Harvest									Zulu

Imilayezo yokuphatha umshini wokuvuna 



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Okwemishini 

Byline: Imininingwane itholakale esifundweni seGrain SA Tractor and Farm Implement Maintenance 

 

Sekucishe kufike isikhathi sokuvuna futhi kufanele sinake izinto ezisebenzayo emishinini yokuvuna – kukhona amabheringi, amasili amabhande (V-belts) namaketango. Uma ubheka uphatha futhi zonke lezi zinto awungeke uvelelwe ingozi ngesikhathi sokuvuna. 



Ukugcoba amabheringi

Amabheringi angakhihliki (antifriction) awavami ukudleka masinya – ayaphela ngoba ayadinwa. Ukuwasebenzisa isikhathi eside, ukusinda nokushisa kwenza ukuthi insimbi ilahlekelwe amandla ayo. Khumbula kodwa ukuthi nalawo mabheringi azodleka uma engagcobiswa kahle. 

Igrisi ifanele yenze imisebenzi emithathu:

Ifanele ibekhona zonke izindawo zamabheringi ukuvimba ukuhlikiza; 

Ifanele yehlise ukuhlikiza ngaphakathi kwamabhola nokunye okuyindilinga nezinto eziwahlukanisayo, futhi; 

Ifanele ivimbe ukuthomba ngokugcoba zonke izindawo ngamafutha. 

 

Ngaphandle kokufaka igrisi ngesibhamu segrisi, igrisi ingapakishwa ngezandla. Khumbula ukuthi izinhlobo zamabheringi ezahlukene zizokukhombisa ukuthi kufanele ufake igrisi enjani nangayiphi indlela nangasiphi isikhathi. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabheringi njengambheringi amasondo azidingi igrisi njalonjalo. Lezi zinhlobo zivama ukupakishwa ngezandla. Khumbula futhi ukufaka igrisi eningi kakhulu nakho kungadala ingozi. Uma ufaka igrisi eningi kakhulu kuzodala ukudleka nokushisa okuzolimaza ibheringi. Siyaphinda futhi: landela umlayezo ofika nawo umshini. 



Ngokujwayelekile, pakisa amabheringi angakhihliki ngohhafu kuphela. Sula konke okusele. Amabheringi anjengamabhola namanye ayindilingi kufanele apakiswe ngaphandle nangaphakathi, wahambise kancane ukuphumisa igrisi eningi kakhulu. 



Ngaphambi kokufaka amabheringi endaweni awo, pakisa igrisi kuleyo ndawo kodwa ungagcwalisi kakhulu. Uma ugcwalisa kakhulu igrisi izogayeka bese ifudumala kakhulu bese kulimala amabheringi 



Ukuphatha amabhande angu-V

Lawo mabhande avama ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngokwamanje ukuhambisa umshini. Sizoxoxa kakhulukazi ngezindlela zokuwaphatha. 



Ukuqekelela kwezinsimbi

Into enhle yalawo mabhande ngukuthi kulula ukuhlola ukuthi asaphila na. Ukuwabheka nokulalela kuzokutshela masinya ukuthi ayadleka noma kukhona enye inkinga. Ibhande elithintana nemvimbo yensimbi lenza umsinjwana ophindaphindayo njengewashi – lokhu kuzokutshela ukuthi kukhona ukuthintana okungafanelekile. Lokhu ukuthintana kudala ukushikisha okuzolimaza ibhande masinya. Uma kukhona eminye imishini eduze ebanga umsindo lokhu ukuthintana kungezwakali, ungabheka ngamehlo ukuthi kukhona ingozi kumivimbo yensimbi – kuzobonakala ukuthi ibhande lithintana nensimbi. Futhi nalo ibhande lizokhombisa ukuthi lidlekile. 



Amaphuli engaqondani engalinganiswanga kahle kuyingxenye inkinga ofanele uyihlole njalo. Isifanekiso 1 sikhombisa amaphuli angaqondani neze, kodwa sikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kungenza ukuthi amabhande aphele masinya. Amaphuli avama ukungaqondani ngoba imiphini (shafts) eletha amandla ukuhambisa umshini awalinganiswanga. Isifanekiso 1 sikhombisa lokhu okungaqondani kahle. 



