                    UMTHETHO WOBUFAKAZI


                                                          IKOMBA

OKUMUMETHWEKO                                                      IKHASI

1.     ISINGENISO                                                                                            1

2.     IMIQONDO ESISEKELO                                                                        1
2.1	Ubufakazi                                                                                                   1
2.2	Iintlabagelo Zobufakazi                                                                              1
2.3	Ipikiswano                                                                                                   3
2.4	Amaphuzu wendaba
2.5	Amaphuzu akhambisana namaphuzu wendaba
2.6	Ubufakazi Bokuthoma
2.7	Ubufakazi Besibili
2.8	Ubufakazi obuphathekako bePrima Faci
2.9	Ubufakazi obuphathekako obuphethiweko
2.10	Ubufakazi obunemibandela
2.11	Ubufakazi Obunqophileko
2.12	Ukwamukeleka
2.13	Ukunqophana
2.14	Ithuba
2.15	Uwamukela Okuhlelekileko Nokungakahleleki
2.16	Ukuvuma
2.17	Isaziso Somthetho
2.18	Ukuhlawumbisa
2.19	Umthwalo wobufakazi obuphathekako Nomthwalo Obufakazi





       IMIQONDO ESISEKELO KUMTHETHO WOBUFAKAZI

1.	ISINGENISO

Umthetho wobuFakazi usisetjenziswa esiqakatheke khulu komunye nomunye umuntu othanda ukwenza umthetho. Umuntu nafuna ukusebenzisa isisetjenziswesi ngepumelelo nangekghono kuqakathekile kobana azwisise imiqondo ethize esisekelo abatloli bemitlolo eyahlukahlukeneko abanande bakhuluma ngayo kumThetho wobuFakazi.

Ihloso yomtlolo lo kulungiselela nokuhlomisa abantu kobana babone begodu bajayele imiqondo esisekelo kumThetho wobuFakazi nokubabonelela ngesisekelo esizakwenza bakghone ukukhulumisana nomThetho wobuFakazi ngokuphelela kwawo.

2.	IMIQONDO ESISEKELO

2.1	Ubufakazi

Ubufakazi bakhiwa lilwazi elilethwa ngaphambi kwekhotho ukwenza ikhotho ikghone ukuqunta malungana namaphuzu aphathelene nendaba leyo.
2.2	Iintlabagelo Zobufakazi

Iintlabagelo zobufakazi  kutjho zoke iintlabagelo ezingasetjenziswa njengobufakazi ekhotho.

UmThetho wobuFakazi uphathelene nokuqinisekisa amaqiniso kanye nokulawula indlela amaqiniso aqinisekiswa ngayo. Amaqiniso angaqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneko zeentlabagelo zobufakazi.

Iintlabagelo zobufakazi zakhiwa ngilokhu:
2.2.1 Ubufakazi bomlomo, Obutloliweko nofana Obuphathekako
2.2.2 UkwAmukela nokuVuma okuHlelekilko nokuNgakahleleki
2.2.3 Isaziso somThetho
2.2.4 Ukuhlawumbisela

Qala: Mjoli 1981(3)SA 1233 A at 1248 A
         Tsankobeb 1981 (4) SA (A) at 626G

Umfanekiso ukhombisa isitjengiso esibonakalako samaphiko ahlukahlukeneko womthetho; sikhombisa bonyana uwela ngakiliphi iphiko umThetho wobuFakazi; ihlathululo yomThetho wobuFakazi begodu ukhombisa nokuthi inaziphi iinTlabagelo zobuFakazi.



