Sunflower (OPOT) 									IsiZulu



Ubhekilanga – izifo nezilokazane

 

Instructions:

Folio strap: 

Byline: Imininingwane ithatwe kuGrain SA Sunflower production manual 

Photos: 

 		 Photo 1: Umswenya

 Photo 2: Ibhungane ‘Vaalgrond’

 Photo 3: Ibhungane ‘Herpalus’ 

 Photo 4: Ibhungane elinamabala lommbila

 Photo 5: Ukubola okumnyama (Blackstem)

 Photo 6: Ukuthomba okumhlophe (Whiterust)

 Photo 7: Ukubola okuthambile kwesihloko (Soft Rhizopus headrot)

Singasho ukuthi akusizo zonke izilokazane ezivama ukutholakala kubhekilanga ezidala ingozi. Kuyingxenye yezilokazane eziletha izifo kubhekilanga. Lezi ezidala ingozi zingadla izimbewu ezitshaliwe, ezinye zidla isitshalo lapho sihluma, ezinye lapho isitshalo sesimila, ezinye zidla izimpande nezinye zidla izinhlamvu lapho zivuthwa. 

Ukuphatha izilokazane kuhambelana kakhulu namakhemikheli (amakhemikheli abulala izilokazane). Kukhona amakhemikheli arejestiwe ukubulala zonke izilokazane ezidala ingozi kubhekilanga. Izindlela zokuphatha izilokazane ezihlangene nezinye zingaba nomphumela omuhle – izindlela ezahlukene zisetshenziswa ukuvimba ukwanda kwezilokazane nokuvimba ingozi ezidalayo. 

Izilokazane ezidla izimbewu nezitshalo eziqala ukumila

Kukhona izilokazane ezahlukene ezidla izimbewu nezitshalo eziqala ukumila, isibonelo: izibhungu ezifana nocingo (wireworms), izimpethu zamabhungane ezinamabala, umswenya, njll). Lezi zilokazane zehlisa inani lezimbewu ezitshaliwe bese kuzodingeka ukuthi uphinde utshale. Ukuphatha lezi zilokazane ngendlela efanelekile kuhambelana nokuthela umuthi ngendlela efanelekile, kakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokutshala. 



Ukulima ebusika kuzosiza ukuphatha eziningi zalezi zilokazane – kufuneka izinsuku ezingu-35 noma ngaphezulu lapho zingatholi isitshalo sokudla bese eziningi zizokufa. 



Izimbewu ezizotshalwa zingathelwa ngomuthi, noma umuthi ungathelwa emseleni lapho kuzotshalwa khona. Umswenya ungabulawa ngokubeka ibheyiti ngaphezu komhlabathi emseleni. Insimu yommbila futhi ingafafazwa ngomuthi ofanelekile.



Izilokazane ezidla inxenye yesitshalo sikabhekilanga

Ibhungane elikhulile elinamabala elidla ummbila (Astylus Atromaculatus), umswenya (Agrotis Segetum), ibhungane elenza ngathi lifile “doodhouertjie” (Protostrophus Sulcatifrons) nebhungane harpalus lingadala ingozi enkulu bese kwehla inani lezitshalo ensimini ethile enhle. Ekugcineni akungeke kutholakale inzuzo kuleyo nsimu.



Impethu yaseAfrika (bollworm) (Helicoverpa Armigera) ilimaza isihloko sikabhekilanga futhi ivula indlela kungene izifo zokhunta njengeRhizopus Microsporus. Izilokazane ezimunyayo njengeNysius Nataensis nazo zingalimaza izimbewu zikabhekilanga ezisakhulayo. 



Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikheli ezirejestiwe ukubulala izinhlobonhlobo zezilokazane ezingena esitshalweni. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi nguyiphi inhlobo yesilokazane edala ingozi bese ukhethe umuthi ofanelekile uwuthele ngendlela efanelekile nangesikahthi esifanelekile. Lokho kungahluka mayelana nenhlobo yesilokazane nokukhula kwesitshalo. 



Ukuthela umuthi ukubulala izilokozane kungasiza ukuvimba ingozi ezitshalweni, kodwa kubiza imali eningi – ngakho-ke umlimi ubobala kahle ukuthi izindleko zizobangakanani. Kufanele kubalwe kahle lapho sekudingeka ukuthela umuthi – kuzofika isikhathi lapho umlimi ebona ukuthi sekudingeka kakhulu ukuthela umuthi ngoba ingozi ezitshalweni izoba ngaphezu kwemali ezokhokhwa ukuthela umuthi. 



Ukuvimba ingozi

Akufaneleki ukuthela umuthi ezitshalweni lapho izilokazane zingasadalanga ingozi enkulu kakhulu. Isizathu zalokhu: kukhona ezinye izilwanyane zezemvelo ezidla lezo zilokazane, kodwa nazo zibulawa umuthi bese ezinye izilokazane zithola amandla ukungabulawa ngumuthi othile. 



Ukulima ngaphambi kokutshala kuyindlela enhle ukuvimba ingozi yezilokazane. Kodwa inani lezilokazane lifanele lihlolwe kahle njalo ukuze izindleko zokuvimba zingakhuphuki kakhulu. 



Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezinamandla ukulwa nezilokazane – lokhu kuzosiza esikhathini esimfushane ngoba akungeke kudingeke ukuthela umuthi, futhi esikhathini eside kuzosiza ngoba inani lalezo zilokazane lizokwehla. 



Kungcono ukubheka konke usebenzise izindlela ezahlukene ukuphatha lezi zifo – sebenzisa indlela ethile elungile ngesikhathi esithile esilungile esitshalweni esithile. Ukuphatha izilokazane kuyinto ebalulekile ekuphatheni komsebenzi jikelele epulazini ngoba kungehlisa noma kungakhuphula inani lomvuno nenzuzo yomkhiqizo ekugcineni. 



