OKUTJHIWO SIQUNTO SECALA LIKA-BHE 


1. ISINGENISO 

Isiqunto seKhotho yezomThethosisekelo ecaleni namba 49/03 laka-Bhe nabaNye babangisana noMarhistrada uKhayelitsha nabaNye esakhutjhwa ngomhlaka 15 ku-Oktoba ka-2004  sayenza yaphambana nomthethosisekelo isektjheni 23 yomThetho 38 ka-1927 yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, kunye nomThetholawulo R200 wemithetholawulo eyamenyezelwa esAzisweni somBuso 10601 sangomhlaka 6 kuFebruwari ka-1987. Ukukhambisana nommoya wesiqunto sikaBhe, umNyango wezomThethobulungiswa nezokuThuthukiswa komThethosisekelo kufuze bona wakhe bewusebenzise ihlelo elibumbeneko lokulawulwa kwamafa wabangasekho elisebenzela woke amaSewula Afrika ngekhwalithi efanako, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa ngobuzwe, ngobulili bomuntu, ngobudala bomuntu namkha ngesikhathi sokubelethwa komuntu. 

Isiquntwesi safuna amatjhuguluko naka alandelako: 

* IsiKhulu seKhotho ePhakemeko kufuze bona sithathe amandla wokulawula woke amafa wabangasekho. 
* Woke amafa kufuze bona alawulwe ngomThetho 66 ka-1965 wokuLawulwa kwamaFa, njengokutjhugululwa kwawo. 
* Woke amafa enziwa ngaphandle kwencwadi yokwaba amafa kufuze bona alawulwe ngomThetho 81 ka-1987 wokwAbiwa kwamaFa ngaphandle kweNcwadi yokwAba amaFa, njengokutjhugululwa kwawo. 
* UmThetho wokwAbiwa kwamaFa ngaphandle kweNcwadi yokwAbiwa kwamaFa ukhitjelelwa siqunto sakaBhe ukuqalelela la ongasekho wayethethe namkha ende ngesintu. 
* AboMarhistrada balahlekelwa mamandlabo wokulawula amafa wabangasekho. Nokho-ke nanyana kunjalo, kuzakufuneka bona baqedelele iindaba ezibikwe kibo ngaphambi namkha ngomhlaka 15 ku-Oktoba ka-2004. Nokho-ke leziindaba zokwabiwa kwamafa kufuze bona baziqedelele ngomThetho wokwAbiwa kwamaFa ngaphandle kweNcwadi yokwAbiwa kwamaFa. 

 
2. Isendlalelo: Umlando Wamva nje Wokulawulwa Kwamafa WabaNtu AbaNzima Ngaphandle Kweencwadi Zokwaba Amafa

Umlando wamva nje wokulawulwa kwamafa wabaNtu abaNzima ngaphandle kweencwadi zokwaba amafa uhlukaniswe ngeenkhathi ezintathu: 

* Ngaphambi kwesiqunto seKhotho yezomThethosisekelo ecaleni lakaMoseneke nabaNye babangisana nesiKhulu nomuNye ? 2001 (2) SA 18 CC  ( ? isiqunto sakaMoseneke?);
* Isikhathi hlangana kwesiquntweso nesiqunto seKhotho yezomThethosisekelo eCaleni Namba CCT 49/03 langomhlaka 15 ku-Oktoba 2004  likaBhe nabaNye babangisana noMarhistrata weKhayelitjha nabaNye  ( ?isiQunto sikaBhe? ) ne
* Sikhathi ngemva kwesiqunto sikaBhe. 

Esikhathini sokuthoma ngaphambi komhlaka 6 Disemba 2002, ideyithi isiqunto sikaMoseneke esathoma ngayo ukusebenza, isibopho sokubeka ilihlo ekulawulweni kwamafa wongasekho, sahlukaniswa ngokobuzwe. IsiKhulu seKhotho ePhakemeko ngiso esasibeke ilihlo ekulawulweni kwamafa wamaKhuwa, wamaKhaladi, wamaNdiya kunye namafa wangaPhandle kweNcwadi yokwAbiwa kwamaFa wabaNtu abaNzima. Igunya namandla wesiKhulu seKhotho ayehlathululwa ( nanje asahlathululwa ) emThethweni 66 ka-1965 wokuLawulwa kwamaFa, njengokutjhugululwa kwawo. 

