Indawo  yePANSALB  ekunyuselweni kwentetho 
yelwimi  ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika:

Uxwebhu lokuyila ingxoxo.



PANSALB

Pretoria, February 1999


Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

Indawo  yePANSALB  ekunyuselweni kwentetho yelwimi  ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika : Uxwebhu lokuyila ingxoxo.

1	INTSHAYELELO 

Injongo yale ngxoxo kukucacisa  umqondo wePANSALB kwintetho yeelwimi ezininzi, inkqubela nemeko yelwimi lowiso mthetho  equlathwe kwimithetho yolawulo nakwamanye amaxwebhu omthetho.

Indawo  yeBhodi  kwintetho yelwimi ezininzi.


Injongo  yeBhodi  kukunyusela intetho yelwimi ezininzi  emZantsi Afrika  ngoku:

* Dala imeko ekuveliseni  nasekusebenziseni  ngokulinganayo zonke iilwimi  ezivumelekileyo .
* Khuthaza intlonipho kunye  nezinye iilwimi elizweni.
* Khuthaza indlela engcono yokusebenzisa ubutyebi beelwimi zelizwe.

Ukunceda  abantu baseMzantsi Afrika ekuzikhululeni kuzo zonke iindlela zocalucalulo zelwimi, ulawulo kunye nohlawulo; kunye nolwahlulo, kunye nokubanceda ukusebenzisa iilwimi ezikhethiweyo ngokufanelekileyo nokwenza igalelo kuphuhliso lwesizwe 

2	UMGAQO SIKHOKELO

Umgaqo sikhokhelo kunyuselo lwentetho  yelwimi ezininzi   eMzantsi Afrika   lufumaneka kwimithetho yolawulo  yeRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika   (Act  108 of 1996) Isiqendu   6(1) - (5) kunye nePANSALB Act (Act  59 of 1995).
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


Umgaqo-siseko uqulethe umqulu wamalungelo oluntu osisindululo esisiseko sengxoxo esekelwe kumbono wamalungelo omntu ngamnye, isiqendu kulwimi kufuneka siqondwe ekuziqheliseni kwelwimi njengelungelo. Ukongeza ukuxhaphaka kwamagama  anje ngo "isidima,"  "umsebenzi," "ukusetyenziswa," akhombisa ngokucacileyo  kumzekeliso wenguqulo yamagama entsusa yawo  ikumsebenzi welwimi  zaseMzantsi Afrika  .

Injongo yamalungelo  oluntu kukuqinisekisa  ukuba intlalo  yaseMzantsi Afrika   iba yileyo esekelwe kwimbono  yokulingana  koluntu .  Yilonto, injongo yezakhiwo isekelwe kumgaqo-siseko, ukuze incedise ukusiwa kolawulo-melo kwintlalo yethu.

Umgaqo siseko walatha amaqumrhu amabini  anoxanduva  lokwenza oku, angala,  uRhulumente  kunye  nePANSALB.  Phantsi kwegatyana  kwigatyana leelwimi 6 (1-5) kuMgaqo-siseko ngokungathandabuzekiyo iveza oku.

"Iilwimi ezisemthethweni  zeRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika  siSepedi, Sesotho Setswana, IsiSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiBhulu, isiNgesi, isiNdebele, isiXhosa nesiZulu.

2. Ukuqaphela imbali yokuhla kokusetyenziswa kunye nesidima selwimi ezinengcambu kweli lizwe labantu bethu, ub uRhulumente  mabuthathe amanyathelo abonakalayo nakhuthazayo ukukhupha isidima nokuqhubela  phambili  ukusetyenziswa  kwezi  lwimi.

3.	(a)	 Oorhulumente  bakazwelonke nabamaphondo  bangasebenzisa   
naziphi iilwimi ukufezekisa iinjongo zokulawula, zithathele 

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


ingqalelo, ukusetyenziswa ukufikeleleka, indleko, imeko zengingqi ukunakekela iimfuno neminqweno yoluntu  lulonke, okanye kwelo phondo ngalinye, kodwa  uRhulumente  kazwelonke  norhulumente  wamaphondo ngamnye kunyanzelekile ubuncinane asebenzise zibembini iilwimi ezisemthethweni.

(b)  oomasipala  mabakuthathele ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa  kwelwimi neminqweno yabahlali bendawo zabo.

4.	 uRhulumente  kazwelonke nowamaphondo, kufanele balawule, baqaphele 
 	ukusetyenziswa kwelwimi ngokosemthethweni.  Ngokungakhabananga 
nokusekwe kwigatya (2), zonke ilwimi kufuneka zilingane. 

5. 	I-Pan South African Language Board esekwe ngokomthetho kazwelonke
 	kufuneka:-

(a)  	Ikhuthaze kwaye yakhe imeko ezakudala, iqhubele phambili
ukusetyenziswa kwazo
i) zonke ilwimi ezisemthethweni
ii) ezamaKhoi, amaNama, kunye namaSan
iii) intetho yeZandla

(b)  	Ukukhuthaza nokubonisa intlonipho kuzo-
i) zonke iilwimi ezisetyenziswa kwindawo zasekuhlaleni kweli  loMzantsi Afrika , eziquka,  isiJamani ,  isiGrike ,  isiGujarati ,  isiHindi ,  isiPhuthukezi ,  IsiTamil ,  isiTelegu , kunye  nesiUrdu ; ne

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

ii)  siArabhu, siHebhere, siSwahili , kunye nezinye iilwimi ezisetyenziswa kwezenkolo  eMzantsi Afrika .

