Soybean (OPOT)									Zulu
Ubhontshisi wesoya – isitshalo esiyisimangaliso nesiwukudla okuyisimangaliso!
Imiyalo:
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Byline: Kususelwe kwi-Wikipedia, i-encyclopedia yamahhala
Photo: Soybean 
Kuningi okukhulunywayo ngobhontshisi wesoya nokubaluleka kwawo ekushintshanisweni kwezitshalo nommbila. Njengezinye izitshalo esekukade zilinywa emakhaya, ubudlelwane bukabhontshisi wesoya wesikhathi sanamuhla nezinye izinhlobo ezizikhulela endle akusakwazeki ukulandela umkhondo wabo ngokwanoma yiliphi izinga lokuqiniseka.
NjengoHlelo lwe-Grain SA Lokuthuthukiswa Kwabalimi, sinethemba lokusungula uhlelo neNhlangano Yokuthuthukiswa Kukawoyela Nezimbewu Zamaphrotheni (i-Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust) ukuze abalimi abasafufusa bakhuthazwe ukulima ubhontshisi wesoya – njengesitshalo sokuhweba, nanjengomthombo wezwe lakuleli wohlobo oluphambili lwamaphrotheni. 
Incazelo nezimpawu ezibonakalayo
Isoya iyahlukahluka ngokukhula nangendlela eziphatha ngayo. Ubude besitshalo buyehluka busuke ngaphansi kwama-20cm buye kumamitha ama-2. Imidumba, iziqu zesitshalo namacembe kwembozwe uboya obumayephuyephu obunsundu noma obumpunga. Amacembe anamahlumela amathathu ukuya kwamane ngecembe ngalinye, kanti amahlumela lawo anobude bamasentimitha ayi-6 ukuya kwayi-15, nobubanzi bamasentimitha ama-2 ukuya kwayi-7. Amacembe ayawa ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwembewu. Izimbali ezinganakeki, ezizivundisa zona ngokwazo zithwalwa emgqeni osenkabeni yecembe futhi zingaba nombala omhlophe, ophinki noma obunsomi (o-purple). Isithelo sayo singumdumba onoboya okhula ngokwezigaxana zoku-3 kuye kwezi-5, umdumba ngamunye unobude bamasentimitha ama-3 ukuya kwayi-8 futhi uvame ukuqukatha izimbewu ezi-2 kuye kwezi4 (kuyivelakancane ukuthi zibe ngaphezu kwalokhu), izimbewu zinobubanzi bamamilimitha ama-5 kuye kwayi-11.
Ubhontshisi wesoya uyashiyashiyana ngobukhulu nangemibala yamagxolo, abandakanya umbala omnyama, onsundu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, osaliphuzi, oluhlaza okotshani nothe gqwa gqwa imibala. Igxolo likabhontshisi ovuthiwe lilukhuni, alingeni manzi futhi livikela ihlumedlana emonakalweni ongahle ulivelele. Uma igxolo elemboze imbewu liqhephukile, imbewu ayizukukwazi ukumila.
Uwoyela namaphrotheni aqukethwe enza cishe ama-60% esisindo sikabhontshisi wesoya owomile uma kundawonye, amaphrotheyini angama-40% kuthi uwoyela ube ngama-20%. Insalela yama-35% yisitashi (amakhabhohayidhrethi) kuthi i-5% sibe ngumlotha. Izinhlanganisela zikabhontshisi wesoya zakhiwe cishe nge-8% amagxolo emboze imbewu, ama-90% ezinhlangothi zohlamvu ne-2% sehlumedlana lohlamvu.
Izondllamzimba
Ukuze ukwazi ukudliwa ngabantu ubhontshisi wesoya kufanele uphekwe ngomlilo “omanzi” ukuze ushabalalise lokho okuvimbela i-trypsin (okungama-serine protease inhibitors). Ubhontshisi wesoya oluhlaza, kubandakanya nalowo ongekakhuli wavuthwa oseluhlaza, uwushevu kubantu, izingulube, izinkukhu, empeleni kuzo zonke izilwane ezinesisu esisodwa. 
