UKUSEBENZA, AMANDLA WOKUSEBENZA NGOMTHETHO KUNYE NEKAMBISO
WE : PHIKO LEZAKHAMUZI, EKHOLEJI YEZOMTHETHOBULUNGISWA
OKUNGAPHAKATHI IKHASI
Isingeniso ...
UMQONDO NEKAMBISOLAWULO YAMANDLA WOKUSEBENZA NGOMTHETHO ...
Ifundiso Yokuphumelelisa ...
Umqondo Wobufunda ...
Iragelophambili ...
AMANDLA WOKUSEBENZA NGOMTHETHO ANGALINGANISELWA NGEENDLELA EZINTATHU ...
IKhotho YezomThethosisekelo ...
IKhotho Ekulu YokuDlulisela IinLilo...
IKhotho EPhakemeko...
Amanye Amakhotho Avulwa Namkha Avunywe NgomThetho WePalamende...
AMANDLA WAMAKHOSI NAMAKHOSANA WOKULALELA AMACALA WOMBANGO ...
Isingeniso ...
UNgqongqotjhe Angalayela AmaKhosi, AmaKhosana Kunye NamaSekela Kobana Balele Amacala Wombango ...
Iimfuneko Ekufuze Bona Zizaliswe Ngaphambi Kobana IKosi, IKosana Namkha Isekela leKosi Lingasebenzisa Amandlalo Wokusebenza Ngomthetho ...
Umbango Kufuze Ube Hlangana KwabaNtu AbaNzima Babodwa ...
Amahlalo ...
Icala Lekhotho Yombango Elisuselwa EmThethweni WesiNtu Nesikweni ...
Iindaba Ibandla Elinganamandla Phezu Kwazo ...
AmaKhotho WemiKhandlu YomPhakathi ...
IKAMBISO YEBANDLA ...
IKAMBISO ...
Isijamiso Sekambiso ...
Ukwethulwa Kobufakazi ...
Ukuthathwa Kweenqunto ...
ISAHLULELO NOKUKHUTJHWA KWASO ...
Isahlulelo ...
Ukusetjenziswa Kwesahlulelo ...
Ukudluliswa Kweenlilo Nokubuyekezwa Kwamacala ...
Ikambiso Yokudlulisa Isililo Emacaleni Wombango ...
Ukudluliswa Kweenlilo Ezabelweni ...
AMANDLA WAMAKHOSI NAMAKHOSANA WOKULALELA AMACALA WOBULELESI ...
AMAKHOSI NAMAKHOSANA ANGAKANIKELWA AMANDLA ...
Isingeniso ...
Ukusungulwa Nokwakhiwa Kwamabandla ...
Iindaba Amabandla Anganamandla Phezu Kwazo ...
Iindaba Amabandla Anamandla Phezu Kwazo ...
Isingeniso ...
Amandla Wokusebenza Ngomthetho Emacaleni Wombango Nekambiso ...
Amandla Wokusebenza Ngomthetho Emacaleni Wobulelesi Nekambiso ...
AmaKhotho Wabomaziphathe Beemfunda ...
AMABANDLA NOMTHETHOSISEKELO ...
Ubujamo BeBandla ...
UKUSEBENZA, AMANDLA WAMABANDLA WOKUSEBENZA NGOMTHETHO KUNYE NEKAMBISO YAMABANDLA
ISINGENISO
Solo kwathi ndi, abaRholi beNdabuko benza imisebenzi eqakathekileko ngokwahlukahlukana kwayo emiphakathini yabo ngokwahlukahluka kwayo. Ikulumo ecocwa encwajaneni le iqale omunye walemisebenzi : umsebenzi wokwahlulela wabaRholi beNdabuko. Namhlanje ukulawulwa kobulungiswa eendaweni zemakhaya kuvamise khulu khulu ukuragwa makhotho wabaRholi beNdabuko, amaBandla. AmaBandla phela ngiwo-ke amakhotho wabaRholi beNdabuko, la abaRholi beNdabukwaba benzisa khona ubulungiswa ngokulandela imithetho yesintu. Ngokwesekhtjheni 211 yomThethosisekelo weRiphabhligi yeSewula Afrika, umthetho wesintu manje sewuvunywa ngokusemthethweni njengomthetho okhambisana nomthetho ongekho eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende ( i-common law). Lokhu-ke kutjho ukuthi amakhotho akakwazi ukugcina kwaphela ngokutjheja ukuqakatheka komthetho wesintu kezomthetho njengoba bekusenzeka ngaphambi kokuthoma kokusebenza komThethosisekelo, kodwa sekufanele bona umthetho wesintu lo awusebenzise nokuwusebenzisa la kukghonakala khona, ngokuqalelela umthetho osebenza lapho kunye nomThethosisekelo ngokwawo. AmaBandla akhona njenganje ayavumakala eencwadini zomthetho, ngendinyana 16 yetjhejuli 6 yomThethosisekelo, yona ethi enye nenye ikhotho - sekubalwe namaBandla – eyayikhona umThethosisekelo nawuthoma ukusebenza, izakuragela phambili ngomsebenzayo, ngokulawulwa mthetho olawula amakhotho anjengayo. Umsebenzi wamakhotho la ulawulwa mithetho embadlwana eseencwadini zemithetho yePalamende. Imithetho eseencwadini zemithetho yePalamende le ibala nemithetho eyayisebenza ngaphambi kobana iSewula Afrika ibe nomThethosisekelo, neyezabelo. Ukuragela phambili ngokusebenza eSewula Afrika eTja kwalemithetho yeminyaka eyadlulako kuvunyelwe yitjhejuli 6 yomThethosisekelo 108 ka-1996 weSewula Afrika. UMongameli waba imithetho le wayabela amaphrovinsi ayifaneleko, ngokwendinyana 14 yetjhejuli 6 yomThethosisekelo. Qala : Report On Traditional Courts & Judicial Functions of Traditional Leaders wangomhlaka 21 kuJanabari 2003: SA Law Commission, ekhasini 1.
