Ukushiya phansi isikhundla esithile noma umsebenzi, isib. ubukhosi.
Isenzo sokuchitha isejwayezi esithile njengokujeziswa ngakwezomnotho noma ubugqila.
Umvoti ovame ukungasebenzisi ilungelo lakhe lokuvota lapho kudingekile esikhathini esiningi lokhu ukwenza ngenxa yokukhalazela okuthile.
Inani labantu elidlula kumaphesenti angama-50.
Inkolelo evumela ukwehlukaniswa kwezikhungo nemisebenzi yezomthetho, isigungu esiphakeme kanye nezikhungo eziphakeme kwezomthetho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphandle kokuphikiswa okwenziwa ngabaphethe, isib. ebukhosini obungenakuphikiswa noma undlovukayiphikiswa.
Isinqumo salowo onelungelo lokuvota sokuba angabambi iqhaza ekuvoteni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni ngokungafanele.
Isenzo sokungena esikhundleni esisemthethweni.
1. Umbandela wokuchaza, ukubhekana nenhlangano yabakhethiwe, kwabasemagunyeni noma kulowo obhekene nokhetho. 2. Ukuholwa noma ukuhlolwa yilowo ongaphezulu kwakho.
Ihhovisi eliphakeme okusebenza kwalo kanye nezenzo zalo ziqashelwe futhi zihlolwa wumkhandlu ongaphezu kwalo.
Umgomo lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuqashelwe futhi kuhlolwa umgomo wepolitiki onesibopho.
Yilapho kumele ubike noma uchazele umkhandlu ophakeme.
Isikhulu esibekwe ngokomthetho ukubala zonke izimali zikahulumeni ezitholakele nezisetshenziswe nguye.
Uhlelo lapho umuntu ekhethwa khona njengesikhulu esisemthethweni esimela umbuso wasokwelinye izwe noma esikhungweni esithile ezingeni lomhlaba.
Ukwamukelwa kwezingxenye zelinye isiko okwenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa, yiqembu noma umphakathi.
Umuntu obekwe esikhundleni okwesikhashana ukwenza imisebenzi eyenziwa yinhloko yombuso.
Iqembu elikhethiwe kumbe eliqokelwe ukufeza inhloso ethile.
Igama elisetshenziswa e-USSR elichaza imisebenzi engumshoshaphansi okuhloswe ngayo ukwenabisa ithonya namandla e-Soviet emhlabeni; kufaka phakathi ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi, izithunywa ezizolimela, ukungena shi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki, ukwesekwa kwamaqembu asekela ubukomanisi kanye nokubhumbuluza. 
Imizamo enobukhuphe eyenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa noma amaqembu eyenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola noma ukuphikisa izinguquko ezikhona emthethweni wezepolitiki, ezokuhlalisana nowezomnotho.
Isinqumo sesishayamthetho esenziwa umthetho bese siphoqelelwa kumphakathi wonkana.
Ukumiswa okwesikhashana komhlangano ozophinda uqhubeke emva kwesikhathi okuvunyelenwe ngaso.
1. Ukuhlela, ukuqondanisa, ukubheka ezezimali kanye nokuphatha izinto ezibhekene nohulumeni noma abasemagunyeni ngokwepolitiki. 2. (eMelika) Umuntu noma umkhandlu onikezwe amandla agcwele okusebenzisa umthetho-mgomo obhekene nomphakathi ezweni; kusigungu.
Ukuphathwa, ukutshalwa kanye nokuhanjiswa kwezimali ezikweletwa yizikhungo zikahulumeni.
Isenzo esisemthethweni esenziwa yisikhungo esisebenzisa amandla okuphatha agunyaziwe.
Indawo lapho kwenabela khona amandla esikhungo somphakathi ngokusemthethweni.
Ikhono lomkhandlu onamandla ngokomthetho ukwenza imisebenzi ebhekene nawo ngamandla omthetho noma ngegunya lomthetho.
Yibo bonke abantu kanye nezikhungo zikahulumeni ezinikezwe amandla okuphatha.
Ikhono lokuthatha izinyathelo ngokwamandla okuphatha.
Ikhwalithi nezinyathelo zokuphatha ezifinyelelekayo.
1. Intuthuko elethwa yisinyathelo sokuphatha. 2. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo nemisebenzi yokuphatha.
Amandla ezikhungo zokuphatha kanye/noma izikhulu eziphethe umphakathi ngokomthetho noma ngokwegunya.
Isikhungo esithatha izinqumo zokuphatha emva kokuphenya ngodaba oluthile ngaphandle kokuncika kwezinye izikhungo zokuphatha.
Isikhulu esiphezulu ngokwepolitiki esibhekene nendawo ethile.
Umuntu okhethwe nguhulumeni ngokwepolitiki ukuba abuse futhi aphathe indawo ethile abekelwe yona.
Indlela esetshenziswa kwezepolitiki lapho izinhlangano eziphikisanayo zithatha uhlangothi oluphikisayo odabeni olumayelana nomthetho-mgomo ophathelene nomphakathi kanye nodaba olumayelana nezokhetho.
Ukubeka ngokufanele noma ukuqinisa izinga, isibonelo, idlanzana emphakathini.
Uhlelo lokulungisa ukungalingani kwangaphambili okubonakala kusenziwa kwezinye isingxenye zomphakathi, isib ukungalingani phakathi kwezinhlanga ezehlukene, ubuzwe, ubulili kanye nabakhubazekile.
Yiyo yonke imiqondo, inkolelo nobugugu okudluliselwe okwakha isisekelo sesenzo sokuhlalisana okwenziwa yibo bonke abangumnsinsi wokuzimilela e-Afrika.
1. Umhlali wase-Afrika; yigama elivame ukusetshenziswa kumuntu onsundu wase-Afrika. 2. Ngokwe-Pan-Africanism um-Afrika ngumuntu oyingxenye yomlando wase-Afrika futhi ozimisele ngekusasa le-Afrika.
Umqulu ovumela amalungelo athile abo bonke abantu base-Afrika, obuye ubophezele labo abasayindile ukuba basuse zonke izinhlobo zokubuswa ngabezizwe e-Afrika, ukuhlanganiswa kwemizamo yokuzuza impilo engcono yabantu base-Afrka kanye nokuhuthukisa ubudlelwane namazwe omhlaba.
Inhlangano yezomnotho yase-Afrika evumela ukunyakaza okukhululekile kwezezimali, imisebenzi, impahla kanye nemisebenzi phakathi kwalabo abanesivumelwano, kanye nokwenza kufinyeleleke ezikhungwini zase-Afrika zokuhwebelana kwezomnotho ngomzamo wokuhlomisa kanye nokwenza uhwebo luhehe. Yandulela i-African Economic Community.
Isijwayezisase-Afrika sokuhlala ngokubambisana, esinobumnini bokubambisana kanye nokwethembeka kwesizwe emasikweni noma kumaqembu ngokobuhlanga.
Ukuhlakazeka kwabantu base-Afrika, ikakhulukazi abantu abamnyama, emhlabeni wonke jikelele.
obuye ubizwe umphakathi wezimakethe zezwekazi. Inhlangano yamazwe ase-Afrika, eyasungulwa ngokwesivumelwano esisemthethweni ngo-1994, ngenhloso yokwandisa ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalo nakwezamasiko phakathi kwalawo mazwe ukuze kusheshiswe inguquko kanye nentuthuko esimeme. Ilandela i-African Common Market.
Umbutho wezempi wase-Afrika owahlongozwa eNhlanganweni yezizwe zase-Afrika (eyandulela inhlangano yobumbano lwase-Afrika) ngo-1964 ngumongameli uKwame Nkrumah, owalandelwa ezinye iziphakamiso ezahlukahlukene phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1960 no-1970 ezesekelwe embonweni wesivumelwano sokuvikela izwekazi, kodwa okuyiphupho elingazange lifezeke.
1.Inhlangano esungulelwe ukuhumusha, ukwandisa kanye nokundlulisela imicabango, inzululwazi, ubunjalo kanye namasiko ase-Afrika. 2. Emiphakathini elandela leyo yokubuswa abezizwe, le nhlangano yenza ukuba ukuphatha kube sezandleni zama-Afrika yabuye yenze imicabango, inzululwazi, ubunjalo kanye namasiko ase-Afrika kube ngokubusayo.
Imfundiso okumele abantu base-Afrika bazibone ngayo lapho bephokophele khona; eyavunywa yinhlangano yentsha yeANC, yiPAC kanye neBlack Consciousness Movement eNingizimu Afrika.
Indlela yokuphatha ngokobu-Afrika efaka phakathi ukusebenza -ngokubambisana kuze kufinyelele emazingeni aphansi kanye nokugqugquzela amalunga eqembu noma abalandeli ukuba badele ukuzuza/izinhloso zabo ukuze kuzuze iningi.
Bonke abantu abangumnsinsi wokuzimilela ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, kodwa livame ukusetshenziswa ngokwehlukile ukubhekisa kubantu abamnyama abangumnsinsi wokuzimilela e-Afrika.
Uhlelo lokuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-Afrika.
Yasekwa kwingqungquthela eyayibanjelwe eThekwini ngonyaka ka-2000, yalandela ezinyathelweni zeNhlangano yobumbano lwase-Afrika. Injongo yayo kwaba ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuhlanganisa ngendlela esheshayo amazwe asesifundeni sase-Afrika kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, nakwezepolitiki, lokho kwenziwa ukuze i-Afrika ikwazi ukudlala indima efanele emhlabeni jikelele kanye nokusombulula izinkinga ezehlukene ezikhungethe izwekazi lase-Afrika.
Leli gama lemboza bonke abantu abakhuluma isibhunu.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki esabalalisa umlando oyimfundisoze, ethi ukuze ithuthukise ubuzwe babamnyama, igcizelele ngamathongo nemvelaphi yabantu base-Afrika njengengxenye yezimpilo zabo engafulatheleki yezimpilo zabo. 
Umuntu oshukumisa abanye kwezenhlalo, kwezezimboni nakwezepolitiki, noma onethonya lokuholela umphakathi emqondweni othile.
Ukuthusela okungekhona noma ukwethuka kalula.
Ukuhlanganyela ngokobungani, kaningi kuqala ngokuba kwenziwe isivumelwano, samazwe/izinhlangano zezepolitiki/amaqembu ngenjongo yokuthola kanye nokuzuza izinto ezifanayo ezifiswayo.
Umthethosisekelo ovela ngaphandle ongahambisani nezindlela zokuhlalisana, zendabuko noma zobugugu.
Inhlangano yezizwe ezehlukene eyaqanjwa ngenjongo yokusiza amaMoslemu e-Afghanistan; yaguqulwa ngu-Osama bin Laden sengathi ngawo-1989 ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa imigomo yama-Islamu ngokuba kuhlanganiswe amaMoslemu asemhlabeni wonke kanye nokuphikisana nohulumeni abangebona bama-Islamu ikakhulukazi labo ababonakala begxambukela ezindabeni ezithinta amazwe angawamaMoslemu.
Isithunywa esiphezulu esinikezelwe omunye umbuso noma inhlangano yamazwe omhlaba.
Ukuguqulwa komthetho ohlongozwayo noma ukongeza emthethweni osavivinywa, emthethweni, kumthethosisekelo noma enkambisweni.
Ukunikezela kombuso ngenhlambululo yokungashushiswa kanye/noma ukungajeziswa ngamacala enziwe, ikakhulukazi emacaleni aphathelene nezepolitiki.
Umgqugquzeli wobuphekulankuni.
Umqondo ogcizelela inkululeko nokulingana okungavunyelanwanga ngako, kanye nokukholelwa ekhonweni lokuba abantu basebenze emphakathini ngaphandle kokusungula ukuphatha ngokwepolitiki.
Umuntu olandela inqubo yobuphekulankuni noma abanye agqugquzele ukupheliswa kwamandla ngokwepolitiki.
Ukuba nesiphithiphithi kungabi namthetho olawulayo, imvamisa kubangelwa ukungabibikho komthetho noma ukwehluka ukubusa ngamandla epolitiki.
Isenzo sokuthatha indawo yomunye umbuso yenziwe ingxenye yombuso othile bese lowo mbuso usebenzisa amandla awo kuleyo ndawo.
Ukucabanga kanye nezenzo eziphambana nokusungulwa kokulawula ezindaweni zangaphandle emva kwalokho bese kuqanjwa futhi kugcinwe izindawo ezincike kwamanye amazwe okwenziwa ngamandla okubuswa ngabangaphandle.
Izinyathelo noma izenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukwandisa ukubeka izinto obala kanye nokuqeda izenzo zokungathembeki kanye nokuvuna abathile, ikakhulukazi ezingeni likahulumeni.
Imicimbi eminingi ehlelelwe ukuvimbela izenzo zobugebengu.
Isigaba somthetho esivimbela amalungu endlu yesishayamthetho ukuba aye kwamanye amaqembu, saziwa ngokuthi ukuqembukela kwelinye iqembu.
Imizamo yomthetho eyethulwa ngumbuso ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukulingana kubo bonke abahlali kungabhekelwa bulili, buzwe noma isiko.
Umuntu ophikisana nokuxhashazwa kwamazwe angaphandle kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwalokho okufunwa yizwe lonke okwenziwa ngokuba kusungulwe ubuholi baphakathi kweziwe okwenziwa ngamazwe abuswa ngabezizwe kweminye imibuso nezindawo.
Umqondo wezepolitiki owesekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi izinhlanga ezehlukene ezweni kumele zihlukaniswe ngokusemthethweni empilweni eziyiphila ngasese kanye naleyo eziyiphila emphakathini wazo. Ubandlululo yilona olwakha isisekelo somgomo wezobuhlanga weNational Party ukusukela ngonyaka ka-1948 ukuya ku-1994 lwaze lwagcizelelwa ngokwenziwa umthetho obanzi.
Ukuba umuntu noma iqembu elingabi nokuzibandakanya, noma ukungabi nothando kwezepolitiki. 
Ukuthulisa ulaka ngokunikezela ngezimfuno. Kwenziwa kumigomo yangaphandle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushayisana noma impi, okwesekelwe phezu kokuhlangabezana nezimfuno zamazwe alwayo. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa ukwehlisa isithunzi salabo abazama ukuthulisa izitha zabo.
Ukuxazululwa noma ukuvumelana ngalokho okungabonwa ngaso linye ngakho ngokuba kuthathwe isinqumo esingumnqamula juqu futhi esibopha wonke esithathwe ngabantu abangavuni hlangothi futhi kwavunyelwana ngabo ngamaqembu aphikisanayo.
Indawo ethile lapho umbuso ukwazi khona ukulawula ukwenzeka kwezinto.
Indawo lapho izigameko zingaphazamisa lokho okufunwa ngumbuso.
Indawo ethile lapho isikhungo sikahulumeni sikwazi ukusebenzisa amandla aso khona.
Indawo ethile lapho ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ethile kunikezelwa umkhandlu othile.
Ingxabano phakathi kwamazwe, noma amazwe nezinhlangano, kufaka phakathi ukwesatshiswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwemibutho yezempi.
Umbutho wombuso kwezempi, othinta izingxenye zempi yasemhlabeni, emoyeni kanye nezokulwa olwandle (uma zikhona).
Indawo lapho kugcinwa khona izikhali ngokufihlekile, imvamisa ezizosetshenziswa ngokungekho emthethweni.
Ukumiswa kokunikezelwa kwezikhali kulizwe noma kumazwe.
Ukubulala okuhlelwe ngokuyimfihlo nangokungazelele okubhekiswe kumuntu ongusaziwayo.
Umbuthano weningi noma weqembu labathile, isibonelo abahlangene ngenhloso yezepolitiki.
Isikhungo sokuphikisana ngezindaba ezibalulekile futhi esikhathini esiningi esinegunya ngokomthetho lokuba sishaye umthetho sibuye sakhe imithetho yokuphathwa kwesizwe, isib. iphalamende.
Umhlangano wabaholi bamazwe omhlaba ngenhloso yokuzoxoxa ngodaba olunzima nolubalulekile olukhathaza umhlaba.
Imvume ebhalwe phansi yasayindelwa yinhloko yombuso ngomthetho ovunywe yisishayamthetho esinegunya lokwenza lokho.
Ukugwinywa kwabantu begwinywa yiqembu lapho okuphetha ngokuthi kuze kulandelwe izinkambiso zalelo qembu.
Iqembu labantu elihlangene ngokuzithandela, izinhlangano noma imibuso eyakhiwe ngezinhloso ezifanayo.
Ukuqala umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni esikhundleni esithile somphakathi.
Uhlelo lapho umbuso uthola khona ukuzimela ngokwamandla kanye nelungelo lokuzilawula ngokuphelele okwaziwa nangumhlaba wonke jikelele.
Isenzo njengokunquma kukamongameli njengenhloko yombuso.
Lalela uvo lolunye uhlangothi; umgomo womthetho ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye kumele lunikezwe ithuba eligcwele lokubeka uvo lwalo.
Umbuso noma amandla epolitiki.
Inqubomgomo kazwelonke noma yesifunda emayelana nokuzimela nokungathembeli ezintweni ezivela ngaphandle noma osizweni lwezomnotho.
Umholi owamukelwa ngabalandeli njengomholi weqiniso, uma kuqhathaniswa nomholi oyisidlalo nje obekwe ngumbuso wangaphandle ngenkani ukuba ahole abantu.
Isithunywa, esaziwa ngokusemthethweni noma umuntu onamandla okuma esikhundleni somunye umuntu noma esikhundleni sesikhungo esithile.
Ukusebenzisa amandla epolitiki asuka kwabaphethe aye kulabo abaphansi lapho iziphathimandla zibusa ngentando yazo ngaphandle kokuthola uvo lwalabo abaphethwe.
Iqembu labantu noma lezikhungo ezigidlabezwe ngamandla omthetho emkhakheni othile womthetho, isib umkhandlu wezasekhaya, abaphathi bamachweba.
Ukuba namandla asemthethweni, noma ilungelo lokusebenzisa amandla onawo.
Isikhundla noma isihlalo samandla esisetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni, isib umkhandlu wezasekhaya.
Ilungelo lombuso lokuphoqelela imiyalelo kanye nezinqumo zokugcina, okungafaka phakathi ukusebenzisa indluzula uma kunesidingo.
Umthethosisekelo othuthukiswe ngokwendabuko, futhi ongathathwanga kwenye indawo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okubusa angenamkhawulo kanye nangokucindezela ukuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki, okuvame ukwenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa.
1. Uhulumeni oziphethe olawulwa ngamaqembu, izikhungo, nemibuso; kaningi akusho ubukhosi. 2. Ukuzazi komuntu ongancikanga kuziphathimandla zangaphandle.
Izinqola zosizo oluphuthumayo, izinhlelo zokwexwayisa nezokuxhumana ezenzelwe ukuvikela umphakathi.
Ukwanda kakhulu kwezinga lembewu yenzalo, okuholela ekwandeni kwenani lezingane ezibelethwayo ezweni; ikakhulukazi kubhekiswa eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-1947 no-1961 emva kwempi yesibili yomhlaba.
Isikhathi esalandela eduze leso sokwanda kwezingane, sasande ngokwehla okusheshayo kwezinga lokubelethwa kwezingane.
Ilungu lesishayamthetho eliphansi ngokwezinga futhi elingenaso isikhundla kuhulumeni noma eqenjini eliphikisayo.
Uhlelo lobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu/amaqembu/amazwe lapho ukucindezeleka kwezomthetho kumele kuxazululwe amaqembu abaphikisanayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbela isimo lapho ukuhola kuba sezandleni zomuntu oyedwa/iqembu/ilizwe.
Ukuqhephuka kombuso omkhudlwana ube yimibuswana emincane nevame ukuba iqhudelane.