Ubhontshisi wesoya uthathwa ngabathengisi abaningi njengomthombo wamaphrotheni aphelele. Amaphrotheni aphelele yilawo aqukethe amathamo abalulekile ama-esidi e-amino okufanele atholwe ngumzimba womuntu ngenxa yokuthi umzimba womuntu awukwazi wona ukuzenzela lawa ma-esidi e-amino. Ngenxa yalokho, isoya ingumthombo olungile wamaphrotheni, phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zokudla, ikakhulukazi ukubonelela abantu abangayidli inyama kepha abadla imifino yodwa noma abantu abafuna ukunciphisa inyama abayidlayo. 
Amaphrotheni esoya empeleni ayafana nembewu yeminye imidumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho ubhontshisi wesoya uyakwazi ukukhiqiza okungenani amaphrotheni aphindaphindwe kabili ngehekthari ngalinye kunanoma yisiphi isitshalo esingumfino noma esiyizinhlamvu esivamile. Ngehekthare ngalinye amaphrotheni lawa aba ngaphezulu ngokuphindaphindwe kahlanu kuye kokulishumi ngomhlaba obekelwe ukuba ngamadlelo ezilwane ezisengwayo futhi amaphrotheni ngehektare ngalinye aphindaphindwa ngokuyi-15 kunomhlaba obekelwe ukukhiqiza inyama. Ukusetshenziswa kwesoya kunganciphisa nengozi yokungenwa ngumdlavuza ohlasela ithumbu elikhulu. 
Ukulima 
Ubhontshisi wesoya uyisitshalo esibalulekile emhlabeni jikelele, esinika uwoyela namaphrotheni. E-United States, ubuningi balesi sitshalo buhluzwa kwisincibilikisi kusetshenziswa i-hexane, kuthi impuphu yesoya esuswe amafutha “egazingiwe” (ama-50% amaphrotheni) inikeze ikhono lokuthi isetshenziselwe ukukhulisa izilwane zasepulazini (isib. izinkukhu, izingulube namakalikuni) okwenzeka ngokwezinga lebhizinisi elingakaze libonakale ngaphambilini. Ingxenye encane impela yesitshalo lesi edliwa ngabantu. Imikhiqizo kabhontshisi wesoya, iyatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokudla okucolisiwe.
NgeMpi Yomhlaba yesi-II ubhontshisi wesoya wabaluleka ndawo zombili eMelika eseNyakatho naseYurophu ikakhulukazi njengohlobo lokudla olukwazi ukumela indawo yokunye ukudla okungamaphrotheni nanjengomthombo kawoyela odliwayo. Ubhontshisi wesoya watholwa njengesivundisi ngesikhathi seMpi Yomhlaba yesi-II nguMnyango Wezolimo Wase-United States. 
Ukuwulima kuyimpumelelo ezimweni zezulu ezinehlobo elishisayo, futhi ukhula kahle emazingeni okushisa angama-20 ukuya kuma-30 °C; amazinga okushisa angaphansi kwama-20 °C noma angaphezu kwama-40 °C akhinyabeza kakhulu ukukhula kwawo. Uyakwazi ukukhula ezinhlotsheni ngezinhlobo zemihlabathi, kodwa ukhula kahle emihlabathini eswakeme esasihlabathi equkethe izinto ezisuselwa kulezo eziphilayo. Ubhontshisi wesoya, njengezitshalo eziningi eziyimidumba, usebenzisa i-nitrogen ngokusungula ubudlelwane bokuphilisana ndawonye nebhakthiriyamu eyi-Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kube nemiphumela emihle, kufanele kuxutshwe iconsana lebhakhthiriya elinembayo nembewu kabhontshisi wesoya (noma eyanoma yimuphi umdumba) ngaphambi kokuthi kutshalwe. Inhlanganisela yezitshalo zanamuhla imvamisa ifinyelela ubude obucishe bube yimitha elilodwa futhi isebenzisa izinsuku ezingama-80 ukuya kweziyi-120 ukukhula ukusuka ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela kufikwe kwesokuvuna.