Zama indlela enhle yokuhlola ukuqonda kwamaphuli: thatha insimbi eqondile uyibeke emaqaleni kwamaphuli (Isifanekiso 2). Insimbi eqondile ifanele ithintane namaqaleni emicibisholo emine. Hambisa iphuli ngayinye ngayinye bese ubheka ukuthi insimbi eqondile isathintana namaqaleni emaphuli sonke isikhathi. Uma insimbi eqondile ingathintani sonke isikhathi kusho ukuthi kukhona umphini ogobekile noma kukhona iphuli elixegaxegayo. 



Okunye ongakuzama yilokhu: Hlola ukuthi ibhande lingena ngokuqondile emseleni wephuli. Kuzobonakala ukuthi kukhona inkinga uma ubona ukuthi ibhande ligobekile lapho lingena emseleni. AmaV-belts avama ukungahluphi kakhulu ngoba athambile. Kodwa uma ukungaqondani kukhulu awangeke asebenze ngendlela efanelekile. 



Amabhande angalingani

Lapho kukhona amabhande amaningi asebenzayo, kufanele alingane kahle ukuze amandla awo afane kuzo zonke izindawo. Uma ukusinda komsebenzi akufani zonke izindawo amabhande amfushane azokwenza wonke umsebenzi. 



Isifanekiso 3 sikhombisa amabhande angalingani. Umphini oletha amandla unamabhande amasha ayisikhombisa, kodwa elodwa (bheka umcibisholo) lisebenza mahhala nje. Nokho amabande ngamasha onke, ibhande elingaphandle lide ngokwedlula amanye, ngakho-ke alisebenzi ngendlela efanelekile. Lapho ubheka amabhande ukuthola ukuthi kukhona engalingani, bheka amabhande aqekile ngemuva komphini oletha amandla – lapho amabhande asondelene nomshini ovusa amandla ukusebenza. Uma amabhande ayalingana kuleyo ndawo, kuzokhanya ukuthi onke amabhande asebenza ngokufana. Ukuqinisa ukuthi amabhande ayalingana, amabhande anezinombolo ukukhombisa ukuthi zingakanani. 



Amabhande adlekile

Onke amabhande ayadleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuwasebenzisa. Lapho ibhande liyadleka liyehla emseleni wephuli. Ngakho-ke ibhande elidlekile lizokwanda ngobude lingasalingani nebhande elisha (futhi liyanwebeka). Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukufaka amabhande amasha onke emishinini esebenzisa amabhande amaningi lapho kudleka ibhande elodwa. Lapho ufaka ibhande elisha elodwa lizobamfushane mayelana namanye amabhande. 



Isifanekiso 4 sikhombisa lapho kufakwe ibhande elidabukile elodwa. Ngoba amanye amabhande amadala asanwebekile ibhande elisha lizodonsa ngamandla amakhulu. Kanjalo-ke, umsebenzi ofanele wenzeke ngamabhande asikhombisa wenzeke ngebhande elodwa, lokhu kuzokwenza lelo bhande elisha alingeke lisebenze isikhathi eside. 



Isifanekiso 5, sikhombisa lapho kufakwe amabhande onke amasha. Onke amabhande manje asebenze ngokufana. Kanjalo-ke amabhande asebenzana kanje ayakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ngendlela efanelekile. Akusizi ukufaka ibhande elisha elodwa – thenga onke amabhande ngesikhathi sinye, ekugcineni izindleko azingeke zikhule kakhulu lapho ufuna ukuqeda umsebenzi wakho. 



Ukuqina kokudonsa kwamabhande

Uma amandla ukudonsa akuqinanga kahle, kungaphansi, kuzokwenza ukuthi amabhande azoshelela, angeke abambe kahle ukusebenzisa umshini. Lapho ibhande lingadabuki, lokhu ukushelela kuzokwenza ukuthi ibhande lidleke masinya, futhi lizoshisa kakhulu bese lizothola izilonda linwebeke futhi. Ukuqinisa kakhulu nakho kuzodala ingozi ngoba kuzokwenza ukuthi ibhande lishise kakhulu bese liyanwebeka. Lokhu kungadala enye ingozi ngoba amabheringi namashafu asebenza ngamandla amakhulu kakhulu. 