Incwajana lapho abavoti beveza khona izimvo yabo ngokuba bakhethe umuntu abamfunayo noma iqembu abalifunayo.
Ukuvota kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, kungaba okuyimfihlo noma okungeyona okubhekiswe kulowo ongenele ukhetho noma kumbono othile.
Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvota ukuze kutholakala imiphumela efunwayo ngokukhipha imiphumela engeyiyo.
Inhlangano ozenzo zayo kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nezinye izinhlangano kwenqatshelwe ngumthetho kahulumeni ngenxa yezenzo zayo ezithathwa ngokuthi ziyisiphazamiso kwezokuphepha kombuso kanye nakulokho okufunwa yisizwe.
Ukuvimbela umuntu ukuba asebenzise amandla akhe ngokwesikhundla akuso.
Ukuxoxisana ngezimfuno nezimo ezahlukahlukene ngenhloso yokufinyelela esinqunyweni esinokuvunywa yibo bonke abathintekayo.
Umshayo noma umugqa ohlukanisa umngcele ephalamende okungamele weqiwe yilabo abangewona amalungu.
Izidingo ezisemqoka ezisimamisa impilo yabantu.
Yilezo zinto abantu noma amaqembu abangeze bakwazi ukuphila ngokugcwele ngaphandle kwazo.
Ilungelo elisemqokaemuntwini okuwukuthi ngaphandle kwalo ukuqhubeka nokuphila komuntu kuyaphazamiseka, isib. ilungelo lokuphila.
Umbuso osesimweni sokuthi izinsiza zawo azanele bese uphoqeleka ukuba ubheke kwezinye izikhungo noma kweminye imibuso ngenhloso yokuthola usizo lokuba ume ngokuyikho.
Indlela esetshenziswayo kwezepolitiki ebhekisa esifundweni sesayensi ephathelene nokuziphatha kwabantu.
Uhlelo lwendlela okubhekwa ngayo izinto, ukuziphatha kanye nemibono mayelana nempilo.
Umuntu noma umbuso ozibandakanya empini.
Indlu yesishayamthetho enezingxenye ezimbili okuvame ukuba eyodwa yazo imele abavoti (isib Indlu yezithunya eMelika) kanti enye imele izimfuno zabakhethiwe, isib izifunda ezinabalandeli endlini yezigele eMelika noma amazinga kwelaseBrithani yabaphathi.
Ukusebenzisana ngokusemthethweni kwamazwe amabili mayelana nezinto ezifunwa yiwo womabili.
Umqulu oqukethe isiphakamiso somthetho odluliselwa kusishayamthetho ngenjongo yokuba senziwe umthetho.
Umqulu ovunywe ngokomthethosisekelo ogagula ubuye uveze ngamalungelo ayisisekelo abantu kanye namaqembu emphakathini.
Isenzo okuhloswe ngaso ukwehlisa noma ukuvimbela ukukhulelwa.
Inani lokuzala ngokwenkulungwane ngayinye yabo bonke abahlali ngonyaka.
Inzululwazi ephakamisa ukuba abantu abansundu abangabokudabuka e-Afrika mabazibone ngenye indlela lapho okumele basuse kubo ukuzenyeza babuye bazithole ukuthi bangobani emphakathini ngenhloso yokuba bahlonishwe futhi bazuze amandla.
Ukunikeza abansundu amathuba wokuba basebenze babuye babambe izikhundla emazingeni wonke nasezinhlangothini zonke zomphakathi.
Umqondo owavela eMelika ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. Lo mqondo wesekelwe ngaphansi kobumbano lwabansundu base-Afrika kanye nobunjalo babo njengeqembu elehlukile elimelwe ukulwela inkululeko kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki kwabamhlophe.
Isiqinisekiso nokuveza ubunjalo kwezobuhlanga kanye nobumbano phakathi kwabantu abansundu; lo mqondo wasuselwa eMelika phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1960.
Imfundisoze esho ukusukela komunye umthombo ngaphandle kwalowo oyiqiniso.
Umuntu ozinikele ekubalulekeni nasezenzweni zenkululeko, nothathwa njengonozwelo kwezenhlalo njengakusigwebo sentambo.
Staatkunde
Isisebenzi embonini noma umsebenzi wezandla odinga ukuba kugqokwe izimpahla noma impahla evikelayo.
Abantu benhlangano kwezepolitiki ababonakala benokusebenzisana.
Umuntu ovame ukunqamula imingcele ngezinhloso zezomthetho.
Uhlobo lokweqa umngcele olufaka phakathi iminyakazo yokweqiwa kwemingcele ngokungekho emthethweni.
Ukuphuma ezweni ngokweqa umngcele walo ngokungemthetho.
Umhlangano ongajwayelekile futhi ovame ukuba umbuthano okhulelekile ngenjongo yokuxoxa kuwo ngezimo ezithile kanye nokuza nezixazululo namasu wokubhekana nalezo zimo.
Isenzo sezepolitiki okuhloswe ngaso ukunciphisa ukungezwani bese kwandiswa ukwethembana phakathi kwezitha/izimbangi.
Kwezepolitiki, lokhu kusho ubuciko bokuzifaka ezimweni ezinobungozi, okungaba ngisho nayimpi ukuze kuxazululeke umbango ngethemba lokuthi isitha kumbe imbangi izogoba uphondo.
Umqulu oqukethe amanani ayizilinganiso emali ezotholwa kanye naleyo ezosetshenziswa.
1. Uhlelo lukahulumeni olwande ngemisebenzi ethile engeyekhethelo, olandela imithetho okuvunyelenwe ngayo kanye nohlelo lokulandelana kweziphathimandla. 2. Uhlelo lokuphatha olungaguquguquki olwande ngesimo sokulandela imithetho kanye nezinkambiso zezindlela ezisemthethweni. 3. Umkhandlu wezikhulu zikahulumeni ezibekwayo kunokuba zikhethwe, izisebenzi zikahulumeni.
Umthetho noma ukuphatha okumemezelwa nguhulumeni wasekhaya bese usetshenziswa ngamandla ngendlela efana nalowo oshaywe yiphalamende.
Isigungu esiphakeme esinikezwe igunya lokuphatha imisebenzi kahulumeni ezweni.
Yilowo oyilunga eligcwele lesigungu esiphakeme (ikhabinethi) sezwe.
Imisebenzi ethile noma umnyango kahulumeni ungqongqoshe abhekene nawo.
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwenhloko yekomiti lawongqongqoshe bakahulumeni.
Iqembu elibumbene labantu abashisekayo ekuqhubekiseleni phambili izinto nezinhloso okuvame ukuba ngezeqembu lamavukelambuso.
Isikhundla noma imisebenzi ethile ephathelene nezimo ezithile, isib ezokuphepha noma intuthuko.
Izenzo ezilandelanayo, ezixhumene ngokwesikhathi nendawo kusetshenziswa izenzo zodlame, ukucekela phansi kanye nezinye izindlela zokwesabisa ngenhloso yokuzuza inhloso ethile.
Ukuzixhumanisa nabavoti ngenhloso yokuthola ukwesekwa kwezepolitiki.
Ukuzixhumanisa nabavoti ngenhloso yokuthola amavoti.
Umsebenzi owenziwe ngenhloso ethile onjongo yawo kuwukuthuthukisa amakhono, izinga lokusebenza leqembu kanye/noma lomkhandlu.
Uhlelo lwezomnotho olwesekwe ekuphathweni kwebhizinisi ngumnini ongasese kanye nasekuhwebeni okukhululekile.
Ukuvuma udaba oluvotelwe kusishayamthetho.
Yivoti lesikhulu esengamele ukhetho kusishayamthetho noma ekomitini ukuze kuxazululeke isimo sokulingana kwamavoti.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki ezama ukuthola ukwesekwa ngabavoti abaningi kakhulu.
Yilapho iqembu labantu abathile, amalungu esishayamthetho angaweqembu elithile noma labo abanesifiso, bahlangana ngasese ngenhloso yokuthatha izinqumo ngodaba olufana nezindlela ezizolandelwa, amasu kanye nokuqondanisa izinto ngaphambi kwengxoxo.
Ukunqanyulwa kwesikhashana kokungezwani okwenziwa ngesivumelwano phakathi kwezimbangi ezingeni lasekhaya, lesifunda noma likazwelonke.
Umuntu ogunyazwe ukuba ahlole imiqulu, izishicilelo, izethulo eziphathelene nezasethiyetha, amafilimu, njll ukuze kucindezelwe noma kuvinjelwe lokho okungamukelekile noma okungafunwa.
Ukubalwa kwabo bonke abahlali endaweni ethile kanye nokwenza uhlu lolwazi lwabantu banyakenye, lwezenhlalo nolwezomnotho.
Ukuphatha okuba sendaweni eyodwa, okumayelana nokuthathwa kwezinqumo, ukwahlulelwa ngokomthetho kanye nokuthatha izinqumo emphakathini.
Isingathekiso esiveza lapho kukhona ithonya kanye neziphathimandla zombuso/ukuphathwa kwesizwe njengekomkhulu lendawo noma inhlangano yepolitiki.
Inhlangano elandela inqubomgomo yokuba phakathi nendawo bese ithatha isinqumo esingaba phakathi nendawo kumaqembu anokuziphindisela angasesandleni sokudla kanye nanomqondo wokulungisa angasesandleni sokunxele.
Inhloko ebekwe njengenhloko yombuso ngokuhlonishwa, isib. inkosi ephalamende lentando yeningi.
Ingxenye yesishayamtetho (endlini) yephalamende, isib. indlu yezigele.
Umuntu ogqugquzela ubusoshiyali ngokukhanyayo ohlanekezela lo mbono ngokuphila impilo yokunethezeka ngaphandle kokuba afake isandla ezinhlosweni zobusoshiyali.
Amandla omuntu onethonya lokuhunga nokugqugquzela ukwethembeka kanye nokuzinikela ebantwini nakubalandeli, esikhathini esiningi okuvame ukufinyelela ezingeni lokwencika komunye ngokomoya.
Umqulu okubhalwe kuwo imigomo eyisiqubulo ikakhulukazi lowo obeka imigomo emayelana nesikhungo esisemqoka njengeNhlangano yeZizwe noma obeka amalungelo esintu.
Isivumelwano sabavunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba baqale uhlelo, inhlangano noma ingxenye yabasebenzi njengabaphenyimabhuku, noma ukwenza izenzo ezithile ezivumelekile njengokuhwebelana endaweni ethile.
Uhlaka lokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla epolitiki kumele alawulwe ngendlela yokusebenzisa izikhungo njengokwehlukaniswa kwezishayamthetho, isigungu esiphakeme kanye namagatsha ezishayamthetho.
Iningi labantu abanezinhliziyo ezilukhuni.
Ilungu lephalamende elibhekene nokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ozakwabo bakhona eqenjini ngesikhathi okumele kuvotwe ngaso ephalamende ekupheleni kwenkulumo-mpikiswano. Usoswebhu omkhulu uvame ukusizwa ngabanye ososwebhu.
Ukufa kwabantwana ngesikhathi esithile uma kubhekwa inkulungwane ngayinye abaphakathi komnyaka owodwa ukuya kwemine.
Inani lezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu uma kubhekwa ngakwenkulungwane ngayinye yabesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-15 - 49 yabahlali bonke.
Izinga lomuntu njengelunga lombuso. Lenza umuntu abe namalungelo anjengokuvota kanye nokuvikela ngomthetho libuye futhi licindezele izibopho ezinjengemisebenzi yezempi.
Umkhandlu okhethelwe ukuba wengamele idolobha.
Imizamo eyenziwe ngenhloso ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindawo ezisemqoka ngenhloso yokuba kuheheke ezomnotho.
Ukukhononda okungenadlame okubhekiswe kuhulumeni lapho abakhonondayo bengafuni ukuhlonipha imithetho nemibandela ebekwe nguhulumeni.
Uhulumeni wombuso noma ophethwe ngabantu abangasibo abempi.
Ukubeka izikhulu zabantu esikhundleni samasotsha embusweni.
Amalungelo abo bonke abahlali aqinisekiswe ngumbuso, esikhathini esiningi abizwa ngomthethosivivinywa noma umqulu wamalungelo kumthethosisekelo.
Amaqembu kanye nezikhungo zangasese ezisebenza phakathi kwemikhandlu (kwezomphakathi) kanye nabantu nemindeni.
Yimpi ephakathi kwabahlali bezwe elilodwa.
1. Uhlaka lwezenhlalo olubeka ngokuchasisayo ukuthi lokho okuthandwa ngamaqembu ezokuhlalisana kwezomnotho kuyashayisana ngokwemvelo. 2. Ngokohlaka lweMarxist isimo esishubile phakathi kwamaqembu kanye nokuqala kwempi esukela kumaqembu aphikisanayo njengoba kuchazwa ubudlelwano bawo ngokwemikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamakhephithali (ababusayo abaphethe imikhiqizo) kanye namaprolethariyathi (isigaba sezigqila ezisebenzela iholo elincane).
Ukungezwani okudalwa imizamo yomphakathi othile wohlangothi lwezomnotho olufuna ukubusa olunye noma oluqede ukubuswa lokho.
Isimo lapho kuqubuka khona isimo sokungalawulwa kanye nendluzula yamandla futhi esivame ukwandiswa emphakathini.
Ikhabinethi eyakhiwe ubumbano lwamaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi uma kungekho iqembu elithola amavoti amaningi kakhulu kunelinye.
Ukuhlanganyela kwesikhashana kwamaqembu ezombusazwe amabili noma ngaphezulu ngenjongo yokubusa, kodwa lokho kwenziwa ngesivumelwano sokuthi akukho iqembu elizoshiya imigomo yalo eqatha kanye nendlela elaziwa ngayo.
Ukuthola izimfuno zezepolitiki ngobumbano phakathi kwamaqembu noma imibuso eyehlukene.
Isimo sobutha obukhulu phakathi kwe USA ne USSR kanye nalabo ababavunayo, ngo 1947-1991.
Indlela yokunquma ngamaholo kanye nezimo zokusebenza ngokuba kuxoxisanwe phakathi kwabaphathi kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi.
Umgomo ogunyaza amalungu omkhandlu, isib ikhabinethi, ukuba azimele ngokwawo nanjengembumba ekubhekaneni izibopho.
Isikhathi kwezomlando lapho amazwe aseYurophi anamandla njengeBrithani, iPortugal, i Spain neFrance aphethe imihlaba yangaphandle, leyo mihlaba isetshenziswa njengemithombo yokumbiwa phansi ibuye futhi ixhashazwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Inqubomgomo nenkambiso yokusungula nokubusa amazwe abuswa ngabangaphandle/ashayelwa umthetho ngenhloso yokuba kuzuze lowo mbuso owenza lokho.
Umbuso ophethe imihlaba yangaphandle. IBrithani, iFrance nePortugal zaziyizibonelo eziqavile ngeminyaka iyizinkulungwane eziyilishumi nesishiyagalolunye nangasekuqaleni kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane emibili.
Inqubomgomo yokukhiphela ngaphandle abantu bombala othile ukuba ngabazuzi izinhlelo ezithile kwezenhlalo.
Umuntu noma abantu abakhethwe ngokusemthethweni banikwa umsebenzi wokuphenya ngodaba olubalulekile emphakathini.
Iqembu labantu abakhethiwe noma abaqokelwe ukwenza umsebenzi othile njengokuphenya udaba oluthile noma ukulawula ukwenziwa komsebenzi othile.
Umhlaba obanzi ongowomphakathi, ikakhulukazi osusetshenziswa njengendawo yokuzithokozisa.
Ingxenye yomhlaba egciniwe bese isetshenziswa nguwo wonke umuntu, engeyona eyomuntu oyedwa.
Inhlalakahle noma lokho okuthandwa nguwo wonke umuntu emphakathini.
Yindawo eyenganyelwe ngumphakathi wonke.
Amalungelo womphakathi asuselwa olwazini, empahleni kanye nakwenye impahla egcinwe yilowo mphakathi ngokubambisana, njengamalungelo alokho okwenziwe ngobuhlakani bomuntu, amalungelo okumbiwa phansi kanye nawomhlaba.
Inhlangano encane ebunjwe ngokubambisana eyakhelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokwabelana kobunini kanye nemisebenzi.
Uhlobo oluphezulu kulabo abanomqondo wokusizana olugcizelela ubunjalo bokusizana ebantwini kanye nasentuthukweni yabo, ukuhlanganyela kubumnini bempahla kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza; ukungenelela lapho izisebenzi ziphathwa ngokuphoqelelwa, kanye nokuqedwa kwamandla ombuso.
Isikhungo esihlinzekela ngemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle ezingeni lendawo, isib. kudolobhakazi noma kusifunda.
Uhlelo lokuhlomisa abantu endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwayo yenziwe ngcono.
Ukunikezela kumphakathi ngamandla asemthethweni noma amandla omthetho ukuze ukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ethile kwezokuhlalisana nakwezomphakathi.
Wonke umuntu osebenza ngenhloso yokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo emphakathini.
Inani lezingane ezibelethwe ngowesifazane ngamunye ophumele esikhathini sokuzethwala.
Amahostela obulili obubodwa eNingizimu Afrika enzelwe ukugcina abasebenzi abamnyama abavela kwamanye amazwe.
Umthetho wokuthathwa kwezinqumo emiphakathini eyehlukene lapho imithetho eshaywayo noma izinqumo ezithathwa kuphela uma zesekelwe yiqembu labaningi kanye nangamavoti abaningi amaqembu amancane athintekayo, ngalokho-ke kunikeza ukwenqaba okufanayo.
Amandla kanye nendawo yomthetho okubambene nokulinganayo, esikhathini esiningi ngokubhekisa ohlelweni lokuhlanganyela.
Ukuhlanganyela ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwemibuso emibili noma ngaphezulu lapho umbuso ngamunye ungalahlekelwa amandla awo obuye uncike kakhulu kumbimbi kube kancane ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuphatha. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kunganikwa isiqiniseko wumgomo wokunqabelana okuthile lapho kuthathwa izinqumo.
Ubumbano lwemibuso ngokuvumelana lapho umbuso ngamunye ugcina ukuzimela kwawo. Amazwe ahlanganyela ngokuvumelana anezinhloso nezimfuno ezifanayo njengokuphepha, ubudlelwano bezangaphandle noma nokuhwebelana.
Uhlelo lapho amaqembu angezwani agcina ngokwenza isivumelwano esizoxazulula ukungezwani kwawo okuyisisusa ngaleyo ndlela aqeda ubutha phakathi kwawo.
Ukufinyelela esiphethweni sokuba kuqedwe ukungezwani ngokutholakala kwezisombululo ezisimeme zokuba kube khona ukuzuza okuthile.
Umuntu owenqaba ukuzibandakanya kunoma yimiphi imicimbi ephambana nemigomo yakhe yezenkolo noma yokuziphatha, isib. ukuphatha izikhali noma ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zezempi.
Ukusungula ukwazi okusemqoka njengohlobo lokufunda ngokuyinkululeko ukuze uhlole imibono, izimo nobudlelwano ngokunokuhlaziya okuvame ukuba kuthathwe ngokunganakwa.
Umuntu ophoqelelwe ukuba ahlanganyele embuthweni wezempi.
Ukuhlanganyela ngokuyimpoqo embuthweni wezempi.
Uhlobo lwentando yeningi olutholakala emiphakathini eyehlukene kakhulu. Lwesekelwe emgomweni wokumelwa ngokulinganayo, ukuzimela kwezepolitiki kwalabo abayingcosana, kuhulumeni wobumbano kanye nakumalungelo alabo abayingcosana okuthatha izinqumo ezithinta lokho abakufunayo okubalulekile.
