zulu.2331.rwanda
Just another street in Kigali. But that's today. Not so long ago there would've been rotting corpses everywhere.
NANSI indlela okwenzeka ngayo. AmaTutsi ayethathwa njengenyenzi nokungukufanisa umuntu nekokoroshe. Ngesinyenyela uhulumeni waqala walanda wasabalalisa izinkulungwane ngezinkulungwane zezizenze. Emva kwalokho iziteshi zokusakaza zaqala zamemezela emoyeni ukuthi amaHutu kufanele "acente indawo yawo" anciphise amakokoroshe. Ukwenza izinto zibe lula kancane, iziteshi zokusakaza zaphinde zamemezela amagama namakheli abantu okwakufanele babulawe - nokuwuhlu olwaludwetshwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule.
Ngo-April 1994 ngesikhathi kuqala ukubulalana, uJacqueline Nyiramayonde wayehlala eKigali. Yena nendodana yakhe nendodakazi, bahlala isonto lonke becashe emva kwekhabethe emzini kamakhelwane wakhe.
Emva kwalokho bahanjiswa ngesinyenyela bayiswa eButare lapho uJacqueline wahlanganiswa nomyeni wakhe nomndeni bahlala ekubhaceni eminye iminyaka emithathu. Ngo-1998 emva kokucekelwa phansi komuzi wabo eKigali babuyela ekhaya lakubo endaweni yaseNyamata. Emva kweminyaka emine, kule ndawo kwakusalokhu kugcwele izidumbu.
"Abafowethu abathathu nodadewethu ababili base bebulewe," kusho yena. "Umalume wabulawa nezingane zakhe zonke. Umyeni wami walahlekelwa abafowabo bonke nodadewabo. Salahlekelwa yilo lonke ithemba."
Njengoba umyeni wakhe nezingane besaphila, uJacqueline uthi ungomunye wababa nenhlanhla.
"Imindeni eminingi yabulawa yonke kwangasala muntu kwangaba khona lutho abayokhunjulwa ngakho," kusho umbhalo ose-museum ngesibhicongo saseKigali.
"Izitaladi zazigcwele izidumbu. Izinja zidla izidumbu ezibolile zabanini bazo...
"I-Rwanda yayifile."
Kuphephile
Iqiniso wukuthi i-museum ekhona namuhla isiluphawu oluchaza ukuthi okwenzeka yinto engelula ukulibaleka.
Ngempela ningasho ukuthi kwenzeka umlingo kuleli lizwe, ngokusho kwephephabhuku iTime elichaza izwe laseRwanda njenge "nkanyezi entsha yase-Africa".
"Uma uhamba kule ndawo yaseKigali, akulula ukukhohlwa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-13 eyedlule leli dolobha elihlanzekile laligcwele izidumbu zabantu," kusho intatheli uKevin Whitelaw owavakashela le nhloko-dolobha ejutshwe yiphephandaba i-US News maduze nje.
"Manje leyo migwaqo isikhucululwe yahlanzwa njengoba kuyisibopho sanoma ngubani ezweni lonke kuleli lizwe ukuba enyangeni eyodwa kube khona usuku olubekelwe bonke abantu ukuhlanza leli dolobha - ngisho nongqongqoshe bakahulumeni imbala."
Ezinye izinto zisadinga ukulungiswa - amarobhothi omgwaqo kuleli dolobha anesikhathi eside engasebenzi - kodwa kunalabo abathi iKigali yidolobha eliphephe kunawo wonke e-Africa.
Ngaphansi kukaMongameli uPaul Kagame, uhulumeni waseRwanda usukukhombisile ozimisele ngakho - ukwakha isizwe esisodwa esingenakho ukwehlukana kwezinhlanga.
"Sithi iRwanda phambili, bese kulandela amaHutu namaTutsi," kusho kuchaza uFatuma Ndangiza oyinhloko yabeNational Unity And Reconciliation Commission.
Ngokunjalo iRwanda izimisele ngokuba ibe yisizinda esiphambili sezokuxhumana nezokusetshenziswa kwamakhomphyutha ne-internet ezwenikazi lase-Africa.
