Soil												Zulu

Ukuchaza ukucina komhlabathi

Instructions: 

Folio strap: Umhlabathi 

Byline: Kubhalwe ngumlimi onolwazi

Caption: 

Umfanekiso 1: Impumelelo yokucina komhlabathi embotshanyaneni.

Umfanekiso 2: Izimpande ezingasobunxele zikhombisa ukumila okungavinjwa lutho, lezi ezingasokula zikhombisa ukumila okufinyeziwe ngenxa kokucina komhlabathi.

Isithombe 1: Isithombe sikhombisa ukuthi ithonsi lemvula elilodwa lingadala ingozi engakanani emhlabathini.

Isithombe 2: Lapho umhlabathi uqala ukoma kudaleka uqweqwe oluvimba ukuthi kungene noma kuphume umoya emhlabathini, futhi kuvimba ukuthi amanzi angene makuphinda kune.

Isithombe 3: Hlola kahle ukuthi amasimu akho angenamanzi amaningi kakhulu bese ususe izimfuyo uzidlise kwenye indawo. Lapho amasimu aqala ukoma, ungazibuyisela izinkomo. 

Ukucina komhlabathi kwenzeka lapho izinhlamvanyana zomhlabathi zicindezeleka bese izimbotshana ngaphakathi ziyavaleka. Umhlabathi ocine kakhulu unezombotshana ezincane bese kuvimbeka ukungena kwamanzi, nalapho kukhona amanzi amaningi kakhulu awakwazi ukuphuma kulo qweqwe oluqinile. Ukushintshana komoya one-oksijeni, inayitrojeni, icarbon dioxide nokunye okubalulekile ukumilisa izimpande zezitshalo akwenzeki ngendlela afanelekile bese izitshalo azimili kahle.

Umfanekiso 1 

Kuyini okudala ukucina komhlabathi? 

Ukuhamba kogandaganda neminye imishini emhlabathini olinywayo kungenza ukuthi umhlabathi ucine. Ukulima komhlabathi nokucina kwawo kuhambelana nawo wonke umsebenzi emasimini: ukutshala, ukufafaza, ukuvuna, njll. Ngokuhamba kwesikhath abantu bazame ukwakha ugandaganda onamandla nemishini okuzokwazi ukufahlaza uqweqwe oludalekayo lapho izinhlamvana zomhlabathi zihlangane zinamethelana bese umoya namanzi akukwazi ukungena noma ukuphuma.

Ngezi-1940’s ukusinda (weight) kogandaganda bekuvama ukuba amathani amathathu – namuhla ama’four-wheel drive’ aya ngaphezu kwamathani angu-20. Ukucinisa umhlabathi ngenxa imishini ehamba khona kungehlisa umhlabathi kungaya ku-0,60 m. Ukulima nokuhlakula kuvama ukwenziwa ngesikhathi umhlabathi umanzana, lokhu bese kudaleka masinya ingozi esakhiweni somhlabathi. Umhlabathi bese awukwazi ukunikeza izitshalo ukudla okwanele. Ukulima njalo ngegeja eliphendula umhlabathi ngokujula okufanayo kungenza futhi umhlabathi ongaphansi ucine kakhulu bese izimpande zizohluleka ukungena. 

Emhlabathini lapho kuvama kubakhona amanzi amaningi kuthiwa umhlabathi ufana neplastiki. Imishini esindayo ehamba lapho uzohlanganisa izinhlamvana kwenzeke isishishili esifana nento ebhaxekayo. Lapho kubonakala izindawo amasondo ahambe khona angene ngokujula, kukhombisa ukuthi ubemanzi kakhulu. Umhlabathi owomile uzophuhluka uhlale ube nesakhiwo esihle. 


Isakhiwo somhlabathi

Isimo/Isakhiwo somhlabathi sizokutshela ukuthi umhlabathi othile unamandla ukubamba nokuhambisa amanzi, ukudla kwezitshalo nomoya odingekayo ukuze izimpande zikwazi ukumila kahle. Izimpande ezimila kahle zidinga izimbotshwana ezingaphezu kwa-0,1 mm ukuze izihloko zezimpande zizokwazi ukungena zibambe izinhlamvana zomhlabathi ziqhubeke ukumila. Uma umhlabathi ucine kakhulu, izimpande zidinga amandla amanini ukungena. 