Ukuphatha ipolitiki ngendlela yokuthi kuphoqelelwe isivumelwano kugwenywe ukwehlukana nokubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo; ukufuna indlela yokusebenzisana noma ukuhlehla kulokho okade ume kukho.
Umbono wezepolitiki oboniswa ngokweseka komdabu, umsebenzi, amandla, indawo yangasese kanye nokuhwebelana okukhululekile.
Iqembu labantu abethweswe umsebenzi wokubhala umthethosisekelo noma ukusungula uhulumeni.
Indawo ebekelwe ukuvota eyenzelwe amalungu omphakathi.
Abalandeli babantu abathile abamele ezombusazwe, noma iqembu elithile lezepolitiki.
Abantu abanelungelo lokuvota endaweni okuvotwa kuyo.
Imithetho esemqoka nenqubomgomo yezepolitiki okuphathwa ngayo umbuso, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi, amandla imisebenzi kahulumeni kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kombuso kanye nabahlali bawo.
Ibandla labakhethiwe elinikezwe umsebenzi wokubhala umthethosisekelo.
Izindlela ezilandelwayo ekubhaleni izinqubomgomo zokuphathwa kombuso.
Inqubomgomo ehleliwe okuhloswe ngayo ukuvimbela ukwanda kwethonya lwesitha, isib. inqubomgomo kahulumeni waseMelika yokuvimbela ukwanda kwethonya lweSoviet Union emva kwempi yesibili yomhlaba.
1. Lokhu kwezepolitiki kusho inqubo engabhalwa phansi eseyinjwayelo futhi esethathwa njengomthetho nakhona ingeze yasetshenziswa enkantolo yomthetho. 2. Kwezobudlelwane bamazwe, yisivumelwano phakathi kwemibuso ukuthi kusetshenziswe imigomo okuvunyelenwe ngayo, isib Isivumelwano saseGiniva kwezempi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu anezifiso ezihlelekile, njengezinyunyana zabasebenzi, izinhlangano zezamabhizinisi, zihlanganyela ezinhlelweni zokwenza inqubomgomo entandweni yeningi eseyivuthiwe.
Isenzo sokwemukela noma ukupha isipho esingekho emthethweni noma ukuthenga umuntu ngenjongo yokuthola impatho ephezulu kunabanye kwezamabhizinisi noma emicimbini kahulumeni.
Ilungu lamazwe athile omhlaba akhethiweyo ebantwini bamazwe kwezomnotho nakwezokuphatha.
Ukuqedwa kombuso ngokungalindelwe kweso, ngokunodlame noma ngokungekho emthethweni, kokunye ngombutho ohlome ngezikhali.
Izenzo noma imizamo eyenziwa ngenjongo yokuvimbela ukuba amaqiniso avele obala.
Isimo esishubile lapho izimo ezilukhuni, eziyingozi kanye nezinqumo ezinqala kumele zithathwe ngesidumo.
Ukukhethwa noma ukuphakamisa kokukhethwa ngobungani ezikhundleni zikahulumeni kanye nokunikezwa kwamakontraka ngobungani kungabhekwa amakhono kanye neziqu ezifanele.
Isimo lapho amaqembu aphikisanayo engakwazi ukuthola isisombululo esizovunywa yiwo wonke amaqembu athintekayo.
Uhlelo lapho kufinyelelwa khona esivumelwaneni.
Inhlangano yombutho wezempi yombuso ehlelwe ngokusemthethweni.
Amandla anikezwe umuntu noma inhlangano emela abanye ngalawo mandla kodwa kungabi amandla abenza bazuze ngokwelungelo labo, isib ukunikezwa kukamongameli amandla ngenxa yesimo esiphuthumayo yiNhlangano yaseMelika (USA Congress).
Yisenzo sokufuna noma ukucela ngenxa yelungelo noma umthetho onawo; isicelo esikhahlamezayo noma ukufaka isicelo sokunceshezelwa.
Uhlobo lombuso lapho abantu kuyibo abanamandla kwezepolitiki noma ekuphatheni. Ziningi izinhlobo zikahulumeni wentando yeningi okungaphawulwa ngazo; nakuba kunjalo, ukuzibandakanya kwabantu ekuthatheni izinqumo kanye nakuhulumeni ngalezo zinto ezifunwa ngabantu kuba yinto esemqoka kulolu hlobo lombuso.
Uhlelo lapho omele uhulumeni wabantu ukhethwa ngabantu bombuso okuyibona abanika amavoti.
Uhlelo lapho uhulumeni ebhekana nezinqumo azithathile ebantwini bakhe, nalapho abantu bezibandakanye nokukhululeka ezindabeni zombuso eziphathelene nezenhlalo, ezepolitiki nezomnotho.
Ukuveza obala imizwa esikhathini esiningi kwenziwe ngokwenza uhele kanye nangomhlangano omkhulu okuba yilapho kuvezwa ukuzwelana kanye nokweseka umbono othile.
Ukuveza ukweseka ngokusobala enhlosweni ethile noma ukwethula izikhalo.
Igatsha noma ingxenye yomnyango kahulumeni.
Izinga lokwencika kwabaneminyaka (65 nangaphezulu) nentsha (engaphansi kwe-15) kulabo abasenamandla baneminyaka (15 ukufinyelela ema-64).
Isenzo lapho udaba lomphakathi lususwa kulolo lokulwela izwe nakupolitiki ehlukanisayo bese lubekwa ezingeni elingelona lokulwela izwe ukuze luxoxwe, kuthathwe nezinqumo ngalo, isib. ukubeka udaba lokukhishwa kwezisu lapho kunesidingo lungathathwa njengolwepolitiki.
Ukuncipha kwabahlali endaweni ethile.
Ukudingiswa noma ukuxoshwa kwesifiki esingafuneki futhi esingesona esendayo.
Ukususa umbusi esikhundleni.
Ukukhipha ubuhlanga njengesivimbelo odabeni, esikhungweni noma esimweni esithile.
Ukugcina umuntu esitokisini ngaphandle kokuba anikwe ithuba lokuzivikela enkantolo yomthetho.
Indlela yokuphoqelelwa ngaphansi kwesandla sombuso ngenhloso yokukhalima omunye umbuso noma inhlangano esenzweni esinobungozi.
Izwe elisohlelweni lokuqhubekela phambili ngasohlangothini lwezomnotho osuka phansi, ophakathi kanye nosezingeni eliphezulu leyo ntuthuko isuke yenziwa ngenhloso yokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo yomphakathi wonkana.
Usizo olunikezwa amazwe ampofu ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ezomnotho okwesekelwe ohlelweni lokuzisiza kanye nokusebenzisana ngokuzwana, isib ngokunikeza usizo lwezimali emisebenzini ebhekene nomphakathi uqobo kanye naleyo yangasese, lolu sizo lunikezwa ngamazinga entela aphansi nangemigomo yokubuyisela imali ekahle, lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhokha ngemali esetshenziswa kuleyo ndawo.
Uhlelo lokudlulisela amandla asuselwa kuhulumeni omkhulu/kazwelonke ukuya kuhulumeni omncane noma wesifunda (wesifunda, wasekhaya).
Umbusi obusa ngokushaya umthetho eyedwa.
Ukufuduswa kwabantu okwadalwa yizimpi, isib lezo zikaShaka.
Umyalelo ovela emkhandlwini ophezulu oqukethe isiyalo sokuba kwenziwe okuthile.
Uhlelo lokhetho lapho abamele abantu bakhethwa ngabavoti uqobo lwabo.
Abantu abangakwazi ukuqhudelana ngokulinganayo nabanye noma abangenamathuba alinganayo nawabanye, kaningi njengomphumela wezinto zangaphambili ezinjengokubandlululwa kwezokuhlalisana nakwezepolitiki.
Imiyalelo equkethe izindlela zokubhekana nokwaphulwa kwemithetho yesikhungo, kufaka phakathi amalungelo wamaqembu, ukunikezwa izigwebo kanye nezindlela zokuphikisa izinqumo ezithethwe.
Ikomiti elinikezwe igunya lokuthatha izinyathelo zokuqondisa izigwegwe.
Ukwandisa izimfuno zeqembu elilodwa ngokudicilela phansi amalungelo amanye amaqembu.
Inqubomgomo ekhinyabeza abantu abathile ngokungalungile noma enemiphumela engalingani ebantwini abathile.
Umuntu owemukwe ilungelo lokuvota.
Ulwazi oluphedulelwe ngenhloso noma oluhlanekezelwe ngenhloso yokufaka ithonya ezenzweni zabathile.
Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza komphakathi okudalwa ukungabikho komthetho oqinile olawula umphakathi.
Isenzo noma uhlelo lokuxazulula inkinga noma ukungqubuzana.
Umbono wejaji eliphikisana nesinqumo seningi enkantolo ngasohlangothini lwezomthetho.
Ukukhetha noma umbono ophikisayo.
Ukuveza ukungahambisani nemibono kanye nezinkolelo ezisemthethweni.
Ukwehlukaniswa komnotho phakathi kwabahlali bezwe. Ukwahlukaniselwana cishe akulingani, okuholela kumazinga ezomnotho anjengabadla kahle, abasendimeni kanye nabantu abahluphekile.
Ukwabiwa komhlaba kubantu noma kumaqembu.
Amaqembu abantu abahlukahlukene ngokwamasiko, kwezenkolo, kwezenhlalo noma ngokobuzwe abahlala endaweni ethile ngaphansi kombuso wepolitiki ofanayo.
Uhlelo lwamaqembu ezepolitiki lapho iqembu elithile kungabi ngelinamandla-nje kuphela, kodwa libuye liphathe wonke amaqembu aphikisayo kanye nohlelo lonke lombuso kwezepolitiki.
Leli yigama elisetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kosizo oluvela ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi emazweni anothile. Lokhu kwenziwa ukukhombisa isimo esingesihle nesibucayi kumbono womphakathi othintekayo mayelana nemigomo kanye nezinhloso zezinhlelo zalolo sizo.
Indawo noma idolobhakazi lapho abantu beya khona endaweni eyisiyingi sezomnotho lapho bechitha khona isikhathi sabo esiningi sosuku; kokunye ibizwa ikamelo lomphakathi.
Into ejiyezayo, isulubezi noma okungekuhle kodaba oluthile.
Ukunciphisa enanini labasebenzi, inani lezinto zokusebenza noma impahla kanye/noma ububanzi bemisebenzi noma izinhlelo ezenziwayo.
Ukukhetha nokubizela abantu embuthweni wezempi ngokuyimpoqo.
Isiphakamiso sokuqala somthethosivivinywa.
Umuntu obalakela ukuya embuthweni wezempi ophoqelekile.
Inhloko yeqembu elishushumbisa izidakamizwa ezihuqwa ngokungekho emthethweni.
Ukushatshalaliswa komshoshaphansi wokushushumbisa izidakamizwa.
Umuntu ongenisa izidakamizwa ngokungekho emthethweni nangokuyimfihlo ezweni.
Ukuba nobuzwe bamazwe amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa, isibonelo, izwe ozalelwe kulo kanye nezwe ohlala kulo.
Izinkambiso zomthetho okuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela amalungelo namagunya omuntu ngamunye, isib. umuntu osolwa ngokona kumele abekwe icala enkantolo yomthetho bese enikezwa ithuba lokuveza ubufakazi bokuzivikela kanye nokuba nommeli wezomthetho.
Umbono owesekelwe enkolweni yokuthi kunokuxhumana okusemqoka phakathi kwabantu kanye nomhlaba wemvelo, kanye nokuthi uhlelo lokuphila lungaphezulu kwalokho okuthandwa ngabantu.
Ikhono lokuba umbuso uzuze ukukhula kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho osimeme.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zezomnotho ngokunengcindezi ngenhloso yokuzuza izinjongo zikazwelonke.
Ikhono lokuphatha izinsiza eziqondene nabantu kanye nezikahulumeni wabo (Adam Smith); isayensi yomcabango wemithetho yokukhiqiza kanye nokusatshalaliswa komnotho (McCulloch); uhlelo lomnotho wezwe.
Umbono ogcizelela ukulingana kwezomnotho, ezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki.
Isazi esiphezulu kwezokuphathwa kwezwe, imvamisa yileso esesithathe umhlalaphansi okuvame ukuba abasemagunyeni baye kuso lapho bedinga izeluleko.
Isenzo sokukhetha umuntu esikhundleni esithile, esikhathini esiningi ukhethwa ngokuba kuvotwe; ukukhethwa kwamalunga esishayamthetho ngokuthola amavoti amaningi.
Imizamo yabathile abangenele ukhetho yokuba bathole ukuxhaswa ngamalungu omphakathi okhethweni oluzoba khona.
Inkulumo eyethulwa emphakathini equkethe imigomo, ubugugu kanye nezinhlelo zeqembu lezepolitiki elingenele ukhetho.
Isigungu esisemthethweni sabakhethiwe esithathwa njengesigungu esenzelwe ukukhetha othile ukuba angene esikhundleni esithile.
Uhlelo lapho amaqembu ezepolitiki amabili nangaphezulu ehlangana ebumbana ekwesekeni othile omele ukhetho ngokuba afake amavoti awo.
Umgwamanda wabahlali abanelungelo lokuvota okhethweni.
1. Inkolelo yokuthi umphakathi kumele uphathwe iqembu labathile abanobuhlakani nabafunde kakhulu. 2. Ukuziqhenya noma ukuzazi ukuthi uyingxenye yeqembu labathile abakhethekile.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqasha kwenzeka ngokufanayo kubo bonke nangendlela engavuni muntu futhi engacwasi.
Ukunikezela ngamandla kanye nezinsiza.
Imithetho evumela ukunikezelwa kwamandla kanye namagunya.
Ukwenza isimiso sibe ngumthetho.
Ukunikeza ilungelo lomthetho noma igunya kumuntu noma eqenjini ikakhulukazi ilungelo lokuvota.
Ukusungula izinkambiso eziqinile noma imibandela engezukuguqulwa kalula noma engeze yagqulwa nhlobo, njengokugxiliswa kwamalungelo esintu.
Isenzo sokugxambukela eqenjini lezepolitiki ukuze ube nethonya kwinqubomgomo yalelo qembu ube ungaphakathi.
Imfundiso ehambisa phambili ukugcinwa kahle kanye nokuvikelwa kwendawo yemvelo ukuze abantu bazuze kwezomnotho.
Amathuba afanayo ngokwenani, ngokobukhulu, ngokubaluleka, ngokwesisindo, kungabi ngokungaphansi futhi kungabi ngokungaphezulu, kube ngokokulingana ngokwezinga lokuhlonishwa, lamandla nelalokho okukahle.
Ukuphathwa komphakathi kongungenzeleli nangokungavuni cala.
Ukwanda ngesikhulu isivinini kwesisindo, amandla nobungako bokungezwani.
Iqembu labantu abanentshisekelo yokuba nesikhungo esiphethe emphakathini, isib. labo abalawula izikhungo zikahulumeni.
Ukususwa ngendluzula nokuxoshwa kweqembu noma kwamaqembu athile abantu endaweni noma ezweni lapho ukuba khona kwabo kubonakala kungafanele; okungaba yisifekethiso sokufa kwabantu abaningi.
Ukuba khona kwamaqembu wamasiko ahlukahlukene endaweni.
Imizamo yokuqeda indawo nomphakathi walabo abangafuneki bamaqembu amasiko athile ngokuba babulwawe ngobuningi.
Umyalelo osemthethweni wokuxosha abantu noma amaqembu endaweni ethile noma ehhovisi.
Isikhungo esisemthethweni saseBrithani esingaphansi kwalowo obhekisisa amakhawundi amakhulu kanye nomphenyimabhuku omkhulu okuyibona abaphenya ngawo wonke amakhawundi omphakathi babuye bethule umbiko walokho abakutholile ekomidini elibhekene nezimali zomphakathi endlini yabaphathi.
Indawo ngasogwini engafinyelela kumamayela angama-200 ngasolwandle okuwukuthi umbuso wakhona unelungelo lokusebenzisa, ukuxhaphaza kanye nokugcina zonke izinsiza eziphilayo nezingaphili.
Ingxenye yabantu enhlanganweni abanikezwe igunya lokubhekana nemisebenzi esemqoka yenhlangano.
Umuntu onikezwe igunya lokuhambisa imigomo, amasu, njll.
Yigatsha likahulumeni elinikezwe igunya lokuhambisa umthetho.
Yinoma iyiphi inhlangano yezokuphatha enikezwe amandla okuphatha emsebenzini.
Umuntu noma abantu abanikezwe amandla omthetho angaphezulu kwawo wonke ukuba bahambise imigomo kahulumeni noma yesifunda.
Abantu abaqokiwe noma abakhethiwe emhlanganweni wesishayamthetho ukuba baphathe futhi babheke umsebenzi, umcimbi noma ukusetshenziswa komthetho.
Isikhungo esigunyazwe ngokusetshenziswa komthetho nemigomo.
Ihhovisi lokwazisa likamongameli wombuso elinikezwe igunya lokucwaninga ngenqubomgomo, ukunganakwa kweminyango yongqongqoshe kanye nokusebenza kwemiyalo kamongameli.
Ikhono lokusebenzisa nokuphoqelela umthetho.
Amandla okusebenzisa imithetho kanye nezinqubomgomo.
Izimo ezithile esikhungweni sezikhulu eziphoqelela ukuba isikhungo leso sithathe izinyathelo ezithile.
Umuntu ovinjelwe ukuba asuke endaweni ethile aye kwenye.
Umuntu osuka ezweni lakubo imbangela esikhathini esiningi kuba yisimo sezepolitiki noma sezokuhlalisana.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano eyisingeniso noma eyisiqalo sokubheka izixazululo.
Izingxoxo zangaphambili ezibanjwa ukuze kuqoqwe ulwazi kanye nokubheka izixazululo.
Uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho amandla aphakeme anikezelwe ezandleni zikamongameli ohhovisi lakhe lehlukile kusishayamthetho ngokwezepolitiki nangokwezomthethosisekelo.
Okuphathelene nesikhundla samandla noma senhlangano enamandla ngaphandle kwephalamende.
Kwezepolitiki kuchaza abantu abanemibono enzulu kanye nemizwa enenqubekela phambili mayelana nendima yombuso kwezomnotho, okuwukuthi akunampahla yangasese noma intengiso okumele ivunyelwe embusweni.
Kwezepolitiki kuchaza abantu abanomqondo onzulu, imibono edla ngoludala kanye nemizwa ephikisayo, oshumayela ngokuba kubuyelwe ezikhathini zangaphambili nezingcono.
1. Ubutha nokungezwani phakathi kwezingxenye nemiphakathi eyakhelene ngobubanzi bayo; kokunye kusho ukulwa phakathi kwezizwe zesigodi nemindeni embusweni othile. 2. Ukulwa okudalwa ukwehlukana phakathi kweqembu elithile lezepolitiki.
Umbuso onokulawula okuncane kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi oziphethe futhi owehlukayo ukugcina isithunzi sawo, amandla okuphatha, umthetho wangaphakathi ukulawula kanye nokusebenza kwezomnotho, isib. iSomalia ekupheleni kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili.
Igama leMarxist elivame ukusetshenziselwa ukufakazela isenzo sezepolitiki, esigqamisa ukuthi iqembu lezisebenzi liholelwe ophathe njengengezifiso, izimfuno nezidingo zalo kanye nokuthi alisoze laqonda izinkolelo zalo nezifiso zangempela ngaphandle kokuthi lilulekwe ngako.
Umbono wezepolitiki obambelele enkolweni ephikisana nokwenza ngengqondo, ukulwa, umbuso wobukhazikhazi, ukukhetheka, ukuhlanganiswa kombuso wonke kanye nokobuzwe bonke. Kaningi kuhambisana nombuso weMussolini eNtaliyane ngo 1922-1945.
