibukiso nezimbizo zobuchwepheshe eNingizimu Afrika ezindaweni ezinamathuba ukuze amabhizinisi aseNingizimu Afrika akwazi ukufinyelela ezizindeni ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.
Kunesidingo esiqondene kakhulu nokuhlwanyela imali ezigabeni zokuqala emabhizinisini obuchwepheshe obuphambili kanti iDACST iyobambisana neDTI ekuthuthukiseni lomkhakha.
Imininingwane egcwele yendlela yezimali ayixubi izindleko zikahulumeni zeS&T ezingesiyona ingxenye yesabelo-mali sesayense njengamanje. Lokhu kudinga isigaba sesibili sokuhlela esiyoqagula izindleko kuyo yonke iminyango kahulumeni. Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lezindleko yimali enyuka ngempela emiselwe ohlaziyweni lwesikhathi eside esizayo, akusizo nje izibalo zengxube yemali echithwa wuhulumeni.
Izinhloso-nqangi ezintathu kufanele zibe nezinhloso zemali ezicacile ezimiselwe kwisabelo-mali sesayense samanje (ngokwenhloso yokuqhathanisa).
Isakhiwo sokutshala imali kufanele sizibophezele eminyangweni eqondene mayelana nezinhlelo zeR&D nokunika izikhungo imali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele sigcine isabelo-mali seSayense siyinto ebumbene.