Kucacile koku kungentla ukuba kuluxanduva  lukaRhulumente  njengoko lubonakaliswa liGatya 6 (1-4), naxana uxanduva lwePANSLAB lubonakaliswa kwiGatya 6 (5).-

UXANDUVA LWE-PANSLAB

Indima engqalene ngqo nePANSALB kukwakha imeko eziqhubela phambili nezisebenzisa ngokulinganayo iilwimi ezisemthethweni. Oko kukuthi kufuneka isebenze ngendlela eqalisa, nekhuthaza kwaye ikhulise amaqumrhu  kaRhulumente  nasekuhlaleni ukwenza igalelo kuphuhliso lwazo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni.

I-PANSALB kufuneka ikhuthaze, idale imeko eyiyo kwintetho yelwimi ezininzi, kwaye ibandakanye kodwa ingaphelelanga kwilwimi ezisemthethweni. Ngoko ngaxalinye iPANSALB ifanele inike ingcebiso k uRhulumente  kumgaqo-nkqubo nocwangciso ekuqhubeleni phambili isidima nokusetyenziswa kwelwimi ezisemthethweni, oku akufanelekanga ukuba kuyisithe eyona mbono iphambili yokukhokela  ukuseka imo elungileyo, ukukhuthazwa kwakunye nokuthethwa kwelwimi. Oku kubandakanya ukukhuthazwa kwezakhono zonxibelelano phakathi kwelwimi kwakunye nokuphuhliswa kweelwimi ezisemthethweni nazo ke nezinye iilwimi ezisetyenziswa  eMzantsi Afrika .

Kuyinto ekuvunyelwana ngayo jikelele ukuba eyona ndlela iphambili yokuphuhliswa kolwimi kukuba lusetyenziswe. Ngokuqinisekileyo ezinye iilwimi  zoMzantsi Afrika  zisetyenziswe ngaphezulu kunezinye, kwaye ngelishwa ezinye azikhuthazwanga kwaye zisengozini yokuphelelwa. Ukuze iilwimi ziphumelele, 
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi, kuba ngenye indlela ziyaphela kwaye zingabikho. Kulapho kufuneka sivumele imisebenzi yesidima esiphezulu icuthelwe  esiBhulwini  naseSingesini kuphela, ekugqibeleni iilwimi zesizwe ziyaphela kwaye zingabikho.  Sikubonile oko kusenzeka kwiilwimi ezininzi  zamaKhoyi   namaSeni  kwaye ukuphela kwazo yilahleko, hayi kumabandla azisebenzisayo kuphela, kodwa lishwangusha likazwelonke.  Sive okumbalwa ngeelwimi eziphelayo kweli lizwe naxa siziqhelile iingcinga ngobungozi bentlobo ezithile, bezityalo nezilwanyana eziya ekupheleni. Umsebenzi osezandleni kukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezisemthethweni ngokunjalo nezinye iilwimi ezisetyenziswa  eMzantsi Afrika , ngemeko, ngokubanzi kunye  nokwandisa udweliso lwezizathu.

Ukuyibeka ngokuthe gca,kufuneka sifumane iindlela zokukhulula umjelo wezonxibelelwano ngokugxininisa ukuba iilwimi zisetyenziswe kwimeko zikazwelonke ngomgangatho ophezulu womsebenzi ukuze kwande ukubona calanye kwaye zimanyelwe ukufezekise le misebenzi ngempumelelo. Ukuzisebenzisa njengelwimi ezingingqini kunye nakumgangatho osemandleni ngokwemfuneko zomsebenzi  zityhilwe ngokukawonkewonke. Uncedo lwabo ngokuzalana kwinkulelano yolwazi  kufuneka ifaniswe ngokutyhilekileyo. 

Kwelinye icala, ubaxo lokusebenzisa noxhomekeko esiNgesini njengemfuno zolwimi ngaxesha linye luvavanywe ngokutsha. Naxa imsebenzi yesiZulu  njengolwimi ezingange  pesenti   ezingamashumi  asixhenxe abemi belizwe, isiNgesi sodwa sinokusetyenziswa kangangamashumi amabini  eepesenti .  Unxibelelwano k uRhulumente , umzekelo, esiNgesini ingafikelela yodwa  kwigcuntswana labantu  abangathanda ukuquka abakudidi oluphakathi  lwabafundileyo abahlala  ezidolophini .


Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

 I-Bhodi  iyanakana ukuba kukwafuneka iphuhlise obona buchule ukveza nokwakhiwa intetho ekhoyo  yamaAfrika . (Kuquka isiBhulu, isiKhoyi, isiSeni nolwimi lwentetho yezandla yaseMzantsi Afrika) kweli lizwe.  Kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba izinga  eliphezulu lwesiNgesi luthathiwe kunye nelwimi zikazwelonke enokuzinika. 

