Pivots (Maize) 								 IsiZulu 

Isihloko esizungulezayo: lonke ulwazi olufunayo

Instructions: 

Folio strap: Ukunisela 

Byline: Imininingwane ithathwe kumenyuweli ebizwa ngokuthi Ukukhiqiza Ummbila Ngokunisela (Maize Production under Irrigation)

Photo 1: Isihloko esizungulezayo esiphakathi sikhombisa ukunisela okuningi okwenzeka ekugcineni lapho amanzi awa khona. Khumbula ukuthi ingaphandle lesihloko lihamba indawo ende ngaphambi kokufika lapho liqale khona, ngakho-ke kufafazwa amanzi amaningi ekugcineni kwemikhono. 

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Umshini wokuqala wokunisela ngokufafaza okwazi ukuhamba ngamandla awo waqanjwa ngo-1948 waphathenthwa ngo-1952 ngu-Frank Zybach eEastern Colorado eUnited States of America. Lokhu kwakuyisisusa sale mishini yamanje enesihloko esizungulezayo naleyo ehamba ngokuqonda. 

Lezi zindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi zikhule kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele ngoba:

Zikwazi ukunisela amanzi ngendlela egunyile. 

Zihamba ngamandla awo akufuneki abantu abaningi abasebenzayo ukunisela. 

Zinisela indawo enkulu ngokufanelekile. 

Zikwazi ukunisela ngendlela engadli imali futhi zikwazi ukungenisa umanyolo ohlanganiswa namanzi ukuze izinhlobonhlobo zomhlabathi zikwazi ukulinywa. 

 

Isihloko esizungulezayo sinamafremu namaphayiphi asekelwa njalo ku-50 mitha ngefremu elingu-A elihamba ngamasondo amabili. Zonke izihloko ezizungulezayo zakhiwa ngezakhi ezilandelayo:



Ukwakhiwa kwesihloko esizungulezayo

Lokhu kumisa ngokuqinisa isihloko endaweni engaphakathi ngoba zonke ezinye izinto ezihambayo ezizinguleza ziboshwe kulesi sihloko. 



ISpani (ubude) 

Isihloko sakhiwe kakhulukazi ngephayiphi elikhulu eliletha elihambisa amanzi, ifremu elisekela iphayiphi nomshini ohambisa konke. Ubude kwespani abudingeki ukufana njalo ngoba kuzodingeka ukuthi sibemfushane noma sinwebeke maqondana nobukhulu bensimu noma isimo somhlabathi.



Ubude obungaphezulu

Lokhu yiphayiphi elincane elinezifafazo eliboshwa ngamakhebula elidlula ekugcineni kwespani ukwandisa indawo eniselwayo. Izifafazo ezithela kakhulu zingafakwa futhi ekugcineni ukuze kuniselwe kahle nasmakhoneni. Izihloko ezizungulezayo zingadlula kumamitha angu-1 000 ngobude.



Ubude nobukhulu bamaphayiphi

Ubukhulu okuthile kwamaphayiphi nespani singatholakala ngenombolo lomshini othile. Lokhu kuyahluka lapho imishini yakhiwa ngabakhi abahlukene. 



Ukuphakama ngaphezu kwezitshalo

Umakhi wesihloko esithile uzonikeza imininingwane maqondana nokuphakama kwespani emshinini othile. Ukuphakama kuyahluka kungaya ku-4 m kwehle ku-0,3 m emshinini othile. 



Ikhono lokudonswa 

Umshini okwazi ukudonswa ungathenga kuphela lapho kukhona izindawo ezahlukene ensimini lapho isihloko sizofakwa khona – lokhu kungenzeka fuhti uma kutshalwa izitshalo ezahlukene ensimini eyodwa. Bheka okulandelayo uma ufuna ukuphatha kahle izihloko ezidonswayo:

Isimo somhlabathi nesensimu – isidaka nomehlelo ensimini kungavimba ukudonswa kwesihloko kalula. 

Kukhona inani lamaspani athile kuphela angadonswa ngasikhathi sinye. 

Umgwaqo ongu-6 m ufuneka ngaphakathi kwezindawo lapho kufakwa khona izihloko. Qaphela kahle uma kuhanjwa lapho kukhona amakhontula nemisele. 

Ukuhlanganisa kwezinhlobo zamaspani – zikhona izinhlobo ezingkwazi ukuhanjiswa. 

Khumula ugesi ngaphambi kokudonsa umshini. 

Ukugobeka kwesihloko. Izindawo ezibophayo ezikwazi ukugoba kancane zizovumela umshini ukuhamba emehlelweni ongu-14% - 30% ngokwehla noma ngokukhuphuka. 



Isihloko esiphakathi esizunglezayo

Umshini onesihloko esizunguleza ngaphandle kwesihloko esakhiwe ngephayiphi ngaphakathi kwensimu bese indawo eniselwayo iyindilinga ekwazi ukufika ku-360°, kodwa kunganiselwa izindawo ezincane futhi, hhayi yonke indilinga. Kunganiselwa 80-90% yensimu eyisikhweli. Kubalulekile njalo ukukhumbula ukuthi i-75% lezitshalo zimila ehhafini lendilinga elingaphandle, ihhafu elingaphakathi kwendilinga (50%) linezitshalo ezingu-25% zensimu yonke. 