Ubhontshisi wesoya ungowendabuko eMpumalanga Eshiya kodwa ngamaphesenti angama-45 kuphela emikhiqizo kabhontshisi wesoya eqhamuka lapho. I-U.S. yakhiqiza izigidi zamathani kabhontshisi wesoya ezingama-75 ngonyaka we-2000, okwathi kuwo kwathunyelwa ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu emazweni angaphandle. Abanye abalimi bawo abaphambili yiBrazil, i-Argentina, iParaguay, iShayina ne-Indiya. Izitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya zitheleleka kalula yizifo zamagciwane athile, izifo zokukhunta, izifo zamagciwane ayi-virus nezifo zezidalwa eziphila ngokudla umzimba wezinye.
Umlando
Ubhontshisi wesoya wawuyisitshalo esibalulekile eMpumalanga Eshiya kudaladala ngaphambi kokuthi abantu bakwazi ukubhala. Useyisitshalo esiphuma phambili eShayina, eJapan naseKorea. Ngaphambi kokuba khona kwemikhiqizo evezwe ngokwendlela yembiliso enjengesinongo seSoy sauce, i-tempeh, i-natto ne-miso, isoya yayithathwa njengesitshalo esingcwele ekushintshanisweni kwayo nezinye izitshalo njengendlela yokuvuselela i-nitrogen. Izitshalo zazilinywa ngaphansi ukuze kuvulwe isikhala sezitshalo eziletha ukudla kwabantu. Isoya yethulwa kwelaseYurophu ekuqaleni konyaka khulu we-18 nase-United States ngo-1765, lapho yaqala ukulinywa njengokudla kwezilwane. Ubhontshisi wesoya awuzange ubaluleke kangako e-Eshiya kwaze kwaba ngu-1910. EMelika, isoya yayithathwa njengomkhiqizo webhizinisi kuphela kodwa ingasetshenziswa njengokudla kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yowe-1920. Isoya ifike e-Afrika ivela eShayina ngasekupheleni konyaka khulu we-19 kanti manje isisabalele kulo lonke leli zwekazi.
Idlozi lasendle likabhontshisi wesoya yi-Glycine soja (eyayaziwa ngokuthi yi-G. ussuriensis), isitshalo esingumdumba sakwelangaphakathi neShayina. Ubhontshisi wesoya usetshenziswe kwelaseShayina eminyakeni eyi-5 000 njengokudla nanjengengxenye yokwakha imithi yokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, isoya ikakhulukazi yayihlonishwa ngesakhiwo sezimpande zayo njengendlela esiza ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo. Ukulinywa kukabhontshisi wesoya esikhathini eside kwakwenziwa eShayina, kepha kancane kancane kwenabela kwamanye amazwe. 
Abantu abaningi bathi ubhontshisi wesoya e-Eshiya ngokomlando wawusetshenziswa kuphela ngemuva kwenqubo yokuwubilisa, okuyinto eyehlisa i-phytoestrogen equkethwe esitshalweni esiseluhlaza. Noma kunjalo, amagama asondele kulawo athi “ubisi lwesoya” ayelokhu esetshenziswa ukusukela onyakeni wama-82AD futhi kunobufakazi bokuthi kwakudliwa i-tofu ukusukela kunyaka wama-220. 