Khumbula ukuthi amaV-belt afanele ahambe ngaphezulu ngasemaceleni kwamaphuli, hhayi phansi emseleni. Qaphela kakhulukazi ngesikhathi esigcina ngamahora angu-24 sokuqala ukusebenzisa amabhande amasha ngoba ukungena kahle nokunwebeka kwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi. 



Ukushelela kwebhande

Kungenzeka ukuthi amabhande axekile angadala ukushelela, kodwa kungenzeka futhi uma kufakwa amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Lapho ubona ukuthi ukuqina kwamabhande kulungile kodwa ibhande lisasheshela, kungaba amandla amakhulu angenayo emshinini. Ungeze uzame ukulungisa ukushelela kwebhande ngokubopha izinto ezizokwelapha lokhu ukushelela kulelo bhande. Lokhu ukwelapha kuzothambisa futhi kuzokwenza ukuthi iV-belt idleke masinya.



Ukulila kwebhande

Lokhu ukulila kuvama ukuzwakala lapho umshini umile uhamba kancane. Kucishe kufane nokulila kwenyoni noma ibheringi eyomile noma lapho kusetshenziswa amaphuli abizwa ngokuth (pressed steel pulleys). Ukulila kwamabhande akuvami ukuhambelana nezinhlobo zamabhande, kuvama ukwenzeka ekuseni lapho kumakhaza kunomswakamo futhi uma kukhona uthuli oluningi. Lokhu ukulila akuvami ukudala ingozi kodwa kaningi sicabanga ukuthi amabhande ayashelela. Bese sicabanga ukuthi ukuqina kwamabhande kungaphansi, bese siyawaqinisa sidale ingozi kumabheringi nakuwo amabhande. Akufanele ufake izinto zokwelapha amabhande noma uwoyela uma uzwa ukulila. 



Ukulila kakhulu kwebhande.

Lokhu ukulila kungaphezulu kwalokunye okuvama ukuba khona. Kwenzeka lapho kufakwa amafutha emshinini noma lapho ibhande alisenalo ikhono noma amandla lokwenza umsebenzi walo. Kufanele uhlole masinya ngoba kuthi ibhande lishelela kakhulu. Ngokuvamekile kusho ukuthi ukuqina kwebhande kungaphansi. Uma lokhu ukulila kusaqhubeka emva kokuhlola ukuqina, ungabheka ukuthi amandla angenayo angakhuphuki kakhulu. Siyaphinda futhi: ungaze uzame ukukhawula lokhu ukulila ngokufaka izinto zokwelapha ibhande. 

Qaphela: Bheka ukuthi zonke izinto njengemivimbo nokunye okuvimba ingozi kukhona ezindaweni zakho. 



Amaketanga

Ukuxega kweketanga

Amaketanga afanele axege ukuze asebenze kahle. Awafani namabandi, akufanele ukuthi adonswe aqine kula mazinyo lapho ahamba khona. Isifanekiso 6 sikhombisa ukuthi kufanele kubekhona ukuxeqa okulingana ne2% endaweni engaphakathi. 



Amaketanga aqine kakhulu

Uma iketanga liqine kakhulu (Isithombe 7), ingxenye yezinto ezisebenzayo zisebenza ngendlela engaphezu kokudingekayo futhi azikhiqizi amandla akwanele uma ukuqina kweketanga kufanelekile. Futhi lokhu kudala ukudleka kwamaketanga masinya ngoba amandla makhulu kakhulu. Nalokhu kudala ingozi kumabheringi asemiphinini aletha amandla omshini. 



Amaketanga axega kakhulu

Amaketanga axega kakhulu angadala ingozi futhi (bheka Isithombe 8). Uma amaketanga amade kakhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi avevezele bese iketanga alingeke linempilo elide. Lapho kukhona amaketanga amade kufanele kubekhona izinto ezisekela ukuhambisa kwalawo maketanga. Lokhu kusiza ukuthi amaketanga anganywebeki kakhulu aqhubeke asekele ukuqina kwamaketangi. 



