Sclerotinia (OPOT) 								IsiZulu

Isifo seSclerotinia kubhekilanga

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Byline: Imininingwane ithathwe kuNorth Dakota State University 

 nakuseMnyango Wezokulima waseUnited States 

Photo Captions: 

Photo 1: Iziduku zezitshalo ezifehlekile zikhombisa ukuqhubeka kwalesi sifo. Bheka isclerotia elimnyama nemycelium elimhlophe. Uhlanga oluphilile lungasokwencele. 

Photo 2: Imycelium elimhlophe (ukukhunta) esidukwini sesitshalo esifayo.

Photo 3: ISclerotia elingaphakathi kwesiduku sesitshalo esifayo.

Photo 4: Ukubola ngaphakathi kohlanga.

Photo 5: Ukubola kwesihloko – lokhu kubonakala ngaphambi kokuwa kwesihloko.

 Picture 6: Ukuqhubeka kwesifo – ukubola kwesihloko nobuphakathi bohlangu. 

Lesi sifo sifana nokhunta oluphila ebusika emhlabathini nasenhlangeni ezifile 

Izitshalo ezifayo ezinezinhlanga ezibolayo neziduku ezinekhensa 

Ukutshala entwasahlobo 

ISclerotia emhlabathini 

Lapho kukhona ubumanzi obuningi emhlabathini isclerotia elingaphezulana emhlabathini limila bese lenza i-apothecia 

Ama-Ascospore achithwa yi-apothecium bese aphephuka nomoya 

I-Apothecium 

Ama-Ascospore 

Ukuthathelwana 

Ama-Ascospore angena ngomoya asuka kwamanye amasimu aseduze 

Ukubola kwesihloko 

Ukubola kohlanga ngaphakathi 

Izimpande zithintana nesclerotia bese isclerotia iyamila ithathelana ezimpandeni; ukhunta luhamba ngezimpande luya ezitshalweni ezinye 

Izitshalo eziphathekile 

Isifo = ukulahleka komvuno nokwanda kwesifo emhlabathini 

ISclerotia elibuyiselwa emhlabathini ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokulima. 

Kulo mbhalo sizobheka kakhulukazi isifo esibalulekile esiphatha ubhekilanga – izifo zeSclerotinia. 

Kukhona izifo ezintathu, ukuyethezela (ukufehleka) ngenxa ISclerotinia, ukubola ngaphakathi kohlanga nokubola kwesihloko. Ukuyethezela ngenxa iSclerotinia kudalwa ukhunta oluhlala emhlabathini olubizwa ngokuthi sclerotia, olungena ezimpandeni zikabheklilanga. Ukuyethezela lokhu kuyahluka ngoba kuqala ezimpandeni. ISclerotinia elibolisa isihloko nohlanga lihamba emoyeni ngamaspori. Lezi yizifo ezidala ingozi ngaphezu komhlabathi kodwa ziyafana zonke ngengozi edalekayo. Zozintathu zidalwa into eyodwa (pathogen) ebizwa ngokuthi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ukhunta onengozi enkulu evama ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukhunta olumhlophe”. Lolu khunta lufana nalolo oludala okhunta olumhlophe kusoya, kubhontshisi omile, kukanola nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivama ukuphatheka. Ukuyethezela ngenxa iSclerotinia kuyavela lapho ubhekilanga utshalwa emhlabathini oneSclerotinia bese kudaleka ingozi enkulu ekudleni. Kungenzeka ukuthi insimu yonke ingabulawa lesi sifo. Ukulahleka komvuno kuhambelana nenani lezitshalo ezinalesi sifo nangesikhathi sokungena kwalesi sifo; uma inani lezitshalo ezigulayo likhulu futhi isifo singene masinya, ukulahleka komvuno nacho kuzokhuphuka. Ngokwejwayelekile isitshalo esigulayo sinekeza ukudla okungu-50% kuphela. Futhi inani likawoyela liyehla uma isitshalo sigula. Okunye okublalulekile yilokhu: ukuthelela kwalesi sifo kwandisa inani leSclerotinia emhlabathini. Lokhu kungenza ukuthi ungakwazi ukutshala ubhekilanga emasimini analesi sifo iminyaka neminyaka. ISclerotinia, lehlisa umvuno futhi lingavimba ukuthi ukhiqize ubhekilanga nakusasa bese awutholi inzuzo evama ukutholakala ngobhekilanga. 