Ubhontshisi wesoya wafika eMelika ngo-1765 noSamuel Bowen, itiloshi elalihambele eShayina. Walima isoya eduze neSavanna, eGeorgia wenza nesinongo esiyisosi lesoya wasithengisa eNgilandi. Isoya yaqala ukubaluleka kakhulu e-United States ngemuva kweMpi Yomhlaba Yokuqala. Ngesikhathi seNdlala eNkulu, izindawo ezazikhungethwe yisomiso (i-Dust Bowl) e-United States, zakwazi ukusebenzisa isoya ukuvuselela umhlaba wazo ngenxa yekhono layo lokuvuselela i-nitrogen. Ngonyaka we-1932 ukuya kowe-1933 iNkampani yeziMoto yakwaFord yasebenzisa cishe i -$1 250 000 ocwaningweni lukabhontshisi wesoya. Ngonyaka we-1935 imoto ngayinye yakwaFord yayibandakanya isoya ekwakhiweni kwayo. Isibonelo, uwoyela kabhontshisi wesoya wawusetshenziselwa ukupenda izimoto kanye noketshezi olusetshenziselwa izindawo zemoto ezithwala ukukhahlamezeka kwayo (ama-shock absorber). Ukubandakanyeka kukabhontshisi wesoya kwaFord kwavula iminyango eminingi yokuxhunyaniswa kwezolimo nezamabhizinisi okwaba mandla kunangaphambilini.
Ukuguquguquka ngokofuzo
Ubhontshisi wesoya ungezinye zezitshalo zokudla zobuchwepheshe obusebenza ngezinte eziphilayo “i-biotech” eziye zaguquguqulwa ngokofuzo futhi ubhontshisi wesoya oguquguqulwe ngokofuzo, uyanda ekusetshenzisweni emikhiqizweni eminingana. Ngonyaka we-1995 iNkampani ye-Monsanto yethula ubhontshisi wesoya obizwa nge-Roundup Ready (RR) owawuguquguquliwe ngokofuzo ukuze ukwazi ukumelana nesishabalalisi sokhula i-Roundup esenziwe ngabakwaMonsanto.
Ngonyaka we-1997, cishe i-8% awo wonke ubhontshisi wesoya olinyelwa ukuhwebela ukuthola inzuzo e-United States aguguguqulwa ngokofuzo. Ngonyaka we-2010, inani lalingama-93%. Njengakwezinye izitshalo ze-Roundup Ready, kukhona ukukhathazeka ngomonakalo ongenzeka kwindalo ephilayo. Noma kunjalo, isisusa sezofuzo se-RR sandiswe saba yizihlanganisela eziningi ezahlukehlukene zikabhontshisi wesoya, kangangokuthi ukuguquguqulwa kofuzo akukwehlisanga ukwehlukana kwezofuzo, njengoba kubonakele ocwaningweni lwangonyaka we-2003 maqondana nokwehlukana ngokwezofuzo. 
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo
Ubhontshisi wesoya uhlelwa ngokubanzi njengezinhlobo eziyimifino (yasengadini) noma ngokwezinhlobo zasemasimini (uwoyela). Izinhlobo eziyimifino ziphekeka kalula, zinokunambitheka okuthi akube okwamantongomane, zibambeka kamnanjana esandleni, zinkulu, zinamaphrotheni amaningi, kodwa uwoyela wazo mncane kunowohlobo lwasemasimini. Abakhiqizi be-tofu nabakhiqizi bobisi lwesoya bakhetha izinhlanganisela zezinhlobo zamaphrotheni amaningi aqhamuka kubhontshisi wesoya owafika kwelase-United States ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1930. Izinhlanganisela ezenzelwe ingadi, ngokubanzi azikufanele ukuvunwa ngokuhlanganiswa nemishini ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi imidumba ibhudluke lapho isifinyelela ekuvuthweni. 
Phakathi kwemidumba, ubhontshisi wesoya, obuye uhlelwe ngaphansi kwembewu kawoyela, ugqamile ngamaphrotheni aphezulu aqukethwe (38 - 45%) nangowoyela wawo ophezulu oqukethwe (20%). Ubhontshisi wesoya ubamba indawo yesibili ngemuva kommbila phakathi kwemikhiqizo ebalulekile yolimo ethunyelwa ngaphandle yi-United States. Ingxenye enkulu yesitshalo sikabhontshisi wesoya ilinyelwa umkhiqizo kawoyela, kanti amaphrotheni aphezulu asuswa amafutha ukuze impuphu yesoya egazingiwe isetshenziselwe ukondla imfuyo. Iphesenti elincane likabhontshisi wesoya libhekiswe ngqo ekusetshenzisweni ngabantu. 
