Moisture (Wheat)								Zulu
Ukulondolozwa komswakama kwezitshalo zikakolweni
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Byline: NguJane McPherson, umphathi woHlelo lwakwa-Grain SA lokuThuthukiswa kwabaLimi
Zonke izitshalo zifuna amanzi ukuze zikhule kanti iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ngokulima izitshalo eziyizinhlamvu emhlabeni owomile ukuba khona komswakama owaneleyo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo zakho zikakolweni. 
Ukusuka kule nyanga, umbhalo kakolweni wePula Imvula uzothunyelwa kubo bonke abafundi, hhayi kuphela kubakhiqizi abakhuluma iSisuthu baseFree State. Ngakho-ke kufuneka sikhumbule ukuthi iNtshonalanga Kapa inesimo sezulu esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Mediterranean okusho ukuthi sithola imvula yaso ebusika, okuyisikhathi esilungele ukulinywa kukakolweni. Ukubaluleka kokulondolozwa komswakama womhlabaithi kubakhiqizi bakakolweni kwelaseKapa akubalulekanga kangako uma kuqhathaniswa neNingizimu Afrika yonkana lapho kufuneka silondoloze imvula yasehlobo emhlabathi ukuze izitshalo ziyisebenzise ngezinyanga ezomile zasebusika. 
Ukulinywa kwezitshalo kufuna umswakama. Izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zinezidingo ezehlukene ezifanele ukubhekisiswa ngaphambi kokuthathwa kwesinqumo maqondana nokuthi yisiphi isitshalo esifanele ukutshalwa. Umswakama nawo uyafuneka ukuze kukhuthazwe ukugayeka kwensalela yezitshalo ebezikhona ngaphambilini nokwandisa isivundiso esiqukethwe emhlabathini, ngalokho izitshalo zikwazi ukuthola izondlo. 
Kungenzeka ukuthi awukathathi sinqumo maqondana nokuthi ngabe uzowulima yini ukolweni noma cha; isinqumo sakho sencike enzuzweni etholakala ngokulima ukolweni, nasekuhleleni kwakho kwesikhathi esibonelela phambili ngokusebenzisa umhlabathi. Abakhiqizi abaningi benze isinqumo sokulima izitshalo ezithile ngokokushintshaniswa okuthile okulandelwayo, ngaphandle kokugxila kumanani entengo aguquguqukayo. Ukulima ukolweni njalo ngonyaka kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi uba nezitshalo lapho kungunyaka omuhle, nokuthi unokolweni ongawuthengisa lapho inani lentengiso liphezulu (kodwa-ke kusenokwenzeka nokuqophisana nalokhu – uzoba nokolweni nangeminyaka emibi, futhi kuzofuneka uwathathe namanani entengo aphansi lapho ekhona). 
Kuyadingeka ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba izitshalo zakho zizokwazi ukufinyelela emswakameni owanele emhlabathini ngaso sonke isikhathi sokukhula kwazo. Yonke imihlabathi iyakwazi ukugcina amanzi, kodwa-ke eminye inekhono elingconywana lokugcina umswakama emhlabathini. Imihlabathi enesihlabathi esiningi inekhono elincane lokugcina amanzi njengoba amanzi azokwazi ukuvuzela emhlabathini bese elahleka, ngaphandle kwalapho kunonqenqema olungangeneki (ilitshe noma ubumba, ukwenza isibonelo) oluzovimbela amanzi ukuthi angedluleli phambili bese eyalahleka. Imihlabathi enezinqenqema ezingangeneki (ezinjengobumba ukwenza isibonelo) ezisekujuleni obungama-600 mm kuye kwi-1m yizo ezikufanele ukulondolozwa komswakama womhlabathi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ngonyaka ngamunye. Imihlabathi eminingi eFree State eseMpumalanga ihambelana nale ncazelo, okuyisizathu sokuthi ikufanele ukulinywa kukakolweni wasebusika yize iyindawo ethola imvula yasehlobo. 
Ngaphandle kokuthi unenhlanhla yokuba namanzi okunisela ngenkasa enele, uyophoqeka ukuthi wethembele emvuleni ukuze umhlabathi uthole umswakama. Umhlabathi ongaphezulu okhululekileyo wenza ukuthi imvula ikwazi ukungena emhlabathini. Ufanele ukuthi ngabe usuke wabona ukuthi imvula igeleza kanjani emhlabathini olukhuni. Isigcinamswakama esingaphezu komhlabathi siyasiza ekungeneni kwamanzi; kanti futhi siyakwehlisa nokuwa kwamaconsi futhi sinikeze nesikhathi eside sokuthi amanzi angene. 