Ngokwenkulelane yeelwimi ukufikelela mbaxa kwimfuno emazilandelwe ngaxesha nye:
* kuzibopha kulwakhiwo okanye ukucacisa ezi lwimi, ku
* phicothe kwaye kwakhe iindlela apho abasebenzisi belwimi ezizalanayo basebenzisa ubuchule bentetho yelwimi ezininzi ukunxibelelana
* besakha iimeko zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezi lwimi.

Ngamanye amazwi,  iBhodi  iza kwamkela ulwakhiwo lomsebenzi kanye kwiilwimi ezithile iphinde ifundise ulwakhiwo, olwakha ubuchule bokunxibelelana (okunje ngokutolika, ukuchaza, inkqubo yokufunda iilwimi njalo-njalo). Injongo yethu isoloko iyileyo yokwandisa intetho yelwimi zobuchule zonxibelelwano kunokwandisa uthintelo lwelwimi ebantwini.

Xa umgaqo-siseko utyumbe iilwimi ezilishumi elinanye emazisetyenziswe, kufuneka siqonde ukuba oku kuvela ngaphandle kwindlela zakudala ezatyumba iilwimi ezilishumi elinanye   zase-Afrika , kwaye banikwe ixesha elimbalwa lasemthethweni lokunakana. Isidima esisemthethweni selwimi ezilithoba sandiswa kumgangatho kazwelonke, sidityaniswa kwezi mbini iilwimi zangaphambili ezisemthethweni (isiBhulu nesiNgesi). Obu buchule bungatsala ukukhathazeka kwikamva elizayo kunye nengcaphukelo kwilwimi zamabandla atyumba ngokuqinisekileyo kwilwimi, abakholelwa ukuba lwahlukile kwezinye iilwimi ezinesidima nezisemthethweni. Indawo yeBhodi kukuba inakane kwaye 

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

ixhase ukusetyenziswa nokwakhiwa kolwimi ngalunye  eMzantsi Afrika , kuba ulwimi ngalunye kunye namabandla bubutyebi obubalulekileyo bukazwelonke emabunakanwe, buxhaswe.  Ngaxeshanye indima  yeBhodi  kukuqinisekisa ukuba  ekunyusweni kolwimi lweentetho ezininzi, inyusa izinga lokusebenzisana nokwenza lula unxibelelwano, ingakhuthazanga ukhuphiswano lwamalwimi, nokwahlula-hlula okanye ukohlula.

 Ibhodi  iza kuxela ukuba zingaphi iilwimi ezingenasidima sisemthethweni emazifumane ukunakanwa kunye nokunyuselwa.  Inxaxheba yethu kukucacisa ukwenziwa komsebenzi nexabiso lwalo ngalunye ulwimi kwimo enxibelelanayo nezinye. Ukugqalisa kwizintlu zokwakheka kolwimi okanye isidima "esisemthethweni" solwimi esiphikisana "nesingekho" mthethweni esinokuncedisa kubume, ukukhulisa intetho yelwimi ezininzi okanye ulawulo ngokomelo.  I-Bhodi  ikholelwa ekunyusweni kwelwimi zonke, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nolwakhiwo, iya kuba nako ukuxhasa ulawulo ngokomelo kunye namalungelo olwimi lwebandla ngalinye.   I-Bhodi  iqaphela ukuba kukho uxanduva olubekwa ngumgaqo-siseko kazwelonke nakumaphondo lokunyuswa kwesidima nokuqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa kwelwimi ezisemthethweni ezazijongelwe phantsi ngaphambili. Ukuze oku kwenzeke kufuneka ukuba  uRhulumente  azise ngaphambili ubuchwepheshe obufunekayo.

Injongo ye-PANSLAB kukukhuthaza imeko apho amanqanaba  kaRhulumente  kwakunye nawasekuhlaleni anomdla ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi, ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi nokubona ngasolinye. Injongo enye kukuqinisekisa ukuba ubiqili kwakunye namalungelo alo ngalunye ulwimi asetyenziswa kangangoko kuwo wonke umgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ukufezekisa oku, I-PANSALB ayiziboni isanyiselela eminye imibutho ejongene nelwimi kwaye ingazimiselanga ukuzinika uxanduva lokunikezela uqeqesho ngokuthathela kuyo amandla. Izibona 

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

ikhankasela ukumiliselwa kwemeko apho kungabakho ukuthethwa kweelwimi ezininzi.