Isekhtjheni 1 yomThetho 45 ka-1998 oTjhugululiweko wobuFakazi uthi nanyana ngiyiphi ikhotho ingatjheja ukuqakatheka komthetho welinye ilizwe kunye nokuqakatheka komthetho wabantu bendabuko la umthetho loyo ungakghona khona ukuqinisekiswa : Kwaphela nakube umthetho wabantu bendabuko angeze uphikisane nekambisolawulo yomthethokambiso yomphakathi kunye nobulungiswa bemvelo: Godu nakube angeze kube semthethweni ukuthi ikhotho nanyana ngiyiphi ibethe umlayo othi isiko lelobolo namkha elinye isiko elinjalo seliyinto enyenyisako ekambiswenilawulo enjalo.
Isibonelo, umThetho 38 ka-1927 wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima njengokutjhugululwa kwawo.
UmThetho 32 ka-1944 njengokutjhugululwa kwawo, qala isekhtjheni 28.
UMQONDO NEKAMBISOLAWULO YAMANDLA WOKUSEBENZA NGOMTHETHO
Amandla wokusebenza ngomthetho angahlathululwa njengamandla nekghono lokwenza lekhotho lokulalela nokuthatha isiqunto ngombango okhona hlangana kweenqhema ezibangako Graafreinet Municipality v Van Ryneveld's Pass Irrigation Board 1950 SA 420 (A). Ngalokho-ke amandla wokusebenza ngomthetho asitjela bona ikhotho inamandla maphi, angangangi. Isahlulelo esikhutjhwa ecaleni la ikhotho inganamandla khona sililize lakolize. Nakuqalwa umthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zomThetho wePalamende, umqondo wamandla wokusebenza ngomthetho wakhelwe phezu kwekambisolawulo nemithetjhwana embadlwana. Imithetjhwana le isukela emithethweni esetjenziswa ngaphandle kobana itlolwe eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende, kodwa nayo ingafakwa eencwadini zomthetho.
Isibonelo sokufakwa komthetho onjalo eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende mThetho waboMarhistrada. Amandla wokusebenza ngomthetho akhelwe phezu kwemithetjhwana nasi elandelako:
Ifundiso Yokuphumelelisa
Umthetjhwana lo uyisika nobusimeleliso beminye imithetjhwana ephathelene namandla wokusebenza ngomthetho. Ngokomthetjhwana lo, ikhotho nayizakuba namandla wokusebenza ngomthetho kufuze bona inikelwe amandla ukuraga umsebenzayo- Eckards 17. Ikhotho kufuze bona ibe namandla phezu komuntu omangalelweko/obekwa icala kunye nepahlakhe.
Umqondo Wobufunda
Umqondo wobufunda uhlobene nefundiso yokuphumelelisa. Amandla wokusebenza ngomthetho alinganiselwe lapha athoma ukusebenza abe agcine khona. Qala u-Polak ( 1993 ) 2. Amandla wekhotho anomkhawulo wendawo lapha agcina khona ukusebenza.