Umlimi ungavimba njani ungwengwezi lomhlabathi ocinile? 

Ukulima ngokujula okudlula ku-25 cm kuzosiza ukufahlaza amapani alukhuni adaleka lapho kuhamba amasondo emishini, kodwa lokhu akusebenzi isikhathi eside uma ufuna umvuno omuhle. Ezindaweni eziningi ukulima ngokujula kufuneke kwenzeke njalo ngonyaka. Ukuphinda ukusebenza kuleyo nsimu elinyiwe kungacinisa futhi umhlabathi nge-80%. Kanjalo-ke kusetshenziswa idizili eningi nemishini eminingi. 

Indlela ulima ngayo manje mhlawumbe isafana nalokhu okwejwayelekile: ukulima emva kokuvuna, ukudiska, ukuripha nokunye, bese ukutshala, ukuhlakula nokufafaza ukhula nezifo. Kanjalo kungenzeka ukuthi imishini yakho ihambe kuleyo nsimu mhlawumbe ka-8 noma ka-9 ngaphakathi kwesikathi sokutshala nesikhathi sokuvuna. Loluhlelo lokulima lunezindleko eziningi. Izindleko zemishini, isikhathi sokuqeda umsebenzi, abasebenzi, idizili nokuphatha imishini ziyakhuphuka njalo. 

Ukulima okujwayelekile

Le ndlela yokulima beyiqonde kakhulu ukubulala ukhula nokuxegisa umhlabathi ocinile emva kokuna kakhulu. Enye imvula ingalondolozwa ukuxegisa umhlabathi ongaphezulu kuzovimba ukulahleka kwamanzi emoyeni. 

Ukulima ngokujula ukuhlakaza ipani lomhlabathi elicinile kangadala enye ingozi esakhiweni somhlabathi futhi akungeke kusebenze kahle uma umhlabathi umanzi kakhulu. Ukongwa komhlabathi ngezinye izindlela njengokungalimi kakhulu ne’no-till’ kungavimba ukucina komhlabathi futhi ekugcineni izindleko zizokwehla. 

Isenzelelo somhlabathi oxegayo

Amaningi amapulantela avama ukucindezela kancane umhlabathi ngaphezulu kwezimbewu ezitshaliwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi ukuhlangana komhlabathi namanzi nezimbewu kwenzeke masinya bese izimbewu zihluma masinya. Ukucindezela kancane kungavimba ukulahleka kwamanzi bese umhlabathi onamathele nezimbewu awomi masinya. Lapho kunganiselwa khona izimbewu zivalwa ngomhlabathi owomile oxegayo. Lokhu nakho kuzovimba ukulahleka kwamanzi. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi umhlabathi wangaphezulu nalowo ongaphansi ungacindezeleke kakhulu. 

Umhlabathi oxega kakhulu onokucina okungafani zonke izindawo nacho kungavimba ukumila nokukhula kwezimpande ngendlela efanelekile. Izimpande zivama ukukhetha izindlela zokumila lapho kulula khona, kanjalo-ke azingeke zizame ukungena ezindaweni ezicinili nalapho umhlabathi ulukhuni.

Izinkinga ezidalwa ngokicina komhlabathi 

Lapho kukhona ukucina kwenza ukuthi indawo lapho izimpande zingamila khona incane. Izitshalo bese azikwazi ukudonsa ukudla namanzi okwanele ukuze zilethe umvuno omuhle. Ngeminyaka lapho izulu lingani, izitshalo zimbi ngoba azitholi ukudla kulo mhlabathi ocinile. 