4. UKUZIQHELANISA NENKQUBO YEELWIMI 

Ulonyulo lwentetho  yelwimi ngaphezulu  kwelwimi eyodwa, kunye nendlela yesidima esilinganayo seelwimi ezilishumi elinanye,  sisa phambili inkcazelo zenkqubo yolwimi. U-Ruiz (1984 kunye  no1988) unika indlela yokulolonga  iilwimi ngendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, ukuzichaza ilwimi njengengxaki, ulwimi  njengelungelo, kwakunye nolwimi njengobutyebi.  Iincutshe zolwakhiwo lwimi e- Afrika  zikhangela futhi kulolongo lolwimi.  Ulolongo lolwimi njengelungelo  kunye nolwimi njengobutyebi  bukwinkcazelo elandelayo  i-Francophone  kunye ne  Anglophone e-Afrika .  Ubukrelekrele obuxhaphakileyo kumsebenzi ka-Akinasso, uBmgbose, uChumbow, uElube, uDjite, uMateene, uPrah, kunye noTripathi  phakathi kwabanye, kukuba ubutyebi obunokunikwa ziilwimi zase- Afrika , kufuneka butyhilwe kwaye bukhuliswe khona ukuze abantu beli lizwe babenako ukuthatha imiyalelo kwimimiselo yabo. 

4.1 ULWIMI NJENGENGXAKI

Oku kuziqhelanisa kukho kuluntu apho indlela ekucingwa ngayo ngabantu abathile yahlukaniswayo kwaye okanye yamkelwayo.  Impendulo ngokwenyani kwilwimi zentetho ezininzi  kukunyusa inkqubo yelwimi entsusa yayo ikwintetho yolwimi eyodwa, i.e.  ukuphakanyiswa kwelwimi zodidi olulodwa.  UmZantsi Afrika  uvela nje kwixeshana elinobude  beyantlukwano  kunye  nenkqubo yelwimi ezintsusa esuka kumbono wokuba iilwimi  ngaphandle kwesiBhulu  nesiNgesi ziyingxaki.  Ngethuba labantu abakhethiweyo elitsha, ulwimi njengengxaki luqhubekile ukubakho.
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

4.2 ILWIMI NJENGELUNGELO

Le ngcamango ihambiselana noluntu olucinga kuphela ngokulingana.  Umgaqo-siseko wethu usinyanzela ukuba siphuhlise inkqubo yeelwimi kwakunye nocwangiso olukhokhelwa yilembono. Umba wolwimi njengelungelo ubalulekile kwaye yenye yezinto ezifanele ukuba zijongisiswe ngokubanzi ngenxa yembali nokovuyavuywa kwamalungelo abantu. Enye yendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo elwimi akhuselekile kukuba kujongwe ulwimi kuzo zozibini imbono zokuba ililungelo kwakunye nobutyebi.

4.3 ILWIMI NJENGOBUTYEBI

Le imbono ihambisana nendlela yokunxibelelana apho iilwimi zibonwa ngokuhlalisana okunxibeleleneyo. Ixabiso lolwimi kunye nendawo oluthethwa kuyo lobonwa luyinto enye. Ukubonwa kolwimi njengobutyebi buquka ulwimi njengelungelo. Umbono othi ulwimi bubutyebi beSizwe uhambisana ncakasana nokusetyenziswa kolwimi okanye ukuthethwa kolwimi.

5 INDLELA YOKUJONGA IZINTO/UMBONO

Asinamathidala ukutsho  ukuba imbono efanele ukuba ilandelwe  NguMzantsi Afrika  yileyo equka kokubini ukujongwa kolwimi njengelungelo kwakunye nobutyebi.

Umgaqo kwakunye nokucwangciswa kolwimi kufanele ukuba ulandele lombono-mbini wolwimi njengelungelo kwakunye nobutyebi.

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


* Ivume ukuba kukho ulwazi nobuchule obukhona kuzo zonke iilwimi
* Isukele ekuvumeni ukuba imizamo iyakuthathwa yofikelela nokufunda nokukhulisa olu lwazi ukuze kuxhamle intlalo yoluntu.
* Kuvule kwaye kunabise amandla azo zonke imeko zokunxulumana kwe ngingqi.
* Kusebenzise yonke imizekelo yehlabathi yokunxibelelana ngaphaya kwemida
* Kukhulise unxibelelwano olunokucingelana nokufikeleleka ukuze kuphumeze injongo zelizwe zokunxibelelana nehlabathi.

5.1 Indlela esetyenziswayo kwintetho yeelwimi  ezininzi

I-PANSALB iyawuqonda umsebenzi wentetho yeelwimi ezininzi kulawulomelo olungenamkhethe. Akuvumelekanga  eMzantsi Afrika  ukusetyenziswa kwalo naluphi na ulwimi ngezizathu zobuhlobo ezolawulomelo kunye nezoqoqosho, i-PANSALB ilithatha ngokuba eli gama lithetha abantu abasebenzisa iilwimi ezahlukehlukeneyo, nezikwindawo ezahlukeneyo elizweni. Ngoko ke, yenza umsebenzi ovakalayo ekusetyenzisweni kolwimi olufanelekileyo xa kuthungelwana. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kuthetha ukuba  uRhulumente  ufuna ukukhetha olona lwimi lufanelekileyo olusetyenziswayo kunxibelelwano, kuxhomekeka ukuba nguwuphi na umphulaphuli okhoyo.  Oku akuthethi ukuba  uRhulumente  kufuneke asebenzise iilwimi ezilishumi elinanye ngalo lonke ixesha enxibelelana nabantu.

