Planning (Zulu) (1610 words) 							IsiZulu

Ukwakha amasu ukuthola okuvunwayo okuhle ehlobo 

Instructions: 

Folio strap: Ukukhiqiza 

Byline: Kubhalwe ngumlimi owake wakhiqiza 

Umsebenzi wokulima awupheli. Lapho sicabanga ukuthi ukuvuna nokuthengisa umvuno sekuphelile, sekuqala umsebenzi wonyaka omusha ophambili. Manje sekuyisikhathi esihle sokubheka ukuthi kwenzekeni ngonyaka odlule, ukuhlola izindlela zokuphatha umsebenzi nokubheka yiziphi izindlela ezisebenze kangcono. Uma ungazange uphathe amarekodi amasimu athile ngeminyaka edlule, kungaba kuhle ukuqala ngamarekodi onyaka odlule.

Okulandelayo kufanele kungene kulawo marekodi njalo ngonyaka: igama lepulazi, igama lesifunda, ubukhulu bepulazi, ubukhulu bezindawo ezilinywayo, ubudlelo, ubudlelo obutshaliwe,izindawo eziniseliwe, izindlu nakho konke okwakhiwe.

Insimu ngayinye ngayinye epulazini ingahlolwa maqondana nolokhu okulandelayo: indawo lapho ikhona (entabeni, eduze namanzi, njll), ukujula komhlabathi, inhlobo yomhlabathi, ukuvunda komhlabathi nokushintsha kwesimo somhlabathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (uma unawo umphumela wamasampula omhlabathi), ukushintsha kwezinhlobo zezitshalo njalo ngonyaka, isitshalo esitshalwe ngonyaka odlule (nesikhathi sokutshala), ubunini bezitshalo, isikhathi sokufika kwemvula, inani lemvula ngesikhathi ngaphambi kokumila, inani lemvula ngesikhathi sokumila, indlela yokuphatha ukhula (njengamakhemikeli futhi asebenze kanjani), ukubulala izilokazana, inani lomvuno nobuhle bawo. 

Izindleko zikamanyolo kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kule phrogramu yakho yokutshala. Ukwakha isu elihle lokufaka umanyolo njalo ngonyaka kungakulethela umvuno omuhle. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi isimo somvundo womhlabathi sinjani ngonyaka nangonyaka. Kakhulukazi kufanele uhlole isimo somhlabatha emva konyaka omuhle. Umvuno omkhulu ukhipha ukudla okuningi emhlabathini futhi uma bekukhona imvula eningi, ukudla okusemhlabathini kuyagezeka. Ngonyaka odlule sibone ezindaweni eziningi ukuthi ummbila (nezinye izitshalo) ubaliphuzi ngoba bekungasekho inayitrijeni ne-sulphur. Uma bekukhona umvuno omuhle kufanele uqinise ukuthi uzokubuyisela konke ukudla emhlabathini okhishwe yizitshalo. 

Masibheka konke lokhu, kuyakhanya ukuthi kufanele kuthathwe amasampula njalo emasmini lapho kutshalwa khona ehlobo. Umphumelo wala mathesti bese angasetshenziswa ukukhetha isitshalo osazositshala – ummbila, ubhekilanga, usoya, amabele, amantongomane, amazambane, ubhontshisi noma yini – amathesti azokutshela ukuthi ungayithola kanjani inzuzo enhle ngoba zonke lezizitshalo zidinga ukudla okuhlukene. Izintengiso zezitshalo ezithile kuzokusiza futhi ukuthi ungahlanganisa ziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo.

Amasampula omhlabathi nokuwahlola

Kukhona izindlela ezahlukene ezifanele zilandelwe ukuqinisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwenani lomcako nomanyolo ufanele indlela olima ngayo. Lokhu kufana nezinto njengokuthatha nokubheka amasampula ngendlela efanelekile, indlela yokuhlola efanelekile, umlayezo ofanelekile ozokusiza ekulimeni kwakho nakusasa. 



Ukuthatha amasampula omhlabathi

Ukuhlola (ukuthesta) umhlabathi kuqonde ukuthola ubukhulu kwamandla emhlabathini ozosiza izitshalo ukumila ngendlela efanelekile. Futhi kuqonde ukuthola izinkinga ezingaba khona ezingavimba izitshalo ukumila ngendlela efanelekile. Ukuthesta futhi inani lesidaka elikhona kusiza futhi lapho kuthelwa umuthi wokubulala ukhula. 

Kubalulekile ukuthatha isampula sensimu esizokhombisa ukuthi injani yonke insimu. Esampuleni elingaka ne-0,5 kg kuzohlolwa amagramu amabili noma amathathu kuphela. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukhetha amasimu afanayo ngokujula nalawo anomhlabathi ofanayo. Ukuhlola kuhlola isampula kuphela, akukwazi ukuhlola yonke insimu. Nasensimini eyodwa kukhona izinhlobonhlobo zomhlabathi. Ngesikhathi esidlule besivama ukuthatha isampula elilodwa endaweni elingana namahekthelei ayishumi. Ngokwamanje kungcono ukuthola ibolo bese uhamba izigzag kuyo yonke insimu uthathe amasampula kuyo yonke insimu uwathele emasakeni – ukujula kufanele kube ngaphakathi kwa-15 na-20 cm, kodwa ungadluli ku-20 cm.