Izindlela amaketanga akwazi ukunweba

Lapho usebenzisa iketanga kungenzeka ukuthi linwebeke ngoba lapho libamba khona emazinyweni ephuli eljjkayo njalo kuyadleka. Emva kwesikhathi sokusebenza kufanele iketanga liqiniswe ukuze lingehli emazinyweni lephuli. 



Indlela yokulinganisa amaketanga (Isithombe 9)

Beka insimbi eqondile phezu kwamasprokete amabili bese udonsa ingaphakathi leketanga phansi ukubona ukuthi liqine kangakanani. Uma kudingeka, qinisa noma xegisa iketanga ukuze ukuqina kweketanga kufike lapho kuvumelana nomlayezo ofike nomshini. 



Qaphela: Kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amazinyo amasprokete angalingani kahle nomphini. Ngakho-ke kufanele uhambise umphini kabili noma kathathu ukubona ukuthi ukuqina kweketanga kuyafana sonke isikhathi. Lapho usebenza ngamaketanga amade kungadingeka ukulinganisa ukuqina kweketanga ngesikali esidonsa iketanga eceleni ukuze sifike ekuqineni okufanelekile. 

Qaphela: Musa ukuzama ukushintsha ukuqina kwamaketanga lapho umshini usasebenza. 



Ukuhlanza amaketanga

Ukuhlanza amaketanga njalonjalo kuyinto elungile nokho ubona ukuthi asasebenza kahle. Landela lezi izinyathelo:

1: Susa iketanga kumasprokete;

2: Geza iketanga ngedizili;

3: Susa idizili bese ulalisa iketanga kuwoyela;

4: Phanyela iketanga (lilengise) ukuze uwoyela omningi usuke; 

5: Buyisela iketanga emshinini. 



Ukugcoba amaketanga

Kukhona izizathu ezine ezibalulekile zokugcoba amaketanga:

Kwehlisa ukudleka; 

Kuvimba ukuthomba nokushisa kakhulu; 

Kuvimba ukuthi amapini angaqini asebenze ngobunzima; futhi 

Kusiza lapho kufika umsebenzi onzima ongajwayelekile. 

Ukugcoba amaketanga kuyinto ebalulekile lapho ufuna ukuthi asebenze kahle isikhathi eside. Uma amaketanga ayoma avama ukuphela ngaphansi kwahora angu-200. Ukugcoba njalo kungenza ukuthi iketanga lisebenze kahle ngesikhathi eside esidlula kathathu esiya kuyishumi uma silinganiswa nesikhathi iketanga elomile lizosebenza ngaso. 



Ukuconsa uwoyela emaceleni kweketanga akuvami ukusebenza kahle. Kufanele uwoyela ungene kulezo zindawo zamabheringi ezisebenza kakhulu – bheka Isithombe 10. Kufanele uwoyela ungene kuzo zonke izindawo zeketanga. Kuzosiza uma uthela uwoyela ngesikhathi iketanga lisashisa bese ulihambisa isikhashana esincane. 



Amaketanga avama ukugcwala ngodoti nothuli nawo afenele athole uwoyela njalo. Uwoyela ohlangane nodoti eketangeni ungcono neketanga elinodoti owomile. 



Izindlela zokugcoba amaketanga

Ngezandla (Ithini likawoyela noma ibhulashi) 

Inkomishi eliconsayo 

Indishi elinowoyela lapho iketanga lihamba khona njalo 

Qaphela ukugcoba ngezandla kuvama ukulungela amaningi amakhonveya nemishini engenazo izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo. Imishini enezinto eziningi ezisebenzayo futhi ezigijima kakhulu nangokusinda idinga ukugcoba okuningi. 



Khumbula lokhu okulandelayo lapho ugcoba iketanga:

Gcoba njalonjalo – noma kukhona udoti nothuli; 

Uma umshini ugijima ngokushesha kufanele ugcobe kaningi 

Susa udoti nothuli ngaphambi kokugcoba; 

Kufanele uwoyela ungene phakathi kulezo zindawo iketanga lihlangana khona; 

Vikela iketanga ukuze lingahlani nezinto ezizolidalela ingozi; futhi 

Landela umlayezo womenzi womshini. 