Ukunisela kakhulu kungadala lokhu: 

Izimpande zingaminziswa ngoba amanzi athatha indawo yomoya bese kungangena izifo;

Kungahambisa ukudla njengenayithrojeni phansi emhlabathini bese izimpande azifikeli kulokhu kudla; 

Kungangenisa ukudla emanzini omhlaba;

Kungavimba ukumila kwezimpande ngoba kupholisa umhlabathi; 

Kungenza amanzi agcwale emhlabathini bese usawoti uyanda lapho kumila izimpande; 

Kwehlisa ikhwalithi nenani lemvuno; 

Kumoshisa amanzi, amandla (ugesi) nemali. 

 

Abakhiqizi abaniselayo ababheka njalo inani lomswakamo emhlabathini bavama ukulondoloza amanzi namandla, baphakamisa inani lomvuno, bavimba ukuhhebuka komhlabathi nokungcolisa amanzi omhlaba. Ukuphatha ukunisela kahle kusho ukuthi kufanele kudalwe indawo lapho izitshalo zizokwazi ukumila kahle, lokhu kusho ukubheka umhlabathi, ungawumanzisi kakhulu futhi ungomi kakhulu. Akekho omunye ofanele abenolwazi olulingana nawe mayelana namasimu akho, izitshalo zakho nokunisela kwakho. 



Ukusebenzisa ngokufanelekile 

Isihloko esizungulezayo singumshini omuhle sokunisela izitshalo, kodwa uma siphathwa kabi naso sizoletha ingozi, njengayo yonke imishini. Okulandelayo kuchaza ingxenye yezinto ofanele uzibheke lapho uphatha lo mshini.

Lo mshini ukunikeza ithuba lokunisela ngesikhathi esifanelekile ukuze izitshalo zimile, lokufaka umuthi obulala ukhula, izilokazane nezinye izifo, ukuthela umanyolo njengenayithrojeni kancane kancane maqondana nezidingo zezitshalo. Lo mshini ukwazi ukuthela amanzi amancane ngasinye isikhathi, kodwa lokhu kungabuye kuphindwe futhi. Lapho umlimi eqala ukunisela ngalo mshini, kufanele ashintshe indlela yakhe yokunisela. Mhlawumbe ujwayele ukunisela amanzi angu-30mm noma angu-50mm ngasinye isikhathi, manje kufanele athele lawo manzi kodwa hhayi kanyekanye – angathela lawo manzi ngokuphinda kabili noma kathathu. Lapho kuthelwa amanzi amaningi kakhulu ngasikhathi sinye kungadala ukulahleka kwamanzi futhi kuzokwenza ukuthi amasondo ahambe kanzima. 

Khumbula futhi ukuthi umlimi uphatha inani lamanzi ezimpandeni. Lapho ehambisa isikhathi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuqala ukunisela kuzobanzima ukuvikela ingozi ezitshalweni. Lokhu kungaba inkinga kulabo abalimi abaqalayo ukunisela ngale ndlela ngoba abazi ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi ngaphambi umkhono uzunguleze ufike futhi lapho uqale khona. Ungesabi ukuvusa isihloko esizungulezayo, sizokulethela inzuzo. 

Kaningi le ndlela futhi inikeza ithuba lokulondoloza amanzi lapho kuniselwa ngokufanelekile. Njengazo zonke izindlela zokunisela, nalapha kufanele kuhlolwe inani lomswakamo emhlabathini njalo bese uzonisela kuphela ngesikhathi lapho kudingeka amanzi. Kanjalo uzokwazi ukonga amanzi nogesi ngaso sonke isikhathi izitshalo zimila. 

Uhlelo lokubheka umshini 

Isihloko esizungulezayo sibiza imali eningi futhi sibekwa ngaphandle emasimini, kanjalo-ke abaningi abalimi bayakhohlwa ukuthi kukhona izinto ezifanele zibhekwe zilungiswe njalo. Uma wena usevisa umshini wakho, cabanga ngalokhu okulandelayo okubalulekile. 



Emva konyaka wokuqala ukusebenzisa umshini

Khipha uwoyela kuwo onke amabhokisi emageli emasondweni nalawo asehlokweni ufake omusha. Sebenzisa uwoyela okhonjiswa umakhi womshini. Emva kwalokhu ungashintsha uwoyela njalo ngeminyaka emithathu uma umshini usebenza ngendlela evamekile. Lapho umshini usebenza amahora angaphezu kwa-1 000 ngonyaka ungashintsha uwoyela njalo ngonyaka noma njalo ngeminyaka emibili. 



Njalo ngonyaka

Hlola umoya emasondweni ugcwalise; 

Khipha onke amanzi kumabhokisi amageli ufake uwoyela; 

Faka ugrisi esihlokweni lapho sijikezela khona; 

Hlola ukuthi onke amaphini ahambisa amandla nalokhu okuvikela amaU-joint kusendaweni kwakho: 

Hlola indishi ebamba isihlabathi uyiyakaze uma kukhona isihlabathi. 



Ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenzisa umshini

Hlola onke amanozili afafazayo uqinise ukuthi afafaza kahle; 

Qinisa ukuthi umshini ume ngokuqina emhlabathini. 

 

Ekugcineni kokusebenza

Khipha onke amanzi esihlokweni namaphayiphi aboshelwe esihlokweni.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi uma umshini uphuka ngesikhathi udingeka ukunisela kungakudalela ingozi enkulu. Ukubheka nokuphatha lo mshini kubaluleke ngokufana nokubheka njalo yonke imishini yakho epulazini njengogandaganda namapulantela nomshini wokuvuna, 