"Sifuna ukuhamba phambili kwezokuxhumana kuleli," kusho uRomain Murenzi ongungqongqoshe wesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
Uma kuzohamba ngendlela okwenzeka ngayo njengamanje, iRwanda izokuba yisibonelo kwezinye izizwe zase-Africa njengoba kumanje uhulumeni wakhona usuthole izincomo zokwethembeka nokusebenza ngobuqotho kanjalo nokungabi nenkohlakalo.
Kwakunzima
Lokhu kubulalana kwakuphehlwa wuhulumeni owawuphethe kulabo abayingcosana abangamaTutsi.
Omakhelwane babebulalana bodwa, odokotela bebulala ozakwabo kanjalo nabafundi bebulala abanye - kwakukhona ngisho nabafundisi ababa nesandla ekubulaweni kwamaTutsi emabandleni abo.
Esontweni laseNyamata namanje usengabona udonga namabala egazi lapho izingane zazisacazwa khona. Izimbambo, izingalo nemilenze nogebhezi lwamakhanda kugcwele amasaka. Sekuphele iminyaka engu-13 kodwa nanamuhla basathola izidumbu, ngokusho komunye wasendaweni.
Indawo yaseNyamata nokuyindawo eyayithathwa njengesizinda samaTutsi yiyo okwakubulawana kuyo kakhulu - ekupheleni kuka-April 1994, abantu abayisithupha kwabayishumi ababehlala lapho base befile bebulewe ophumasilwe bamaHutu i-Interahamwe.
"Obaba abangamaHutu babebulala izingane zabo ngoba bethi zifana namakhosikazi abo ayengamaTutsi. Into enjalo ungayichaza kanjani," kusho umongameli uKagame.
Kodwa abaningi abangamaTutsi besabela ukuthi wuhulumeni kaKagame kuphela ovikela izidlamlilo zabangamaHutu ukuba ziphinde zibulale. "Ngisabela ukuthi ngaphakathi kubona abanelisekile," kusho omunye ekhulumela phansi.
Okwenza isimo sedlulele wukuthi njengoba becishe babe ngu-90 000 abasolwa ngokuba nesandla kulesi sibhicongo okumanje basemajele, ngisho nabe-United Nations ababhekene namacala ezimpi abakwazi ukumelana nengcindezi yomsebenzi.
Angaphezu kuka-750 000 amacala - asukela ekuphangeni ngenkani kuya ekubulaleni - okusamele athethwe. Isixazululo sikahulumeni kwaba wukusebenzisa indlela yomthetho wamasiko owaziwa ngokuthi yigacaca ukuze babhekane namacala alesi sibhicongo.
Amajaji aqokwa ngumphakathi kanti ukuya kulawa macala kugunyazelwe bonke abantu bomphakathi.
Akuyona indlela eyiyo kodwa ivumela labo abasinda kulesi sibhicongo ukuba bafunde bathole ukuthi kwenzekani ezihlobeni zabo.
Ngabe kulula kangakanani ukukhohlwa yilokhu okwenzeka"
Ababulali
Omunye wesilisa owaxoxisana nentatheli uKevin Whitelaw, wathi walahlekelwa yibo bobabili abazali bakhe nabafowabo abayisikhombisa kwabayisishiyagalolunye kanye nodadewabo. Njengengxenye yokubuyisana, uthi wamqonda oyedwa walabo ababulala ubaba wakhe okumanje usejele, wambuza ukuthi wayengambulala kanjani umuntu owayekhokhela izingane zakhe imali yesikole.
"WayeyiTutsi," lena yiyona mpendulo eyashiwo yileso siboshwa. Asizange sixolise, futhi asizange sibe nokuzisola.
Omunye ngu-Imakulata Mukankundiye. Ngolunye uLwesihlanu ekuseni ngo-1994, idlanzana lomakhelwane bakhe bagasela epulazini lakhe, bakhiphela ngaphandle umndeni wakhe base beshisa indlu yakhe.
Emva kokunquma izinkomo zakhe, badonsa umyeni wakhe oyiTutsi nezingane zakhe ezine. Ngenxa yokuthi wayeyiHutu yena wasinda nezingane zamantombazane ezimbili.
Abesilisa bathathwa bavalelwa esontweni. Ngosuku lwesine, ophumasilwe bamaHutu baphonsa amabhomu esontweni baqedela abasinda ngezizenze.