EShayina, eJapan naseKorea ubhontshisi kanye nemikhiqizo kabhontshisi kuyingxenye ethandwa kakhulu yokudla okudliwayo. AmaShayina enza i-tofu nezinhlobonhlobo zokusanhlama kabhontshisi wesoya okusetshenziswa njengesinongo. KwelaseKorea, amahlumelo kabhontshisi wesoya nawo ayasetshenziswa ekudleni okwahlukahlukene. Ubhontshisi ungalungiswa ngezindlela ezahluka-hlukene. Izinhlobo ezivamile zesoya zibandakanya impuphu yesoya, ufulawa wesoya, ubisi lwesoya, i-tofu, amaphrotheni emifino ezwakala kamnandi esandleni (ebizwa ngokuthi yi-TVP, eyenziwa izinhlobo zokudla okungenanyama, ezinye zenziwa ukuthi zifane nenyama) i-tempeh, i-lecithin yesoya nowoyela kabhontshisi wesoya. Ubhontshisi wesoya ubuye ube yisithako esiphambili emkhiqizweni wesosi yesoya.
Iwoyela
Imbewu kabhontshisi wesoya iqukethe uwoyela oyi-19%. Ukuze kukhishwe uwoyela embewini kabhontshisi wesoya, ubhontshisi wesoya uyaqheshulwa, uguquguqulwe maqondana nomswakama oqukethwe, usongwe ube yizingcwecwana bese umuncwa kwisincibilikisi nge-hexane yasezimbonini. Uwoyela uyahluzwa, uxutshwe ukuze usetshenziselwe izinto ezahlukene futhi kwesinye isikhathi wenziwe amafutha aqinile. Owoyela bakabhontshisi wesoya, abaluketshezi nabenziwe baqina ngokungaphelele, bathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, bathengiswe “njengowoyela bemifino”, noma basetshenziswe nasezinhlotsheni eziningi zokudla okucolisiwe. Impuphu esele kabhontshisi wesoya isetshenziswa kakhulukazi njengokudla kwezilwane.
Impuphu egayiwe
Impuphu kabhontshisi wesoya iba yinsalela etholakala ngemuva kokumuncwa kukawoyela ezingcwecwaneni zikabhontshisi wesoya ngesincibilikisi, kanti iba nama-50% amaphrotheni esoya. Impuphu “iyagazingwa” (okuyigama elinganembi nse ngoba ukushiswa lokhu kwenziwa ngesisi esimanzi) bese igaywa ngensimbi yokugaya. Impuphu kabhontshisi wesoya ingumkhiqizo obalulekile wendlela yokukhiqiza yabaseMelika yokukhulisa izilwane zasepulazini ezifana nezinkukhu nezingulube ngokwesilinganiso sezimboni ezikhiqizayo ezaqala ngeminyaka ye1930; kanti esikhathini esisanda kwedlula ibalulekile nasekwandisweni kwezinhlanzi ezingathi zinamadevu amade. Ama-98% ezitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya e-U.S asetshenziselwa ukondla imfuyo. 
Ufulawa
Ufulawa kabhontshisi wesoya ngubhontshisi wesoya osuswe amafutha wacolisiswa ngokwenele ukuze ukwazi ukwedlula esihluzweni esinesikrini esiyi-100 noma ngaphansi kwalokho lapho kuye kwacoshelelwa ngesikhathi kumuncwa (kungagazingwa) ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuguqulwa kwesimo semvelo samaphrotheni khona kuzogcineka iSilinganiso Sokusaphazeka Kwamaphrotheni esiphezulu (i-Protein Dispersibility Index – i-PDI), ukuze sisetshenziselwe ukupheka ngokukhipha amaphrotheni emifino ezwakala kamnandi esandleni.