Lesisitjho nasitjhugululwako sitjho ukuthi ummangali ulandelela ummangalelwa ekundlenakhe. Ummangali nakafuna ukummangalela ummangalelwa, ummangali kufuze bona lokho akwenze ekhotho enawo amandla phezu komuntu ommangalelwako nepahlakhe. Ikhotho le kuvamise ukuthi kube yikhotho yendawo la kuhlala khona ummangalelwa, hayi la kuhlala khona ummangali. Nokho-ke kuyenzeka kesinye isikhathi izinto zenzeke ngendlela ehlukileko kunale ejayelekileko, isibonelo: ikhotho ingaba namandla wokusebenza ngecalelo ngoba lokho okubangele ukuthi bekuvulwe icala kwenzeke endaweni engaphasi kwayo. Malungana namaKhotho waboMarhistrada, isekhtjheni 28 (d) yomThetho 32 ka-1944 wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada uthi ikhotho nayizakukghona ukuba namandla ngenca yalonobangela esiqeda ukumutjho, kuzakufuneka bona icalelo ngokuphelela kwalo libe lenzeke endaweni ewela ngaphasi kwekhotho leyo.
Ngenca yemithetjhwana ephalisanako yamandla wokusebenza ngomthetho, kungenzeka ukuthi amakhotho angaphezulu keyodwa abe namandla phezu kwecala linye. Ngoba ummangali uyi-dominis litis – okutjho ukuthi unelawulo ecaleni lakhe – unelungelo lokuzikhethela ukuthi angayokummangala kiyiphi ikhotho. Ngokuvamileko ummangali uzikhethela ikundla elungele yena kunobanyana akhethe elungele ummangalelwa.
Iragelophambili
Amandla wekhotho abekwa nakunikelwa abammangali amadarhfari, hayi nakaphumako amadarhfari lawo. Ikhotho inganikelwa amandla engawasebenzisa ecaleni elithileko, ihlala inawo amandla lawo beliphele icala - Standard Credit Corporation Ltd v Bester and Others 1987 SA 812(W) at 819. Nakube ikhotho yayinamandla phezu kwecala elithileko nakunikelwa ummangalelwa idarhfari namkha nakanikelwa ihlelo lekambiso yekhotho ngecalelo, nakungenzeka kube namatjhuguluko enzekako angeze kwemukwe ikhotho amandla ebesele inawo phezu kwecalelo. Isibonelo: ikhotho enamandla phezu kwecala elithileko ngoba ummangalelwa uhlala endaweni engaphasi kwekhotho leyo ngesikhathi kuvulwa icala, izakusolo iliphethe icalelo ngitjho nanyana kungenzeka ummangalelwa athuthe endaweni leyo icala lingakapheli.
AMANDLA WOKUSEBENZA NGOMTHETHO ANGALINGANISELWA NGEENDLELA EZINTATHU
Ukuhlathulula nokukhanyisa kuhle ikulumo elandelako le, kulinganiswe ngeKhotho kaMarhistrada .
Umhlobo wesimangalo
Ubungako besimangalo
Indawo engaphasi kwekhotho ( isifunda ).
Kumsebenzi wesinye nesinye isiphathimandla esingameleko ukwenza iqiniso lokobana ikhotho yaso inawo amandla wokulalela icala eliphambi kwayo. Lokhu-ke kusebenza khulu khulu malungana nokulinganiselwa kwecala/kwesimangalo ngokuthi limhlobobani nokuthi libungako obungangani. Kufuze kutjhejwe-ke ukuthi ngokwamabandla, akunasilinganiselo semali esibekiweko njenganje. Nokho-ke iHlelo eliKhethekileko leKomitjhini yezomThetho ngomThetho wesiNtu ( i-Law Commission Special Project on Customary Law ) liphakamisa bona kuthome ukuba nesilinganiso semali ebekiweko, ngokukhambisana nobulula nokuhleleka kwawo amaBandla5.
La ummangalelwa avela khona ekhotho enganawo amandla phezu kwakhe kodwa yena ummangalelwa kungamhluphi lokho, ikhotho leyo izakuba nelungelo lokuba namandla phezu kwakhe. Ngalokhu-ke ummangalelwa uzabe azinikele ngaphasi kwekhotho leyo - Sekhtjheni 281f yomThetho 32 ka-1944 waboMarhistrata njengokutjhugululwa kwawo. Nokho-ke la kunganammangalelwa ovela phambi kwekhotho, isiphathimandla esingameleko sinesibopho sokuveza indaba yendawo la amandla wekhotho afika naphelela khona. Ngalokho-ke la ummangalelwa avela khona phambi kwekhotho, isiphathimandla esingameleko asikwazi ukuyiveza indaba yendawo la amandla wekhotho afika naphelela khona. Nakube kuvela indaba yokuthi ikhotho ayinamandla wokulalela icala elithileko, kuvamise ukuthi kufuneke ukuthi ummangalelwa aveze ubufakazi bokuthi ikhotho leyo inawo amandla wokulalela icalelo qala : Malherbe v Britstown Municipality 19491 SA C , kodwa indlela ummangalelwa azikhulumela ngayo ngokuthi ikhotho leyo ayinamandla wokulalela icala lakhe, ingatjhugulula ubujamo bezinto kube nguye ummangalelwa ekufuze bona aveze ubufakazi bokuthi ikhotho leyo ayinawo amandla wokulalela icala lakhe.