Ukubola kwesihloko nokungaphakathi kohlanga akuvami ukufika njalo, kuvama ukufika emva kwemvula eningi. Lezi zifo azivami ukufika ngesikhathi esomile. Ukubola kwesihloko kwehlisa ukusinda kwezimbewu, inani lezimbewu nenani likawoyela. Uma kukhona isclerotia ezimbewini, kwehlisa igredi nentengiso yomvuno. Izihloko ezigulayo zivama ukufehleka ensimini bese izimbewu zilahlekela emhlabathini. Futhi, lapho umshini wokuvuna uthinta isihloko, izimbewu ziyasakazeka azingeni emshinini. Ukubola kwezihloko kuyinkinga lapho kukhiqizwa izimbewu ezinsha ezizothengwa ngabalimini abazozitshala ngonyaka ozayo ngoba azimili kahle futhi zisakaza isifo sesclerotia bese kudala umsebenzi omusha okuhlanza izimbewu ngaphambi kokuthola isitefiketi esithi izimbewu ziphilile. Awakho amathoksini enziwa iSclerotinia ezimbewini zikabhekilanga, kodwa uma kukhona okuningi kakhulu kwesclerotia akufuneki kudliwe ngabantu noma izimfuyo. Okunye okubalulekile yilokhu: lesi sifo singangena emasimini amahle bese singadala ingozi ngakusasa. 

Izimpawu zeSclerotinia 

Ukuyethezela ngenxa iSclerotinia 

Ngokujwayelekile izimpawu ezibonakala masinya ngukuyethezela kwamakhasi, ukubola kwezimpande nekhensa lesiduku. Futhi, ukuyethezela kwezitshalo kubonakala kuqala emasimini ngaphambi kokuqhakaza kwezitshalo, kodwa izitshalo ezinesifo zingabonakala lapho ziqala ukumila. Ngokokuqala kubonakala isitshalo ngasinye ngasniye, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyalandelana. Lesi sifo sivama ukuvela ezindaweni ezithile ensimini. Ngoba izitshalo zingafehleka masinya emva kwamaviki lapho isifo singenile, izimpawu zingathi zibonakala masinya. 

Isilonda esigcwele amanzi sikhula esidukwini (ngaphansi) sesitshalo. Isilonda sinobala ompunga oluhlazana futhi, bese sibansundu sifana nekhensa elizungulezela uhlangu. Lapho ukubola kuqhubeka uhlangu lubamhlomphe futhi lungathi lufehlekile. Ukufehleka kungabonakala ohlangweni okungaphezu kwezandla ezimbili ngobude. Kukhona ukubola okungaphansi kohlangu bese kutholakala izintwana ezilukhuni ezibizwa ngokuthi sclerotia (ngobukhulu zi1/8 okuya ku1/4 inch ngobubanzi). Isclerotia lenziwa ipathogen futhi linikeza isibonakaliso salesi sifo. Esikhathini lapho kuna kakhulu, kukhula imycelium elimhlophe (ukhunta) esidukwini sohlanga, ngakho-ke kubizwa ngokuthi: “ukhunta olumhlophe”. 

Ukubola kwezimpande kubonakala masinya ngoba kaningi isitshalo siphuma kalula emhlabathini lapho usidonsa. Isikhumba sezimpanda naso sisuka kalula bese kubonakala umsipha ongaphakathi. Ukubola kaningi kumanzana futhi iSclerotia ibonakala kuzo zonke izimpande. 

