Uphetholo udinga isithako esibizwa nge-octane ukuvikela injini ukuba ingenzi umsindo noma ishayeke. Ukushayeka kwenjini kwenziwa ukunquma okungavimbeleki kwegxube yomoya namafutha okugcineka emgudwini okungalimaza injini. Isithako i- octane esikhona kumafutha siyisikalo esivimbela injini ukuthi ingashayeki - uma izinga lesikalo liphezulu, mancane amathuba okuthi amafutha adale ukushayeka. Ukungezelela ngezithako zomthofu kuphetholo kwayiyona ndlela eyayingambi eqolo enaduli noma yokwelekelela isikalo se-octane.
Umthofu ubusetshenziswa kakhulu njengesengezelelo kuphetholo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo 1920. Kodwa-ke, uphetholo ngeze wasetshenziswa izimoto ezifakwe isithako sokuguqula ukuze sinciphise intuthu ephuma ku-ekzozo, ngoba umthofu uyashesha ukwenza lesi sithako singabe sisasebenza unomphela. Lokhu, kanye nokutholakala kokuthi umthofu okhishwa yi-ekzozo kungathikameza impilo yabantu, kuholele ekutheni ukhishwe kancane kancane, kuqale iMelika eseNyakatho kwalandela I-Europe kwase kuya ngokwanda kwalandela amanye amazwe emhlabeni.
Kusukela ngaluphi usuku lapho uphetholo onomthofu ungeke usatholakala eNingizimu Afrika?
UHulumeni usemise ukuthi kuzakuba nezinhlobo ezintathu zesithako se-actane kuphetholo ongaxutshiwe nomthofu (ULP) ezizovumeleka eNingizimu Afrika (kuzo zombili izindawo ezingudle ugu naphakathi nezwe) ngemuva komhlaka 1 kuMasingana (January) 2006, okuyilezi 91, 93 kanye ne- 95 iNombolo yoCwaningo nge-Octane (RON). Ukudingeka kwalezi zinhlobo yikhona okuzokhombisa ukuthi yiyona yiphi inhlobo edingeka ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe. Abanezimoto kufanele balindele ukuthi ngeke bathole zonke izinhlobo kuzo zonke izindawo, kodwa bangakulindela ukuthi bazothola inhlobo ahambisana noma elungele izimoto zabo noma ikuphi lapho beya khona eNingizimu Afrika.
Zonke izimboni zokuhluza amafutha ezimoto zaseNingizimu Afrika sezitshale imali noma zitshala imali ukwengezelela izinto zokusebenza noma ubuchwepheshe obuphambili ukuze zikwazi ukukhiqiza izithako ze-actane ngobuningi. Isithako se-actane sidingeka kakhulu kunomkhiqizo okhishwa izimboni ezihluzayo zendawo kuyothengwa izithako zokuvutshelwa kwe-octane ephezulu noma i-octane kaphetholo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kwaneliswa ukudingeka kwayo.
Azomiswa kanjani amanani ezinhlobo ezahlukene zophetholo?
Amanani alawulwayo azomisiwe ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo nalena esetshenziswayo njengamanje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanani amisiwe ezinhlobo ezingaxutshiwe nomthofu ezikhona njengamanje (isithako se-octane 95 ngasogwini ne 93 phakathi nezwe) zizoqhubeka njengoba zinjalo. Amanani ezinhlobo ezixutshwe nomthofu azofana namanani kaphetholo ongaxutshwanga nomthofu wesithako se-octane esifanayo.
Ezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe lapho uhlobo lwe- 95 engaxutshiwe luzobe luqala ukutholakala kuzokhokhiswa imali noma "intela yokubhekana nokudingeka" okuzokwenza inani likhuphuke phakathi kwayo ne- 93, kuyoqala kuhlukane ngo-10c ilitha ngalinye. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi izimoto eziningi phakathi nezwe zanelisekile ngamafutha e- 93 enesithako se-octane okuyisona esiphezulu, eqinisweni yisona kuphela esikhona. Amafutha anesithako se-octane 95 enziwa atholakale phakathi nezwe ukuze kwaneliswe izimoto ezinobuchwepheshe besikhathi samanje eseziqalisiwe ezimbonini zezimoto. Ngoba abanini zimoto sebezokwazi ukuzikhethela phakathi kwezinhlobo ukuze kuvikelwe ukusetshenziswa budedengu besithako se- octane, kufiswa ukuthi kube yilabo abadinga i-95 enesithako se-octane abazosebenzisa yona, - intela ezokhokhwa phakathi nezwe yenzelwe ukuba iqwashiwe abaninizimoto ukuba bacabangisise ngabakukhethayo. Ngasogwini lapho kuzodingeka kakhulu amafutha anesithako se -octane esiphezulu noma esiningi (ngokujwayelekile ubuduze nogu busho ukudingeka kwesithako se-octane kakhulu ezimotweni) kanti i- 95 octane enesithako se-octane esingaxutshiwe yiyona nhlobo ekhona njengamanje engaxutshiwe, ngeke kube khona intela eyengeziwe kuloluhlobo.
Ngizokwazi kanjani ukuthi yilona luphi uhlobo lukaphetholo olulungele imoto yami?
Kwakhiwa isizinda solwazi esizokhombisa ncishe zonke izinhlobo ezikhona njengamanje emigwaqeni yethu. Lokhu kuzotholakala yonke indawo kumbandakanywa nesizinda solwazi se- National Association of Automotive Manufacturers (ikheli le-NAAMSA - www.naamsa.co.za) kanye ne-South African Petroleum Industry Association (ikheli le- SAPIA - www.sapia.co.za) . Kulolo nalolo hlobo kuzokhonjiswa uhlobo lwamafutha oluqondene ezindaweni ezigudle ugu neziphakathi nezwe ngokwehlukana (ngumakhi ukuze isebenze ngokuphelele) nokuthi yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo ezingahambisana (lezo ezingenza imoto isebenze ngokwanelisayo ngaphandle kokonakalisa injini nakuba ingeke isebenze ngamandla aphelele kwezinye izimoto). Abaninizimoto bangazikhethela ukusebenzisa noma iluphi uhlobo olukhonjisiwe njengoluncomekayo noma olulungele imoto. Abaninizimoto kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi indlela abashayela ngayo ingaba nomthelela ekutheni yiluphi uhlobo lwesithako se-octane abaluthola luhambisana kahle hle nezidingo zabo . Kuyakuba nomhlahlandlela okhombisa amafutha alungele ukusetshenziswa kulesi sizinda solwazi kanye nakuzo zonke izindawo zokuthela amafutha.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimoto zidinga izithako ze-octane ezahlukene. Ukusebenzisa uphetholo onesithako se-octane esingaphezulu kwaleso esidingwa yimoto yakho akudingekile futhi kungukusebenzisa budedengu imali ikakhulukazi ngoba awuzuzi lutho ekusebenzeni kwenjini. Ukusebenzisa uphetholo onesithako se-octane esingaphansi kwalokho okudingwa yimoto kwehlisa ukusebenza kwenjini lokhu kungadala ukuthi injini ishayeke noma yonakale ngokuhamba kwesikhathi . Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi ukudingeka kwesithako se-octane emotweni ethile kuncike kwezinye izinto, okubalwa kuzo ukusetshenziswa kanye nendlela eshayelwa ngayo imoto, izidingo zesithako se-octane zemoto enomthwalo omkhulu, izindawo eziphakeme nesimo esiklinyayo.
Kungani kungafanele ngisebenzise uhlobo lwesithako se-octane esingaphezulu kwaleso esidingwa yimoto yami?
Uphetholo onesithako se-octane esiphezulu udinga ukuhluzwa kakhulu kanti kusetshenziswa amandla amaningi uma ukhiqizwa. Uma lamandla engadliwa noma asetshenziswe ngukusebenza kahle kwemoto yakho kusho ukuthi lawo mandla amaningi afakiwe ayachitheka noma ayamosheka. Lokhu kuchitheka kuholela ekukhishweni komoya ongasasebenzi noma i-(carbon dioxide), okulimaza imvelo yethu.