UMarhistrada ongasekho owayehlala ngaphasi kwesiphande sakhe selawulo, kwafanela bona abeke ilihlo ekulawulweni kwelifa lomuNtu oNzima owabhubha anganayo incwadi yokwabiwa kwamafa. UMarhistrada amandla la wawathatha kusektjheni 23 yomThetho 38 ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, nemithethwenilawulo eyamenyezelwa njengesAziso somBuso R200 eGazedeni yomBuso 10601 kaFebrubari ka-1987. 

Ilifa lomuNtu oNzima nakabhubhako lalingabiwa ngaphasi komThetho 81 ka-1987 wokwAbiwa kwePahla. Lokhu-ke kwakhe kwenzeka amahlandla amabili. Ehlandleni lokuthoma kukula ongasekho aveza khona asaphila bonyana wenyula ukuphila ngaphasi komThetho wesiNtu. NgokwesAziso somBuso R200, lokhu kwavezwa ngeendlela ezimbili: la ongasekho azibawela khona isitifikedi sokumtjhaphulula emThethweni wesiZulu ngaphasi kwesektjheni 31 yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima kunye nala enyula khona ukuthatha namkha ukwenda ngomthetho wesikhuwa, hayi wesintu. Kwesibili, ilifa longasekho lalingabiwa ngomThetho wokwAbiwa kwePahla ngaPhandle kweNcwadi yamaFa la uNgqongqotjhe wezomThethobulungiswa wayebona khona ukuthi kwakuzakuba yinto engakalungi ebujamweni bezinto obuthileko ukwaba ilifa ngomthetho wesintu. Omunye nomunye owayefuna ukuhlukaniselwa bona yini okungamsebenzela ngcono lapha kwakufuze bona ayokubonana noNgqongqotjhe wezomThethobulungiswa akwazi ukubahlukanisela bona bangenza njani. 

Esikhathini sesibili, hlangana komhlaka 6 kuDisemba ka-2002 nomhlaka 15 ku-Oktoba ka-2004, isiKhulu seKhotho ePhakemeko sasinamandla wokubeka ilihlo phezu kwawo woke amafa ayelawulwa ngomthetho wesikhuwa, bese kuthi uMarhistrata abe namandla wokulawula amafa abiwe ngomthetho wesintu. 

IsiKhulu seKhotho sasisebenzisa amandlaso ngaphasi komThetho wokuLawulwa kwamaFa, kanti-ke aboMarhistrada bona babesebenzisa amandlabo ngaphasi komThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima kunye nemithetholawulo eyayikhutjhwa ngomthetho loyo. 

Esikhathini sesithathu, ngemva komhlaka 15 kuOktoba ka-2004, isiKhulu seKhotho ePhakemeko sizakubeka ilihlo ukulawulwa kwawo woke amafa ngokomThetho wokuLawulwa kwamaFa. Woke amafa anganancwadi zokwabiwa kwamafa azakulawulwa ngomThetho wokwAbiwa kwamaFa anganaNcwadi yokwAbiwa, ngamatjhuguluko afaneleko azakuqalelela imitjhado yesintu.

Kuqakathekile ukutjheja bona amatjhuguluko alethwa siqunto sikaBhe abalelwe emva athoma ukusebenza ukusukela ngomhlaka 27 ku-Apreli ka-1994 malungana namafa angakabukuqedelelwa. 

Ukuphumelela kwehlelo elitjheli kuzakuqinisekisa bona woke amaSewula Afrika aphathwa ngokulingana, begodu nesithunzi somunye nomunye umuntu sihlonitjhwe. 


3. Ubujamo Bakhathesi Bezomthetho

3.1 Iindaba La Ongasekho Abhubha Khona Ngaphambi Komhlaka 27 Ku-Apreli Ngo-1994   

Amafa wabantu ababhubha ngaphambi komhlaka 27 ku-Apreli ngo-1994, ayengakabikwa phambilini, kufuze bona adluliselwe esiKhulwini seKhotho.

      3.2  Iindaba La Ongasekho Abhubha Khona Ngemva Komhlaka 27 ku-Apreli Ngo-1994
     
           IsiKhulu seKhotho, ( ama-Ofisi wesiKhulu seKhotho neenDawo zokuSebenzela isiKhulu seKhotho ) kufuze bona sibeke ilihlo kiwo woke amafa womuntu ongasekho la ongasekho abhubha khona ngemva komhlaka 27 ku-Apreli ngo-1994. Amafa anjalo azakulawulwa abe abekwe ilihlo ngokomThetho wokuLawulwa kwamaFa. 