Ekugcineni isitshalo esigulayo siyafa. Isitshalo singakhiqiza ukudla noma qha, lokhu kuhambelana nesikhathi lapho isifo singene esitshalweni. Izihloko zezitshalo ezigulayo zincane nalezo eziphilayo. Ukuyethezela kwehlisa inani lezimbewu, kakhulu ngoba izimbewu zilula. Izitshalo ezigulayo ziwa kalula uma kukhona umoya onamandla. 

ISclerotinia ngaphakathi kohlangu 

Lokhu kuvama ukubonakala ngesikhathi izimbali zivela noma emva kwaleso sikhathi, kubonakala ngaphakathi noma ngaphezulana kohlanga. Kuqala kube ibala elinsundu noma elimpunga elimanzana. Bese kuvela ikhensa elizunguleza uhlangu, izindawo ezigulayo nazo zimanzana futhi zithambile. Uhlanga luvama ukunqamuka lapho kukhona ukubola bese konke ngaphezu kwekhensa kuyafa. Kaningi imycelium elimhlophe nesclerotia lizovela ngaphandle nangaphakathi kohlanga, kakhulukazi uma kunemvula. Ekugcineni izindawo ezigulayo zibamhlophe futhi ziyafehleka. Ukugula kohlanga kungaqhubeka kuye phansi esidukwini noma kungakhuphuka kuye esihlokwini. Ngesinye isikhathi ikhasi lingathola iSclerotinia bese ukhunta luzoqhubeka lungene lubolise uhlanga. 
 
ISclerotinia Ukubola kwesihloko 

Izimpawu ezibonakala kuqala yilezi: kuvela ukhunta omhlophe (mycelium) ezimbalini noma amabala amanzana ngaphansi kwesihloko. Ukhunta lukhula masinya kuleyo ndawo, lubolisa isihloko bese kuvela imycelium elimhlophe namabala amaningi amnyama esclerotia. Isihloko sivama ukuba mhlophe, sibonakala masinya. Sonke isihloko singabola bese indawo lapho kukhona izimbewu iyawa, bese kusala isihloko esimhlophe esifehlekile esinamabala esclerotia. Lezi zihloko ezimhlophe zibonakala kalula. Lapho kuvunwa izihloko ziyafehleka bese zonke izimbewu ezisasele ziyalahleka. Lapho izulu limanzi ukhunta luzomila phezu kwezimbewu kwenzeke ineti lesclerotia elembesa ingaphambili lesihloko. Izimbewu azivami ukubola kodwa eziningi azinokudla. Isclerotia elisehlokwini livunwa nezimbewu. Isclerotia elihlangene nezimbewu likhombisa ukuthi insimu ethile beyinokubola kwesihloko. Ukubola kwesihloko kuyiinkinga enkulu emasimini lapho kukhiqizwa khona izimbewu zokutshalwa. Ngaphezu kokwehla kwenani lezimbewu, izimbewu zembeswa ngokhunta leSclerotinia, bese azihlumi kahle.

 

IPathogen 

ISclerotinia sclerotiorum lingangena ezitshalweni eziningi; kukhona izinhlobo ezingu-370 ezingathola lesi sifo. Lesi sifo sitholakala kubhekilanga, ubhontshisi, usoya, ukhanola; kodwa eziningi ezinye izitshalo zingathola lokhu: ulentshisi, amazambane, imastadi, iJerusalem artichoke nesafflower. Lezi zitshalo aziphatheki kakhulu ngalesi sifo, azifani nobhekilanga ophatheka kakhulu futhi ulimala kakhulu. 
 