Ukucacisa oku ngokupheleleyo: ukuba Isebe lezeMpilo lifuna ukwenza impembelelo zeNgculaza, indlela esetyenziswayo yentetho yelwimi ezininzi ingakukhuphela ecaleni ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olunye ukugqithisa ulwazi elizweni liphela. Kufuneka ilusasaze olu lwazi kulwimi 
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


ngalunye olusetyenziswayo, lokuqala ukunxibelelana kweli lizwe, kodwa ikwenze oko ngendlela ebonisa indlela efanelekileyo kwilizwe ngalinye. Oko kukuthi mhlawumbi isithili sase-Mier eMntla-Koloni sifanele ukuba sifumane ulwazi ngesi-Bhulu logama eso sase Willowvale kwiMpuma Koloni, sifanele sifumane ulwazi ngesiXhosa ukuze umntla KwaZulu-Natal ulufumane ngesi-Zulu.

Ngokwasekuhlaleni jikelele ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwentetho yelwimi ezininzi ibisengelana kuhlelo lokuphuhlisa ezoqoqosho, ngeyikhomba ukuba iilwimi ezisetyenziswa zeziphi, nini, nokuba yeyiphi esetyenziswayo ngexa ngalinye. Ingathelekisa ukuba loluphi ulwimi olusebenziseka ngobuchule kuziphi imeko. Ingabonisa ukuba luluphi na uphando ekufuneka lwenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ngobuchule, kwaye ingabonisa ukuba zeziphi ezinye ilwimi ezingavuna kulemeko.

Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kuyatshintsa ngokwemfuno, nokuba zikwimbono okanye hayi. Iziphumo kukuba imeko ekukuyo yokusetyenziswa kolwimi ayinakusoloko ime kwindawo enye nokuba nasekubeni kungekho lucwangciso loku. Kodwa ke imisebenzi yocwangciso lwelwimi enxibelelanayo nophuhliso lwelizwe kunye noqoqosho zinako ukukhulisa ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ngendlela ecacileyo kwaye ezingazuzayo kuyo.  Ukwenza oku kukhulisa ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kolwimi eyiyona nto ingaqinisekisisa ukuba amalungelo olwimi kwindawo zasekuhlaleni akhuseleke ngendlela enika ubunganga.

Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwelwimi ezininzi kukuba ifuna ucwangciso olululo. Uloyiko lokuba oku kungakhokelela ekuphinda-phindweni 
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


kokusetyenziswa kwelwimi lusekelwe ekungaqondini kwalo mba. Zakuba zicacisiwe ezona njongo ziphambili, iinkqubo eziza kulandelwa kunye namaxesha acacisiweyo kule ndlela. Ukuphuculwa kwezo lwimi ezinqatyelwe ukuxhamla kwimeko zobunzululwazi kunye nobuchwephesha kwihlabathi kwakunye nakwezoqoqosho zengingqi nozwelonke zifaneleke ukuba zinikwe ilungelo eliphambili. Inkonzo yelwimi nokupapashwa kwamaxwebu kufuneka lulungiswe ngokutsha ukuze lube nako ukufikeleleka kuzo zonke ilwimi ezinxulumene nabo kujoliswe kubo. Ngamanye amazwi amaxwebhu kufanelwe abhalwe ngendlela ethe ngqo nefikelelekayo kwaye zitolikwe okanye amagqabantshintshi atolikiweyo abenokufumaneka xa efuneka nalapho abonakala efuneka khona.

6. Intetho yelwimi ezininzi

Amazwe angama-200 asebenzisa iilwimi eziqikelelwa kuma-6000.  Oku kubonakalisa ukuba ukuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi kuyinto eyenzekayo kwilizwe lonke jikelele, nangona uDavid Crystal ebonakalisa ukuba: Ingcamango yokuba ukuthethwa kweelwimi ezininzi akuxhaphakanga, yimbono nje ekhuthazwa ziinkqubo zezirhulumente: ngaphantsi kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu ekhulwini, amazwe ehlabathi anika inqgalelo kwilwimi ezimbini kuphela,  kwaye mathandathu kuphela anika ingqalelo kwilwimi ezingaphezulu kwesithathu.  U-(Crystal 1987: 360) no Ingrid Gogolin ( 1993) bakhomba ukuthethwa kolwimi olunye jikelele njengembono ephambili kumazwe aseNtshona. Impumelelo kwezopolitiko, uqoqosho kunye nasemkhosini kwamazwe aseNtshona kukhokele ekunyanzeliseni kokuthethwa kolwimi olunye kulawo mazwe ebefudula ephantsi kwala. Ukuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi okuluxanduva oluthwaliswe I-PANSLAB lunokuqondwa xa luthelekiswa nenzame zokukhuthazwa kokuthethwa kolwimi olunye kwakunye nemeko zokuthethwa kwelwimi okukhuthazwa yi-PANSLAB.
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


(ucalucalulo ngokolwimi). ( ku Skutuab-Kanpas 1988).

 UmZantsi Afrika  ukweyona mo ingaqhelekanga kuba unelwimi ezininzi ezisemthethweni kuzwelonke kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe. Umgaqo-siseko unyanzelisa  uRhulumente  ukuba aphumeze lo mgangatho usemthethweni kwaye asebenzise  iBhodi  ukukhuthaza intlonipho yazo zonke ilwimi kunye nokuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi nokuphuhliswa kweelwimi jikelele. Olu xanduva lubeka  uMzantsi Afrika  kwindawo ephambili kwihlabathi liphela ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo yeelwimi, oku kunika umdla wokuhlahla indlela kwihlabathi jikelele.