Nakube ongasekho wabhubha ngaphandle kokutjhiya incwadi yokwaba amafa, amafakhe kufuze bona abiwe ngokomThetho wokwAbiwa kwamaFa ngaPhandle kweNcwadi yokwAbiwa kwamAfa.

3.2 Iindaba Ezingakaqedelelwa Zilawulwa NguMarhistrada

       Iindabezi zitjhiywa ezandleni zakaMarhistrada kobanyana aziqedelele ngokulandela ikomba yesiqunto sakaBhe. 

  
4. Amandla Wesikhundla Sama-Ofisi WesiKhulu SeKhotho Neendawo Esisebenzela Kizo 

I-Ofisi yesiKhulu seKhotho inamandla phezu kwalokhu okulandelako: 

* La ongasekho atjhiye khona iwili ( incwadi yelifa ).
* La ubungako belifa lomuntu ( namkha isilinganiso esihle sobungako belifa ) budlula khona i-R50 000.
* La ilifa lisemtjhonweni khona ( iinkwelede zidlula amafa ). 
* La omunye namkha abanye beendlalifa basese bancani khona, begodu abanganamuntu ojamele ukubalekelela ngokusemthethweni. 
* Omunye namkha abanye beendlalifa basese bancani khona, begodu nelifa liyimali namkha ingcenye yalo iyimali engaphezulu kwe-R20 000. 

Nakufumaniseka bona kwenzeka lobubujamo obungehla, indaba yelifelo kufuze bona idluliselwe e-Ofisini yesiKhulu seKhotho iiNdawo zaso zokuSebenzela eziwela ngaphasi kwelawulo laso. 

INdawo yokuSebenzela izakukhetha umuntu kilobubujamo bezinto obulandelako :

* Nakube ongasekho azange atjhiye iwili ( wabhubha ngaphandle kokutjhiya incwadi yokwaba ilifa ); begodu 
* Ubungako belifa ( namkha isilinganiso esihle selifelo ) abudluli i-R50 000; begodu 
* Ilifa lisebujameni obuhle ( amafa adlula iinkwelede ); begodu 
* Zoke iindlalifa sezibabantu  abakhulu namkha omunye namkha abanye beendlalifa basese bancani begodu banomuntu ojamele ukubalekelela ngokusemthethweni, nelifa eliyimali liyi-R20 000 namkha ngaphasi kwalokho. 


5. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemisebenzi Ye-Ofisi LesiKhulu SeKhotho NeeNdawo Esisebenzela Kizo  

INdawo yokuSebenzela isiKhulu seKhotho iba namandla wokulawula ilifa longasekho, ukusukela mhlazana umnikazilifa abhubhako, ukube yena umnikazilifa uhlala endaweni elawulwa li-Ofisi likaMarhistrada la iNdawo yokuSebenzela isiKhulu seKhotho ikhona. 

    5.1 La Indawo YokuSebenzela IsiKhulu SeKhotho Inamandla Wokusebenza Khona Begodu Nakube Umraro Ufikele Ezandleni ZesiKhulu SeKhotho

Kilobubujamo bezinto isiKhulu seKhotho sithwele naku umsebenzi osibopho: 

* Ukukhupha isitifikedi sokukhetha nakube isibawo siphelele begodu singaqedelelwa ngaphandle kweminye imibandela. 
* IsiKhulu seKhotho eKulu kufuze bona sazise umfakisibawo nakufumaniseka ukuthi isibawo akukghonakali bona siqedelelwe ngenca yokuthi kufuze kuzaliswe eminye imibandela, begodu kuneNdawo yokuSebenzela isiKhulu seKhotho eduze komfakisibawo kune-Ofisi lesiKhulu seKhotho. Ukuthi i-Ofisi yesiKhulu seKhotho ingaragela phambili ngokusetjenziswa namkha njani na, sekusemahlombe womfakisibawo osele azisiwe. 
* Nakukhethwa umJameli wesiKhulu seKhotho ngaphasi kwesektjheni 18(3), isiKhulu seKhotho kufuze bona sazise iNdawo yokuSebenzela ngaso isikhatheso. 