Indilinga yesifo (ukuhamba kwaso) – ukuyethezela kweSclerotinia

ISclerotinia liphila ebusika emhlabathini nazenhlangeni ezisalayo emva kokuvuna. Ehlobo lapho ubhekilanga umila, izimpande ziphambana nesclerotia, isclerotia liyamila bese ligulisa izimpanda. Ukhunta lukhula lusuka empande bese lungena ohlangweni, isitshalo siyafa. Lumila futhi luyangaphansi lubolisa zonke izimpande. Ngoba ezinye izitshalo ziseduze nesitshalo esigulayo, ukhunta lungeqa lungene kuzo lezo zitshalo – eziningi zingafa. Izitshalo zingayethezela emva kwamaviki amabili noma amane emva kokuthola lesi sifo. Kodwa ukwanda kwalesi sifo kwenzeka masinya, lapho siqala ukungena kungathatha izinsuku ezine eziya kuyisikhombisa lapho siyethezela ngokugcwele. Lokhu ukuqhubeka kwesifo okwenzeka masinya kwenza ukuthi insimu ebukeka ngathi iphilile ingawa phansi ngenxa yilesi sifo ngaphakathi kwamaviki namaviki. 

Ubhekilanga uyisitshalo esisodwa esiphatheka iSclerotina ezimpandeni. Ezinye izitshalo eziphathekayo zithola lesi sifo ngaphezu komhlabathi ngama-ascospore. Lokhu kumehluko omkhulu ngaphakathi kobhekilanga nezinye izitshalo. 

Lapho ukhunta lumila ezindaweni ezithile zesitshalo, kwakheka amasclerotia; okuningi kumila ohlangeni olubolile nazempandeni lapho isitshalo siqala ukufa. Kungamila amasclerotia angu-25 okuya ku-100 esitshalweni esodwa. Lawo masclerotia asakazwa emhlabathini lapho kuhlakulwa noma kulinywa bese alinda ukugulisa izitshalo ezinsha. ISclerotia liphila isikhathi eside emhlabathini, insimu ingahlala nalokhu kugula iminyaka neminyaka. Abalimi babuza njalo ukuthi isclerotia liphila isikhathi esingakanani emhlabathini. Siyaxolisa, kodwa ayikho impendulo eqondile. Kukhona okuningi okungenza ukuthi isikhathi singafani: uhlobo lomhlabathi, ubumanzi nendlela yokulima. Konke lokhu kuthelela ukuthi ezinye izinto njengamamicro-organism asemhlabathini abulala isclerotia azothatha isikhathi esingakanani. Ubumanzi nokushisa kusiza lezo zinto ukubulala isclerotia. Uma kukhona i-inoculum eliningi emhlabathini iSclerotinia lizophila isikhathi eside. Insimu enezingi lezi zinto izodinga iminyaka eminingi sokutshalwa ngezinye izitshalo ngaphambi kokuphinda ukutshal ubhekilanga. 

Ubhekilanga unezimpande ezihlangene kakhulu ezingaphezulana emhlabathini. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi zithantane kalula ngesclerotia. Izimpande ngokugcwele lapho isitshalo sikhokha izimbali, bese kukhona ukuthintana okukhulu kwezimpande zezinye izitshalo okusakaza isifo. Ngakho-ke isifo sivama ukubonakala emva kwesikhathi sokuphuma kwezimbali. 

Emasimini lapho kukhona lesi sifo, izitshalo eziyethezela zizobonakala emva kwezinsuku ezingu-40-50 zokutshalwa, kodwa eziningi zizoyethezela emva kokuphuma kwezimbali. 


Ukuphatha Isifo 

Ukuphatha okubalulekile kwesifo seSclerotinia yilokhu: ungatshali emasimini lapho kukhona lesi sifo futhi ubozama ukuvimba ukwanda kwesclerotia emhlabathini. Ukuvimba kwenzeka ngokuhlola amasimu njalo nokushintsha izinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo. Khumbula, insimu enesifo ayikwazi ukutshalwa ngobhekilanga iminyaka neminyaka. Ngoba ukubola kwesihloko nobuphakathi kohlangu akuveli njalo, siqonda kakhulu ukuvimba ukuyethezela. Ngokwamanje azikho izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikwazi ukulwa nalesi sifo, kodwa zikhona ezithile ezingaphatheki kakhulu iSclerotinia. Futhi, awekho amakhemikheli arejestiwe akwazi ukuphatha ukuyethezela noma isifo sama-ascospore kubhekilanga. 
 