Umuntu ozihlomulisa ngenxa yesikhundla esimbeka ethubeni lokuthola izinto eziningi kanye nemali okuyizinto ezingamfanele.
Imfundiso efundisa ngokuthi uhlelo lokuhlanganyela noma uhlobo lombuso luhambisana nendlela yokuhlela umbuso onezingxenye ezahlukahlukene kokunye onamaqembu abahlali ahlukahlukene.
Yizwe elibuswa ngohulumeni bezifunda abahlukene, uhulumeni ngamunye uba nokuzimela okuthile, isib odabeni olumayelana nezemfundo.
Ingxenye yezepolitiki eyakhelwe phezu kwezingenyana ezincanyana noma noma imibuso lapho amandla ombuso omkhulu ancishiswe ngendlela yokuthi abheka udaba lobuzwe ngokunezikhawulo njengenqubomgomo yezangaphandle nokuvikela kanti umbuso ngamunye ugcina izinga eliphakeme lokuzimela ezifundeni. Izibonelo yiMelika, Canada, Australia, India nombuthano weRiphabliki yaseJalimane. 
Umuntu owabelana futhi esikhathini esiningi oqhubela phambili imibono noma izinhloso zeqembu kodwa ongelona ilunga futhi ongavamile ukuzibandakanya emicimbini yalelo qembu.
Umbono kanye nenhlangano yezepolitiki ebhekise kupolitiki yezobulili, ubudlelwane bezamandla nokuphathelene nocansi ngokuba kugxekwe uhlelo lwezenhlalo olwenza kubuse abesilisa lapho abasilisa benamathuba ngaphezulu kwabezifazane kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulingana kwezobulili, amalungelo kanye nodaba oluthinta abesifazane.
1. Umthetho wezepolitiki owesekelwe ohlelweni lwamalungelo nemisebenzi okuya ngokuthi inhloko yezepolitiki ivumela izikhonzi (amakhosi omhlaba) zomhlaba ukuze ziyenzele imisebenzi ethile, njengokuyeseka kwezempi. Amakhosi omhlaba abuye abe namalungelo okwahlulela, entela nawokuphatha abangaphansi kwawo. 2. Embonweni weMarxist, kusho ukukhiqiza ngohlobo lokutshala.
Igatsha lezisebenzi zikahulumeni elinamandla embusweni.
Igama elihlanganise amazwe womhlaba anezimboni nangenabukhomanisi, kaningi abonwa kungamazwe aseNyakatho neMelika, intshanalanga yeYurophu, iJapan, Australia neNew Zealand.
Ukususwa ngenkani endaweni kungabi ngokuthanda kwakho futhi nangaphandle kokunikwa enye indlela ongayikhetha, kaningi okuvame ukuphetha ngodlame.
Ukwehlukaniswa ngempoqo phakathi kwamalunga obuhlanga obehlukahlukene.
Ingcendezi yesitha ngokusebenzisa ukwesabisa noma ukusebenzisa amandla ezempi.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zosizo ezivela kuyo yonke imingcele yemibuso.
Izinhloso eziqhutshelwa phambili ngamazwe abusayo lapho ebhekana namanye amazwe kanye nezindlela zokuwathola.
Ukuhleleka kohlobo lombuso kanye nesakhiwo sikahulumeni wawo, kokunye ongaba ngobumbene noma owokuhlanganyela.
Indawo yesishayamthetho, noma umhlangano lapho kwethulwa khona inkulumo noma kwenziwa okuphathelene nezohwebo.
1. Amazwe ahluphekayo e-Afrika, Asia nase Latin America. 2. Amaqembu omnsinsi wokuzimilela angamalwanga ngadlelathize aseqala ukuzihlela ngokwezepolitiki ebusweni bomhlaba wonke, isib. labo abavela kumeno waseNingizimu neMelika. 3. Amazwe "angomlahlelangaphandle" njenge Taiwan neNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kuka 1994.
Ilungelo lokuvota.
Uhlelo olusemthethweni lokusebenzisa ukukhetha kwezepolitiki ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwethonya elingadingekile, ukwesatshiswa noma udlame, kanye nokwethulwa kwemiphumela ngokuyikho nangokuyiqiniso.
Isimo sokuba ungaphathwa ngokuthanda kwabanye kanye nokuziphatha wena ngokwakho, ukwenza ngendlela ofuna ngayo kanye nelungelo lokuzimela.
Umbhalo oqukethe okumayelana namalungelo abantu eNingizimu Afrika; wavunywa yi-ANC ngonyaka ka-1955.
Umuntu olwela lokho akuthatha njengokucindezelayo kanye/noma uhulumeni obekwe ngokungemthetho, njengengxenye yokulwela inkululeko.
Ilungelo lokuveza imibono nezinkolelo ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa ngumbuso.
Ilungelo lokubhala noma ukushicilela amaphephandaba, amaphephabhuku, izincwadi, izincwajana nokunye okunjengalokho, kanye nokusakaza emoyeni ngaphandle kokungenelela noma ukugxambukela kombuso.
Ilungelo lokukhonza ngokwenkolelo yomuntu ngamunye ngaphandle kokugxambukela kombuso.
Umgomo wezomnotho omayelana nokuqhudelana kwezimakethe ngokungabophekile kanye nokungenelela okuncane kombuso kuzinqumo zezomnotho.
Ukushintshiselana ngempahla nemisebenzi phakathi kwamazwe okunenzuzo efanayo, ngaphandle kokunqunyezwa kwemali yokuthelisa kanye nenani lobuningi elibekiwe.
1. Indawo lapho kuphela khona ilizwe bese kuqala elinye. 2. Isifunda ekugcineni kwendawo okuhlalwa kuyo ezweni.
Abaholi baseMozambique, eTanzania, nase-Angola ababesekela ukulwelwa kwenkululeko okwakubhekiswe kohulumeni bendawo eyayibizwa iRhodesia kanye nowaseNingizimu Afrika.
Amalungelo ayisisekelo abo bonke abantu njengoba aphawuliwe, isibonelo uMqulu wamaLungelo eNhlangano yeZizwe, njengelungelo lokuhlonishwa kanye nelungelo lokuvota.
(FQQ).Zonke izinhlelo zokufunda nokuqeqesha eziholela ekutholweni kweziqu ezingaphezulu kwezinga lemfundo jikelele kodwa ezingaphansi kwemfundo ephakeme.
Umbuso obuswa yizigebengu noma obuswa ngemigomo yezigebengu.
Isimo sokuba ngowesilisa noma owesifazane.
Inhlangano okuhloswe ngayo ekubekeni impilo endaweni ekahle kanye nasekunikezeleni ngokulinganayo kwabesifazane. Lokhu kusuke kwenziwa ngenhloso yokwenza ithonya elithile kwezepolitiki, ezomnotho kanye nasohlangothini lwezokuhlalisana komphakathi.
Incazelo yesakhiwo senkambiso nokhondolo lokuhlalisana ngokwezindima zabesilisa nabesifazane.
Uhlelo lapho bonke abavoti bombuso bezibandakanya khona ekukhetheni abazobamela ngokuba babe nguhulumeni.
1. Rousseau: Isinqumo esibumbene sabo bonke abantu embusweni esibhekela kuphela izinto ezinhle zawo wonke umphakathi kungafaki phakathi izifiso ezibhekela umuntu ngamunye. 2. Incazelo jikelele: Intshisekelo, izifiso noma okuthandwa yiningi lamalunga omphakathi.
Ukwakha kabusha nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ezacekelwa phansi ukuze zihambisane namaqophelo amazinga aphakathi kaningi okwadalwa ukungahlaliswa kahle kwabahlali bezinga eliphansi.
1. Abantu bezinga lenhlalo eliphezulu. 2. Labo abangaphansi kwesithunzi sobuntu.
1. Ithonya izimo zezindawo ezinalo kupolitiki yamazwe omhlaba, njengendawo, ubukhulu, izinsiza zemvelo, incasiselo yesimo sendawo kanye nesimo sezwe sombuso; isib. iBrithani njengombuso ozimele wodwa ibe sesimweni esihle uma ibhekana nokuhlaselwa ngamazwe angaphandle. 2. ukuhlaziya ezepolitiki, ezomlando nezokuhlalisana uma kubhekwa izingxenye zesimo sendawo.
Uhlelo lokuhlanganisa izigodi zabavoti besifunda ngenjongo yokuba kuzuze iqembu elithile lezepolitiki.
1. Indawo embi yedolobhakazi ehlala abantu abancishwe amathuba kwezokuhlalisana nakwezomnotho. 2. Kuqala kwakusho indawo lapho amaJuda ayephoqelelwe ukuhlala khona.
Isisebenzi esingekho kodwa okukhishwa ihholo laso ngokungemthetho.
Okuphathelene noma okuthinta umhlaba wonke, isib. umnotho wamazwe omhlaba, ubuphekula bomhlaba wonke.
Ukuphathwa ngendlela enokuzwana kodaba nezinhlelo ezibalulekile kanye nalokho okuyizikhalazo zawo wonke amazwe.
Uhlelo lwamazwe omhlaba wonke, umnotho wawo kanye nokuxhumana kwawo okunomthelela emandleni nasemnothweni wawo wonke amazwe.
Imizamo yokwandisa amandla kanye nethonya ebudlelwaneni bamazwe omhlaba ngokusebenzisa ukuhamba okuvamile okusemthethweni ukuvakashela amanye amazwe okwenziwa yizithunywa zikahulumeni.
Ubunyoninco bokuphatha umbuso; uhlelo lokuhola, ukulawula nokuphatha indawo; kanye nokubhekana nomphakathi kuzinqumo ezithethwe.
1. Iqembu lokuhlalisana okuthathelwa kulo labo abasebenzisa amandla. 2. Embonweni weMarxist, izinga labantu abaphethe izindlela zokukhiqiza.
Iqembu labantu abaqokelwe noma abakhethelwe ukuphatha izindaba zombuso.
Iqembu labantu abakhethelwe noma abaqokelwe ukuba balawule ezikhundleni zokuphatha, kusishayamthetho noma ezingeni lokweluleka.
Abathile abambalwa abaphethe ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ezepolitiki emphakathini.
Iqembu elibusa ezweni noma endaweni ethile yezepolitiki.
Imisebenzi kahulumeni ebhekene nokungumthetho, imisebenzi ephezulu kanye nokushaya umthetho. Igama lokusetshenziswa eMelika libuye lisho abasebenzi bomphakathi.
Isigungu esiphezulu kwezokuphathwa kwezwe.
Inhlangano esungulelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile kuhulumeni wezwe.
Uhlelo lukahulumeni noma wezifunda olusemthethweni olunezinhlelo zemisebenzi ephakeme kanye namandla okuphatha anikezwa izikhulu zezepolitiki.
Uhulumeni obusa noma ozitshela ukuthi ubusa endaweni yawo, wona ungekho kuyo, kaningi ezimweni ezingavamile, njengasempini noma empini yasekhaya lapho uhulumeni udingiswa noma uzidingisa ngokuthanda uye ezweni elinobungani.
Ukugxambukela kwahulumeni ezindabeni zezomnotho nezenhlalo njengokulawulwa kwezimakethe kanye nasezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.
Inhloko yombuso emele umbuso waseBrithani kwamanye amazwe eCommonwealth, isib. eCanada nase-Australia.
Ukutholakala kwemali, amandla nokuphatheka kahle ngezindlela ezingethembeki, kaningi ngokubheka isimo somthetho esingesihle ngaleso sikhathi.
Izinqubomgomo ezimqoka zobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika, isib. ukusungulwa kwezindawo zabantu abansundu, okuphambana nezinkambiso eziyize ezivamile njengokuhlala komphakathi ngokwehlukana. 
Indlela yokwedlulisela ngokungekho emthethweni ulwazi noma izinsolo ngokuzisusa emuntwini oyedwa ziye komunye.
Yilawo malungu omphakathi angenazikhundla futhi esikhathini esinigni kuba yilawo angahlelekile ngokwanele, kodwa angaba nethonya elithile kwezepolitiki.
Isikhundla esithile esibeka umuntu ezingeni lokuba athole izinto ezithile kanye nemali okuyizinto ezingatholwa ngabanye ngendlela yokuthi umphakathi uze uphikisane nalokho.
Umbuso okleliswe namanye amazwe anamandla amakhulu ohlelweni lwesimo sezwe, okugqanyiswa ethonyeni lawo emazweni amancane.
Imfundiso egcizelela ukubaluleka nokugcinwa kwezinto zemvelo.
Indawo yokuhlala emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika okuhlala kuyo abantu bombala ongaphezulu kowodwa.
Imfundisoze engagaguli umthombo wayo.
Indawo ebekelwe kuphela iqembu lobuhlanga elithile njengengxenye yenqubomgomo kahulumeni wobandlulo yokwehlukanisa abantu ngokwezindawo zokuhlala.
Udaba olwenza iqembu lonke labantu lizuze olubuye lunikeze isisusa sezinyathelo zeqembu.
Yilezo zinto iqembu elinokuzifuna ngokusemthethweni njengokumele lizithole, njengelungelo lemfundo yalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kolimi lwalo.
Ilungu lombutho wezempi ongajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi umbutho olwa namabutho ahlelekile nasemthethweni.
Impi lapho umbutho wezempi udlala khona indima engavamile, neyande ngokomdabu.
Ukusebenza kwezempi nempi ehambisanayo, ikakhulukazi engavumelekile, eyenziwa ngokubanjwa kwezitha noma ngezindawo eziyizitha okwenziwa ngamabutho angavamile, nawande ngokusebenzisa komdabu.
Okuvame ukusebenzisa umkhumbi wempi ukwenza umbuso wangaphandle ugobele ukuxoxisana ngobungcweti; ukwandiswa kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kobungcweti ngokuba kwesatshiswe ngokungenelela kombutho wezempi, ikakhulukazi okwenziwa izwe elinamandla kulelo elinamandla antengantengayo.
Ukungagxambukeli, ikakhulukazi kwinqubomgomo yangaphandle.
Ipolitiki eyesekelwe kuzinqubomgomo zenkani kanye nokuqhubeka ngokubambelela ngokuqinisela ezenzweni zayo.
Umuntu onemibono eqinile, ongenakho ukubekezela ezimweni ezidinga ukubekezelelana.
Oklebe, leli gama lisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezepolitiki ukuchaza labo abasebenzisa indlela enzima ekuxazululeni izinkinga zezepolitiki. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi izenzo zeningi ezinodlame phakathi, ukulwa ngezikhali noma umbutho wezempi ohlelekile. Igama lamajuba lona libhekiswe kulabo abakholelwa ekutheni akudingekile ukusebenzisa indluzula. Bavame ukuzwana nalabo ababhikisha ngaphandle kodlame, abasebenzisa ubuhlakani obukhulu kanye nendlela enokuthula ekuxazululeni izinkinga.
Umuntu onamadla okugcina amakhulu embusweni, isib. undunankulu owengamele ikhabinethi.
Umuntu onamadla okugcina amakhulu embusweni, isib. undunankulu owengamele ikhabinethi.
Isithunywa esisezingeni eliphakeme esimele amazwe eCommonwealth kwamanye amazwe eCommonwealth. Bheka futhi inxusa.
Umhlali waseNingizimu Afrika obengenalungelo lokuvota okhethweni lukazwelonke ngaphambi kokusungulwa komthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1983 noma umthethosisekelo ka-1993 noma ongowesifazane noma okhubazekile.
Noma yimuphi umuntu, izinga labantu noma lomphakathi oncishwe amathuba ngokubandlululwa okwenzelelayo ngaphambi kokuqala kokusebenza komthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika (Umthetho ka-1993 unombolo 200).
Umuntu obanjwe ngokungemthetho kungabi ngokuthanda kwakhe, lokhu kuya ngokuzibophezela noma ukunikezwa kwesiqiniseko ngabombutho walowo obanjiwe ukuthi bazogcina lokho okufunwa ngabathumbi, lokhu kuba yikhona okwenza othunjiwe akhululwe.
Imfundiso lapho umbuso ugodla khona amalungelo okuphendula ngendluzula ngokulandela ezithendeni lowo oweqa umthetho wendawo yawo ngokungenanhlonipho, uze ufinyelele endaweni yombuso okhoselise lowo oweqe umthetho kumbe ovumela ukuhamba kwakhe ukuze kubanjwe leso siboshwa noma kushatshalaliswe lowo oyiseqamthetho.
Amalungelo angenakuphucwa okumele bonke abantu babe nawo ngenxa yokuthi bangabantu.
Imibono egcwele nenobunjalo obungaguquki mayelana nezepolitiki, ezomnotho nezokuhlalisana eyenganyelwe yiqembu labantu (iqembu, uhulumeni, inhlangano yenkululeko), futhi eba yisisekelo sesenzo sezepilitiki esihlelekile. Izibonelo kungaba ukukhululeka kumalungelo, ukuphathwa kwezinto nguhulumeni, ezobulili besifazane nobukhomanisi.
Umuntu osuka aye kwelinye ilizwe afike ahlale khona, angahloniphi imithetho yalelo zwe ephathelene nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.
Kuqala kwakuyinhlanganiso ebizwa umholi wendabuko wesizwe njengenkosi ngenjongo yokuzoxoxisana neziswe ngodaba olusemqoka oluthinta isizwe.
Inkululeko noma ukuba ungaphoqelelwa ukwenza okuthile noma ungajeziswa; kungabi ngenxa yemisebenzi noma izimo ezithile. Esinye sezibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu ukuholoywa ngobungcweti.
Icala lokungaziphathi kahle elethweswa isikhulu somnyango womphakathi, isib. umongameli waseMelika.
Umgomo wokufuna ukwandiselwa amandla, ukuphatha noma izifunda zombuso ngenjongo yokuqhubekisela phambili izimfuno zalowo mbuso.
Umuntu onikezela ngolwazi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yiqembu lakhe, esikhathinini esiningi kuba yilokho okuphathelene nokuphepha, isib ukuthengisa ngeqembu eliphikisa umbuso.
Umhlangano okudingidwa kuwo udaba olusemqoka.
Umbuso onenkululeko yokuzimela ungaphathwa ngomunye umbuso futhi ohlonishwa ngumhlaba wonke njengombuso ozimele.
Ukuthola inkululeko yokungasaphathwa amazwe angaphandle kanye nokuhlonishwa umhlaba wonke njengombuso ozimele.
Yilokho okungokokudabuka noma okukhiqizwa kulelo zwe noma kuleso sifunda.
Ukwanda ngokushesha ekufikeni kwabantu abaningi endaweni ethile, njengalabo abazofuna imisebenzi emadolobheni amakhulu noma izivakashi ezweni.
Ukuhlala kwabantu ngokungekho emthethweni endaweni engalungiselelwanga ukuhlala futhi engenazo izidingongqangi ezinjengamanzi okuphuza, ugesi kanye nezinhlelo zokuphilisa umuzi; kuvame ukwenzeka ngasemaphethelweni amadolobha futhi kwande ngezakhiwo ezingakhiwanga kahle kanye nokungabi namthetho.
Umuntu oveza ngokuyinhloso emaphoyiseni noma embuthweni wezokuphepha ulwazi olumayelana nabantu noma imicimbi ayibona njengenokusolisa, kaningi ukwenza lokhu ngenhloso yokuklonyeliswa ngemali.
Ingxenye yedolobhakazi endala, egcwele kakhulu ngabantu kokunye entulayo.
Iqoqa lokuthile okubuthaniswe ndawonye, imisebenzi kanye nobudlelwane ngenjongo yokuqhubekisela phambili inhloso ethile, imvamisa eyakhiwe ngokuhlelekile. Izibonelo, izinkantolo, umnyango wemisebenzi kahulumeni noma uhulumeni wesifunda.