La ongasekho atjhiya khona iwili, kodwa isiKhulu seKhotho sayala iwili leyo, kuphakanyiswa bona isiKhulu seKhotho sikhuphe isitifikedi sokukhethwa, hayi ukuthi indaba leyo siyibuyisele eNdaweni yokuSebenzela. 

    5.2 La IsiKhulu SeKhotho Sinamandla Khona, Kodwa Ukube Umraro Ufikele Endaweni YokuSebenzela  

IiNdawo zokuSebenzela akukafaneli nakancani zeqe imikhawulo yazo ezibekelwe yona. INdawo yokuSebenzela nayithola umraro ongaphandle komkhawulo wawo wamandla wokukhetha umuntu, kufuze bona kwenziwe nakhu okulandelako: 

* Umraro awudluliselwe e-Ofisini yesiKhulu seKhotho msinyana. 
* Umuntu obike umraro naye akabikelwe ngokudluliswa kwawo. Esazisweneso faka nemininingwana ye-Ofisi lesiKhulu seKhotho. 


6. Ubufakazi Bomtjhado Wesintu 

Umuntu nakathi batjho wathatha umkakhe isintu namkha nakasithi wenda isintu, kufuneka kuvezwe ubufakazi obusitifikedi. [ Qala usektjheni 4(5)(b) womThetho 120 ka-1998 oVuma imiTjhado yesiNtu njengokutjhugululwa kwawo]. Nakube akukghonakali ukuthi kuvezwe isitifikedi esibufakazi, loyo esifunwa kuye kufuze bona alayelwe bona aye ekhotho efaneleko [ qala usektjheni 4(7) womThetho 120 ka-1998  wokuVunywa kwemiTjhado yesiNtu, njengokutjhugululwa kwawo.]. 

Nakube umlingani osaphilako womtjhado wesintu uyabhalelwa kuveza ubufakazi bokubhaliswa komtjhadwabo isintu nomlingani wakhe ongasekho ngenca yokuthi umtjhadwabo ungakabukubhaliswa, kufuneka bona umtjhadwabo loyo ayowubhalisa emNyangweni wezangeKhaya, ngokomThetho 120 ka-1998 wokuVunywa kwemiTjhado yesiNtu. 

Nasi imininingwana efunekako ukubhalisa umtjhado wesintu: 

(a).  Isivumelwana samalobolo esinedeyithi yokulobola, nenani leenkomo zamalobolo kunye nanyana ngimiphi eminye imininingwana ekwavunyelwana ngayo yase itlikitlelwa ngizo zoke iinqhema ezifaneleko. 
(b). Nakube isivumelwana sokulobolelana senzelwa endaweni yemakhaya, kufuneka nemvumo etloliweko yeKosi yendawo la kwalotjolelwana khona. 
( c ). Isitifikedi sokufa namkha ikhophi yaso yomlingani ongasekho, ekubikwa ilifa lakhe. 
(d).  Umjameli ngamunye wekhabo likamkhwenyana nowekhabo likamakoti kufuze bona baphekelele umlingani oseleko ema-Ofisini wezangeKhaya wangekhabo. Boke  abantwaba kufuze baveze iimbhugwana ( ama-ID ) zabo nakubhaliswako. 
(e). Kubhadalwa i-R10.00 nakwenziwa isibawo sokubhalisa umtjhado wesintu.


7. Ubudlelwana Hlangana Komtjhado Wesikhuwa Newesintu Kunye Namandla Imitjhado Le Enawo Phezu Kwamafa. 

Ikambiso yokuhlanganisa isintu nesikhuwa yinto eqhelileko lapha eSewula Afrika,  
ngalokho-ke kuvamisile ukuthi isiga sinye senziwe ngeendlela ezinengi ezihlukahluka ngoburhiyarhiya bazo. Laphokhunye kuyenzeka abatjhadako benze umtjhado wesintu, kuthi khona mhlanokho, namkha emalanganeni ngemva kwalokho, baphinde godu bayokutjhada kwaKomitjhinari. Namariyadlhana enziwako angahle abuyiselwe emva umtjhado wesikhuwa nawulandelwa ngewesintu. Ukukhambisana kwemitjhado emibili, wesintu newesikhuwa ngasikhathi sinye ebantwini abatjhada ngaphambi komThetho 120 ka-1998 wokuVunywa komTjhado wesiNtu, kwabanga imiraro kezomthetho, ngoba umtjhado wesintu wawungakakavunywa mthetho, ngalokho-ke kwakubusa umtjhado wesikhuwa. 