Umqondo wamandla wekhotho uyahlobana godu nendlela amakhotho wekhethu eSewula Afrika alandelana ngayo, ngoba umqondo lo usazisa ngokuthi ikhotho ethileko inamandla angangani nokuthi ilinganiselwe ukufikaphi. Ikhotho ingahlala njengekhotho yokuthoma namkha njengekhotho yokudlulisela isililo, kuye ngamandla wokusebenza ngomthetho enawo. Ngokwesahluko 8 somThethosisekelo 108 ka-1996, amakhotho :
YiKhotho YezomThethosisekelo
IKhotho yezomThethosisekelo yikhotho engaphezu kwawo woke amakhotho kiwo woke amacala aphethelene nomthethosisekelo - S 166 & 167, ne
Khotho Ekulu YokuDlulisela IinLilo
IKhotho eKulu yokuDlulisela iinLilo yikhotho engaphezu kwawo woke amakhotho wokudlulisela iinlilo emacaleni angakaphathelani nomthethosisekelo - S 166 & 168.
UmBiko weKomitjhini yezomThetho ngamaBandla – indinyana 3.4
IKhotho Ephakemeko
Nakukhulunywa ngeKhotho ePhakemeko kubalwa neKhotho ePhakemeko yokuDlulisela iinLilo engasungulwa ngomThetho wePalamende ukulalela iinlilo zamaKhotho aPhakemeko. AmaKhotho la angagweba nanyana ngimaphi amacala ngaphandle kwamacala aqalene neKhotho yezomThethosisekelo kwaphela – S 166 & 169. IKhotho ePhakemeko kuthiwa amandlayo akhelelwe futhi kiyo ( lokho-ke kutjho ukuthi amandlayo iwathola emthethweni ongakatlolwa eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende).
AmaKhotho waboMarhistrada angagweba nanyana ngiliphi icala elitjhiwo mThetho wePalamende. Amakhotho la akanawo amandla wokusola umthetho othileko ngokuthi uphambana nomthethosisekelo namkha amandla wokusola ukuziphatha kwakaMongameli – S166 & 170. AmaKhotho waboMarhistrada kuthiwa ziindalwa zeencwadi zomthetho wePalamende ( lokhu-ke kutjho ukuthi athola amandlawo eencwadini zomthetho ekusungulwe ngawo amakhotho la – umThetho 32 ka-1944 wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada.) Amakhotho la godu athola amandlawo nemithethweni eminye ngaphandle komThetho wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada. Ngalokho-ke ikhotho kamarhistrada ayinamandla ngaphandle kwalawo ewanikelwe mThetho wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada neminye imithetho.
Amanye Amakhotho Avulwa Namkha Avunywe NgomThetho WePalamende
AmaBandla awele kilekoro. AmaBandla wamaKhosi namaKhosana avulwa namkha avunywa ngemithetho eyayisebenza ngaphambi kokuthoma kokusebena komThethosisekelo osebenza njenganje. Isibonelo semithetho enje mThetho 38 ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima. Ngokwendinyana 2 yetjhejuli 6 yomThetho womThethosisekelo, yoke imithetho eyathoma ukusebenza ngaphambi komThetho womThethosisekelo isasebenza nanje, izakusolo isebenza, bekube mhlazana itjhugululwako namkha ibulawako. Ngalokho-ke umThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima uzasolo usebenza, bekube mhlazana utjhugululwako namkha ubulawako. NgokomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, akunarhelo elibekiweko lokulamana/lokulandelana kwamabandla. Futhi ayikho nendlela yokudlulisela isililo esisuka ebandla lekosaneni siye ebandla lekosini. Emacaleni wobulelesi newombango maKhotho kaMarhistrada aphethe amandla wokulalela iinlilo ezidluliswako. Qala uMbiko NgamaBandla NemiSebenzi YokwaHlulela YamaKhosi – 21 Janabari 2003: Ikomitjhini Yezomthetho YeSewual Afrika, ikhasi 4 [ i-Report on Traditional Courts & Judicial Functions of Traditional Leaders – 21 January 2003: SA Law Commission, p. 4 ] kunye nesekhtjheni 12 ne 12 ne 20 yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima. Keminye imiphakathi esaphila isintu, kuvamise ukulandelwa ikambiso yokuthi isililo sithoma silalelwe mkhandlu womkhaya, nasibhala ukurarululeka lapho sidluliselwe ekosaneni, nakubhala lapho-ke sesidluliselwa eKosini. Nasisuka eKosini-ke sesidlulela eKhotho kaMarhistrada nakufumaniseka ukuthi nakhona eKosini asirarululeki.