                                           UMTHETHO

	
UmThetho oJamileko                                        UmThetho weKambiso
(UmThetho wobeLelesi)                                     (UmThetho weKambiso;
                                                                               UmThetho wobuFakazi)

	

                                  UMTHETHO WOBUFAKAZI


                                  UKUQINISEKISWA KWAMAQINISO

                                 NGENDLELA YEENTLABAGELO ZOBUFAKAZI


Ubufakazi      Ukwamukela okuHlelekileko   Isaziso somThetho    kuhlawumbisa
                       Ukwamukela okuNgakahleleki
                       Ukuvuma


2.3	Ipikiswano

Ipikiswano yombuso kanye nesivikelo akubumbi ubufakazi, kwaphela kunobungako obulandelelako. Kumumethe imibono nofana iimphakamiso ezinqophe ukugandelela ubujamo obusemthethweni nofana ubujamo obuneqiniso begodu kusetjenziselwa ukuzuza ikhotho kobana yenze iimfunisiso ezithize.

qala: V’s Case 1995 (1) SACR 173 (T)

Ngaphambi kobana kwethulwe isigwebo, iinqhema zinikelwa ithuba lokuletha ipikiswano yokuvala ekhuluma ngobufakazi obethulwe nakubangwa umlandu.

2.4	Amaqiniso endabeni 

Amaqiniso endabeni maqiniso okumele aqinisekiswe siqhema ukuze siphumelele emlandwini.

2.5	Amaqiniso akhambisana namaqiniso wendaba

Amaqiniso athanda ukuqinisekisa nofana ukuphikisa amaqiniso wendaba.

 Isibonelo: Emlandwini ophathelene nombelethi ongubaba, ukufaniswa kwakababa kuzakuba liqiniso lendaba, ukuya emsemeni nobaba wakhona kuzakuba liqiniso elikhambisana neqiniso lendaba.

2.6	Ubufakazi Bokuthoma

Ubufakazi bokuthoma kutjho bonyana bufakazi obungcono nofana kutjho bona akunabufakazi (obuqinileko) obunye obukhona.

2.7	Ubufakazi Besibili

Ubufakazi besibili kutjho bonyana kunobufakazi obungcono nofana bukhe baba khona.
Isibonelo: Umtlolo wamambala uthathwa njengobufakazi bokuthoma bese ikhophi ithathwe njengobufakazi besibili.

2.8	Ubufakazi obuphathekako bePrima Facie

Igama elithi prima facie ngelesiLathini elitjho “ekuveleni kwamantangi.” Umutjho othi prima faci kezomthetho utjho bonyana ubufakazi obuphambi kwekhotho banele ukubumba iqiniso nofana umlandu ngaphandle kwanage buphikiswa.

Nakungekho isiqinisekiso esihlukileko, prima facie izakuba bufakazi obuphathekako obujamileko.

2.9	Ubufakazi obuphathekako obujamileko

Ubufakazi obuphathekako obujamileko kutjho ubufakazi bokugcina nobungeze baphikiswa nganofana ngibuphi ubufakazi obujamelene nabo.

2.10	Ubufakazi Obunemibandela

Ubufakazi obunemibandela bubufakazi obungakanqophi.

Isibonelo: (1)   Ekubangweni komlandu wokubulala, kunganikelwa ubufakazi              
                         bokobana u-A gade anehloso yokubulala u-B nokobana
                         wabonwa agijima aphuma kwa-B aphethe umukhwa oneengazi.

                 (2) U-X ufakaza bonyana uzwe kuphuka amarhalasi, wathi naqalako 
                       wabona u-Y ajame ngaphambi kwefesidere eliphukileko 
                        kwa-Z aphethe ilitje esandleni sakhe.

2.11	Ubufakazi Obunqophileko

Ubufakazi obunqophileko bufakazi obubonwe ngufakazi ngamehlo.

Isibonelo: Ekubangweni komlandu wokubulala, u-C ufakaza bonyana gade ajame 
                         ngaphandle kwefesidere lomuzi ka-B, wabona u-A ahlaba u-B.

