Knowing									Zulu

Ukwazi isitshalo sommbila 



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Folio strap: Ukwandisa inani

Byline: Imininingwane ithathwe kumeniyuwali yeGrain SA manual ebizwa ngokuthi: Maize production and marketing



Izitshalo zihlelwa ezigatsheni ezimbili – lezo ezinamaqabunga abanzi (dicotyledonous) nalezo ezinamaqabunga acijile (afana notshani). Amaqabunga acijile anemithambo ahambisanayo ngokusuka phansi kuya ekugcineni. Amaqabunga abanzi anemithambo afana namagatsha. 



Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba amakhemikeli asebenza ngokwahluka kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezitshalo.



Izinxenye zesakhi sesitshalo

 

1.	Ishoba

2.	Iqabunga

3.	Izinwedlana 

4.	Isikhwebu

5	Uhlanga (isiqu) 



Izimpande

Izimpande ziqonde ukubamba isitshalo emhlabathini sime siqonde phezulu futhi zimunya amanzi nokudla emhlabathini. 



Isitshalo sommbila sinohlelo lwezimpande olumagatshagatsha. Uma isimo sezulu sihle isitshalo sommbila singaba nezimpande ezilingana na-1 500 m uma zihlanganiswa. Lapho izimpande zimila kahle izimpande zingafika endaweni elingana na-1,5 m emaceleni kwesitshalo futhi zangangena ngokujula emhlabathini okufika ku-2 m. 



Ngokwejwayelekile kukhona izinhlobo zezimpande ezimbili – impande eyodwa (impande eyodwa eqondile enamandla eshona ngokujula, ingaba nazo izimpanjana ezimila ekuceleni kwayo) nezimpande eziningi (adventitious root system) (eziningi izmpande ezimila ngokusakazeka, hhayi ngokujula kuphela). Isitshalo sommbila sinezimpande eziningi futhi lapho sikhula sihlume ishoba, ezinye izimpande ziyamila ukusekela isitshalo ukuze singawi. Lezi zimpande ziluhlozi futhi ziqala ukila ngapzu komhlabathi. 



Izinhlanga

Uhlanga lwesithombo sommbila sifana nesilinda. Kubonakala kahle ukuthi kukhona amalunga (lapho kuvela khona amaqabunga) nezindawo ezingaphakathi kwamalunga. Ubude besiqu kumbelana nenhlobo yommbila nesimo Sezulu. 



Isica sommbila singaba nezindawo ezingaphakathi kwamalunga (nodes) ezingafika ku-8 ziye ku-21. Lezi zindawo azilingani ngobude. Isikhwebu sommbila sivama ukuqala ukumila lapho kukhona ilunga elingu-8. 



Amaqabunga

Kumila amaqabunga amabili elungini elilodwa. Umsebenzi wamaqabunga kungukumunya ukukhanya kwelanga futhi asebenza njengefekthri elenzela isithombo ukudla. Amaqabunga amila nganhlanye nganhlanye kwesicu. Iqabunga lide, alibanzi futhi licijile ngasekugcineni. Iqabunga lisekelwa ngumthambo oqinile osuka ekuqaleni oya ekugcineni. 



Iqabunga lesithombo siphefumula ngezimbotshwana ezincane ezifana nedlala. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “stomata”. Amastomata angephansi kweqabunga maningi ukudla lawo angaphezulu. Lapho kushisa futhi komile, amastomata achitha umswakamo omncane bese iqabunga liyagoqana. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi iqabunga livaleke bese akulahleki kakhulu amanzi. Ngesikhathi esishisa kakhulu emini amastomata enza ukuthi amaqabunga agoqane. Ngasetambama lapho kuqala ukuphola, amaqabunga ayavuleka ukuze akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo. Lapho ukushisa nokoma kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, amasomata awasakwazi ukuvula amaqabunga bese ayafa – lokhu kuyingozi engakwazi ukulungiswa futhi inani lomvuno lizokwehla. 



Izimbali

Isithombo sommbila esisodwa sinezimbali ezinsikazi nezenduna – lokhu kusho ukuthi isithombo sommbila siyazithuthela izikhuphashe (ukuqholwa). Inxenye eyinsikazi imila ibe isikhwebu, imbali eyenduna yishoba eliphezulu ekugcineni kwesithombo. Inhlamvu eyodwa encane ihlangene noboya (imbali ensikazi) phakathi kwesikhwebu. Impova (isikhuphashe) iwa phezu kwembali ensikazi bese imila phakathi kwale mbali yehle ize ifike kule nhlamvana encane. Ukulumbaniseka kwenzeka lapho impova ifika kule nhlamvana. 