AMANDLA WAMAKHOSI NAMAKHOSANA WOKULALELA AMACALA WOMBANGO
Isingeniso
AmaBandla, amaKhotho waboKomitjhinari kunye namaKhotho wokuDlulisela iinLilo zamaKhotho waboKomitjhinari kwakumaKhotho akhethekileko wabantu abanzima eSewula Afrika. Kwathi ngo-1986 avalwa amaKhotho waboKomitjhinari kunye namaKhotho wokuDlulisela iinLilo zamaKhotho waboKomitjhinari6. Amandla wamakhotho la adluliselwa emakhotho wabomarhistrada. Ukusukela lokho-ke amacala hlangana kwabantu abanzima alalelwa makhotho wabomarhistrada ngamandlawo ajayelekileko. AmaKhotho waboMarhistrada wona-ke ayengasebenzisa umthetho wesintu/webandla emacaleni hlangana kwabantu abanzima babodwa. Ngokwesekhtjheni 1 yomThetho wobuFakazi ka-1988, amaKhotho waboMarhistrada ayengatjheja ukuqakatheka komthetho wesintu/webandla. Ngesikhatheso-ke umthetho wesintu wawungakabukuvunywa njengomthetho wehlelo elikhambisana nomthetho weRiphabhligi yeSewula Afrika. Umthetho wenarha wawunganandaba nabonobangela besenzo sokuthengiselana/sokuvumelana ngomthetho wesintu ( Seymour 7). Ezehlakalweni la kwakukhona khona umuntu onzima nomuntu ongasinzima, kwakusetjenziswa umthetho ongekho eencwadini zemithetho yelizwe kwaphela. Isibonelo, uMarhasa, omumuntu onzima, othethe uBadanile ngesintu ummangalela u-Kobus ongasuye umuntu
onzima ngecala lokungwadla nomkakhe. Lapha kuzakusetjenziswa umthetho ongekho emithethweni yePalamende, ngoba omunye obangako kilelicala akasuye umuntu onzima, u-Kobus. Nakusetjenziswa umthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende, uMarhasa uzakuthathwa njengomuntu ongakathathi, ngalokho-ke icala lakhe lizakuphephuka nommoya, ngoba umtjhado wesintu wawungathathwa njengomtjhado! ( Qala u-Seymour 7).
UNgqongqotjhe Angalayela AmaKhosi, AmaKhosana Kunye NamaSekela Kobana Balele Amacala Wombango
Nngokwesekhtjheni 12 yomThetho ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, uNgqongqotjhe anganikela amaKhosi, amaKhosana kunye namaSekela wamaKhosi amandla wokulalela amacala wombango. Indinyana S12 IFUNDEKA BUNJE: " UNgqongqotjhe (a). anganikela nanyana ngiyiphi ikosi namkha ikosana eyaziwako namkha ekhethwe ngaphasi kwendinyana encani namkha yesekhtjheni 2 amandla wokulalela ibe yenze isiphetho ( iqunte ) emacaleni wombango asuselwa emthethweni wabaNtu abaNzima neweSintu alethwe kiyo babaNtu abaNzima abammangalelene bodwa endaweni ephethwe ngiyo; (b). ngokubawiwa yikosi namkha ikosana nanyana ngiyiphi enikelwe amandla ngokwendinyana (a), anganikela isekela lekosi leyo amandla wokulalela libe lenze isiphetho ( liqunte ) emacaleni wombango asuselwa emThethweni wabaNtu abaNzima neweSintu alethwe kiyo zizakhamuzi zabantu abanzima ezimmangalelana zodwa endaweni yekosi leyo, KWAPHELA nakube iKosi yomuNtu oNzima, iKosana yomuNtu oNzima namkha iSekela layo ngaphasi kwesekhtjheni le namkha ngaphasi komunye umthetho angeze libe namandla wokwenza isiphetho ( wokuthatha isiqunto ) ngokutlhalana namkha ukuhlukana kwabantu abathetheneko" . Imibandela enjengale iyatholakala nemthethweni weTranskei ( umThetho 13/1982 nomThetho 6/1983), newe-Ciskei ( umThetho 37 ka-1984), newe-Bophuthatswana ( umThetho 29 ka-1979), neweKwaNdebele ( umThetho 3 ka-1984) – Qala Bennett ( 1975) 76 namatjhugulukwana athileko wamandla wokusebenza ngomthetho.