Umfanekiso 2 



Ngeminyaka lapho izulu lina kahle, umhlabathi ocinile wenza ukuthi umoya awukwazi ukungena nokuphuma emhlabathini ngoba kukhona amanzi amaningi kakhulu – nawo amanzi awakwazi ukuphuma. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi umanyolo nenayitrojeni emhlabathini kulahleke. Isitshalo sidinga amandla ukudonsa ipotassium emhlabathini. Ngoba umoya awukho izimpande azinawo amandla ukudonsa ipotassium ngokwanele. Iphosphorus ayivami ukungena ngokujula emhlabathini, uma siphinda ukuyithela, izimpande ezingenamoya, ziyahluleka ukudonsa lokhu kudla okudingekayo kakhulu. 

Isihlabathi sinezinhlamvana ezilingene bese zivama ukucina masinya. Lezi zinhlabathi zivama ukunamanzi akwanele, kodwa uma kukhona ipani elicinile lizovimba izimpande ukungena ukuyodonsa lawo manzi phansi – kakhulukazi uma izulu lingani.

Sesibonile ukuthi lapho izimpande zikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kwaleli pani elicinile (noma sizivulela indlela ngeripha) ziyakwazi ukumila kahle ngoba isihlabathi esingaphansi kwepani elicinile sithambile. Kanjalo zithola amanzi nokudla okwanele ukumilisa isitshalo kahle. 

Ukucina komhlabathi kungenzeka ezindaweni ezimbili: ukucina komhlabathi ongaphezulu nokucina okungaphansi (uqweqwe). 

Ukucina ngaphezulu

Izimvula zasentwasahlobo zingadala ingozi enkulu emhlabathini ongavinjelelwa lutho njengokuguguleka okulahlekisa umhlabathi nokudla okuphakathi. 

Emhlabathini lapho kungekho izinto zemvelo eziningi (izinhlanga ezindala, njll) noma lapho kungekho izinhlanga phezulu, kungakheka uqweqwe olucinile phezulu olungalingana na-12 - 20 mm. 

Isithombe 1 


Ubukhulu kwamathonsi emvula ngokwejwayelekile bungaba 1 mm kodwa bungaya ku-7 mm, futhi angashaya umhlabathi ngespidi esifika ku-30 kph. Amahlayihlayi omhlabathi angasakazeka afike endaweni engaphezu kwa-1 mitha. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi izimbotshwana emhlabathini zivaleke bese amanzi awakwazi ukungena ageleze nje alahleke. 



Isithombe 2

 
Lapho umhlabathi wangaphezulu woma kwakheka uqweqwe olucinile ovimba umoya ukuphuma nokungena noma amanzi lapho izulu lina futhi. Lolu qweqwe luvimba izitshalo ukumila ngoba azikwazi ukuphuma – baningi abalimi bakubonile lokhu lapho batshale ubhekilanga noma usoya. 



Amahlayihlayi omhlabathi asakazekile ahamba futhi namanzi bese angene avale imifula. Ukuguguleka okukhulu kungenzeka lapho kuna kakhulu ensimini engavinjelelwa lutho enoqweqwe olukhuni, amanzi awakwazi ukungena bese kulahleka amanzi, umhlabathi, nokuvunda komhlabathi. 


Izimfuyo emhlabathini omanzi

Ukucina komhlabathi kungenzeka futhi uma udlisa izimfuyo emasimini emva kokuvuna ngoba izinyawo (amasondo) zezinkomo nezimvu zidala ukuvaleka komhlabathi (soil pugging). Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulukazi lapho umhlabathi umanzi kakhulu. Ukucina komhlabathi ngale ndlela kuhambelana nezinhlanga ezisale phezu komhlabathi. Lokhu kucina kuzobonakala lapho ubona ukuthi umhlabathi wehle nge-7 kuya ku-10 cm. Lokhu kuvama ukwenzeka masinya emhlabathini onesidaka esiningi.

Konke esikhulume ngakho phezulu kuyaphinda kwenzeke ngoba izimbotshana emhlabathini ziyavaleka. Lapho kuhamba khona izinkomo emasimini amanzi, umvuno ungehla nge-20%. Ukuvimba lokhu kufanele ubheke inani lamanzi njalonjalo emasimini uzisuse izinkomo uzidlise endaweni ephakeme noma lapho kukhona umehlelo ongenamanzi amaningi. Lapho ubona ukuthi inani lamanzi emasimini lehlile, ungazibuyisela izinkomo. 