Uhlobo lokuvukela umbuso ngempi oluziveza ngobushokobezi, ngomphedukezelo nangokungqubuzana kwezempi kwangaphakathi nakuyo yonke imingcele yezwe.
Isenzo noma isimo sokuvukela obala uhulumeni okhethwe ngokusemthethweni.
Iqembu noma umuntu okhombisa intshisekelo noma ukuthinteka odabeni oluthile.
Inhlangano yabantu esemthethweni abanokhondolo, indlela okubhekwa ngayo izinto, izinkolelo nezinhloso ezifanayo bese bezama ukufaka ithonya lokuba imigomo yomphakathi ihlangabezane nezimpokophelo zabo.
Inqubomgomo kanye nemithetho yezepolitiki esemqoka yesikhashana nephakathi okuholwa ngayo umbuso futhi esebenza kuze kubhalwe umthethosisekelo omusha, isib. eNingizimu Afrika ngo 1993.
Ukufaka etilongweni abahlali abayizitha, abanye abahlali bangaphandle kanye nabahlali balowo mbuso abathathwa ngokuthi bayingozi ekuphepheni kwesizwe, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sempi.
Umbuso okhishelwa ngaphandle ekuzibandakanyeni ezindabeni ezithinta umhlaba wonke.
Umbutho wezempi oqukethe izingxenye zombuso ongaphezulu kowodwa futhi osebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile yomhlaba bese yethulwa endaweni ukuze ivimbele ukuqhubeka kokulwa phakathi kwemibutho yabalwayo kuleyo ndawo.
Isifundo esiphathelene nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe aphethwe ngumbuso kuyo yonke imingcele yombuso, kufaka phakathi ubudlelwane kwezombusazwe bamazwe wonke, umthetho wamazwe wonke kanye nobudlelwane bamazwe wonke kwezomnotho.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe aphethwe ngumbuso kuyo yonke imingcele yombuso, kufaka phakathi ubudlelwane kwezombusazwe bamazwe wonke, umthetho wamazwe wonke kanye nobudlelwane bamazwe wonke kwezomnotho.
Ukungezwani okuba phakathi kwamazwe okungaba ngezingxa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.
Izidubedube ezaziwa kakhulu zamaPhalestina lapho ayekhalazela ukungena kwamaSirayeli ezindaweni ezazikhalazelwa, ikakhulukazi ukusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1987.
Ivoti elingahambisani nemigomo ebekwe ngokomthetho ngalokho alibalwa.
Ivoti elingahambisani nemigomo ebekwe ngokomthetho.
Iqembu labantu abahlomile abangeyona ingxenye yombutho wezempi noma wamaphoyisa ojwayelekile.
Udaba olubucayi oludinga isisombululo.
Udaba olulwelwa ngamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu; izinga lokuphikisana.
Impi engcwele yama-Islamu ethathwa njengokuthi iwubizo lwenkolo.
Izinqubomgomo nezinkambiso okuhloswe ngazo ukwandisa imisebenzi, isib. Izinhlelo zemisebenzi kahulumeni.
Ukuvimbela izingxenye ezithile zemisebenzi zibekelwe amaqembu obuhlanga noma ubuzwe obuthile.
1. Ukuhlolwa kwesibili okwenziwa ngamajaji, isib. Kwezinqubo zezinkantolo ezisezingeni eliphansi. 2. Imfundiso yomthethosisekelo enikeza inkantolo amandla okuchitha umthetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezitholwe ngamajaji zingahambisani nomthethosisekelo.
Igatsha likahulumeni eliphathelene nokuphathwa kwezomthetho, izinkantolo zomthetho kanye nezinqumo zamajaji.
Amajaji nomantshi bombuso njengesikhungo esiyimbumba.
Iqembu labantu, elivame ukuba nezikhulu zezempi, eziba namandla emva kokuvukela umbuso noma emva kokuketula umbuso.
Impi ethathwa ngokuthi ifanele uma ibhekwa ngasohlangothini lwezokuziphatha.
Iqembu langaphakathi elingahlelekile labeluleki benhloko yombuso, kaningi kodwa lingabandakanyi kuphela amalunga ekhabinethi ehlelekile.
Inani selilonke labasebenzi abakhona.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni, izinyunyana zabasebenzi, abasebenzi kanye nabaqhashi.
Umbuso obonakala njengomlandeli ocebediselayo wobuholi phakathi kwezizwe.
Uhlaka lwezomnotho oluphakamisa inkululeko egcwele kwezokuhwebelana, ngaphandle kokugxambukela kombuso kanye nezimakethe eziphoqelela ukuqinisa ekwethuleni nasekufuneni.
Umongameli othathwa njengongasenakhono njengoba esesesikhathini sokugcina sokuphatha, esikhathini esiphakathi kokhetho kanye nokubekwa kwalowo ozomlandela.
Ukungena ngokungemthetho emhlabeni onomnini wawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingamafama okufinyelelekayo kuzo.
Ukuphikisana mayelana nobunini bomhlaba, kufaka phakathi, ukufuna ukubuyiselwa komhlaba okwenziwa yimiphakathi eyasuswa abayiziphathimandla, abaphethe bezizwe noma ukuphatha ngokungaphikiswa, ukwesatshiswa ngokwenza okungekho emthethweni kanye nezikhalazo ezimayelana nomthetho ohlongozwayo kanye nesincephezelo kubanini bangaleso sikhathi, eBrazil, eNingizimu Afrika naseTaiwan.
Izenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukuhlelwa kabusha kobunini bomhlaba.
Ukunqoba ngokuthola amavoti abantu abaningi.
Uhlelo lokuqasha indawo ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe kodwa loyo oqashayo angabi ngumnini.
1. Iqembu lamasoshiyali. 2. Ingxenye yobuliberali enkulu yeqembu elilodwa. Leli gama laqala enkambisweni yephalamende yase France, lapho labo abasabambelele kokudala behlala ngakwesokudla sesikhulu esengamele, abangadlulisile bephakathi nendawo kanti abanomqondo wokulungisa bengasokunxele.
Ukuhambisana nomthetho noma ukuvunyelwa ngumthetho.
Yigatsha likahulumeni elinikwe umsebenzi wokwenza imithetho egunyazayo nengalandelwa eyenzelwe umphakathi.
Isikhungo esihlelekile esihlonyiswe ngokuba senze imithetho yengxenye yepolitiki.
Inkolelo esabalele kakhulu yokuthi umholi wezepolitiki noma uhulumeni unelungelo lokubusa ngobuqotho nangokomthetho ngalokho kumele ahlonishwe. Phinda ubheke ukuvunyelwa ngumthetho.
Ukunikeza wonke amaqembu abandakanyekayo amathuba alinganayo kanye namalungelo alinganayo.
Umbono oqhubekisela phambili ukubekezelelana, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokugxambukela kancane kombuso kwezomnotho.
Ubunjalo bengaphandle beqembu elilwela inkululeko.
Ezimweni zokuphatha ngokwepolitiki, iqembu elakhelwe phezu kwalokho okwaziwayo elilwela inkululeko kulabo abanamandla noma ababusayo abakhethekile.
Imizamo eyedlulele yokukhulula abantu abacindezelwe ngokwepolitiki.
Imfundiso efundisa ukuthi ubuKrestu abuphathelananga nokusindiswa komuntu oyedwa kuphela, kodwa kumayelana nenkululeko kanye nokukhululeka kwabacindezelwe kwezepolitiki, kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho.
Ukukhombisa intshisekelo yokuvota ngendlela ethile, kodwa bese ukhetha enye ngosuku lokuvota.
Umsebenzi onomthelela ngqo kumiphula yenhlangano.
Isu lokuxoxisana ezingxoxweni zezepolitiki lapho kuhlanganiswa khona izindaba ezehlukahlukene, kwenziwe isivumelwano esisodwa esincike esivumelwaneni esimayelana nezinye.
Imizamo eyenziwa yiqembu elithile yokuba bazuzele ngasohlangothini lwabo abenzi bemigomo ngenhloso yokuthola umphumela othile.
Isikhungo esiqukethe abantu abakhethiwe nabathola iholo abaphethe uhulumeni ezingeni labahlali bendawo kanye nabomasipala.
Igatshana elingaphansi kukahulumeni elimayelana nokuphatha izingxenye ezithile zasekhaya ezinjengamadolobhana namadolobhakazi.
Yisejwayezi sokusebenzisana phakathi kwabezombusazwe okufaka phakathi ukusizana ngenhloso yokuzuza okuthile nhlangothi zombili.
Induna kwezepolitiki noma ilungu leqembu elingafuni ukulawulwa futhi elingaba yisisusa somonakalo ongahloswanga eqenjini lalo.
Ithosi yenhloko yombuso ngesikhathi sesidlo santambama esisemthethweni.
Igama lomdabu lalowo owayengumongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uNelson Mandela.
Inqubo yasephalamende lapho iningi linamandla okulawula ngokugcwele futhi lingabelani amandla nawozakwalo ababumbene nalo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuya ngentando yeningi.
Iqembu labantu abaqokelwe noma abakhethelwe ukuphatha umsebenzi noma iphrojekthi ethile.
Izwi elinokuphoqelela phakathi elivela kophethe; kungabuye kusho imvume yokumela omunye esikhundleni; amandla anikezwa labo abavotelwe ephalemende.
Abalandeli lapho ukweseka kanye nemiphumela yamavoti amaqembu amakhulu kucishe kulingane.
Ingxenye yabahlali ababonwa njengabangabalulekile nabangenasizo.
Inkantolo enekhono elifanele lokubhekana nezindaba eziphathelene nezimo zasolwandle.
Ukufakwa kombuso wempi esikhundleni salowo ojwayelekile, lokhu kwenzeka ngenkathi umbuso ojwayelekile ungasasebenzi kahle. Ababusi bezempi babonakala njengabantu abanamandla okugcina ukuthula ngezindlela ezinesihlungu.
Umbono owaqalwa ngu Carl Marx owesekelwe enkolweni yalokho okuphathelene nezomlando, ukuguquguquka kwezilimi zesigodi kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuhlaziywa kwamazinga.
Isimemezelo sokwakha ngokubambisana.
Ukwenza iningi labantu babe nobukhuphe ngezinhloso noma izimbangela ezithile zezepolitiki.
Uhlelo lwezokuhlalisana kwezepolitiki lapho abesifazane bedlala indima esemqoka.
Yilowo oba ngumlamuli lapho kunokuphikisana khona obuye azame ukusiza amaqembu aphikisanayo ukuba afinyelele kusisombululo abavumelana ngaso.
Idolobhakazi nezindawo ezingamaphethelo alo elithathwa njengendawo enkulu elinabahlali abevile ezigidini eziyishumi.
Indawo enkulu kakhulu ebandakanya amadolobhakazi namadolobha ahlukahlukene, njengo Boston-Washington neRio de Janeiro–Sao Paolo.
Isotsha eliqeqeshiwe eliqashisa ngomsebenzi walo kwelinye izwe langaphandle noma inhlangano ngenhloso yokukhokhelwa.
Umbekelelo wezenhlalo obekwa phakathi kombekelelo womphakathi ophezulu nophansi, ohlakeni lweMarxist leli gama libhekise kumabhujwa.
Inkambiso yokuthola ukuthelelana amanzi phakathi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki angenele ukhetho kanye namaqembu anentshisekelo, ukunqandwa kokukhulu.
1. Abasebenzi abasuka emakhaya abo, esikhathini esiningi bavela ezindaweni zasemakhaya bayofuna umsebenzi kwezinye izindawo ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu. 2. Abasebenzi besikhashana nabangaqeqeshiwe abahamba ngezikhathi zonyaka ukuyofuna umsebenzi wesikhashana.
Ukuphakanyiswa kwamandla kanye nomqondo wempi.
Isenzo sombuso noma seqembu esiyinhloso sokwethula umboso wezempi kwimbangela yengxabano ekhona.
Umbutho wesikhashana wabahlali abanokuqeqeshwa okuthile kwezempi, abongeza embuthweni wezempi okhona ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
Abavoti abangabheki izinhlangothi zonke ngobuhlakani kanye nemiphumela yokwenza kwabo ngaphambi kokuba bathathe izinqumo zabo.
Yinhloko emnyangweni kahulumeni.
Ingxenye yokuziphatha nokuchaza ngokomthetho kukangqongqoshe okwenziwa endlini yesishayamthetho.
1. Ihhovisi likangqongqoshe. 2. Umnyango kahulumeni. 3. eBrithani: ikhabinethi kandunankulu.
Iqembu labantu abonganyelwe yizimpawu ezifanayo noma yizifiso ezehlukile kulezo zeningi labahlali, isib. Mayelana nezobuhlanga, umbono noma ezamasiko.
Amalungelo eqembu elithile elihluke ngendlela enokubaluleka, isibonelo kwezobuhlanga noma kwezepolitiki, eqenjini elikhulu lelo qembu eliyingxenye yalo.
Amandla omuntu ngamunye noma weqembu elincane okuphendula isinqumo somkhandlu omkhulu osemthethweni.
Isenzo sokuthatha okuthile ngokungekho emthethweni, ikakhulukazi imali ngenhloso engeyona yalokho okugunyazelwe yona.
Ukuphathwa komsebenzi othile ngokungafanele.
Ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo okwenziwa abantu abaningi okuvame ukufaka phakathi ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla ngokungenangqondo.
Umbuso oholwa ngumholi wozalo, njengenkosi enamandla asukulela kulawo omuntu oyedwa ukuya kulawo womthethosisekelo.
Ukuhambisa izimali emabhange noma kumithombo ephakathi ukuze kusitheke imvelaphi yayo.
Isikhathi sokumiswa okwesikhashana kwesibopho kuze kube yilapho kwenziwe khona amalungiselelo anelisayo okuthi kungaqhutshekwa naleso sibopho.
Isiphakamiso esenziwa ngokusemthethweni kusishayamthetho ukuthi igatsha noma isikhungo esithile siyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi waso ngokuyimfanelo.
Isiphakamiso esenziwa ngokusemthethweni kusishayamthetho ukuthi igatsha noma isikhungo esithile siyehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi waso ngokuyimfanelo.
Abantu namaqembu abahlangene ndawonye ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa noma ukuzuza okuthile abakufunayo; lokhu kungabuye kusho izenzo ezihlelekile zalelo qembu.
Usopolitiki eMelika ohlala esesimweni sokungakhethi cala odabeni olwehlukanisa abantu phakathi.
Izishoshovu ZamaMuslemu ezilwela inkolo ye-Islamu, isib e-Afghanistan nase-Iran.
1. Ubudlelwano bamazwe omhlaba ukuthi izehlakalo, izinqumo kanye nemigomo kumele kwesekelwe ekuhlanganyeleni kwemiphakathi yamazwe wonke, ikakhulukazi izikhungo ezifana nenhlangano yezizwe. 2. Ubudlelwano kwezokuhwebelana nakweminye imikhakha okuba phakathi kwamazwe angaphezulu kwamabili ngaphandle kokucwasana ngemvelaphi noma indawo futhi kungabhekwa nesikhala esikhona kubukhulu bezinto okuhwetshelwana ngazo phakathi kwawo.
Ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezizwe noma amaqembu amathathu noma ngaphezulu.
Uhlelo lapho umthethosisekelo unikezela khona ukubandakanywa kwamaqembu ezepolotiki amakhulu namancane.
Uhlelo lapho amaqembu amaningi azibandakanya khona ekuphathweni kombuso.
Isikhungo esiphethe umasipala.
Uhlobo lohulumeni wendawo obhekene nezindaba eziphathelene nomasipala obuye futhi usebenze kulezo zindawo ezingaphansi kwalowo masipala.
Idolobhakazi, idolobha noma isifunda esinikezwe amandla okuziphatha ngokulandela imigomo ethile yaleyo ndawo; kanye nezikhungo eziphethe.
Isikhulu esiphezulu somasipala.
Umbuso ogxambukela ngokwedlulele ekuziphatheni kwangasese kwabahlali bawo, isib. Ukunikezela ngezinto zezenhlalakahle kodwa kubekwe ngokubanzi imibandela okumele kuhlangatshezanwe nayo ukuze kutholakale lolo sizo.
Uhlelo oluvamile oluhleliwe lapho abavoti bombuso abanelungelo lokuvota bekhetha abazophatha.
Ukuxhaswa ngumbuso ukuze kwenziwe iphrojekthi noma njengokwesekela okuya kumkhandlu wesifunda noma kuhulumeni wasekhaya.
Yilokho okubonakala kuyinzuzo ekuvikeleni kwamagugu asemqoka wesizwe.
Wenza kube ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngumbuso, isib. Umhlaba noma izimboni.
Umbono wezepolitiki owenza isizwe sibe ngumgomo osemqoka wepolitiki nomphakathi.
Isimo sokuba ngaphansi kombuso othile ngokwemvelaphi, uzalo noma kwemvelo.
Ukukhonjwa nokwesekwa kwezindlela ezizokwandisa uxolo futhi zakhe nokwethembana, kanye nokungenelela ezimweni zokungalingani kwangaphambili emva kokuba isimo sokuphikisana phakathi kwabantu sesidlulile.
Imibandela yezepolitiki kazwelonke neyomhlaba wonke ehambisana nokuvikelwa noma ukwandiswa kwezinto zesizwe eziyigugu ngokungahambisani nobutha obukhona nobungaqubuka. Lawa magugu ayimigomo esemqoka okwesekelwe kuwo ubukhona bezepolitiki, ezenhlalo nezokubonakalayo kombuso.
Umbono wezepolitiki, owaqhutshekiswa ngu Hitler ngo-1922 - 1945, Owande ngokuphatha kombuso kuphela nya, ubukhulu bamaJalimani, ukuqubuka kwezimpi ezinkulu okulwa ne Semitism, ukwanda kobuhlanga kanye nokuhlaselwa kombuso ngabashokobezi.
Uhlelo lokuhlanganisa umphakathi owehlukene lapho amasiko namaqembu emiphakathi ehlangana ndawonye abe yinyanda eyodwa; ukwakha ukuzazi kwabantu kanye nokwethembeka embusweni wezwe lonke, isib njengaseNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika.
Umbuso lapho abahlali bonke bezizwa beyingxenye yamasiko ombuso owodwa; umbuso wabahlali abanamasiko afanayo.
Ukubulawa okungekho emthethweni ngokuba ugaxwe ithayi elivuthayo, kususelwa ezikhathini zezidubedube zawo-1980 eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukufinyelela kusivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu athintekayo ezimweni zenguquko ukusukela ohlotsheni oluthile lohulumeni ukuya kolunye, isib. Ukuba nentando yeningi eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukuba osesikhundleni athathe uhlangothi lwalowo oyisihlobo sakhe, isib ukuqasha umuntu emsebenzini kungabi ngenxa yekhono analo.
Isinqumo sezepolitiki sokungazibandakanyi kanye nokungathathi cala nemibuso engezwani.
Amalungelo nemisebenzi esemthethweni yokwala ukuthatha icala ngesikhathi sokuxabana ngendlela yokuhloma.
Umbuso osebenzisa inqubo yokuhlala kwelemfene.
Umbono kanye nezinhlelo okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa izwekazi lase-Afrika; lo mbono waqalwa ngumongameli Mbeki waseNingizimu Afrika.
Indawo elawulwa yizigelekeqe noma abashokobezi bavimbele iminyakazo ejwayelekile ngendlela yokuthi amaphoyisa noma umbutho ohlomile ungene kuyo ngokusebenzisa amandla.
Umthethosisekelo ongalandelwa.