UMukankundiye walahlekelwa amalungu omndeni wakhe angu-17 ngalelo langa.
Namuhla, abanye balawo madoda agasela epulazini lakhe ngalelo langa sebawavuma amacala abo kanti kumanje bahleli ngokukhululeka kule ndawo.
"Akukho noyedwa owafika kimina ngqo ukuzoxolisa," kusho uMukankundiye.
Kodwa abanye babo sebake babuya epulazini lakhe - ukuzofuna umsebenzi!
"Ngalahlekelwa cishe wumndeni wami wonke kwadingeka ukuba ngiqashe abanye abasebenzi. Ngaphakathi kimina angiphathekile kahle kodwa uhulumeni usicela ukuba sibaxolele abenzi balokhu. Nami ayikho into engingayenza," kusho uMukankundiye.
Kodwake ukuvuna nokulima kufanele kuqhubeke. Lo mlimi oneminyaka engu-50 usemele iRwanda entsha.
Indlela eya phambili
Ikhofi yiwona mkhuqizo omkhulu kuleli lizwe njengoba lilinywa cishe ngabalimi abangu-40% baseRwanda. UMukankundiye uqhuba kahle kakhulu njengoba enezihlahla cishe ezingu-250 epulazini lakhe lekhofi.
Njengamanje uhulumeni wethemba ukwenza okufanayo nasembonini yetiye, uphinde futhi ubheke imakethe yowoyela ababalulekile bama-perfume ne-aromatherapy.
Enye inkinga yi-AIDS. Bonke abantu abangu-35 000 baseRwanda abaphethwe yi-AIDS basebenzisa imishanguzo yalesi sifo," kuphawula u-Alex Perry weTime.
NjengeZambia neKenya, iRwanda ingelinye lamazwe ase-Africa ambalwa asekwazile ukwenza inqubekela phambili ekwehliseni izinga le-HIV - ngokusho kukaMichael Gerson weWashington Post.
Kuleli lizwe izinga labane-HIV lingu-3%.
IRwanda iphinde ibeke ikusasa layo kubantu abasha. Izikole eziningi ezingama-secondary kumanje zinamakhomphyutha cishe angu-10 kanti futhi zixhumekile nakwi-internet. Eminyakeni cishe emihlanu elandelayo, noma iyiphi ingane esikoleni izobe isine-laptop yayo.
Abantu abasha nabo sebefunda ukuba bazisize. Ekanye nabanye abantu abasha besimame nabesilisa abangu-29, uMarguerite Mukasine oneminyaka engu-22 ongumlimi wekhofi bangabanye abangamalungu eqembu labantu abasha abahlangana kanye ngenyanga bezoxoxisana nganoma yini kusukela kwi-AIDS kuya ekubuyisaneni.
Okumangaza kakhulu wukuthi amalungu abandakanya abasindayo ekubulaweni nezingane zabazali abasejele ngamacala okubulala.
UMukasine wabulawela abomndeni wakhe abathathu ngo-1994. Omunye wababulali wafika kubazali bakhe ezocela ukuxolelwa - bamxolela. "Akekho onendaba ethokozisayo," kusho yena.
Uqhube wengeza wathi, "kodwa ngeke kuphinde kwenzeke futhi. Sinqanda amaphutha abazali bethu."
Ubumbano
Kunesiqiniseko esikhulu sokuthi le nhlekelele ngeke nakancane iphinde yenzeke, kodwa into ekhona yindlala okuyiyo njengamanje ibhuqa iRwanda.
UFerdinand Sinzabakwira ungomunye wophumasilwe besizwe samaHutu kodwa okumanje usephendukile. Lo mlisa umangazwa yindlela aphathwa kahle ngayo nokuyinto engicabanga ukuthi uqinisile uma ethi: "Inkinga ezweni lethu yindlala hhayi amaHutu namaTutsi. Lokho yinto esetshenziswa abantu bezepolitiki ukuze bahlale bephethe."
Make sibuyele kuJacqueline Nyiramayonde. Emigedeni yezindlu zaseNyamata, yena nomyeni wakhe bathola izingane eziyizintandane zezihlobo zabo base beyazithatha bezinakekela.