Isithombe3 
 
 





Ukubheka nokuhlola ukucina komhlabathi

Ukucina okungaphezulu noma uqweqwe olukhuni kubonakala masinya uma uhamba emasimini emva kokuna kwemvula. Ungasebenzisa umese ukuvula uqweqwe ukubona ukuthi ukucina kujule kangakanani.



Ukucina okungaphansi

Uma ufuna ukubona ukuthi ukucina komhlabathi ongaphansi kunjani, kufanele kuhloIisiswe ngenye indlela. 



Imigodi yomboniso (profile holes)

Sebenzisa ifosholo ugube umgodi omncane, kuzokhanya masinya ukuthi kukhona uqweqwe olukhuni lapho ufika ku-20 - 25 cm ngokujula. Uma lolu qweqwe lomile kuzobanzima ukulusika ngefosholo. Uma ucabanga ukuthi kukhona ukucina okushona phansi, kuzofanele ugubhe umgodi ongu-1 m x 1 m x 1 m. Manje uzokwazi ukungena phakathi emgodini ubheke ukuthi ukucina kufika kuphi (uzothola umboniso ozokhombisa isimo somhlabathi). Ungathatha noma yini ecijile udwebe umsedlana osuka phezulu kuze ufike phansi. Zonke izinqweqwe ezilukhuni zizobonakala kalula bese uzokwazi ukuzilinganisa (measure). Ukujula (ukushona phansi) nobubanzi koqweqwe kuzokukhombisa ukuthi kufanele usebenzise igeja (irpha) elinjani elizofahlaza leyo ndawo elukhuni ngendlela ezophakamisa uqweqwe olukhuni. 

Umgodi womboniso ungasetshenziswa futhi ukuthatha amasampula azokutshela ukuthi izimpande zikwazi ukungena kalula noma qha, uhlobo lomhlabathi noma uqweqwe olunye olungaphansi. Kufanele ugubhe imigodi ezindaweni ezahlukene kuleyo nsimu ukuze uthole umboniso omuhle ogcwele.

Uma kusekhona izimpande zezitshalo ezimilayo kulo mgodi womboniso, angathatha isifafazi zamanzi ongasibamba ngezandla ungageza izimpande ngokususa umhlabathi. Ngale ndlela kuzobonakala kahle ukuthi izimpande zimile ngayiphi indlela futhi uma uqweqwe olukhuni luzivimbe kanjani. Uma kusetshenziswa iripha ngesikhathi sokutshala, kuzobonakala ukuthi izimpande zimile kanjani: ngaphezulu ziphilile, lapho zizama ukungena kulo qweqwe olukhuni zincane kodwa ngaphansi kwalo qweqwe zimila kahle futhi.

Umgodi womboniso ukwazi futhi ukukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa umshini othile mhlawumbe wandise lokhu ukucina. Uhlelo lokuphatha ukulima nokusebenzisa umshini othile nakho kuzokusiza ukuzama enye indlela yokulima.

Irodi lokuhlola nokulinganisa (tee rod)

Lapho ulima amasimu athile ungahlola kalula ukuthi kukhona uqweqwe olukhuni noma qha, ungabona futhi ukuthi igeja olisebenzisayo ukufahlaza lolu qweqwe lisebenza kahle. Hamba nerodi oliwenziwe nguwe elizokulinganisa ukujula kocina komhlabathi noma kuphi. Thatha irodi eli-8 mm bese uwelde isandlana ngaphezulu. Ingaphansi lalerodi ubesicijiza bese ufaka izimpawu nge-angle grinder njalo ku-10 cm. Uma ufaka leli rodi emhlabathini ulishonise phansi, uzokuzwa masinya ukuthi umhlabathi ucine kanjani ezindaweni ezithile. Uma wenza lokhu njalo nge-,5 m, uzobona ukuthi ukucina komhlabathi kuyafana kuyo yonke insimu noma ezindaweni ezithile kuphela. Bese uzobona futhi ukuthi igeja olisebenzisayo lisebenza kahle kuzo zonke izindawo. 

 