Ukusetshenziswa kohlobo lwesithako se-octane esingaphezulu kwalokho okudingwa yimoto yakho kuzobiza noma kudla umninimoto kakhulu , kubiza noma kudla ize kakhulu futhi kunomthelela omubi kwimvelo. Kanti akuzukuba nazuzo ekusebenzeni nasekushayelweni kwemoto.
Ngabe uphetholo ongaxutshiwe nomthofu uzilungele izithuthuthu, imishini yokuguda utshani nezinjini zezikebhe?
Uphetholo ongaxutshiwe ngokuvamile uzilungele izithuthuthu, imishini yokuguda utshani nezinjini zezikembe ngaphandle kwezincane ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bakudala. Bheka noma buza nalowo okuthengisele umshini uma unemibuzo.
Ngabe izimoto zokuqala nezimoto zakudala zingasebenzisa uphetholo ongaxutshiwe?
Ukuze ugweme izinkinga lezi zimoto kufanele ngokujwayelekile zisebenzise uphetholo oxutshiwe, nakuba ezinye zingasebenzisa uphetholo ongaxutshiwe. Uma ufisa ukusebenzisa uphetholo ongaxutshiwe, thintana nomakhi waleyo moto.
Uma ngisebenzisa uphetholo ongaxutshiwe ipayipi lemoto yami alishi libe mhlophe njengoba lalenza ngesikhathi ngisebenzisa uphetholo oxutshiwe. Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi injini yemoto yami isisebenza kancane?
Cha, lokhu akusho ukuthinteka kokusebenza kwenjini. Ipayipi elisha libe mhlophe uma lisebenzisa uphetholo oxutshiwe lenziwa umthofu ochithekela ku-ekzozo uma imoto idla noma kusha amafutha. Uma lokhu kususwa i-ekzozo iba mpunga noma ibe nsundu. Lokhu akusho ukuthi injini isisebenza kabi noma isiqala ukusebenzisa uwoyela.
Ngizokwazi kanjani ukuthi imoto yami ingahamba ngophetholo ungaxutshiwe?
Qala ubhekisise incwanjana yemoto. Uma ngemuva kokwenza lokho awukabi naso isiqiniseko ngokuthi imoto yakho ingawusebenzisa yini uphetholo ongaxutshiwe zama ukuthola izaluleko kumthengisi wezimoto oseduze. Ungavakashela futhi igosi ye-NAAMSA (kuleilikheli www.naamsa.co.za) kanye ne-SAPIA (www.sapia.co.za). Amalunga ezinhlangano zezimoto angashayela abaluleki bazo izicingo.
Uma imoto yakho ingasebenzisa uphetholo ongaxutshiwe ungaqala ukuwusebenzisa ngokushesha. Uma ngabe idinga ukuvikelwa kwamavalufu, kudingeka usebenzise uphetholo ongene esikhundleni sexutshiwe (LRP) ozobe utholokala, ekuqaleni. Ngenye indlela ungasebenzisa isivikela kuguga esisebhodleleni (kuyoba nemikhiqizo eyahlukene eminingi ongakhetha kuyo) nophetholo ongaxutshiwe. Nakuba kunjalo, noma uphetholo ongaxutshiwe utholakala endaweni yakho, ukuwusebenzisa kuyiyona nto engcono kakhulu ongayikhetha.
Ungazuza ini uma usebenzisa I-ULP?
Umthofu oxutshwe nophetholo kudala ukwakheka kwephoyizeni kuthikameza amaplulaki kanye ne-ekzozo. Ngakho-ke enye izunzo kubanini bezimoto yokusebenzisa uphetholo ungaxutshiwe yileyo yokuthi izindleko zokunakekela imoto ziyancipha.
Yiziphi izimoto okufanele zisebenzise I-LRP futhi kungani?