Amanzi alondolozeka ezikhaleni eziphakathi kwezinhlayiyana zomhlabathi. Imihlabathi ingehluka ukusuka kuleyo eyisihlabathi iye kuleyo emnyama idlulele kuleyo elubumba kanti uhlobo ngalunye lomhlabathi luyakwazi ukugcina amathamo ehlukahlukanayo amanzi. Umhlabathi oyisihlabathi, olubumba nomnyama ukwazi ukulondoloza ama-25 mm emhlabathini oyi-150 mm. (Umhlabathi onokujula obusebenzayo obuyi-1 m bezimpande, uyakwazi ukugcina imvula eyi-180 mm). Ithamo lomswakama elinokulondolozeka emhlabathini lencike ohlotsheni lomhlabathi, esimweni sokwakheka komhlabathi nokutsheka kwawo kanye nasekujuleni komhlabathi. 
Umswakama womhlabathi ungalahleka emhlabeni ngenxa yemisebe yokushisa kwelanga. Ingaphezulu lomhlabathi liye lishise kuthi lokhu kukhuphule ukuhwamuka, ukuchusha kusabalale amanzi emhlabathini (lokhu ukuhamba komswakama womhlabathi phakathi kwezinhlayiya zomhlabathi), afike kwingaphezulu lomhlabathi lapho eguquka khona ahwamukele emoyeni; asetshenziswe nawukhula noma nayiziphi izitshalo ezingathathwa njengokhula ensimini (Lokhu ngenye yezimbangela eziphambili zokulahleka komswakama womhlabathi.)
Singawulondoloza kanjani umswakama ngendlela encomekayo?
Qiniseka ukuthi imvula engena emhlabathini iyakwazi ukungena emhlabathini lowo; ugcine ingaphezulu lomhlabathi lisesimweni esihle. Uqweqwe olungaphezu komhlabathi luba yisivimbo esiqinile kuthi enye imvula efikayo ishelele imuke esikhundleni sokungenelela ngaphansi komhlabathii. 
Gcina insalela yezitshalo zesikhathi sangaphambili ibe ningi ngokusemandleni ukuze unciphise amandla ashaya ngqo amaconsi emvula kwingaphezulu lomhlabathi bese ngokwenza njalo unciphise ukwakheka koqweqwe lomhlabathi. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izitshalo zisenokufuna ezinye izivundisi ezine-nitrogen ezengezwayo ngenxa yokukhishwa kwezondlo ngokunensa ezisekhona kwinsalela yezitshalo, lokhu okuzokwencika ekwehlukanisweni kwezitshalo lezo ezindala ezisele. 
Ngemuva kwezimvula ezinkulu, qhephula uqweqwe olungabe lwakheke ngaphezu komhlabathi. Uqweqwe aluvimbeli nje kuphela ukungenelela kwamanye amanzi emvula, kepha lukhuthaza nokuchusha kusabalale amanzi phakathi kwezinhlayiya zomhlabathi okwenza umhlabathi wome. 
Gcina umhlabathi ungenakhula ukusuka ngesikhathi sokuvunwa kwezitshalo zesikhathi esedlule kuye kwesokutshalwa kwezitshalo ezilandelayo. 
Ukudaleka kwesembozo esenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo sokulondoloza umswakama esenziwa uthuli kwingaphezulu lomhlabathi kuba yisithikamezo sesenzo sokuchusha kusabalale amanzi phakathi kwezinhlayiya zomhlabathi okuholela ekusukeni komswakama emhlabathini uye emoyeni. Yize isembozo esenziwe ngezinto ezinjengothuli olomile esilondoloza umswakama simunca ukushisa kwemisebe yelanga, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kuyenzeka kepha kube sezingeni eliphansi endaweni engaphezulu yomhlabathi owomile engama-5 cm. 
Isembozo esenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo sokulondoloza umswakama sisenokuba yinsalela yezitshalo (uma kukhulunywa kabanzi) noma sibe yisembozo esenziwe ngezinto ezinjengothuli okufanele sigcinwe ngaso sonke isikhathi okusuke kungahlwanyeliwe ngokulinywa komhlabathi ngemishini. 
Amanye amaphuzu aphathelene nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo abaluleke ngokuphelele ukuze kubekhona impumelelo. Kufuneka ulondoloze umswakama ngokusemandleni akho, futhi ugcine umhlaba wakho ungenalo ukhula ngazo zonke izikhathi. Umswakama ngomunye wamaphuzu ayisithiyo esikhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo. 