6.1 Intetho yelwimi ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika

 UMzantsi Afrika , njengamanye amazwe, uthetha ilwimi ezininzi, oko kuthetha ukuba iilwimi ezininzi ziyasetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphezulu kolwimi olunye, abantu abaninzi bayakwazi ukusebenzisa iilwimi zibe ninzi.  Iintsomi ezininzi kunye nokuqonda kakubi kwandele ngelwimi kunye nabantu abazisebenzisayo kweli lizwe, kwaye iyakuba yeminye yemisebenzi ye PANSLAB ukubuyisa ixabiso elililo, nokusetyenziswa kwelwimi ezininzi kwilizwe lethu. Abaninzi kwabo bathetha ilwimi ezininzi eziyinkulelane kweli lizwe, ekhaya nakwimimandla esondeleyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi  kwi-Afrika  iphela, kunezinto ezifanayo  nezoMzantsi Afrika . (Abantu bakhuthazwa ukuba bafunde ezinye ilwimi xa bethetha ngokukhuthazwa zizizathu ezinxulumene nezorhwebo nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho). Ilwimi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zidla ngokuba zibe zezonxibelelwano. Zininzi ilwimi zonxibelelwano  kwelaseAfrika   ezinjengesi Arabhu, isiSwahili, isiHausa , isiFulfulde, isiKanuri, isiKikongo , 

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

ezizinqumla imida kwaye zisetyenziswa kurhwebo nobambiswano lwengingqi.

Ilwimi eziyinkulelane kweli kunye nezisemthethweni zisetyenziswa njengezonxibelelwano kuyo yonke ingingqi  yamaZantsi eAfrika . Umzekelo: isiNdebele, sisetyenziswa kakhulu eZimbabwe nakumantla  oMzantsi Afrika  kwaye siyaviwa ngabathetha ezinye ilwimi zesiNguni (isiZulu sinakho ukusetyenziswa njengolwimi lonxibelelwano  eMzantsi Afrika  njengoko sisetyenziswa nga 70% oluntu nangona abazinzalelwane zolu lwimi bengama 22% kuphela). I-Sitswana silulwimi oluphambili kwelaseBotswana kwaye sithethwa kakhulu kumaPhondo amabini  eMzantsi Afrika . Isi-Xitsonga sithethwa eMozambique kwakunye nase  Mzantsi Afrika . Isi-Bhulu siyintetho yemihla ngemihla eNamibia kwakunye  naseMntla Koloni , kwaye siyasebenza nakwamanye amaphondo  eloMzantsi Afrika . Okusenyanisweni ulwimi ngalunye olusemthethweni  eMzantsi Afrika  luyathethwa okanye luviwe nakwezinye indawo kwingingqi  yaseMazantsi eAfrika , yiyo lonto lungasebenza njengolwimi lonxibelelwano.

6.2 Ukuthethwa kolwimi olunye kusengelaphantsi

Kukho inani elivakalayo lwabantu olusebenzisa ezilwimi kuwo onke aMazantsi e-Afrika ngenjongo zorhwebo kuwo omabini amahlelo asekuhlaleni kunye nakwinginqgi kwezoqoqosho. Kwelinye icala abo bathatha inxaxheba kumanqanaba aphezulu ezoqoqosho lwelizwe badla ngokuthetha isiNgesi inxalenye ibesisiBhulu okanye bathethe isiFrench nesiPhuthukezi kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika.


Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

Ukwenziwa amathanga kwamazwe kweza nemeko ezahlukileyo zokugcina abo boyisiweyo becinezelwe. Enye yezixhobo kukuthethwa kolwimi. Abantu abanako ukuba bahlulelane ngolawulo xa bengena kufikelela kulwimi olusetyenziswa ngabo baselulawulweni. Kwelase Afrika ilwimi eziyinkulelane zikhe zamana ukusetyenziswa ukuvavanya ulawulo ngokwamathanga. Ngokuhambiselana nenkqubo yamathanga ingcamango zaseNtshona, ubunzululwazi kwakunye nobuchwephesha, ezonyango nezoqoqosho lwalamazwe luthatyathelwe phezulu. Ulwazi olunengcambu, ubunzululwazi, ezonyango, kunye noqoqosho lwasemakhaya luthe kule meko lwaphelelwa sisidima lwaza lwafihlakala. Zifihlekele kwilwimi zasemakhaya, ezazihlelelekile kwimisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu losomathanga nabahambisana nabo. Ngokukhwankqisayo abo bathetha iilwimi zamazwe ngamazwe, nangona bethetha ulwimi olunye, kodwa abo bathetha ilwimi ezininzi  zase-Afrika  abakhange banikwe ngqalelo ngezipho zabo zokuthetha nolwazi. Abantetho zamazwe ngamazwe  eAfrika  abazange babone sizathu sokuthetha ilwimi zasemakhaya.