"Kulapho ngaqala khona ukucabanga ngekusasa futhi," kusho yena ngesikhathi exoxisana no-Alex Perry weTime.
Wavula isitolo esincane ebhaka izinkwa ethunga nezingubo. Ngesikhashana esincane, lesi sitolo sakhombisa ukusimama. Umyeni wakhe waqala walima watshala ummbila, ubhatata neklabishi wafuya nezinkomo ezimbili. Kusukela ngo-2005, ungomunye oseke wahlala ezinkantolo zegacaca elalele lawa macala okubulala.
"Ikusasa lizokuba ngcono kakhulu ezinganeni zethu," kusho uJacqueline.
"I-Rwanda izokhohlwa okwedlule ibumbane."[z]
BONA ZULU - February 2008
Sibhekisisa ukuzalwa kabusha kweRwanda
indaba ngu-ISAAC KWELA
Inhloko-dolobha yeRwanda yidolobha eliphephe kunawo wonke e-Africa, ngisho nongqongqoshe bakahulumeni bayasiza ngokugcina izitaladi zihlanzekile, kanti ikhofi lakhona lithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele - nokuyinto engenisela abalimi imali eningi - ekubeni eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, kubikwa ukuthi ingane yesikole ngayinye iyobe isinekhomphyutha yayo eyi-laptop...
Basinda ekufeni - ngomlingo!
Improved production methods and the growing global popularity of Rwanda's coffee are among the factors that have seen the country rise from the ashes of genocide.
BONA ZULU - February 2008
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Colourful produce on display at a Kigali market and another small sign of Rwanda's growing prosperity.
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'Inkinga kuleli lizwe wububha, hhayi amaHutu namaTutsi. Lokho yinto esetshenziswa abezepolitiki ukuze balokhu bephethe'.
BONA ZULU - February 2008
Nyaza cemetery, just outside of Kigali, where thousands of
genocide victims are buried.
The horror of genocide still haunts Rwanda.
Umsuka wesibhicongo sokubulawa kwabantu
Akekho onesiqiniseko sokuthi yasuka kanjani ingxabano yobuhlanga phakathi kwamaHutu naTutsi. Kodwa abangamaBelgians ababusa iRwanda iminyaka engu-40 benza isimo sedlulela ngokubandlulula baphatje kahle ingcosana yabangamaTutsi.
Ngokukhula kwengcindezi yokulangazelela inkululeko ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1950, ababusi baseBelgium bashintsha bakhombisa ukweseka abaholi bamaHutu. Ngo-1959, amaqembu abangamaHutu balutha amakhaya babulala abangamaTutsi. Amakhulu ngamakhulu abulawa kwathi abanye abayizinkulungwane balibangisa ekudingisweni.
Emva kwenkululeko ngo-1962, uhulumeni owawuholwa abangamaHutu wathatha izintambo zokuphatha. Ukungqubuzana ngokobuhlanga kwaqhubeka eminye iminyaka njengoba abangamaTutsi babebandlulekile ezikoleni nasemisebenzini kahulumeni.
AbangamaTutsi ababesekudingisweni basungula inhlangano iRwandan Patriotic Front, nokwakuluphiko lwezempi ngenhloso yokuketula umbuso wamaHutu. Ngo-1993 kwaxoxiswana ngendaba yokuletha ukuthula.
Ngobusuku bomhlaka 6 April 1994 ibhanoyi elalithwele umongameli waseRwanda uJuvenal Habyarimana, ongowesizwe samaHutu owayengakufihli nakancane ukuwazonda kwakhe amaTutsi, ladutshulwa.
Abemithombo yezindaba ababephethwe ngamaHutu bagxeka abangamaTutsi ngalesi senzo - nakuba kunobufakazi bokuthi lokhu kubulawa kukamongameli kwaqhutshwa ngabangamaHutu ababengahambisani ngokwabelana amandla okuphatha.
Emva kwamahora angemangaki kubulewe umongameli - kwasuka ukubulawa kwabantu kuleli lizwe.
Inside the memorial museum at Kigali, and a survivor of the
1994 genocide examines a photo of a church where more than
5 000 people were killed by Hutu extremists.
BONA ZULU - February 2008