Iimfuneko Ekufuze Bona Zizaliswe Ngaphambi Kobana IKosi, IKosana Namkha Isekela leKosi Lingasebenzisa Amandlalo Wokusebenza Ngomthetho
Ngokwesekhtjheni 12 (a) no (b), ngaphambi kobana ikosi namkha ikosana namkha isekela lekosana babe namandla wokulalela nokwenza isiphetho secala lombango, kufuze bona kuzaliswe nanzi iimfuneko ezilandelako:
Umbango Kufuze Ube Hlangana KwabaNtu AbaNzima Babodwa
IKosi, iKosana namkha iSekela leKosana bangalalela amacala ahlangana kwabantu abanzima babodwa kwaphela. UmuNtu oNzima-ke lapha uhlathululwa ku-S35 yomThetho 38 ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima ngalendlela elandelako: "UmuNtu oNzima uzakutjho nanyana ngimuphi umuntu olilungu lananyana ngimuphi umhlobo wabantu abangabendabuko e-Afrika." Ukuthi umuntu ungowambala bani kuqakatheke khulu ekuhlukaniseni bona iBandla linawo na amandla wokugweba icala elithileko.
Nakuqalwa imibandela yokulingana kwabantu ebekwa yiVikelamalungelo, kuvela umbuzo othi kghani lokhu akusibandlululo na. Ngokutjho kwaka-TW Bennett ( 1975) 77, lesi kusiqinteliso esilungileko nesifaneleko ngelungelo lokungabandlululwa. ( Qala ne-S36 yomThethosisekelo.) " Akunakuzaza ukuthi amabandla aqale ukusiza abaNtu abaNzima, njengoba batlhoge imali nefundo ukuthi bangaya emakhotho wabomarhistrada namkha emakhotho amakhulu", ngalokho-ke amabandla ayindlela ekhethekileko ewela ngaphasi kweSekhtjheni 8 (a) yomThetho womThethosisekelo - ( Isekhtjheni 9 yomThetho womThethosisekelo omutjha) TW Bennett 77. Umnqopho omkhulu kuvulela abaNtu abaNzima ikundla ngokukhambisana nalokho ekufuze kwenziwe emasikwenabo – Bennett 77. Ecaleni likaBangindawo nabaNye ngokubangisana nesiKhulu somBusosifunda wakwaNyanda nomuNye 1998 SA 262(Tk), kwaquntwa ukuthi nanyana indaba yokuthi umuntu abe ngowombala othileko iliyana namalungelo wokulingana phambi komthetho, kodwa isiqinteliso esihle nesilungileko. Ecaleni likaMhleka noFeni ngokubangisana nesiKhulu somBusosifunda wabaThembu nomuNye 2001 SA 574 (Tk), ngamaphuzu afanako ikhotho yathola ukuphulwa kwelungelwelo akukalungi, akuvumakali. Ikomitjhini yezomThetho ePhepheni lokuCocisana ngamaBandla, iindinyana 6.6.2, iphakamisa bona isulwe imibandela yokubandlulula yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, iphakamisa godu nokuthi amandla wamakhotho abekwe kwaphela ngokuqala ukuthi mhlobobani wecala ekufuze lilalelwe, nangokuqala ukuthi abasecaleni bahlalaphi, kunye nangokuqala ukuthi umthetho wesintu ungena kangangani ecalenelo.
Amahlalo
Amagama ekuhlathululwa ngawo usekhtjheni 12 (a) no(b) athi : " umuntu onzima nakammangalela omunye umuntu onzima ahlala naye ndawonye endaweni engaphasi kweKosi" kwanga atjho ukuthi iKosi nayizakuba namandla wokulalela ibe igwebe icala lombango, bobabili ummangali nommangalelwa kufuze bona babe bahlala endaweni engaphasi kwekosi yalapho. Ngokutjho kwaka-Seymour, ikhasi 15, ukuhlala kwakammangalelwa kwaphela endaweni engaphasi kweKosi kwanele ukunikela iKosi amandla wokulalela ibe igwebe icala lombango. Ecaleni elaliqale hlangothi linye kwaphela lakaNggqongqotjhe weeNdaba zabaNtu, kwathiwa njengoba amagama athi indawo yokuhlala kumagama welimi lomthetho ongekho eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende, ngokunjalo-ke kufuze bona asetjenziswe ngokukhambisana nawo lomthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende. Indawo yokuhlala ayitjho ikhaya lomuntu, ngalokho-ke indawo yokuhlala nekhaya lomuntu kufuze bona kuhlukaniswe. Indawo yokuhlala itjho nje lapho umuntu ahlala khona. Umuntu angaba neendawo zokuhlala ezingaphezulu keyodwa ngasikhathi sinye ( Seymour 15 ). Kilobo-ke ubujamo bezinto obunjalo, umuntu uthathwa ukuthi uhlala endaweni la akhona nakukhutjhwa idarhfari ( Seymour 15 ). Akukabukubekwa ukuthi kutjhiwo nini ukuthi umuntu uhlalele futhi endaweni ahlala kiyo. Nokho-ke angeze kwathiwa umuntu uhlala endaweni avakatjhe kiyo; nakuzakuthiwa umuntu uhlala endaweni ethileko kufuze bona abe nokunzinza okuthileko endaweni leyo ( Seymour 15 ). Ikhaya lomuntu kukulapho kuthathwa ukuthi ukhona ngitjho nanyana angekho. U-DSP Cronje no-Heaton7 bahlathulula ikhaya lomuntu njenge "...ndawo la umuntu athathwa ukuthi ukhona ukuraga amalungelwakhe nokwenza imisebenzakhe esibopho ngitjho nanyana/namhlazana angekho kiyo indawo leyo." Umuntu uba nekhaya linye kwaphela ngasikhathi sinye8. Ummangalelwa ongahlali endaweni leyo anganikela ikhotho amandla wokumgweba ngokuzinikela ekhotho leyo?
