Chemical (Maize) 									Zulu 

Ukuphatha ukhula nezifo ngamakhemikeli 

 Instructions:

Folio strap: Ukuphatha ukhula nezifo 

Byline: Imininingwane itholakale kuGrain SA menyuwali: Ukukhiqiza  nokumaketha ummbila okuphakeme 

Photos: Use chemical photos 

       	Table 1 (photos 2) 



Imithi yokubulala ukhula ivama ukusetshenziswa kumaphrogramu aphatha ukhula. Kufanele le mithi isetshenziswe ukusekela ezinye izindlela ezikhona. 

Lezi zindlela ezinye zihambelana nalokhu okulandelayo: izindlela ezinhle zokulima njengokuthela umanyolo nomcako okwanele ukuze izitshalo zizokwazi ukuqala ukumila ngamandla, ukushintsha izinhlobo zezitshalo nokuhlakula ngokufanelekile. Lokhu konke kubalulekile lapho ukhula lufuna ukuphathwa ngendlela efanelekile. Okulandelayo ngamagama ozohlangana nawo lapho usebenza ngemithi ebulala ukhula: 

Ngokushesha ngaphambili kokutshala (Early pre-plant (EPP))

Umuthi uthelwa emva kokulima lapho kusekhona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokutshala. Umuthi uvama ukuhlanganiswa nomhlabathi ongaphezulu ngomshini oxubana umhlabathi nomuthi. 



Ngokuhlangene ngaphambili kokutshala (Pre-plant incorporated (PPI)) 

Umuthi uthelwa emhlabathini emva kokulima nokulungisela umhlabathi ukutshala kodwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Uhlanganiswa ngomhlabathi ongaphezulu hhayi ngokujula kakhulu, kukhona izihlobonhlobo zemishini ezenza lowo msebenzi. 



Ngaphambi kokuhluma (Pre-emergence (PRE))

Umuthi uthelwa emhlabathini emva kokutshala kodwa ngaphambili kokuvela kwezitshalo emhlabathini. Umswakamo emhlabathini, imvula encane nokunyakazisa umhlabathi kancane kungasiza ukusebenzisa kahle umuthi wokubulala ukhula ngaphambi kokuhluma. 



Emva kokuhluma (Post-emergence (POST))

Umuthi uthelwa emakhasini esitshalo emva kokuhluma. 



ISurfactant 

Lokhu kuyinto ephakathi komuthi eyenza ukuthi umuthi usakazeke futhi unamathele ngendlela elinganayo lapho umuthi uthintana namakhasi noma ngomhlabathi. Kukhona amagama amaningi achaza lokhu kunamathela komuthi njenge-adjuvent, okugezayo (detergent), ukwakha okungamanzi (emulsifier), okusakasayo (spreader), okunamathelayo (sticker) nokumanzisayo (wetting agent). 



Eziningi izinhlobo zomuthi ezibulala ukhula ezisetshenziswa ekulimeni ziyakhetha. Lapho zithelwa ngendlela efanelekile zizokhetha zibulale noma zilimaze izinhlobo zokhula ezithile kodwa azingeke zilimaze izitshalo zokhula ezimila lapho. Lapho usebenzisa umuthi okhethayo, kufanele ulandele umlayezo wokuthela umuthi ngokukhuthaza ngoba lapho uhlanganisa umuthi omningi kakhulu uzolbulala noma uzolimaza izitshalo zakho. Icala lizoba ezandleni zakho uma ungalandeli umlayezo oselebuleni kahle. Funda ilebula ulandele umlayezo. 

Ukulinganisa ngokuqondile kudingeka kakhulu lapho sithela umuthi obulala ukhula. Kukhona izinto ezintathu esifanele sikuqaphele lapho sifafaza: ubukhulu besicindiso samamnzi, ubukhulu benozili nokugijima kogandaganda. 



Umlayezo okhombisa inani lomuthi othelwayo uyehluka maqondana nesimo somhlabathi (omaqhafuqhafu, ongaphakathi, ocoliweyo) nangenani lezinto zezinhlanga ezisemhlabathini. Inani lomuthi othelwa emhlabathini omaqhafuqhafu ongenezinto zezinhlanga eziningi livama ukuba phansi; emhlabathini ocoliweyo onezinto zezinhlanga eziningi, inani lomuthi liyakhuphuka. Bheka ilebula ukuthola inani lomuthi elifanele nesimo somhlabathi wakho. 



Ukuthuthukisa ukumila kwezinhlobo zokhula ezinamandla ukulwa nomuthi ezibulalayo 

Izinhlobo zokhula ezikwazi ukulwa nomuthi zingavela lapho kuthulwa khona njalo umuthi ofoanayo nangendlela efanayo. Ukushintshashintsha izinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo, ukushintsha izinhlobo zomuthi ezisebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene kungavimba ukuthi kuvele ukhula okwazi ukulwa nomuthi. 