2.12	Ukwamukeleka

                      Ukwamukele kutjho ukwamukelwa kobufakazi, akunazinga 
                       lokwamukeleka. Ubufakazi buyamukeleka nofana abamukeleki.
                       Ukuthi ubufakazi buyamukeleka nofana njani kuya ngokuthi
                       buyakhambisana nokobana ukwamukeleka kwabo 
                        kuzakubanga ukuzindlekela kumsolwa.

2.12.1	Ukwamukeleka okunombandela
Ukwamukela ubufakazi ukuya ngombandela wokwaneliseka ekugcineni komlandu. Nakube ubujamo abaneliseki, ubufakazi abuthathwa.

Qala: S vs Swanepoel 1980 (10 SA 144 (NC)

Ikhotho yezwa bonyana umtlolo ungasetjenziswa nakubuzwa imibuzo phezu kobana ukuba semthethweni kwawo kuphikiswa siqhema esiphikisako. Kuba kwaphela ngemva kobana umbuso sele uvale umlandu lapha abphikisako baba nethuba khona lokuletha ubufakazi bokubasemthethweni. Nakube ukuba semthethweni akuqinisekiswa, nanyana ngibuphi ubufakazi obuvela ekubuzeni imibuzo kumele ikhotho ibuphayilele eqadi.

2.13	Ukunqophana

Ukuze ikhotho iqunde bonyana kuyanqophana, kumele itjheje bonyana ubufakazi obethulweko buyakhambisana namaqiniso wendaba na.

2.14	Ithuba

Ithuba lilungelo nofana sibopho esidingwa ngufakazi nofana siqhema ukugodlela ikhotho ubufakazi obuphathekako. Kunemihlobo emibili yamaThuba: Ithuba langasese neThuba lomBuso.

2.15	Ukwamukela okuHlelekileko nokuNgakahleleki

2.1.5.1 Ukwamukela okuHlelekileko
             Ukwamukela ohlelekileko kukwamukela okwenziwa ekhotho 
             okubumba ubufakazi obujamileko obungeke bahlangahlangiswa
             nofana butsonyulwe ngaphandle kwanange kuneendingo ezithize
             zomthetho ezanelisiweko.
2.1.5.2	Ukwamukela okuNgakahleleki

Ukwamukela okungakahleleki kukwamukela okwenziwa ngaphandle kwekhotho okungahlathululwa nofana kuhlangahlanganiswe.

2.16	Ukuvuma
Ukuvuma kukulokha umsolwa namukela umlandu ngokukhanyako, okuthi nakube kwenziw ekhotho yomthetho, kwamukelwa njengokuVunywa komLandu.

2.17	Isaziso somThetho

Isaziso somthetho kutjho lokha ikhotho nayamukela amaqiniso ngelwazi elivamileko kanye nelwazi elijayelekileko njengokuqinisekisiweko okungakaqinisekiswa bufakazi obuphambili.

2.18	Ukuhlawumbisa 

Ukuhlawumbisa kutjho isiphetho esisuselwa emaqinisweni athize ngokuqaliswa emthethweni. Kunemihlobo emithathu yokuhlawumbisa:
2.18.1	Ukuhlawumbisa iQiniso
2.18.2	Ukuhlawumbisa umThetho
2.18.3	Ukuhlawumbisa umThetho okungaphikisekiko.

2.19	Umthwalo wobufakazi obuphathekako Nomthwalo Obufakazi

2.19.1	Umthwalo wobuFakazi

     Umthwalo wobufakazi kutjho umsebenzi nofana isibopho sesiqhema sokuqinisekisa indabaso ngaphezu kokuzaza emlandwini wobelelesi umthwalo wobufakazi buya ngokutjhutjhiswa.

2.19.2	Umthwalo wobuFakazi

 Umthwalo wobufakazi kutjho isibopho sesiqhema ukuveza ubufakazi obaneleko ukwenza ikhotho ikwazi ukubiza isiqhema sizokuphendula nokuveza ubufakazi obaneleko ukutjhijila i-prima facie  yomlandu eyenziwa siqhema esiphikisako. 