Icala Lekhotho Yombango Elisuselwa EmThethweni WesiNtu Nesikweni
Amandla weKosi namkha weKosana wokulalela icala aphelela emacaleni asukela emthethweni wesintu newamasiko. Ikosi namkha iKosana ayinawo amandla wokulalela icala elisukela emthethweni ongekho hlangana nemithetho yePalamende. Umbandela weSekhtjheni 12 yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima uwakhaphela ngeqadi amandla weKosi, weKosana namkha weSekela eendabeni eziphathelene nobulize, ukutlhalana namkha ukuhlukana emtjhadweni. Njengoba ngokomThetho wokuVunywa kwemiTjhado yesiNtu umtjhado wesintu sewubekwa ezingeni elilinganako nelomtjhado wesikhuwa begodu nawo njengoba ungaqedwa kwaphela ngesahlukaniso sekhotho, ukuqedwa komtjhado wesintu kuwela ngaphandle kwekoro yamacala ephethwe mabandla. Nokho-ke amaBandla angalamula eendabeni zemibango yemizi/yemitjhado ngaphambi kwesahlukaniso somtjhado. Amabandla solo anawo amandla wokulalela nokugweba iindaba ezisekela umtjhado, isibonelo: nakufuneka bona indoda ibuyiselwe amalobolwayo nakube umkayo uyingwadlele, nakube angeze kwasetjenziswa umthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zomthetho wePalamende lapho. Woke amakhotho eRiphabhligi yeSewula Afrika anamandla nekghono lokusebenzisa umthetho wesintu – qala i-SA Law Commission Report on Conflict of laws, September 1999, ekhasini 2, uqale godu ne-S211 yomThetho womThethosisekelo, kunye ne-SI The Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988.
Isekhtjheni 12 iwakhaphela ngeqadi amabandla ukulalela amacala wombango asuselwa emthethweni ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende. Ecaleni likaNgwenya noMavana kwabekwa ukuthi njengoba umthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende uyasebenza emacaleni wobungwadla, amabandla awanawo amandla wokulalela icala elinjalo. Ecaleni likaNkosi noMdlhadlha la kwakufuneka khona ihlawulo ngecala lokukata, ikhotho yokudlulisela iinlilo yabeka bona njengoba umthetho wesintu uvumela icala lobulelesi kwaphela ebujameni bezinto obunjalo, ibandla alinamandla wokulalela icaleli. Nokho-ke la amahlelo womthetho womabili anepengu khona, kwafakazelwa amandla webandla – qala Cebekulu v Shandu. Qala SA Law Commission report on conflict of laws, September 1999, ekhasini 47 fn27. Kufuze kutjhejwe bona ngaphasi kweSekhtjheni 20 yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, abaRholi beNdabuko kuyabavumela ukugweba amacala athileko ngomthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende ngomthetho wesintu, nakube kwaphela ummangalelwa nommangali bababantu abanzima. I-S20 (a) inikela amaBandla amandla wokusebenzisa umthetho wesintu nomthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende. Qala i-SA Law Commission report on conflict of laws, September 1999, ekhasini 44 ne-48. Ekuhlawuliseleni ukulutha umuntu wesifazi bona alale nendoda angakazimiseli, ihlawulo ekhutjhiswa owonileko kufuze bona ikhambisane namasiko nemikhuba yabantu abahlawulisako ( abonelweko ) – qala icala likaMkombo noMathungu. Kwalawulwa bona amalobolo akhutjhelwa umtjhado wesikhuwa, ngemva kokuhlukana kwalabo abatjhadileko aba licala lomthetho wesintu nesiko lesintu.