Ukuphakamisa igama lomuntu njengalowo omela ukhetho lwesikhundla esithile.
Isivumelwano esisemthethweni phakathi kwamazwe sokuba angahlaselani noma angeseki izenzo zamazwe noma izinhlangano eziyizitha ezibhekiswe ezweni eliyingxenye yesivumelwano leso.
Ukungazibandakanyi kwezempi, embonweni noma ekubambisaneni okunobungcweti phakathi kwezinkunzi ezingezwani ezinamandla emhlabeni wonke.
Iqembu lamazwe aqhuba umgomo wokungavuni cala lalelo qembu eliphethe. Le nhlangano yaqanjwa ngesikhathi sempi iCold War emhlanganweni wamazwe ase-Afro-Asia eBandung, e-Indonesia ngonyaka ka-1955.
Isimo sombuso sokungazibandakanyi ekulweni.
Umhlali wezwe langaphandle ongatholi amalungelo atholwa abahlali baleyo ndawo.
Umhlali ngesikhathi sempi noma ilunga noma ingxenye yombutho wezempi omsebenzi wawo ungabandakanyi ukulwa, njengomfundisi wamabutho, udokotela ohlinzayo noma umkhumbi oyisibhedlela.
Isimo sengqondo seqembu labantu sokuba bangakhokheli imisebenzi abahlinzekelwa yona abasebenzi bombuso, esikhathini esiningi kuhambisana nokungalandeli imithetho kwabahlali.
Umuntu ongenabo, olahlekelwe noma owenqatshelwa ubuyena ngempoqo (isib. umJuda ngempi yesibili yomhlaba) noma owephucwa ngempoqo amalungelo akhe ayisisekelo sobuntu.
Umgomo wokuthi ubuhlanga akusona sisekelo sokwakha umehluko phakathi kwabantu.
Ukuphikisa noma ukuveza izikhalazo ngendlela enokuthula.
Ukulahla kombuso indlela yokulwa ngezikhali zenuzi empini ngokuba lowo mbuso unciphise izikhali zawo zenuzi kancane kancane noma ngokuphelele.
Amandla atholakala ekusebenzeni kwenuzi njengomphumela wokuklatshwa noma wokuncibilikisa.
Ukungabi nezikhali zenuzi, ukuzakha noma imikhiqizo yazo.
Umbuso onezikhali zenukliyasi kanye namandla anele okuzisebenzisa.
Ukwanda ngezinga eliphakeme lezikhali zenuzi kanye/noma inani lamazwe anezikhali ezinjalo.
Izwe elinezikhali zenuzi kanye nekhono lokuzisabalalisa; kanye nezwe elikhiqiza amandla enuzi ngenhloso yokungalwi.
Ukuchitha izimali ezintweni ezisemqoka ezinjengezindlu kanye nokudla.
Ezepolitiki ezisetshenziswa ngendlela okuhloswe ngayo ukuvimbela izenzo zeqembu eliphikisayo kunokuba lelo qembu eliphethe linikeze izinhlelo zalo ezakhayo.
Umbutho wezempi olwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho kanye nokuphatha okugcwele endaweni yomunye umbuso.
Indawo ephethwe ngamasotsha ezempi akwelinye ilizwe.
Isikhundla ngokwamandla, ikakhulukazi esikhungweni esithile; kokunye kusho isikhundla esimayelana nemisebenzi ethile.
Umuntu owengamele isikhundla ehhovisi lomphakathi.
1. Igama elihlanganisa izikhulu noma izisebenzi zikahulumeni. 2. Ukuziphatha kwezikhulu ngobulukhuni zilandela imigomo nezinqubo ezisemthethweni.
Ulimi olusemthethweni olusetshenziswa emiqulwini yomthetho livame ukusebenza ngokusithekile.
Umbuso osezindleni zabayingcosana.
Isikhulu esiqokelwe ukulalela siphinde siphenye ngezikhalazo zabantu eziphathelene nokungaphathwa kahle noma ukungathembeki okwenziwa yizikhungo nezikhulu zomphakathi.
Umbuso lapho iqembu elilodwa liphethe yonke imicimbi yezepolitiki esemthethweni.
Umphakathi okhululekile, wentando yeningi, lapho bonke bevumelekile ukuveza imibono yabo ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukubulawa noma ukukhishwa inyumbazane. Imiphakathi ekhululekile inokubekezelelana ekwehlukaneni kwabantu, isib. kwezenkolo nezobulili, ivumela iminyakazo yezokuhlalisana futhi iphikisana nokucindezelwa kwezenhlalo, ukubandlulula ngezobuhlanga kanye nokuthandwa ngabakhethekile.
Iqembu noma amaqembu kusishayamthetho aphikisa iqembu elibusayo.
Isiphakamiso ngokwenqubo yephalamende mayelana nokuphathwa komhlangano kahle, kunokuba kuxoxwe ngesihloko uqobo lwaso.
Isimemezelo, umyalelo noma isilandelo esisemthethweni.
Ukukhipha esikhundleni noma endaweni ngempoqo.
Ukususa esikhundleni.
Ukuphikisana nemithetho yenqubo.
Iningi elisobala elingenakuvinjelwa.
Ukunikezela ezinkampanini noma kubantu bangaphandle ukuba bahlinzekele ngemisebenzi.
Ukuvota ngamavoti angaphezulu kwalawo adingekile.
Ukubuyisela ukuthula noma umthetho kaningi ngokusebenzisa amandla.
Inkolelo yokuthi impi nodlame akunasimilo esingafakazelwa kanye nokuthi ukungezwani kwamazwe omhlaba kungaxazululeka ngezindlela ezinokuthula.
Ukuketulwa kwenhloko yombuso noma kahulumeni ngabantu abayingxenye yamandla, imvamisa lokhu bakwenza ngodlame oluncane.
Uhlaka olunobuhlakani oluqukethe izinhlelo ezibalulekile futhi ezinobudlelwane, izichasiselo zengqondo kanye nokucatshangwayo mayelana nohanjiswa kohlelo oluthile olujwayelekile, njengezepolitiki noma ukuphathwa komphakathi.
Isenzo sokulandela olunye uhlaka lobuhlakani lube ngolucabangisisayo kanye nezindlela ezehlukene zokuhanjiswa kwemikhakha yamabhizinisi, yezepolitiki neyezesayensi. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni kudalwe futhi kwemukelwe uhlaka lobuhlakani olusha.
Umbutho owehlukile emibuthweni yezempi eyejwayelekile yombuso kodwa ifananiswe ekuhlelweni, empahleni, ekuqeqesheni noma ekuthunyweni.
Inhlangano yakhiwe nguhulumeni wombuso ukufeza izinhloso ezingaphandle kwemisebenzi ejwayelekile yombuso noma kahulumeni. Isikhungo kaningi singaphansi kokulawulwa yisigungu ngokugcwele kwezepolitiki. Izibonelo ezokusakaza nge-elekthroniki, iziphathimandla zamachweba kanye nezikhungo zezophenyo.
Umbuso oxwasiwe ngamazwe omhlaba, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kwawo.
Amalungu ephalamende amele iqembu lezepolitiki elinamandla kusishayamthetho futhi elivulela inkundla yokuphikisana ngezindaba ezikhungethe abantu.
Ikomiti elibunjwe ngamalungu ephalamende, eliqokelwe ukubhekana nezindaba ezithile elinikezwe zona ukuba lizibheke bese lethula umbiko ephalamende.
Uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho amalunga kahulumeni, noma ekhabinethi avame ukuba ngamalunga esishayamthetho. Ikhabinethi yethula incazelo futhi kudinga iqhubeke nokwethenjwa yiphalamende.
Iqembu lamalunga ephalamende akhethelwe ukuphatha noma ukwengamela udaba oluthile.
Ukwendlaleka kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ephalamende lapho amalunga angahlulelwa ngenqubo ejwayelekile yabahlali noma yezigelekeqe, kodwa aboshwe yimithetho yezimpikiswano zephalamende.
Amalunga ephalamende amele izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zezepolitiki, akhethelwe ukuhlola imisebenzi yomnyango kangqongqoshe noma ukuphenya udaba oluthile.
Uhlelo lapho abahlali bezwe kanye namaqembu anentshisekelo azibandakanya ohlelweni lokuthathwa kwezinqumo olungolwentando yeningi.
Intuthuko evela ngenxa yemibono evela kuzo zonke izingxenye eziqondene nayo.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezwe noma kombuso ube yizingxenye, isib ingxenye yeBrithani-Ndiya ibe yiNdiya kanye nePakistan ngonyaka ka- 1947.
Umhlangano obanjwa ngamalunga eqembu ngenhloso yokuthatha isinqumo esithinta lelo qembu, njengokuqokwa kwalowo ozogaqela isikhundla noma ukunquma ngesinyathelo esibumbene ngodaba lwesishayamthetho oluzayo.
Umuntu olandela ubuholi beqembu kanye nemigomo yalo ngokwahlulwa yinhliziyo, ngokungenakubaluleka nangokungacijile.
Iqembu lezepolitiki elibusayo kuhulumeni.
Uhlelo lokukhetha lapho abavoti bevotela khona iqembu esikhundleni somuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kubanga ukuba iqembu lizuze izihlalo ezithile ezihambisana nenani lamavoti atholakele. Inani lamalungu eqembu lelo likhethwa ohlwini lweqembu elifakwe ngaphambi kokhetho.
Uhlelo embusweni wentando yeningi lapho amaqembu aphikisana abuye aqhudelana ngamandla nethonya likahulumeni.
Ukwenqaba okungenadlame ekuhlonipheni imithetho kahulumeni, isib. ngokuzila, ukubonisa buthule kanye nokwenqaba ukubambisana.
Uhlelo lwezokuhlalisana lapho owesilisa edlala indima esemqoka.
Inqumo lapho abantu ehhovisi elikhulu likahulumeni benizeka ngenzuzo ethile kubalandeli abathembekile njengobunxusa, izabelo zikahulumeni kubalandeli kanye nezikontileka zombuso kulabo abanikelayo.
Ukwesatshiswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla empi ekuphoqeleni amaqembu alwayo ukuba alandele izinqumo zomhlaba wonke kanye nokugcina ukuthula ngaphansi kwemibandela evunywe yimiphakathi yomhlaba wonke.
Umbutho, ikakhulukazi ohlonishwa ngamazwe omhlaba, onikwa umsebenzi wokugcina ukuthula uphinde uvimbele ukulwa okungaqhubeka phakathi kwamazwe noma imiphakathi engezwani.
Igama elisetshenziswa empini engumshoshaphansi ukuchaza imizamo yokuhlalisana ndawonye nakuba kunokungaboni ngaso linye ngokuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezimpi kanye nezenuzi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lenabiswa ukuchaza imizamo jikelele yokuhlalisana ndawonye.
Umbutho wezempi noma umuntu ongumhlali oqaphile nosiza ngokulandelwa kwezivumelwano okufinyelelwe kuzo phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo.
Ukuqapha kanye nokusiza ngokusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano okufinyelelwe kuzo phakathi kwamazwe alwayo.
Uxhungexhunge lwezenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukuqeda ukulwa phakathi kwamazwe alwayo noma imiphakathi engezwani.
Izingxoxo ezibandakanya amaqembu angezwani kanye nomphakathi womhlaba ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula.
Isivumelwano esisemthethweni phakathi kwamazwe kanye/noma phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo ngenhloso yokuqeda ukungezwani.
Iqembu labantu abalinganayo ngezimpawu ezinjengeminyaka yobudala, izinga, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nesimo emphakathini.
Amandla njengoba ebonwa yinqondo yalowo obhekile, kungabi njengoba enjalo uqobo.
Igama elivamile embusweni wentando yeningi eligqamisa ukuthi amandla angawabantu. Kokunye leli gama lisho amandla eningi, "njengamandla abantu aletha umbuso wamakhomanisi aseYurophu ngonyaka ka-1989".
Umugqa wabantu abavimbele abanye ebhizinisini, embonini noma kwenye indawo yokukhiqiza.
Izingxoxo phakathi kwenyonyani yabasebenzi kanye nabaphathi mayelana nalokho okwenzeka embonini.
Uhlelo oluvamile lokuvota lapho abavoti bangaveza umbono ngodaba oluthile olukhungethe umphakathi. Umphumela walokho kuvota awuyiso isibopho kuhulumeni.
Umphakathi owehlukene kakhulu lapho ukwehlukana kwawo kuncike kwezobuhlanga, ezenkolo noma eqenjini lezolimi olukhulunywayo.
Ukuvotela abagaqele ukhetho abangaphezulu komuntu oyedwa okhethweni.
Umhlahlandlela wonke oqukethe izinhloso kanye nezindlela ezizosetshenziswa ekuzuzeni lezo zinhloso. Lo mhlahlandlela kuhloswe ngawo ukuhola nokuqondisa izinqumo kanye nezenzo zesikhathi samanje kanye nesikhathi esizayo.
Ohlangothini lomphakathi, ukwakha izinhloso eziningi umkhandlu kahulumeni ohlose ukuzifeza, kanye nemihlahlandlela ezolandelwa ekuzitholeni.
Emsebenzini womphakathi umuntu noma iqembu elibhekene nokuqamba izinhloso zomkhandlu kahulumeni kanye nemihlahlandlela ezolandelwa ekuzitholeni.
Isinqumo noma umbono othathwa yinhlangano yezepolitiki, iqembu lezinhlangano, umbuso noma iqembu lemibuso.
Ukukhoseliswa okunikezwa umuntu odinga ukukhoseliswa ngenxa yezepolitiki futhi okungenzeka ukubuyiselwa kwakhe emuva kuncike kuhulumeni wakwelinye ilizwe.
Inguquko kwezepolitiki ezimweni, ukwakheka kanye nasezikhungweni zomphakathi.
Ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ngezepolitiki komuntu noma kwesikhungo.
Ukuziphatha okuvumelekile kwezokuhlalisana okwesekelwe esimilweni esivumelekile.
Imibono, izinkolelo kanye nobugugu okugqamile okuyikona okuba nomthelela endleleni yokuziphatha kwezepolitiki kumalunga omphakathi.
Ingxenye yemibono yezepolitiki eseyashabalala.
Isifundo sobudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlelo zezepolitiki kanye nezomnotho.
Uhlelo okuhlanganiswa ngalo ukuguquka kwamagugu nezinkambiso kanye nabafikayo abasha kwenziwe isiko elithile lezepolitiki.
Usopolitiki, iqembu noma umbuso ongathandwa ngenxa yesimilo noma yezenhlalo.
Amandla okufaka ithonya noma ukwenza ngokuyimpumelelo odabeni oluthile lwezepolitiki.
Ukuguqula uhlelo lwezepolitiki noma lweqembu luhambisane nemibono, amazinga, noma izinkolelo zesimanje.
Indlela impilo yezepolitiki yomphakathi ihlelwa ngayo.
Ukuzibandakanya ohlelweni lwezepolitiki, isib. ngokuvota.
Iqembu labantu abanemibono efanayo bese bebumbana ngenhloso yokuzuza amandla ezepolitiki.
Ikhono lokuthola umphumela ohlosiwe ohlwelweni lwepolitiki ngokusebenzisa ikhono lokuhlomulisa noma lokujezisa.
Umuntu oboshelwa isenzo esingafunwa ngumbuso ophethe, kufaka phakathi ukuveza ukugxeka uhulumeni ophethe.
Uhlelo lwezenzo kanye nezinqubo okuhloswe ngazo ukuzuza izinhloso zezepolitiki.
Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuxhumana zezepolitiki ukuze kuqaliswe ngohlelo lukahulumeni noma leqembu; ukulungisa uhlelo ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo ngokuyimpumelelo.
Ukungagudluki kohlelo lwezepolitiki; ikhono lalolo hlelo ekuphatheni ngendlela ehlelekile futhi engaholeli ukubhuduka.
1. Umuntu noma iqembu elibhekene nobuholi obunikeza incazelo yeqembu, yekomiti noma yokuhulumeni. 2. Umsebenzi womuntu noma weqembu wokunikezela ngobuholi.
Uhlobo lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkolelo, izikhungo nezinqubo zihlelwa ndawonye zibe yinto eyodwa ngenhloso yokwenza, ukugcina kanye nokuguqula imithetho yonke umphakathi ophila ngaphansi kwayo.
Ukungabi nasiqiniseko, ukungabaza phakathi kwezinqumo, ukuvundla mayelana nodaba.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zezepolitiki ekuphoqeleleni izimfuno zombuso kulowo oyimbangi ngenhloso yokuzuza izinjongo zikazwelonke.
Isimo osopolotiki abazithola bekuso esande ngokungabaluleki kwezepolitiki, ukungabi nathemba kanye nokudideka okunzima futhi okungelula ukufaka isandla kuso, noma ukuzibandakanya ngendlela ezwakalayo ohlelweni lwezepolitiki.
Isifundo sezepolitiki, izinhlelo zezepolitiki kanye nohlaka lwezepolitiki.
Isenzo esenziwa ngabantu ekugcineni nasekuguquleni imithetho yonke abaphila ngaphansi kwayo. Le mithetho ingaphoqelelwa ebantwini.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesikhungo esihlelekile sezepolitiki esinjengombuso, isifunda, uhulumeni wasekhaya kanye nomkhandlu wobuhlanga noma wendabuko.
Indawo efihlekile yokufaka amavoti.
Indawo lapho abantu bevotela khona ngesikhathi sokuvota.
Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi wonke ohlelweni lokuthathwa kwezinqumo.
Uhlelo lapho amandla asebantwini, okuyibona abakhetha abazobamela ekuphatheni endaweni yabo.
Ubumbano kaningi lohlangothi lwesokunxele, lwabasusa uthuthuva, abobuzwe kanye/nomaamaqembu enkululeko kwezepolitiki anenhloso efanayo njengokuphathwa ngomunye kanye nokubuswa ngabezizwe; indlela evamile yokwandisa iMarxist.
Inani labantu engxenyeni ethile yendawo, isib. ngokwe km²
Ukwanda okuphezulu kwabahlali ngokungenakulawulwa.
Imfundiso emayelana nokuqhutshekiselwa phambili kwezifiso zabantu nje.
Uhlobo olusemthethweni lwabengamele kwezepolitiki lapho befuna ukwesekwa, phambilini bekuba ukuhlukaniselana okwenziwa iminyango ebhekene nezezimali eMelika eyayimikhulu ukwedlula isibalo esidingekile okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono izindawo ezingaphansi kukahulumeni, isib isikhumulo semikhumbi noma izizinda zempi.
Ikomiti lasendlini yesishayamthetho eNingizimu Afrika elasungulelwa ukubhekana nemisebenzi ethile yomnyango kangqongqoshe, isib. Ikomiti elibhekene nezindaba zangaphandle.
Izinga lokukwazi ukuba nethonya ekuziphatheni kwabanye abantu, ikakhulukazi kube ngamandla okuhlomulisa noma okugweba.
Umbuso onamadla okusebenzisa umthetho noma amandla phezu kwemibuso engenamandla noma enamandla amancane, isib elaseNdiya linamandla ebudlelwaneni bamazwe omhlaba.
Ukwesekwa ngabalandeli abazinikele okuvumela umuntu noma iqembu ukuba lisebenzise amandla.
Abantu abaningi, amaqembu noma imibuso ehlanganisa amandla ayo ngenhloso yokuzuza okuthile.
Ingcosana emphakathini enamandla, kuzomnotho noma izinga kubhekiswe ezandleni zayo.
Inqubo lapho uhulumeni eqhubekisela phambili izimfuno zakhe ngokusebenzisa, noma ukusebenzisa amandla ezempi noma ezomnotho ngendlela enokwesabisa esimweni samazwe omhlaba.