6.3 Ixabiso lokuthetha ilwimi ezininzi

Umgaqo-siseko unikezela ithuba lokubanga ixabiso lokuthetha ilwimi ezininzi  eMzantsi Afrika  ngkwenza njalo siphinde fumanise ulwazi olufihlakeleyo. Le ndlela ingawunceda ngendlela ezininzi  uMzantsi Afrika  uwonke.

Iziphiwo zabo bantu banako ukufikelela kulwazi lomthonyama kwakunye nelwimi kuquka nentetho yezandla abo banakho ukuthetha ilwimi ezininzi ziyakuphinda zixabiseke.

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


Imeko ephikisana noku naleyo ibe ixatyisiwe ngabantetho isisiNgesi, nangona bethetha ulwimi olunye okanye izakhono zabo ziphelela kubunzululwazi nobuchwephesha baseNtshona, lwakuziswa kwimo ekhangele zonke inkalo neyamkela lonke ulwazi nezakhono zokunxibelelana. Ingcingane yokuba abo bangachwebeleziyo kwisiNgesi abazinto iyakulahlwa kwesinomhlwa njengoko sihambela phambili ukuya kwintlalo esekelwe kumbono wentatho nxaxheba kawonke-wonke, apho iyantlukwano yamkelekileyo ukunxibelelana kwasekuhlaleni kwaye ulwazi olohlukeneyo lukhuthazwa.

Ukukhuthazwa kokuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi kunikezela ithuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kwimibandela yelizwe-jikelele njengoko iziphumo zoku zingakhokelela ekufundweni kwelwimi zonxibelelwano ngenjongo zorhwebo kunye nonxibelelwano lwelizwe jikelele. Umzekelo, ifanale ukuba ikhokelele ekujongweni  kwesiPhuthukezi ,  isiFrench ,  isiSwahili ,  isiArabhu ,  nesiHausa  njengelwimi zorhwebo kunye nobambiswano  kwi Afrika .

Uphando olwenziweyo kweli lizwe kwiminyaka yo-1930 no-1940 lubonakalisa ukuba abantu abathetha ilwimi ezimbini banokunyamezelana kwaye banokuzuza impumelelo ezifundweni. Olu phando luhleli lungaqatshelwanga kangangesiqingatha seminyaka elikhulu. Ngoku sele luxhaswa ziziphumo zophando olwenziwe kumazwe ase Mntla Amerika, eAustralia, eIndia kwakunye nase Scandinavia. Oko kukuthi kuzo zombini imbono zokuhlala okuhlangeneyo kunye nezemfundo ukukhuthazwa kokuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi kunganemiphumela ebalulekileyo kuwo wonke  uMzantsi Afrika .

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


6.4	Unxibelelwano phakathi kokuthetha ilwimi ezininzi nocwangciso lokuphuhliswa kwesizwe.

Ukuqulunqwa komgaqo nqkubo wolwimi wesizwe kunye nokumiliselwa kwawo kufanele ukuba kube yinxalenye yocwaningo lokuphuhliswa kwesizwe. Izifundiswa ( umzekelo uTripathi 1990, uAkinnaso 1991 kunye no Siatchitema 1992) abahlahlele inkqubo nokumiliselwa kwawo kweli lizwekazi bakhombisa ukungevani apho inkqubo yolwimi kwezemfundo azihlangani nezo zocwangciso lokuphuhliswa kwelizwe. Okudla ngokwenzeka kukuba ucwangciso lwelizwe lujongele phantsi ulwimi kwezemfundo njengoko kusenzeka kumazwe  aseAfrika  apho ukusetyenziswa kwelwimi zomthonyama kwezemfundo kusengelwa phantsi ukugxininisa imfuneko yokuba abafundi bagqwese kulwimi losomathanga ukuze ufumane isithuba kwezopolitiko noqoqosho lukazwelonke.

Izifundiswa ezithile kweli lizwekazi zibonakalise unxulumano phakathi kokusilela kweAfrika kwezophuhliso kunye nokusetyeziswa kwenkqubo zelwimi ezinemibono zase Ntshona nezithi zinganaki ukuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi nokuyi ntlala isenzeka kwelizwekazi (umzekelo Djite 1993). Zikwabonakalisa ukunxibelelana phakathi kolwabiwo loncedo kwakunye nenkqubo ezigxininisa ukuthetha kolwimi olunye kwezemfundo. Amanye amazwe  eAfrika  angumzekelo kuthi ngenxa yembono nexabiso  elabekwa kwilwimi  zaseAfrika , kodwa ezi nkqubo zanikezela kwiminqweno yokuthetha ulwimi olunye esekelezelwe kwinkqubo zase Ntshona zophuhliso kunye noncedo. Ukuba lamazwe ayekwazile ukuvuma kwaye asebenzise ixabiso elikumongo welwimi  zaseAfrika , ukusebenza kwelwimi zawo ngekunomahluko.
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


7.	Ukwakha umkhanyi

Umthetho wePANSALB sisiboniso sokuba kukhona ukuzinikezela ekucaciseni nasekulandeleni inkqubo yelwimi kwakunye nokucwangcisa okuhlanganisa onke amacandelo asekuhlaleni okusenza sibe ngaphambili kwamanye amazwe. Sinamathuba ongezelelekileyo kuba thina sinako ukufunda kwindlela ezikhe zahanjwa kwezinye iindawo. Kukho indlela ezithile ezifuneka zilandelwe xa kucaciswa naxa kumiliselwa inkqubo nezicwangciso ezingasebenzayo.