Izinto-ke zirarana khulu la umuntu ( kuvamise ukuba yindoda ) afuna khona ukuthatha umfazi wesithathu. Singalinganisa ngokuthi umuntu omduna osuke ekhabo kude wayokusebenza kenye indawo eemayini angathatha umfazi munye ngesintu emakhaya ( ekhabo la asuka khona ), athathe omunye edrobheni ngomtjhado wesikhuwa. Indoda, ngokucabanga ngamalungelo wayo wokuthatha isithembu, kungenzeka ukuthi yenze lokho ngokungalimuki ngeenrarejo zomthetho engahlangabezana nazo ngenca yesenzo sayo sokuthatha isithembu; ngakelinye ihlangothi, enye indoda ewulimukako umthetho ingahle isithathe ngabomu isithembu, ithembele ekuthini izabafihlela iqiniso abomkayo. 

Ngoba umThetho oVuma umTjhado wesiNtu awubalelwa emva, imitjhado eyaba khona ngaphambi komthetho lo isabuswa mithetho eyayisebenza ngaphambi kobana umThetho lo uthome ukusebenza ngomhlaka 15 kuNovemba ngo-2000. Imithetho le-ke ingahlukaniswa iingaba ezine : 

7.1 Umtjhado Wesikhuwa Oza Muva Wendoda Ethatha Umfazi Wesibili Sele Ithethe Isintu : Ubujamo Bezinto Ngaphambi Komhlaka 2 kuDisemba 1988 ? Iindawo Ezingaphandle Kwe-Transkei. 

 
Mitjhado yesikhuwa kwaphela eyayithathwa njengemitjhado yamambala, ngalokho-ke indoda nayithethe isintu, nayithatha omunye umfazi ngesikhuwa, loyo umtjhado wesikhuwa wawubulala umtjhado wayo waphambilini wesintu, kusale wesikhuwa. Lokho-ke kwakumbangela ubudisi obukhulu umfazi womtjhado wesintu ?olahliweko? womtjhado nabantwabakhe. 

Isektjheni 22(27) yomThetho 38 ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima nokho wawunendinyana owawuvikela ngayo umfazi nabantwana abalahliweko indoda nayibhubhako. Ekwabiweni kwelifa, umhlolokazi nabantwabakhe ?abemukwe amalungelo? womtjhado wesintu, babebuya godu balingane nomfazi nabantwana bomtjhado wesikhuwa. Lokho-ke kutjho ukuthi umfazi womtjhado wesikhuwa nabantwabakhe babelahlekelwa malungelwabo wokudla ilifa bodwa nakubhubha unomzana wekhaya, ngaleyindlela-ke bagcine balingana patsi nomfazi nabantwana bomtjhado wesikhuwa. 

Nakube i-Ofisi lesiKhulu seKhotho namkha iNdawo yokuSebenzela ihlangabezana nobujamo bezinto obunjengalobu obungehla ngemva kwesiqunto sikaBhe, kufuze kutjhejwe bona umfazi olahliweko womtjhado wesintu kunye nomfazi womtjhado wesikhuwa, bobabili bazakuthathwa ukuthi bamakhosikazi wendoda engasekho nakwabiwa ilifa. 


   7.2 Umtjhado Wesikhuwa Oza Muva Wendoda Ethatha Umfazi Wesibili Sele Ithethe Isintu : Ubujamo Bezinto Ngemva Komhlaka 2 kuDisemba 1988 Ukuyokufika Kumhlaka 15 kuNovemba 2000 ? Iindawo Ezingaphandle Kwe-Transkei


Ngo-1988 umThetho 3 oTjhugululiweko ka-1988 wezemiTjhado nePahla, owathoma ukusebenza ngomhlaka 2 kuDisemba ngo 1988 wawusithi nanyana abathethene ngesintu bangaphinda godu bathathane isikhuwa, kodwa angeze kwakghonakala ukuthi omunye wabo ayokuthathana nomunye umuntu wesithathu ukube usese khona loyo umtjhado wesintu obahlanganisileko. Nakungenzeka ukuthi omunye walabo abathethene isintu afune ukuyokungena emtjhadweni wesikhuwa angakatlhalani naloyo athethene naye isintu, umtjhado wesikhuwa loyo angeze usebenze.  Lokhu-ke kwafakazelwa ecaleni likaThembisile nomuNye babangisana noThembisile nomuNye lika-2002(2)SA 209 (T). 