Njengokunika amandla amafutha esithako se-octane, umthofu usebenza njengamafutha okuthambisa phakathi kwezinto ezithintanayo kanye namavalufu e-ekzozo kanye namavalufu ehloko yesilida. Izinjini zezimoto ezithile ezidala zeminyaka yamashumi ayisishiyangalombili phakathi nawo zenziwa ngensimbi ethambile yamavalufu ngoba zazivikelwa nguphetholo oxutshwe nomthofu. Uma kususwa umthofu kuphetholo, lamavalufu awenziwe ngensimbi ethambile angaguga kanti ukuphela kwamavalufu kungadala ukulahleka kokucindezeleka namandla. Isimo sokusebenza esibaluleke kakhulu samavalufu isivinini esiphezulu noma umthwalo omkhulu okuholela ekukhuleni kwezinga lokushisa lamavalufu okwenza aguge kakhulu.
Isiphi Isithako esisebhodleleni okumele ngisisebenzise?
Kusukela ngenyanga kaNhlolanja (February) 2005, zonke izimoto ezihamba ngophetholo zokuthwala abantu nezohweba noma ezisetshenziselwa ibhizimisi eziqalayo eNingizimu Afrika kudingeka zibe amazinga afanele okukhipha ngakho kufanele zifakwe I- catalytic converter. Kusukela ngo-Masingana 2008, zonke izimoto zikaphetholo zonke izinhlobo noma ngabe ezikhona noma ezitsha kufanele zifakwe i-catalytic converters. Akudingekile kodwa ukuthi izimoto ezakhiwe ngaphambi kwalolusuku ziyofakwa I-catalytic converters. Izimoto ezingaphezulu kwama 70% ezimotweni ezintsha vele sezifakiwe i- catalytic converters.
Okwengeziwe okuvimbela amavalufu kulula ukukusebenzisa. Thela nje isikalo esidingekayo ethangweni lamafutha emoto ngaphambi kokuba uthele uphetholo ongaxutshiwe nomthofu.
Okwengeziwe kokuvikela amavalufu kungasetshenziswa esikhundleni sophetholo oxutshwe nomthofu ngokwanelisayo, iqobo nje uma ukhetha okwengezelwe okwenziwe ngumkhiqizi odumile okwenzelwe ukuvikela amavalufu ngqo futhi ukusebenzise ngendlela enqunyiwe noma ebhalwe ephaketheni . Qaphela ukuthi kudingekile ukuvikelwa ikakhulukazi kwezimoto ezisebenza ngezinjini ezinesivinini esiphezulu noma isimo somthwalo, njengokuthi uma zihamba emgwaqeni onguthewayeka isikhathi eside ibe idonsa inkonyane esidayo.
Ngabe ukusebenzisa okwengeziwe okuningi kokuvimbela amavalufu kunalokhu okumisiwe kungavikela kangcono injini?
Cha. Ngeke wasebenzisa okwengeziwe okuningi kunalokho okumisiwe.
Yisiphi isithako esesizofakwa kuDizili manje?
Kuzoba khona izinhlobo ezimbili zedizili njengoba kwenzeka manje. Izinga elilingene elitholakala ezweni lonke eluqukethe isithako esingama- 500 ppm (ingxenye yokuyinkulungwane) kanye nezinga eliphansi eliqukethe isithako esingama- 50 ppm.
Ngabe udizili omusha uzothikameza izindleko zokulungisa noma isikhathi ukushintshwa kukawoyela?
Abakhiqizi bezimoto bathe ukwehlisa izinga lezithako kuzovumela imoto ukuba kweluleke isikhathi sokudonsa noma ukukhipha uwoyela okuzokwenza kunciphe izindleko zokunakekela.
Ngabe ubushelelezi buyophazamiseka?
Zingakanani izindleko okukhulunywa ngazo, yingani zengezelelwa?
Izinga lesithako se-sulphur kudizili lizobiza ngaphezulu kwesithako we-sulapher esisezingeni eliphezulu esingena esikhundleni salo lokhu kuhambisana namanani othengiswa ngawo kwamanye amazwe.