Isidingo semvula engafuneki ine emva kokuthela umuthi othelwa emva kokuhluma. Khumbula ukuthi kudingeka isikhathi esithile esingenemvula emva kokuthela noma muphi umuthi. Lapho izulu lina ngaleso sikhathi, kungadingeka ukuphinda ukuthela umuthi ukuze uzokwazi ukusebenza ngendlela efanelekile yokubulala ukhula. Izibonelo: 2,4 – D amine amahora angu-6 - 8; 2,4 – D ester amahora angu-1 - 2; Atrazine amahora angu-4; Basagran amahora angu-8.



Isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphatha ukhula

Isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphatha ukhula kuyinto ebalulekile oHlelweni Oluhlangene Lokuphatha Ukhula (Integrated Weed Management (IWM)). Lesi sikhathi yisikhathi ekumilemi sesitshalo sokudla singafanele sihlushwe ukhula ngoba kungadala ukwehla komvuno. 



Lo mcabango usiza ukuthola isikhathi esihle sokuthela umuthi othelwa emva kokuhluma ongahlali isikhathi emhlabathini, uyavimba futhi ukusebenzisa umuthi ohlala sonke isikhathi sokumila kwesitshalo nokuphinda ukuthela umuthi emva kwesikhathi. Isikhathi esibalulekile sihambelana nobukhulu besitshalo, isimo somhlabathi, isimo sezulu nesikhathi sokumila okungahluka ezindaweni ezithile. Lesi sikhathi esibalulekile siqonda ukuthola ingozi yokhula engaphansi kwa-5%. Kufanele isitshalo singahlushwa ukhula ngaleso sikhathi ukuvimba ingozi engaphezu kwa-5%. Lapho ukhula luphathwa kahle ngalesi sikhathi esibalulekile, ukhula olumila emva kwalesi sikhathi alungeke lulimaze umvuno. 



Isikhathi esibalulekile singahluka maqondana nesimo sesizulu nesimo sendawo lapho isitshalo simila khona. Ukuhlolwa kwalokhu emmbileni nakusoya kuyakhombisa ukuthi isikhathi singahluka maqondana nohlobo lomhlabathi nangendlela yokulima, isikhathi siyanda futhi lapho kutshalwa esidakeni nalapho kulinywa lutho. 



Ummbila 

Isikhathi esibalulekile sisuka ngokumila kwamakhasi angu-3 siya ku-8 (lapho kuvela kancane amakhasi angu-4 – 10, noma V2 - V6 vegetative stages). Ukhula lufanele luphathwe kahle ngelezi zikhathi. Ummbila ongahlushwa ukhula ngezinsuku ezingu-34 emva kokutshalwa noma lapho sekukhona amakhasi angu-6 – 8 (lapho kubonakala kancane amakhasi angu-8 - 10) ukhombise ingozi yomvuno engaphakathi kwa-0 - 5% futhi bekukhona ukhula oluningi emva kwaleso sikhathi. 



Amaleveli ezimali

Amaleveli ezimali ayasiza ukubona ukuthi inani lokhula likhombisa ingozi ethile nokubona ukuthi kuzosiza ukubulala ukhula – lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhombisa ukuthi ingozi yokhula izoba ngaphezu kwezindleko zokuthela umuthi. Isikhathi lapho ukhula luqala ukumila kukhombisa kakhulu inani lengozi. Ukhula olumila masinya ohluma kanyekanye nezitshalo ludala ingozi engaphezu kwengozi edaleka lapho ukhula lumila emva kwesikhathi lapho isitshalo sesiqinile. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwamaleveli ezimali lapho kumila i-‘pigweed’, i-‘ragweed’ ne-‘barnyard-grass’ kukhombise ukuthi isikhathi sokumila sokhula sibaluleke kakhulu sidlula ubuningi bokhula emva kwesikhathi uma kulinganiswa izingozi. Ingozi nokulahleka komvuno kuhambelana nesikhathi ukhula luqala ukumila. Ithebula 1 lizama ukukhombisa inani lengozi engavela lapho ukhula oluhlukene luqala ukumila emmbileni nakusoya. 

IPhersenti lokulahlekelwa komvuno ngenxa ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi olumile kanyekanye nezitshalo zokudla lapho kungazange kuhlakulwe. (Lokhu ukuhlolwa kutholakale eEmelika kodwa kungasetshenziswa nalapha eNingizimu Afrika ukukhombisa ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka. Zama ukuthola izinhlobo zokhula ezinamakhasi abanzi ezimila epulazini lakho – kukhona uhlelo lwezinhlobo ezijwayelekile eNingizimu Afrika). 