IsiKhulu seKhotho namkha iNdawo yokuSebenzela nayihlangabezana nalobubujamo bezinto obunjengalobu obungehla, kuzakufanela bona aqale bona ngiwuphi umtjhado owawusebenza nakubhubha loyo obhubhileko. Nakube obhubhileko watjhada isintu ( umtjhado wokuthoma ) nomfazi A, wase utjhada umtjhado wesikhuwa nomfazi B ngaphandle kokutlhalana nomfazi A ayemthethe isintu, umtjhado wesikhuwa uba lilize lakolize, ngalokho-ke umtjhado wesintu kujama wona kwaphela. Nakube umtjhado wesintu wahlukaniswa ngaphambi komtjhado wesikhuwa, umtjhado wesikhuwa ngiwo kwaphela ozakusebenza. 

7.3 Imitjhado Emibili Ekhamba Ngasikhathi Sinye  ETranskei

UmThetho 21 ka-1978 wezemiTjhado eTranskei wawuvumela indoda enomfazi emthethe ngesikhuwa bona ingabathatha abanye abafazi isintu, kodwa kwaphela nakube umtjhado wesikhuwa ekiwo awusiwo wehlanganyelapahla. Ngokunjalo-ke, indoda ethethe umfazi isintu, nayo yayivunyelwe ukuthi ingamthatha omunye umfazi ngesikhuwa, kodwa kwaphela nakube umtjhado wesikhuwa loyo uba ngongahlanganyeli ipahla. 

Ye-ke, isiKhulu seKhotho namkha iNdawo yokuSebenzela nayihlangabezana nemihlobo yemitjhado emibili esebenza ngasikhathi sinye ngokomThetho wemiThetho weTranskei, abantu abakiyo yomibili imihlobo yemitjhado le bazakuthathwa ukuthi bakulungele ukudla ilifa lomlingani wabo ongasekho ngaphandle kwencwadi yelifa.   

7.4 Ubujamo Bezinto Ngemva Komhlaka 15 KuNovemba 2000


 UmThetho 120 ka-1998 oVuma umTjhado wesiNtu wathoma ukusebenza ngomhlaka 15 kuNovemba ngo-2002, wabulala isektjheni 22(1) ukuyokufika ku-(5) yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, wabulala nombandela womThetho wezemiTjhado weTranskei owawuvumela imihlobo yemibili yemitjhado eba khona ngasikhathi sinye. 

Isektjheni 2(1) yomThetho oVuma umTjhado wesiNtu ulawula bona ngimuphi umtjhado wesintu ovumelekileko owawukhona nakuthoma ukusebenza umThetho womTjhado wesiNtu lo, uthathwa njengomtjhado ovumakeleko ngazo zoke iindlela. 

Usektjheni 10(1) uthi indoda nomfazi abatjhade isintu banelungelo lokuphinda godu batjhade isikhuwa nakube kibo bobabili akakho otjhade isintu nomunye ngeqadi. 

Usektjheni 10(4) uthi nanyana usektjheni (1) omncani atjho lokhu akutjhoko, kodwa akunamuntu otjhade isikhuwa ovunyelwe ukutjhada omunye umtjhado godu, nanyana kungaba mtjhado wesikhuwa nanyana kungaba ngewesintu. 

UmThetho lo-ke ufakazela ukuthi abantu abatjhade isintu angeze bakghona ukuphinda batjhade isikhuwa nakube omunye wabo kukhona lapho atjhade khona isintu engcenye. Sekunjalo-ke nebantwini abatjhade ngesikhuwa, nabo angeze bakghona ukutjhada isintu ukube ngahlanganye basatjhade isikhuwa. 

Margaret Meyer 
Masters? Training: Justice College 
28 April 2005 


IMITLOLO ESETJENZISIWEKO: 

1. Justice College: Policy and Procedure Manual: Administration of intestate deceased estates at service points;
2. TW Bennet: Customary Law in South Africa 2000, amakhasi 236 ukuya ku-242. 
3. Justice College: Masters? Training Note no.: The administration of intestate Black estates by the Master of the High Court. 


1


1