Uma usebenzisa isaka likamanyolo elidala, phendula isaka ngoba lo manyolo osasele esakeni ungashintsha umphumelo wokuhlolwa kwalowo mhlabathi. Ungathatha amasampula amaningi, kodwa uma uhamba zigzag ungathatha njalo mhlawumbe ku-100 m kuya ku-200 m. Thatha amasampula ngaphakathi kwemisele futhi ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi ezindaweni ezinye bezingamili izitshalo eziningi ngonyaka odlule – lezi zindawo zingakhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukudla okuningi kuyo yonke insimu kanti qha. Onke lawo masampula afanele ahlanganiswe bese uthatha amasampula angu-500 gm uwafake emabhokisini azoya elab.

Ibhokisi elinesamapula lifanele linelebula elisho inombolo lensimu, igama lepulazi, ikheli lomnikazi, izinombolo zocingo nesikhathi sokuthatha isampula. Lokhu kuzovimba ukuthi amasampula ahlangane namanye. Kungaba ngcono ukwenza lokhu ensimini lapho ahlanganisa amasampula khona. 

Uma kukhona indaweni ensimini ethile ekhiqiza ukudla okunungi, kungaba ngcono ukuthatha isampula esisodwa saleyo ndawo. Lokhu kungasiza ukulinganisa leso sampula namanye, bese kuzokhanya ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezikhiqiza kangcono nalezinye zingathola umanyolo omunye ukuze kwande umnotho nakulezo ndawo.

Akufanele ukuthatha amasampula ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile – izindawo ezingavami ukulinywa njalo njengaseduze kwamadonga, izindawo lapho bekwenzwa ikhomposi nezindawo lapho umhlabathi ugugulekile.

Itheknoloji lakwamanje liyakwazi ukusisiza ukusebenzisa iGlobal Positioning System (GPS) ukuhlanganisa igridi lapho kungabekwa izindawo ensiminini ezisondelene (0,5m). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lezo zindawo zingahlolwa futhi ukubona ukuthi umhlabathi kulezo zindawo ushintshile noma noma usafana. Umphumela walokhu bese ungahlolwa iGround Information System (GIS) ukuthola I’chart’ elikhombisa ipH, ikhalsiyumi, imagnesiyumi, ifosfati, isulfuri, inayitrojini nokunye okukhombisa konke lokhu njengesithombe.

Izikhathi zokuthatha amasampula

Isikhathi esihle sokuthatha amasampula yileso sikhathi lapho kungekho umsebenzi omningi epulazini, lapho ukwazi ukubona kahle onke amasimu ukuwadivayida kahle (izindawo ezilingene) nangesikhathi esifanayo njalo ngonyaka emva kokuvuna. Futhi kungasiza ukuthuma amasampula ngesikhathi amalab angenomsebenzi omningi. Ngokwejwayelekile asebenza kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokutshala ngoSepthemba nangoOkthoba. Hlangana nabathengisi masinyane ozukwazi umlayezo kusekhona isikhathi. 



Ukujula kokuthatha isampula 

Ngokwejwayelekile ukuhlola umhlabathi – amafosfatha (P), ipothasiyumi (K), inaytrojeni nepH, amasampula afanele athathwe ngokujula okusuka ku-0 cm kuya ku-15 cm. Mhlawumbe kungathathwa isampula elodwa eliya ku-20 cm. 

Ukubheka amasampula

Qinisa ukuthi isikhwama esinomhlabathi sikhombisa kahle ukuthi isampula lithathwe kuyiphi insimu futhi sinenombolo saso. Vala amasaka kahle, wabeke endaweni epholile bese usheshe uwathume ukuhlolwa.



Impahla edingekayo yokuthatha amasampula

Kudingeka okulandelayo: imephu yamasimu, izinombolo zezinhlobo zomhlabathi, izinombolo zeGPS ibolo noma ishofolo, amasaka amakhulu, izikhwama ezizokuya ukuhlolwa namapeni ukumakha amasaka namabhokisi nokubhala phansi amarekhodi amasimu. 



Ukukhetha i’laboratory’

Ama’laboratory’ angcono yilawa angaphathwa inkampani ethile – umlimi ukhokha imali yokuhlola bese yena ungumnini wama’result’. IARC linawo futhi ama’laboratory’ athembekile. Kodwa kukhona izinkampani ezingabizi imali ukuhlola amasampula bese bafuna umlimi ethenge umanyolo wabo ngaphambi kokunikeza ama’results’. 



Ukucela ukuhlolwa komhlabathi wepulazi lakho

Kukhona amathesti ahlukene avama ukwenziwa, kodwa thina sithi kudingeka kwenziwe amathesti alandelayo. Kufanele ucele lawo mathesti ukuze uzokwazi ukuthola umlayezo omuhle ozosebenza kahle epulazini lakho (izinhlobo zomhlabathi nesimo sezulu). 

Cela lawa mathesti: pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na nobumuncu. Bese uma kudingeka, cela nalawa: S, Zn (HCL), inani lesidaka nenani lomcako. 

Isigcino

Kukhona njalo izindleko zokuhlolisisa umhlabathi wakho – kodwa khumbula ukukhokha ikhulu lamarandi manje kungakusiza ukwehlisa ezinye izindleko noma ukuthola inzuzo enkulu. Kungcono ukuthatha amasampula njalo ngonyaka uqinise ukuthi usebenzise umanyolo ofanelekile. 