Amandla anikezwe umuntu ngenxa yesikhundla anaso ukuqhubekisa umsebenzi, ukuphatha kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezingumnqamula juqu.
Indlela yokubusa lapho amaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu evumelana ngokubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, ekwabiweni kokuhlonyuliswayo kanye nezinsiza.
Labo abasemkhandwini osunguliwe.
Isimo esishubile sokungezwani phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo ekuphathweni kwezinsiza zezepolitiki.
Ungqongqoshe ophethe kusigungu esiphakeme ohlotsheni lwephalamende. Amagama asho okufanayo undunankulu, ungqongqoshe wokuqala, kuye ngohlelo lwezepolitiki olusetshenziswayo kuleyo ndawo.
Iqembu elihlelekile elizama ukuqhubela phambili izimfuno zamalungu alo ngokufaka ingcindezi kumigomo kahulumeni lisebenzisa izenzo ezinesidlakadlaka.
Imizamo yokuvimbela noma ukunciphisa udlame ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezinobungcweti ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inkinga ebikezelwe.
Umuntu ongazange abe namathuba okuvota ngaphambili noma emva kwesikhungo samagumbi amathathu ephalamende eNingizimu Afrika owathole kuphela ngo 1994.
(amandla amakhulu omthethosisekelo).Imfundiso yokuthi umthethosisekelo ungumthetho wezwe ophakeme.
Ukhetho olwenzelwe ukukhetha labo abangenele ukhetho beqembu elithile abaqhudelana esikhundleni esithile sokuphatha umphakathi okhethweni oluzayo; kuvamile eMelika.
Ilunga lombutho wezempi elibanjwe ngumbutho wezitha ngenkathi lizibandakanya emisebenzini yezempi ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni walo.
Umthetho ohlongozwayo wokukhathazeka okunomkhawulo owethula ephalamende futhi ophathelene nezinto ezithile ezimbalwa njengezinkampani, amanyuvesi, abantu kuphambana nomthethosivivinywa ophathelene nokuthinta umphakathi.
Go fapana le molaokakanywa wa setšhaba, wo ke molaokakanywa woo o šišintšwego ke leloko leo le ikemetšego la palamente goba la lekgotlapokano le lengwe, a dira bjalo ka bokgoni bja gagwe bja poraebete, woo o šomanago ka ditaba tša setšhaba.
Ukudlulisela noma ukuthengisa impahla yomphakathi ukuze iphathwe ngasese.
Umuntu ovela kwelinye izwe owenqatshelwa ukungena kwelinye izwe.
Ukubeka izinhlelo zomthetho zaziwe futhi zaziswe umphakathi.
Yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana olwenzelwe ukuholela imibono, imizwa, indlela yokubona izinto noma ukuziphatha kwanoma yiliphi iqembu ngenhloso yokuzuza abaxhasi ngandledlana thize kungaba ngeqondile noma engaqondile.
Ukwethulwa kwamaqembu kusishayamthetho okuncike ekunikezelweni kwezihlalo ngesilinganiso enanini selilonke lamavoti atholwe yiqembu ahambisana nenani lonke lamavoti afakwe okhethweni.
Uhlobo lokumelwa ngokwezepolitiki lapho amavoti atholakele abhekwa ngokwezibalo ngenhloso yokunikeza izihlalo iqembu kusishayamthetho ngokuya ngenani lamavoti eliwatholile.
Ukuphatha okuphathelene nohulumeni wesifunda.
Isikhulu esiphezulu sikahulumeni esifundeni sombuso.
Impi lapho imibutho yezempi zezimbangi ezinkulu ingazibandakanyanga ngqo futhi kusetshenziswa nemibutho emela eminye.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemfundisoze nezinye izindlela zezenqondo ngenhloso yokufaka ithonya ekuziphatheni kwezitha naseqenjini elingavuni cala ukuze kusekelwe izinhloso zikazwelonke kanye nezenzo zokuphepha.
Ukuphathwa, ukubambisana kanye nokuhanjiswa kwezindaba zikahulumeni.
Izinhlelo ezithinta uhlangothi lokuphathwa kwezimali zombuso, kufaka phakathi imali engenayo incithakalo kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali.
Imihlangano lapho kwenziwa khona izimpikiswano mayelana nodaba oluphenywayo, lapho kungeza khona amalunga wonke womphakathi.
Isikhungo noma isakhiwo esakhelwe inhloso ethile esilawulwa ngumbuso.
Umhlangano osebenza njengendawo yezingxoxo ohanjelwa yiwo wonke amalunga omphakathi.
Imibono yelunga ngalinye lomphakathi mayelana nemibuzo kanye nodaba umphakathi othanda ukwazi ngalo.
Isikhungo esiqasha abantu abazohambisa imigomo kahulumeni.
Ingxenye ehlinzekela ngomsebenzi noma izinto ezisemqoka, kaningi eziphethwe noma ezilawulwa nguhulumeni, isib. amanzi, ugesi, ezokuthutha.
Uhulumeni olawulwa isandla esinamandla sikahulumeni wangaphandle.
Izinga lemibandela yokuphila ngokwendawo elitholwa ngamalunga omphakathi njengoba lilinganiswe yizinkomba ezahlukahlukene zezokuhlalisana kwezomnotho.
Ubungcweti ekuphathweni kwezindaba zezwe okusebenza ngokuzethemba nokungebonwe ngumphakathi okuholela ekuguquleni imigomo kahulumeni wakwelinye ilizwe.
Ukuthathwa komuntu ngokusemthethweni njengomuntu ongowohlanga oluthile.
Ukungaphathwa kahle komuntu noma kweqembu ngenxa yobuhlanga.
Inqubo lapho amalunga amaqembu ehlukahlukene ezobuhlanga enesimo esilinganayo kwezenhlalo futhi aphathwa ngokufanayo.
Ukulethwa kobuhlanga njengengxenye kanye nento yokuchaza udaba oluthile ngaphandle kokubheka uhlangothi oluhle.
Inkolelo noma imfundiso yokuthi izinqumo zezepolitiki nezokuhlalisana zingasuselwa emcabangweni wokuthi izinhlanga zehlukana ngenxa yezinto eziphathelene nozalo kanye nokuthi ezinye izinhlanga zingaphezulu kwezinye.
Ukukhishelwa ngaphandle kwabantu ngumthetho ngenxa yokwehlukaniswa ngobuhlanga.
Umuntu oqukethe umqondo owedlulele nohambisana nenguquko noma isisekelo esedlulele emphakathini.
Inhlanganiso ehlelekile elwela izimfuno zabantu abakhokha intela yendawo.
Ipolitiki eyesekelwe emaqinisweni nakuzidingo zezinto kunonuba yesekelwe esimilweni noma ezifisweni.
Izidubedube okukhonjiswa ngazo ukuphambana nomthetho wezepolitiki futhi okuhloswe ngazo ukubeka abanye abaphathi esikhundleni sokuba kuchithwe lonke uhlelo lwezepolitiki olukhona.
Ukulandula umbono wangaphambili, ikakhulukazi ekuvumeni kumphakathi ekwenzeni iphutha.
1. Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni amandla ombuso okwenziwa ngomunye umbuso noma isikhungo somhlaba wonke. 2. Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kombuso, noma kwesikhungo somhlaba wonke kukahulumeni welinye izwe njengohulumeni osemthethweni walelo lizwe, kaningi lapho kube khona ukuketulwa kukahulumeni okhona okwenziwe ngamaqembu abavukeli noma aphikisayo.
Umqulu ogagula isivumelwano ngodaba oluthile.
Izibalo zamavoti ezongeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe noma kutholwe ubufakazi bemiphumela eyiqiniso.
Ukwabiwa kabusha komnotho, impahla, izinto ezithandwa ngabantu noma ukufinyeleleka emandleni ezepolitiki ukusuka kulabo abanamathuba kusiwe kulabo abangenawo. Ukwabiwa kabusha esikhathini esiningi kwenzeka lapho ubudlelwano kwezamandla emphakathini kwenziwa kabusha.
Uhlelo oluvamile lokuvota lapho abavoti bangaveza umbono ngodaba oluthile olukhungethe umphakathi. Umphumela walokho kuvota uthathwa njengesibopho kuhulumeni.
Uhlelo lokubusa; uhlelo lokubusa ngokwezepolitiki olusetshenziswayo.
Isikhulu esingumholi weqembu sendawo ethile embusweni.
Umbandela osukela ezimweni ezisunguliwe ukuqinisekisa indlela yokusetshenziswa ngokuyimpumelelo kwezisetshenziswa zezokuphepha kanye nezinto zombuso endaweni ngenhloso yokuphepha okuhlanganisile.
Yilapho ukukhetha kuphakathi kwabangenele ukhetho abangaphezulu kwababili, onqobayo yilowo oba namavoti amaningi.
Umbuso ophethwe ngokwemigomo yenkolo ethile.
Ukuxoshwa kwesikhulu esikhundleni, isib. ngokuthweswa icala.
Inkokhelo emva kwempi eyenziwa ngumbuso owawuhlukumeza ngenhloso yokulungisa umonakalo owadalwa yimpi.
Ukumela abanye, isib iqembu labantu abaningi; ukuveza izimfuno zeqembu labantu abamelwe.
Ukukhetha ebantwini abaningi abakhethiwe okuzokhombisa abahlali bezwe, kaningi okwenziwa ngokukhethwa kwalabo abazohola ezikhundleni sabantu.
Isenzo sokuziphindisela, ikakhulukazi kuzitha ngesikhathi sokungezwani, njengokubulawa kweziboshwa zempi noma ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla.
Izenzo zokuziphindiselela ukwakha ubumbano olulodwa.
Umbuso ongaphathwanga ubukhosi, kaningi ngohulumeni okhethwe ngentando yeningi noma abamele uhulumeni, kanye nenhloko kahulumeni ebizwa umongameli.
Ukufuna ukusebenzisa noma ukunikezela kwempahla noma kwezisetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ukusetshe nziswa empini noma ngumphakathi.
Ingxenye emthethweni ophathelene nezomthethosisekelo lapho amandla athile anokusetshenziswa ezimweni ezikhethekile kuphela, isib. ukuqashwa nokuxhoshwa kukandunankulu okwenziwa ubukhosi.
Ukubeka noma ukuhlalisa abantu ngenkani kwenye indawo.
Indawo esedolobheni eyenzelwe nesetshenziselwa ukuhlalisa abantu.
Amalungelo umnini noma umhlali wendawo anawo endaweni yokuhlala.
Imvamisa kusho iqembu lomshoshaphansi eliqukethe ingxenye yabahlali bombuso othile, elihlelelwe ukuphikisana nohulumeni osemthethweni noma ophethe umthetho.
Ukubuyiselwa kokusetshenziswa, ubunini, kanye namalungelo omhlaba kulabo abafake isicelo sokubuyiselwa komhlaba.
Ukushaya uphindisela njengokubuyisela ukuhlaselwa noma esinye isenzo sokuthola ukulimala.
Isinxephezelo esikhishwa yisikhungo isinikeza abasebenzi omsebenzi wabo ungasadingeki okwenziwa ngohlelo lokunciphisa incithakalo.
Isijeziso esitholwa ngenxa yobuhlungu obenziwe noma okubi okwenziwe.
Isenzo sokulungisa lokho okubonwa njengobubi noma ubuhlungu ngokuba buphindiselwe, noma imiphumela yesenzo esinjalo.
Inzuzo eqokelelwa ngumbuso.
Ubumeli bokuhlola kabusha uhlaka, imfundiso, inqubo noma izehlakalo zomlando ezivunyiwe, isib. kuMarxism.
Umbutho osobala, ohlelekile novame ukuba ngohlomile ovukela umbuso okhethiwe.
Inguquko yombuso ngendlovula esheshayo esimweni sezepolitiki, ezenhlalo nezomnotho zelizwe, esikhathini esiningi ibangwa izinxushunxushu ezenziwa izixuku zabantu.
Iqembu labantu abanenhloso efanayo yokuletha izinguquko ezisekelekile nezibanzi emthethweni osuvele ukhona, kaningi okuhambisana nodlame.
Impi yangaphakathi ephuza ukuphela eliwa phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso ohlangothini olulodwa kanye nabavukela umbuso bomdabu ngakolunye uhlangothi njengabaqhudelana ngamandla okufuna ukubusa.
Ukuguqulwa ngokomthetho kwenhloso okunokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngayo.
Ilungelo ngokusemthethweni noma elinikezelwa ngokomthetho kumuntu ukuba enze noma aphathwe ngendlela ethile, isib. ilungelo lokuvota.
Ukulungiswa kobubanzi bezentengiso yangasese noma isikhungo somphakathi ngenhloso yokusisimamisa kwezezimali.
Imisebenzi esemthethweni kanye namalungelo esizwe embusweni.
Amalungelo ngokusemthethweni omuntu.
Umthethosisekelo welizwe okunzima ukuwuguqula, odinga izindlela ezingavamile njengobuningi babantu kusishayamthetho okungabuye futhi kufake phakathi inhlolomvo.
Ukuvimbela isehlakalo esinodlame ukuba singandi sigcine singesingasalawuleki.
Ozibandakanya ekuphazamiseni okunokuyaluza okwenziwa yiningi labantu.
Umhlangano womphakathi ongalawuleki nongenakulalelana, ovame ukuba nodlame kanye nokuphazamisa.
Uhlelo lokuvakasha, olujwayele okwenziwa ngenhloso yokugaya ukwesekwa kwezepolitiki.
Umbuso ongahambisani namazinga enguquko omhlaba wonke amayelana nokuziphatha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nomthetho kahulumeni.
Isikhathi esithile lapho inhloko yombuso noma kahulumeni isebenzisa khona amandla ayo.
Ukusebenzisa ukulawula, ukuphatha yilowo onamandla okuphatha.
Ukusebenzisa amandla okuphatha kahulumeni.
Inkolelo yokuthi akukho umuntu ongaphezulu komthetho, ngalokho-ke kunikezwe uhlaka okumele ukuziphatha konke kuhambisane nalo, kufaka phakathi izikhulu nabaholi abaphezulu bezepolitiki.
Embonweni weMarxist yizinga elibusa umphakathi ngokuba liphathe umnotho walokho okukhiqizwayo.
Iqembu lezepolitiki eliphethe umbuso.
Ingxenye esalayo emva kokuhamba noma ukususwa kwengxenye noma izingxenye ezinkulu zombuso. Isinqe singaba ngesintekenteke kunombuso wangaphambili.
Isenzo/izenzo ezenziwe ngenhloso yokona izifiso zombuso noma ezinye izikhungo ngokuba kucekelwe phansi noma kuphazanyiswe impahla, imisebenzi nesinzisa.
Umbandela ovikelayo, isib. empini.
Isivikelo noma ukuvimbela ngaphambili.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswa embusweni ukuze kuphoqelelwe ukuba khona kwezinguquko ngokuziphatha ngendlela efanele.
Isimo esibekwe ngokuyiqiniso kanye nokubikezela ngezigameko zesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuveza ngokusemthethweni ukweseka umbono owenziwe ngomunye umuntu kusishayamthetho sezingxoxo ukuze kuxoxwe ngenhloso yokufinyelela esivumelwaneni.
Umhlali obukelwa phansi ngokwezinga emphakathini, ongatholi okuhle ngokugcwele okutholwa ngabahlali.
Izwe lase USSR kanye nemibuso engaphansi kwalo.
Ukuvota lapho ukukhetha komuntu kungaziwa kodwa imiphumela isiyonke yona yenziwa yaziwe ngumphakathi.
Umbutho wamaphoyisa osebenza ngokufihlakele, kaningi ngezindlela ezingekho emthethweni, ukubheka umphendukezelo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kombuso.
1. Umnyango kahulumeni obuthelela ubuhlakani ngokusebenzisa ubunhloli. 2. eMelika imisebenzi eyimfihlo iyigatsha lomnyango wokwabiwa kwezimali elibhekene nokuvikelwa kukamongameli kanye nabanye abayizikhulu eziphezulu kanye nokubhekana nenkohliso.
Umbuso ongabuswa ngokulandela imigomo yenkolo ethile.
Izindlela, impahla kanye nezinhlelo ezibhekele okungahle kuvele okuhloswe ngakho ukuvimbela noma ukuvimbela uhlaselo.
Umbutho wezempi wombuso, kaningi esimweni sokuvikela kwangaphakathi.
Igatsha lombutho wamaphoyisa elibhekene nokuvikelwa kwangaphakathi kombuso.
Umgomo lapho izinhlanga ezahlukene zihlukaniswa ngemikhakha eyehlukene kwezenhlaliswano njengezikole ezehlukene, ukwehlukana ekungeneni kuzakhiwo zomphakathi, ukwehlukaniswa kwezokuthuthwa komphakathi kanye nokwehlukaniswa ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo.
Ikomiti lesishayamthetho, lephalamende noma eliyisipesheli elikhethelwe inhloso ethile.
Umgomo onikeza amaqembu ezobuhlanga, ezolimi, ezokuhlalisana, kuzwelonke noma ezenkolo ilungelo lokuziphatha ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabanye.
Uhulumeni ongaphansi kolwawulo lwabantu bedolobha, isifunda noma umbuso kunalowo wezikhulu zangaphandle.
Umuntu othengisa inhloso noma umgomo ngenhloso yokuba azuze yena.
Umgomo weNational Party eNingizimu Afrika phakathi kuka-1948 no-1994 lapho izinhlanga zazihlukanisiwe emazingeni wonke omphakathi. Ungabuye ubheke igama ubandlululo.
Umgomo noma inkolelo lapho amandla esishayamthetho, esigungu ezinkantolo ezweni kumele ehlukaniswe ngokuqanjwa kwezikhungo ezintathu ezehlukene.
Ikomiti eliseceleni eliqukethe amalungu eqembu eliphethe asebenza (ongungewona wempela) njengongqongqoshe abayisithunzi, elakhiwe yilabo abaphikisa umbuso ngokusemthethweni.
Iqoqa lwemikhukhu elakhiwe ngezinto ezilahliwe okusebenzisa njengezindlu zabahluphekile, kaningi litholakala ngaphandle kwamadolobhakazi.
Igama eliyindelelo lephini noma umsizi kangqongqoshe ophethe isigungu esiphezulu.
Indawo yokuhlangana kwabantu nokuphuza engahlelekile elokishini; kokunye kuba yindawo yokuphuza utshwala engavunyelwe.
Uhlelo lapho umuntu oyedwa emela abaningi noma indawo yokuvota.
Umbuso lapho iqembu lezepolitiki elilodwa libhekene nokuphatha konke kwezepolitiki.
Ubuqili, izindlela noma izinyathelo ezidukisayo ohlelweni lwezepolitiki.
Ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa bokwenza okungafanele.
Ukuhlehla kusimiso noma ukuvumelana phakathi kwabathintekayo abehlukahlukene emphakathini.
1. Kwinzululwazi yezepolitiki kusho uhlaka lokuthi isivumelwano senziwa phakathi kwabantu abathile esimweni esicatshangwayo sokungabikho kombuso, okwaziwa njengombuso wemvelo, ukwakha umbuso ukuze kubalekelwe ukungabi nomthetho kwangaleso sikhathi. Izigameko ezintathu ezaziwa kangcono ezifana nalezi yilezo zikaHobbes, Locke no-Rousseau. 2. Ekwahlukahlukaneni kwezepolitiki, isivumelwano esingathekisayo phakathi kukahulumeni noma iqembu lezepolitiki kanye nabalandeli balo, kaningi siqukethe izethembiso ezenziwa ngabaholi bezepolitiki ukunikeza impilo engcono kubalandeli ngezenzo zikahulumeni uma kungenzeka unqobe okhethweni oluzayo.