Lapho kushisa kakhulu futhi komile, kungenzeka ukuthi impova yome ingawi bese angeke kubekhona ukulumbaniseka. Lokhu kuzobonakala ngezinhlamvu ezincinci kuleso sikhwebu. Imbali ensikazi iyakwazi ukwamukela impova ngesikhathi esisuka ezinsukwini ezingu-10 eziya ku-14. Kubalulekile ukuthi kubekhona isimo sezulu esihle ngaleso sikhathi 



Izimbewu

Wonke umsebenzi wokutshala ummbila uqonde ukukhiqiza izimbewu zokudla. Ubuningi nobuhle bezinhlamvu kubalulekile lapho sifuna ukuthola inzuzo ekulimeni kwethu. 



Izinto ezingashintsha umvuno ylokhu: izifo, izidingo zokudla kwesithombo, amanzi akhona, ukushisa ngezinye izikhathi zokumila nokukhetha uhlobo lommbila ofanelekile. 



Izikhathi zokumila kwezithombo

Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kuhambelana nezinhlobo zamakhemikheli ezithelwayo ngoba ezinye zithelwa ngaphambi kokumila kwesithombo ezinye zithelwa emva kokuvela kwesithombo.



Ngaphambi kokuvela

Lesi sikhathi yileso esisuka ngesikhathi sokutshala kuze kufike isikhathi sesitshalo sokuvela.



Emuva kokuvela

Lesi yisikhathi sichaza isikhathi emva kokuvela kwesithombo emhlabathini. 





Izikhathi zokumila

Siyakwazi ukwehlukanisa izikhathi zokumila sesithombo sommbila ezingu-10. 



Isikhathi 0 – esisuka ngesikhathi sokutshala esiya kvela.

Ummbila utshalwa ngokujula okusuka ku-2,5 cm kuya ku-5 cm phansi emhlabathini. Uma kushisa futhi kukhona amanzi akwenele, izimbewu zithatha izinsuku ezingu -6 - 10 ukuqala ukuvela. Uma kupholile noma komile izimbewu zingathatha amaviki amabili ukuvela. Ukushisa okuhle okuzosiza izimbewu ukuqhuma kusuka ku-20°C kuya ku-30°C. Kufanele futhi umswakamo emhlabathini ufike ku-60% (amanzi amaningi kakhulu noma amancane kakhulu kuzokwandisa isikhathi sokuvela).



Ufuzo lohlobo lommbila lubeka inani lamaqabunga nezinhlanga ezizomila. Iqabunga elisha livama ukuvuleka njalo ngezinsuku ezintathu. Ngaleso sikhathi indawo lapho isithombo sikhula khona isengaphansi komhlabathi. Umshoba nalo seliqala ukumila.



Isikhathi sokumila 1: Amaqabunga amane avuleke ngokuphelele 



Isikhathi sokumila 2: Amaqabunga angu-8 avuleke ngokuphelele

Ngalesisikhathi ubukhulu bamaqabunga buyanda kahlanu kuya kuyishumi, ukusinda kwesicu kwanda nge-50x kuya ku-100x. Ukuqhuma kwesikhwebu kuqala manje. Izimpande zangaphezulu ziqala ukumila endaweni elingana na-5 cm - 7,5 cm ngaphezu komhlabathi.



Isikhathi sokumila 3: Amaqabunga angu-12 avuleke ngokuphelele

Ishoba liqala ukukhula masinya. Amahlumela anezikhwebu aqala ukuphuma masinya ukusuka kulunga 6 kuya ku-8 ngaphezu komhlabathi. Inani lezimbewu phakathi kwesikhwebu selibekiwe.



Isikhathi sokumila 4: Amaqabunga angu-16 avuleke ngokuphelele

Isicu simila kakhulu ngobude neshoba selikhulile. Uboyana uyakhula uqala ekuqaleni kwesikhwebu sangaphezulu.



Isikhathi sokumila 5: Uboyana uyavela futhi impova iyawa

Onke amaqabunga avulekile ngokuphelel futhi ishoba selibonakala izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu. Isicu esinesikhwebu esikhulu namakhasi esikhwebu cishe konke sekukhulile. Ngaleso sikhathi isithombo sidinga ukudla okuningi. 



Isikhathi sokumila 6: Izinhlamvu ziluhlaza

Isikhwebu, isicu namakhasi konke sekukhule ngokuphelela. 



Isikhathi sokumila 7: Inhlama ethambile

Ukusinda kwezinhlamvu kuyakhuphuka njalonjalo.



Isikhathi sokumila 8: Inhlama elukhuni

Izimbewu ziqala ukuba lukhuni.



Isikhathi sokumila 9: Sonke isitombo sesikhulile

Lapho inhlamvu ifike ekugcineni kwesikhathi sokukhula, amakhasana amnyama amila ekugcineni lapho inhlamvu ihlezi phakathi kwesikhwebu. Izinhlamvu sezikhulile ngokuphelele, okusele manje kulinda kuze zome ngaphambi kokuvuna.



Isikhathi sokumila 10: Ukoma kwezinhlamvu

Izinhlamvu zifanele zehlise inani lomswakamo ukuza zikhule ngokuphelele. Ukoma kwenzeka nge-5% ngeviki kuze zifike ku-20%, emva kwalokho azomi masinyane. 