Izifo zikabhekilanga

Izifo zezitshalo zehlisa umvuno nobuhle bokudla futhi zingagulisa izimpahla nabantu abadla lokho kudla. Ukhunta, amabhaktheri namavayirasa kudala izifo ezitshalweni. Lezi zinto zingalimaza sonke isitshalo – izimpande, izinhlanga, amakhasi nezikhwebu. Lezi zifo ezahlukile zidinga izimo ezahlukile ukumila nokwanda. 



Isifo singakhula kuphela uma isimo sezulu siyasilungela, uma kukhona isitshalo lapho singakhula khona naso isifo sikhona. Lezi zinto ezintathu zingabizwa ngokuthi (unxantathu) itrayengela lokuqala isifo. Uma kushoda kunye, isifo asingeke sikhule. Isifo esingaba khona esikhathini esithile endaweni ethile, ngonyaka ozayo asingeke sibekhona ngoba isimo sezulu singashintsha. Ngoba ubhekilanga ubiza imali eningi ukutshalwa, kuvama ukudula kakhulu ukubulala nokuphatha izifo ngamakhemikheli. Ezinye izifo zivama ukubakhona njalo kodwa azikhuli ngoba eyodwa into yetrayengela ayikho. Kungcono ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivimba izifo bese zizophathwa kangcono. Kukhona izinto ezahlukile ezingakusiza ukuvimba izifo ziqale ukukhula. 



Amandla esitshalo

Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zithola amandla ukulwa nezifo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lawa mandla okulwa nesifo avama ukulwa nesifo esisodwa kuphela, hhayi zonke. Kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi yisiphi isifo esivama ukukhula endaweni ethile bese kufanele ukhethe uhlobo lwesitshalo olukwazi kulwa naleso sifo. 



Ukuphatha ngamakhemikheli

Ukuphatha ngamakhemikheli kusho ukusebenzisa umuthi orejestiwe ukubulala ukhunta namabhaktheriya esimeni sezulu esithile. Kufanele uzibheke kahle izindleko zomuthi ngaphambi kuzithenga. 



Izindlela zokukhiqiza

Izindlela zokulima umhlabathi kungaba into ebalulekile lapho sifuna ukuphatha izifo – izinhlanga ezisala ensimini zilondoloza ezinye zalezi zifo. Indlela esilima ngayo ifanele ibhekane nalokhu futhi kufanele sazi ukuthi kukhona ziphi izifo. 



Ukushintshashintsha izinhlobo zezitshalo ensimini eyodwa kuqonde ukunikeza izinhlanga ezisalayo isikhathi esikwanele sokubola nokuhlangana nomhlabathi. Kubalulekile ukwazi yiziphi izifo ezivama ukungena kuziphi izitshalo, kanjalo kungakhethwa izitshalo ezifanelekile lapho zishintshwa. 



Isikhathi sokutshala naso singahambelana nokuvela kwesifo esithile – ukutshala masinya noma emva kwesikhathi kungehlisa ukwanda kwesifo esithile. 



Ukuphatha ukuxineka kwezitshalo

Inxenye yezinto ezidala ukuxineka nakho kuhambelana nezifo. Izinto ezidala ukuxineka ezitshalweni yilokhu: ubumanzi (okuncane noma okuningi kakhulu), ukushisa, ukubanda, ukudla ongakwenele emhlabathini, ubumuncu nokulinyazwa kwezilokazane. Lapho sifuna ukuphatha izifo ngokwanele, kufanele sizame ukususa eyodwa into yetrayengele lezifo. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma sisebenzisa uhlelo lokuphatha izifo oluhlangene (hlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene). 



Izifo ezijwayelekile



Izifo zamakhasi - intuthumba (Leaf pustule diseases) - Septoria Helianthi neAlternaria

Izintuthumba emakhasini zidalwa iSeptoria. Isifo seAltenaria zibonakala ngokumnyamana ezinhlangeni, emakhasini nangemuva kwesihloko sikabhekilanga. 



Ukuthomba – Puccinia Helianthi

Izilokazane ezeqa amakhasini zidala lesi sifo. Siyinkinga kakhulukazi ehlanzeni (Lowveld) nalapho kutshalwa khona ukolo. Izitshalo zithola lesi sifo masinya emva kokumila bese siyashishibala bese asingeke sikhiqize ukudla okuzinhlamvu.



Sclerotinia – Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum (ukubola kohlanga nesihloko)

Mhlawumbe lesi sifo sidala ingozi enzuzweni ngokudlula ezinye futhi singaphathwa kahle kuphela ngokushintshashintsha izinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo. 



Sisukela izinhlanga phansi eduze nomhlabathi bese izinhlanga ziyathamba zigobeke ziwe uma kukhona umoya. Izihloko bese zithintana nomhlabathi bese kungena ezinye izifo njengokhunta ngaphambi kokuvuna. 



Ukulimala okukhulu kudaleka ezinhlokweni bese ukukhiqiza ubhekilanga akungeke kubenenzuzo.



Uhlanga olumnyama – Phoma Oleacea

Lesi sifo singafika ngaso sonke isikhathi sokumila kwesitshalo, sizakazeka ohlangweni ngokuntonta kwamanzi. Lezo zitshalo azinamandla futhi izihloko azinokudla okuningi.



Ukuthomba okumhlophe – Albugo Oleracea

Lesi sifo sidale ingozi enkulu enzuzweni ngeminyaka edlule naso senza ukuthi isitshalo siwe silale phansi. 



Ukubola kwesihloko okuthambile – Rhizopus Microsporus

Kubonakala ngokubola okuthambile okunsundu ngemuva kwesihloko. 
 