Uhlobo lukahulumeni olusendimeni oluvumela ukulingana phakathi kwemakethe kanye nohulumeni ophikiswa kakhulu wababheke inzuzo abashumayela ukukhululeka entandweni yeningi kanye nemigomo yemfundiso yamasoshiyali avukela umbuso.
Umgomo lapho izwe lisebenzisa amandla alo acindezelayo aphambana nemigomo yenkululeko ngenhloso yokuphoqelela izenzo zabantu ukuze kuzuzwe okuthile okukholelwa kukho. Izibonelo ubandlululo, izikole ezahlukene zezinhlanga ezahlukene, ukwakhiwa kwesizwe ngendlela enempoqo noma umqondo wamakhomanisi wezomnotho.
Umqondo wezepolitiki oqhubela phambili ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalo, ukukholelwa ekulinganeni kwabantu, ubumnini bempahla obuxubile kanye nokungenelela ekufakeni isandla kukahulumeni kwezomnotho.
Ukunikezela kosizo kwezokuhlalisana njengeminikelo enikezwa ngabaqashi, imisebenzi yezempilo, usizo lokungasebenzi kanye nemali yomhlalaphansi ekhishwa nguhulumeni.
Usizo ikakhulukazi lwezimali olunikezelwa yizisebenzi zikahulumeni kubantu abaswelayo.
Imfundisoze eyesekelwe ezimweni zamaqiniso anokukholeka.
Ohlaselwayo ongavikelekanga kahle kulowo omhlaselayo.
Amandla kahulumeni aphelele nangenamkhawulo ngokwesikhundla sezomthetho, achazwa emkhandlweni wezepolitiki. Kubuye kubhekiswe kumandla ezepolitiki angephikiswe, njengobukhosi kubantu bayo.
Isikhulu esengamele sendlu yesishayamthetho.
Imisebenzi eqhutshwa yimibutho yezempi ehlelwe, yaqeqeshwa yabuye yahlonyiswa ngokuyisipesheli ngenhloso yezepolitiki noma yezenqondo.
Ukuvota ngaphansi kwamalungiselelo ayisipesheli lapho ukuvota okujwayelekile kungenakwenzeka, isib. ukuvumela abahlali abaphesheya kwezilwandle ngesikhathi sokhetho ukuba bavote ezindlini zamanxusa.
Yileyo ngxenye yomhlaba lapho umbuso ukwazi khona ukuguqula izehlakalo ngendlela ofisa ngayo.
Yileyo ngxenye yomhlaba lapho izigameko zinomthelela ekuphepheni noma kwinqubekela phambili yombuso.
Isikhulumi esiqashelwe ukwethula ukubonwa kwesimo sezepolitiki kumphakathi womhlaba esizovuna umqashi waso, iqembu noma uhulumeni.
Iphepha lokuvota eligcwaliswe ngokungafanele, eligcina ngokuba lingabalwa.
Umuntu ohlala endaweni ngokungemthetho abuye akhe umkhukhu noma indawo yokukhosela yesikhashana.
Umkhukhu noma esinye isakhiwo esenziwe ngezinto ezilahliwe ezinjengamasenke othayela.
Ikomiti lesikhathi esigcwele lesikhathi esithile elikhethelwe sona esikhungweni, kuvame ephalamende.
Isikhungo esimele safuthi ngokwezepolitiki esilawulwa ngomthetho, abantu, indawo, uhulumeni kanye nombuso ozimele ohlonishwa ngamazwe omhlaba.
Ubunyoninco bokuphatha izindaba zombuso.
Izenzo ezenziwa ngumbuso ngenhloso yokufaka ithonya lawo odabeni oluthile.
Ukungabi nokuma mayelana nobuzwe.
Umbiko wonyaka owethulwa ngumholi wombuso lapho ebuyekeza khona izinhlelo zonyaka owedlule nezonyaka ozolandela zikahulumeni.
Umthetho omiswa yindlu yesishayamthetho obese ubhalwa phansi ngokusemthethweni.
Uhlobo lokuzabalaza olusetshenziswa ngabasebenzi ukuveza ukunganeliseki kwabo ngodaba oluthile olumayelana nezimo zokusebenza noma amaholo, lapho abasebenzi bengayi khona emsebenzini kuze kuxazululwe lolo daba.
Indiza osakhiwo sayo senza kube nzima ukuba itholakale ngerada kanye nezinye izinto ezithatha iminyakazo.
Ikomiti eliqokelwe ukunquma ngokuhanjiswa kwebhizinisi nokwenziwa komsebenzi jikelele.
Iqembu lokonga ndawonye elivamile eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukumiswa kwemisebenzi ejwayelekile ngenhloso yokuveza izikhalazo.
Ubizo olwenziwa inyunyana yabasebenzi yokuba kube nomzabalazo.
Inkokhelo yabasebenzi eyenziwa yizinyunyana zabo ngesikhathi sokuzabalaza.
Uhlaka lokuthi uhlelo lwezepolitiki lungaqondwa kangcono futhi luhlaziywe ngokohlaka oluhlanganisa izikhungo zombuso kanye nemisebenzi yalo.
Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezenziwa ngabantu ngokuya ngesimo noma iphethini. Isakhiwo siyikho konke okunephethini noma isimo esivumelekile, njengesikhungo.
eNingizimu Afrika leli gama libhekise eminyakeni yawo-1960-1990 lapho inkululeko yabantu abamnyama yayilwelwa ngomzabalazo wokuvukela umbuso onodlame owawubhekiswe kuhulumeni wamaneshinali.
Umuntu okumele athobele inkosi noma umbuso ophethe.
Izinga lempilo eleseka impilo ngokuthe bha.
Izindlela ezisemqoka kanye nemibandela edingeka ekwesekeni impilo.
1. Izenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukubhekela phansi amandla ombuso kwezepolitiki, ezomnotho, ezempi nezengqondo. 2. Izenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukubukela phansi ukwethembeka , isimilo noma ukuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kuzikhulu zombuso.
Ilungelo lokuvota.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemihlangano phakathi kwezinhloko zikahulumeni abanamandla amakhulu ukuze baxoxe ngobudlelwane phakathi kwemibuso yabo ngenhloso yokuphelisa ukungezwani kanye nesimo esishubile kumazwe omhlaba.
Umhlangano obandakanya izinhloko zikahulumeni noma ongqongqoshe bohulumeni obusayo.
Umshwana esivumelwaneni obeka ukuthi ingxenye yesivumelwano izogcina ukusebenza ngasiphi isikhathi, isib. umshwana omayelana nesikhathi sikahulumeni kazwelonke wobumbano ophoqelelwe.
Isizwe esinamandla nesinethonya, kaningi esakha izikhali zenuzi, eziphethe izindaba zomhlaba, isib. iMelika.
Umgomo wokuthi isandla somthetho sinamandla amakhulu embusweni.
Ukumisa ilungu ehhovisini okwesikhashana noma igunya lesikhundla, njengesijeziso.
Uhlelo lwentando yeningi olukwazi ukugcina ubukhona balo.
Ukubusa kombuso othile komunye umbuso uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhosi bawo, kaningi kuba ngumbuso ozibusayo ngaphansi kwalowo oncike kuwo. Lolu hlobo lombuso lube ngoluvame kakhulu esigamwini sesibili seminyaka eziyizinkulungane ezingamashumi amabili. Ubudlelwane phakathi kweBrithani nelaseSwazini ngo 1890 ukuya ku 1966 kuyisibonelo salolu hlobo lombuso.
Imibono eminingi ethatha ipolitiki njengokuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala lapho kwenziwa khona lokho okufakwayo okuwuhlobo lwezimfuno nokwesekelwa kanye nokubonakalayo okuyizingxenye ezihlobene okuguqula lokho okufakwayo kube yizinqumo ezezniwa yizishayamthetho noma umpumela walokho.
Lokhu kwenzeka uma umvoti engavezi kahle lokho akufunayo ukuze athole umphumela olindelekile.
Imigomo nemibandela yezingxoxo ngaphambi kokuqala kwezingxoxo uqobo lwazo.
1. Ubude besikhathi sokuba esikhundleni esithile. 2. Isikhathi umuntu abe ngaso esikhundleni esithile.
Umgomo ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba obeka ukuthi amazwe akumele athuthukise iminyakazo edala uqhekeko noma ukuguqula imingcele kwamanye amazwe.
Umuntu osebenzisa ngokungakhethi izindlela ezinodlame njengeziqhumane, izinganono nezikhali zamakhemikhali ngenhloso yokwesabisa, ukwethusa, ukugedezelisa kanye nokuthena amandla bonke abantu kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi. Inhloso yomshokobezi kungaba ukuwisa umbuso ngendlela enodlame, ukulwela ukugcinwa kwamandla athile noma ukwakha umbuso omusha futhi owehlukile kulowo wangaphambili.
Izwe elisebenzisa ukwesabisa, udlame kanye nobushokobezi ukuze lizuze izinhloso zezepolitiki.
Umbutho wezempi owakhiwe ngokusemthethweni, isib. iCarabinieri eItaly neRijkswacht eBelgium.
ENingizimu Afrika kusho izisebenzi ezisolwa ngokuba yimishoshaphansi ohlangothini lwezokuphepha, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezinguquko kwezepolitiki ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
Igama eliyiqoqa elisho amazwe asathuthuka ase-Afrika, Asia kanye neLatin America.
Yinkomba yokuhlangabezana nengozi noma ukulimala.
Ukufakazela inhloso yokudala ubuhlungu noma ukulimala.
Imizamo yokuzuza izinhloso zezepolitiki ngokucacisa izinhloso zokudala ukulimala, ubuhlungu, noma usizi esitheni esingazimisele ukugoba kulokho okufunwa kuso.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezicindezelayo ezihambisana nobungcweti ekuvumiseni elinye izwe ukuba lifeze izifiso zelizwe.
Ukubekwa komuntu ngokuwuphawu esikhundleni okungamele abe kuso ngokusebenza kwakhe.
Inqubo yokwenza imizamo yophawu.
Ukubusa okuphelele okuzifanisa nokwentando yeningi, okuvame ukwesekelwa kuzimfuno zomholi zokuphatha ngombono wobuhlakani bakhe yedwa, isib kwiNazi eJalimane.
Uhlobo lokubusa olufaka phakathi konke lapho umbuso ungenelela khona ubuye ulawule zonke izikhungo zezenhlalo, kufaka phakathi ukuchithwa kwemiphakathi kanye nokuphatha imibutho yezenkolo, izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye namabhizinisi angasese.
Uhlobo lokumasha, ukugida kanye nokucula okwenziwa yisixuku esikhalazayo, kwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika.
Usosesheni ozinikela ekuxoxisaneni ngezamaholo ngenhloso yokuqhubela phambili izimfuno zamalunga awo ngokuba kuhlalwe phansi kuxoxiswane nabaqashi kumbe izinhlangano zabaqashi.
Isikhungo sezepolitiki esibekwe ngokusemthethweni kanye namandla okubusa kwezendabuko.
Umholi wabantu bendabuko onikezwe igunya ngenxa yegazi lakhe lobukhosi noma ngenye indlela evumelekile; isibonelo amakhosi ezinhlanga zaseNingizimu Afrika.
Inguquko ebalulekile yezimo, inqubo kanye nasebudlelwaneni bamandla emphakathini noma esikhungweni somphakathi.
Umuntu ohlala endaweni ethile ngokungagcwele okuba okwesikhathi esincane.
Umkhandlu ophethe okwesikhashana obusa izwe ngenkathi kusaxoxwa futhi kusasungulwa uhlelo olusha, isib. iSouth West Africa ngo 1988/89.
Umkhandlu wesikhashana obheka izikhalazo zendawo bese ubuye uqinisekise ukuqhubekela phambili ekuhlinzekeni ngemisebenzi ngesikhathi kusasungulwa uhlelo lohulumeni wasekhaya.
Uhlelo lukahulumeni oluzethula njengolungenankohliso.
Isikhungo esilawula isizwe noma isizwe sesigodi ngenxa yamandla ohlelo lomdabu lukahulumeni wesizwe.
1. Ukuhleleka kanye nesiko lesizwe esithile. 2. Inkolelo yokuba kanye nokwethembeka esizweni esithile.
Ukwethembeka ngokweqile esizweni, okuvame ukwanda ngokuziqhayisa nokuqhutshezelwa phambili ubutha obubhekiswe emaqenjini angezwani.
Ohlakeni oluthuthukayo kusho umholi okhethekile noma oyedwa oma njengoqapha novikela ukuthuthuka noletha intando yeningi embusweni.
Inzululwazi yase-Afrika emayelana nako konke komuntu.
Inkululeko kazwelonke e-Afrika.
Izwe elingenanqubekela phambili uma kuqhathaniswa kwezemfundo, inqubo yokuphatha, ukusebenza ngakwezomnotho, izinga lezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lokuphila kwabantu.
Umphakathi ongenazo izidingongqangi kanye nokuhlalakahle okuhambisana nendlela yempilo evumelekile.
Izenzo nezinqubo ezibekwe ngokusemthethweni njengezingezinhle, ezibandlululayo kubasebenzi noma abasebenza nabo.
Ukungakwazi ukulawuleka noma ukubuseka.
Indlu yesishayamthetho esinomkhandlu owodwa lapho kuhlangana khona abamele amaqembu ngenkathi bezoshaya umthetho.
Idolobhakazi elibumbene, kufana neNingizimu Afrika, efaka phakathi idolobhakazi, izindawo ezisemaphethelweni edolobha kanye nezindawo zemikhukhu.
Isenzo seqembu elilodwa kuphela, isib isinqumo sikamongameli Bush sokuthi izwe laseMelika lizobhekana nezitha lilodwa uma iNhlangano yezizwe ingafuni ukusebenzisana neMelika ekubhekaneni nenkinga.
Isu lokuzethemba wena ekubhekaneni nodaba, uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okuthinta izingxenye eziningi lapho kubandakanya khona amaqembu avunana ngokwehlukehlukene ngenhloso yokuxazulula inkinga.
Uhlelo lapho amandla agcinwe khona isiphathimandla esisodwa.
Izwe elibumbene ngaphakathi lapho amandla aphethwe nguhulumeni kazwelonke kanti izingxenye zabalandeli azivikelekanga ngokomthethosisekelo.
Ilungelo lokuvota lawo wonke umuntu ongaphezulu kweminyaka ethile, kungabhekelwa ubulili noma ubuhlanga; ngaphandle kwezigebengu noma abangaphilanga kahle ekhanda.
Impi ebonwa njengaleyo engafanele ngokwesimilo.
Umuntu owenqatshelwa ukuphila njengomuntu.
Umthethosisekelo owesekelwe ngaphansi kwemiqulu nezenzo eziyisisekelo, ezomdabu nokwangaphambili kunokuba ugcineke emqulwini owodwa osemthethweni, lowo we-United Kingdom.
Ukwehla ngokwezinga kwesimo sedolobhakazi noma idolobha, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuphela kwamabhizinisi kanye nabahlali abanothile.
Ipolitiki evame emadolobheni amakhulu.
Ukukhula ngokungalindelekile kwedolobha, okudalwa yizindlu ezintsha ezisemaphethelweni edolobha.
Ukwanda ekusatshalalisweni nasekukhulisweni kwedolobha noma idolobhakazi.
Iqembu eliqhwaga libuye liphathe amandla ngokungafanele; lizithathela lona libuye lihlale ezweni, kaningi livame ukwenza lokhu ngendluzula.
Izwe eliyiphupho elinomphakathi olungile ngokuphelele (ipharadesi).
Isenzo sokushiya phansi isikhundla esisemthethweni.
Uhlu olusemthethweni lwempahla kanye nenani layo elihloliwe, olusetshenziswa uhulumeni wasekhaya phakathi kokunye ukubona intela.
Iqembu eliphethe isikhundla sokuhola kunoma iyiphi inhlangano noma inkundla. Ohlakeni wamakhomanisi iqembu lamakhomanisi lithathwa njengeqembu eliyikhanda ukusukela ngezikhathi zenkolelo iLeninist okumele lihole futhi lisize iqembu lezisebenzi ukuze kufezeke ukufinyelela embusweni onokuvukela nowamakomanisi.
Obambelele kakhulu kulokho kwakudala kwezepolitiki eNingizimu Afrika.
Ukuvumela amalungelo abantu kwezepolitiki; lisuka eNingizimu Afrika.
Amandla asemthethweni okuvimbela isinqumo noma isenzo esikhungweni esithatha izinqumo ngokwenqabela isivumelwano sesixazululo.
Ukuhlukumeza amalungelo asemoqa abantu ngenhloso noma ngokungenanhloso.
Yinye yaleyo migomo esemqoka okwesekelwe kuyo ezepolitiki, ezenhlalo kanye nokuba khona kombuso.
Ukungabi nelungelo noma namandla okukhuluma noma okuvota.
Umuntu noma iqembu elingenazindlela zokudlulisela izidingo noma izimfuno kulabo abanamandla.
Igama elalisetshenziselwa ukwehlukanisa umbuso ozimele wamaBhunu asabambelele kokwakudala.
Isenzo sokusebenzisa ilungelo lokukhetha; ukuvota ngesikhathi sokhetho.
Uhlelo lokugaya amavoti kubavoti.
Ukufundisa abavoti ngohlelo lokuvota.
Ukuvota kwawo wonke umuntu ngokuvumelana ngomlomo.
Ukukhombisa ukukhetha komuntu ngokubeka ivoti ephepheni elibhaliwe noma ethikithini elibhaliwe.
Ukukhombisa ukukhetha komuntu ngokuphakamisa igama lomuntu ngendlela evumelana naye noma emphikisayo.
Ukukhombisa ukukhetha komuntu ngokuba aphakamise isandla njengokuveza indlela yokuvota.
Isivumelwano esibalula imigomo, amahora nemibandela yomsebenzi.
Isifiso sokuthola okuthile okubonwa njengokuyisidingo.
Ukungezwani phakathi kwamazwe amabili nangaphezulu, noma amazwe nezinhlangano, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izindlela zokucindezela, ezifaka phakathi ukusebenzisa noma ukwesabisa ngombutho wezempi ekuxazululeni ukungezwani okuzokwenza kuzuze amaqembu angezwani.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yedolobhakazi noma yedolobha ngenhloso yokuphathwa kanye nokumelwa kuhulumeni wasekhaya.
Ubugebengu obenziwe ngsikhathi sempi okuphikisana nemithetho kanye nezivumelwano zempi okuvunyelenwe ngazo.
Izikhali ezinekhono lokucekela phansi okukhulu noma ezisetshenziswa ngendlela ebulala iningi labantu.
Ilungu lephalamende eliqokelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqondiswa kwezigwegwe eqenjini.
Umuntu owembula ukuziphatha okungekuhle nokungafuneki.
Umcabango wokuthi abantu bakhethe noma banqume ukwenza okuthile, isib. intando yabantu.
Inhlangano yabakholelwa ekuxoxisaneni ezamazisa ukuba kususwe izindlela okubhekwa ngazo kanye nezinqubo ezithatha abesifazane njengabangaphansi kwabesilisa.
Ukubeka ukuthi imisebenzi ethile kumele inikezwe abantu bohlanga oluthile noma beqembu lobuzwe elithile, isib. ngesikhathi sobandlululo.
Uhlobo lomzabalazo lapho abasebenzi belandela yonke imithetho yomsebenzi ngokunwabuluka ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokusebenza ngalokho kuncipha umkhiqizo kakhulu.
Ukwenza inani eliphansi lomsebenzi olindelwe ngabaqashi kanye nokulandela yonke imithetho ngokutetemayo ukuze kwehliswe inani lemikhiqizo.
Izinkomba ezibekwayo ngenhloso ekhomba ukuthi umhlaba ungasetshenziselwani.