7.1 Ukukhiwa komqaqo kunye nendlela zokucwangcisa.

Ezi zikhokhelo kufuneka zilandelwe ukuze kukwazeke ukumiliselwa kwenkqubo enakho ukusebenziseka:

* Kucaciswe umgaqo sikhokhelo wenkqubo yeelwimi njengoko kwenziwe kuMgaqo-Siseko.
* Kucatshulwe ukuze kuchazwe inkqubo yelwimi esekelwe kule migaqo sikhokhelo
* Kukhethwe umzekelo wocwangciso onganakho ukumilisela lemigaqo sikhokhelo
* Kuchazwe imida yoku
* Kuzotywe izicwangciso zokumilisela okuquka intethonxaxheba ng uRhulumente  kunye noluntu
* Ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yolwimi nezicwangciso zinxulumene nezicwangciso zokuphuhliswa kwelizwe
* Ukukhangela izikhubekiso kule ndlela nokulungisa oku
* Ukukhomba amaxesha ekufuneka efikelelekile
* Kwaziswe ngokwaneleyo  uRhulumente  kunye noluntu
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi


7.2 Ukuvumelwa ngoxanduva

Isebe le Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (DACST) sele liqalisile ngokukhombisa indlela yesicwangciso zikazwelonke senkqubo yelwimi. Ngelixa lenkqubo iqaliswa bekungekavunyelwana ngomGaqo-Siseko ka 1996 ngakumbi amagatya angezolwimi. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukwabelana ngoxanduva kwakungekacaci njengoko kunjalo ngoku. Kunyanzelekile ngoku ukuba zombini I-PANSLAB kunye ne DACST zixoxisane ngoku ukuze kuphetshwe ukuphinda-phinda kwemisebenzi nokwabelana ngoxanduva okungacingisiswanga.

I-DASCT sele iqalisile ngemisebenzi emibini eluxanduva lukarhulumente lokumilisela isidima esilinganayo nasekusetyenzisweni kwelwimi ezili-11 nezisemthethweni:

* Ukumiliselwa kwephulo lokwazisa, licetyelwa u 1998- 1999
* Ukundulula inkonzo  yokutolika  ngomnxeba mfonomfono eyakufikeleleka kubo bonke abantu abathetha ilwimi ezisemthethweni kwakunye nezinye ilwimi efanelwe ukunikwa indawo ephambili kunye nenkozo ezingxamisekileyo.

Zombini ezi zinako ukuncedisa  uRhulumente  afezekise uxanduva lwakhe kwaye zifanele ukuba zisekelwe yi PANSALB.

Ngaxalinye  uRhulumente  eseka indlela zokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwelwimi nokusetyenziswa kwazo, indima ye PANSLAB kukuqinisa nokuqalisa ukuseka amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni axhasa ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zokuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi ngalo ndlela kugxininiswa 
Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi

ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abangathetha ezinye ilwimi ngaphandle kwesiNgesi. Umzekelo, i-PANSALB  izakukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa:

* Kwenkonzo  zokutolika  ezisekuhlaleni
* Amaxwebhu okufundisa noluncwadi olubhalwe ngelwimi zomthonyama, neziquka zonke ilwimi ezilithoba (9), intetho ngezandla, isiKhoe kunye nesi San.
* Ukusetyenziswa kwelwimi zonxibelelwano kwakunye nezorhwebo kunye nabamelwane bethu
* Unxibelelwano namazwe esimelene nawo ngemisebenzi yokuphuhliswa kwelwimi esahlulahlulelana ngazo ngaphaya kwemida.
* Inkqubo zokwakha izakhono phakathi kwabo bathetha/ basebenzisa ilwimi zomthonyama, ekuqeqesheni nasekuphuhlisweni kwazo
* Amacebo neendlela eziveza ulwazi lwelwimi zomthonyama  eMazantsi eAfrika 
* Amacebo neendlela zokwakha izakhono phakathi kwakuhlaleni ngokusetyenziswa kwelwimi zomthonyama ukuze zibe luncedo. 

Indawo ezisebenzisa ezi lwimi zasekuhlaleni kufanele ukuba zinikwe amandla kwaye kufuneka zilibone igalelo lolwimi lwazo kwinkalo zonke zokuhlala, ezemfundo, nezoqoqosho khona ukuze ukuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi, kuthatha iingcambu ngamandla kweli lizwe.

8.	Ekugqibeleni

Isiphetho kukuba I-PANSLAB ifuna ukukhuthaza ukunikwa amandla kwindawo zasekuhlaleni khona ukuze kucace ixabiso lwezilwimi. Ukuthethwa kwelwimi ezininzi kungamila ingcambu xa zonke ilwimi zixatysiwe.

Indawo YE-PANSALB ekuthetheni iilwimi ezininzi






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