Ufulawa wesoya utholakala ezingcwecwaneni ezikhishwe amafutha neziqukethe uwoyela ongaphansi kwe-1%.
Ufulawa wesoya onamafutha aphelele wenziwa ngobhontshisi ongamuncwanga amafutha nohlutshiwe futhi uqukethe cishe uwoyela oyi-18% kufike kuma-20%. 
Ufulawa wesoya onamafutha asezingeni eliphansi wenziwa ngokuphinda kubuyiselwe uwoyela kufulawa wesoya osuswe amafutha. Amafutha aqukethwe ayehlukahlukana ngokwezilinganiso, ezivame ukuba phakathi kwe-4,5% ne-9%.
Ufulawa wesoya onamafutha asezingeni eliphezulu nawo ungakhiqizwa ngokwengeza uwoyela kufulawa ongamuncwanga amafutha ngokwezinga eliyi-15%.
Ukudla kwabantwana
Ukudla kwabantwana okunesoya (i-Soya-based infant formula) (i-SBIF) kusetshenziswa ezinganeni ezinegazi elingezwani namaphrotheni obisi lwenkomo olubulewe amagciwane ngokushiswa. Lokhu kudla kuthengiswa ngezinhlobo eziyimphuphu, elungele ukudliwa kanye nangezinhlobo eziluketshezi olushubile.
Imikhiqizo ethatha indawo yenyama neyobisi nemikhiqizo yokwandisa ukudla okuthile
Ubhontshisi wesoya uyakwazi ukucoliswa ukuze uzwakale futhi ubukeke njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokudla. Ukwenza isibonelo, ubhontshisi wesoya uyisithako esiphambili emikhiqizweni eminingi esetshenziswa esikhundleni sobisi lwezilwane (isibonelo, ubisi lwesoya, umajarini, u-ayisikhrimu wesoya, iyogathi yesoya, ushizi wesoya nokhrimu owenziwe ngoshizi wesoya) kanye nasemikhiqizweni yezinto ezisetshenziswa esikhundleni senyama (isibonelo, amabhega adliwa ngabantu abadla imifino). Lezi zinhlobo zokudla zitholakala kalula kumasuphamakethe. Ubisi lwesoya alunawo amathamo amakhulu e-calcium egayekayo emzimbeni. Abenzi abaningi bobisi lwesoya baluthengisa nemikhiqizo enothiswe nge-calcium. 
Imikhiqizo yesoya ibuye isetshenziswe njengokudla okubiza kancane okungena endaweni yemikhiqizo yenyama neyenkukhu. Ukucolisiswa kakhulu kungaba nomphumela wokunambitheka okwehlisiwe, kepha amafutha ne-cholesterol kuyehla. Ukwengezwa kwamaviithamini namaminerali kuyakwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo yesoya ilingane ngokwezinga lezondlamzimba neyamaphrotheni ezilwane; isimo samaphrotheni kungashiwo ukuthi sicishe safana nesawenyama. Amaphrotheni emifino enziwe ngesoya athatha isikhundIa senyama asesetshenziswe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 njengendlela engabizi yokwandisa inyama yenkomo egayiwe ngaphandle kokunciphisa izondlamzimba eziqukethe. 
Eminye imikhiqizo
Ubhontshisi wesoya ubuye usetshenziswe emikhiqizweni yezebhizinisi ebandakanya owoyela, izinsipho, izimonyo, i-resin, amapulasitiki, oyinki, amakhrayoni, izincibilikisi nempahla yokugqoka. Uwoyela kabhontshisi wesoya ungumthombo ophambili kadizili owenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo e-United States, ongama-80% emikhiqizo kadizili okhiqizwa kulelo zwe. Ubhontshisi wesoya ususetshenziswe ukusuka ngonyaka we-2001 njengohlobo lwembiliso, ekwenziweni kohlobo lomkhiqizo we-vodka. 