Iindaba Ibandla Elinganamandla Phezu Kwazo
IBandla alinamandla wokulalela nokugweba amacala wombango nangabe:
Icala lisuselwa emthethweni ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende, namkha
Icala lihlangana komuntu onzima nomuntu ongasuye onzima namkha
Icala lihlangana kwabantu abangasibo abanzima bodwa namkha
Ecalenelo kungena nendaba yokuqedwa komtjhado namkha
Icala limalungana nesahlukaniso somtjhado namkha
Icala limalungana nokuhlukana kwabantu abatjhadileko.
AmaKhotho WemiKhandlu YomPhakathi
Ngokwesekhtjheni 21A yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, ngemva kokubonisana nomkhandlu womphakathi ngokwesekhtjheni 21 yomThetho 125 ka-1977 wemiKhandlu yomPhakathi, uNgqongqotjhe unikelwa amandla wokunikela umuNtu oNzima amandla wokwengamela indawo namkha ingcenye yendawo, njengokubona kwakhe uNgqongqotjhe, ngendlela efanako yokunikela iKosi namkha iKosana amandla ngokwesekhtjheni 12 ne-20 yomThetho 38 ka-1927. Ngokwesekhtjheni 22 yomThetho 125 ka-1977, imibandela yesekhtjheni 12 ne-20 eendabeni ezinje izakusebenza emuNtwini oNzima ekukhulunywa ngaye lo ngokwenziwa kwamatjhugulukwana athileko, njengokutjho kwakaNgqongqotjhe eGazedeni yomBuso. Nokho-ke imibandela le azange kheyisetjenziswe Qala Seymour ikhasi 18 la uzakuthola khona bona kwenziwa yini ingasetjenziswa imibandela le.
IKAMBISO YEBANDLA
IKAMBISO
Isijamiso Sekambiso
Igadango Lokuthoma
Ummangali ofisa ukuthathela ummangalelwa igadango uya endaweni la kuhlala khona ummangalelwa akhamba nabofakazi bakhe, nabeluleki bakhe, nabasekeli bakhe kunye nabanye ummangali acabanga ukuthi kuyafuneka babe khona. Nabafika kumsolwa usomkhulumi utjela ummangalelwa icala ummangali alila ngalo ngaye ummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa nakube bekangabalindeli laba abamvakatjheleko akakakatelelwa ukuyiphendula khonokho ngesikhatheso izwangobatjho eza nommangali nabakhambisani bakhe. Ummangalelwa angatjela ummangali nabakhambisani bakhe bona babuye ngelinye ilanga. Ubuhle baleligadango lokuthoma kummangalelwa kukuthi uzakwazi ngokupheleleko ngalokho ekulilwa ngakho ngaye, nokuthi icala asolwa ngalo lilukhuni kangangani.
Igadango Lesibili
Ngelanga elitjha ekuvunyelwenwe ngalo, ummangali ubuyelela icala alibeka ummangalelwa phambi kwakhe ummangalelwa nabeluleki bakhe. Abofakazi bamahlangothi womabili bayabizwa nabo. Nanyana kunganamahluleli nje kilobubujamo, kodwa indaba le ikhulunywa sakhotho, begodu koke okukhulunywako kukhulunywa kuqalwe mahlangothi woke. Lelihlelo-ke libizwa ngokuthi "kuthathwa kwegadango" begodu lithathwa njengegadango lokuthoma ecaleni. Nasele ummangalelwa abonile bona icala abekwa lona linamandla kangangani, angalivuma icala; nakalivumileko icala ummangalelwa, lokho kubufakazi obufakazela ummangali ngecala alibeka ummangalelwa. Sele alivumile ummangalelwa icala, sekungakhulunyiswana ngehlawulo. Ngehlangothini lommangali, nakube ubona ukuthi ummangalelwa unamandla ekuzivikeleni kwakhe, angaqunta ukuthi asale alisa angasayi nalo phambili icala alibeka yena ummangalelwa. Lesisigaba-ke sithathwa njengesigaba "sokuvala icala ( i-"litis contestation")
Igadango Lesithathu
Nakube ummangalelwa uphikelele ngokuphika, nommangali naye ufisa ukuya phambili ngecala lakhe, ummangali angahle adlulele phambili aye eKosaneni yangekhabo egunyaziweko namkha engakagunyazwa. IKosana engakagunyazwa ayinawo amandla wokukatelela ummangalelwa ukuthi afike ebandla, ngokunjalo godu ayinawo namandla wokukhupha isahlulelo ecaleni. Nakube ummangalelwa uyalivuma icala ebandla lekosana engakagunyazwa kodwa abhale ukuhlawula, ummangali angadlulisela icala lakhe eBandla leKosini la ayokugwetjelwa khona ukuvuma kwakhe icala. Nakube kukhona ongakaneliseki ngesiqunto sekosana, angadlulela phambili aye eBandla leKosini. Isahlulelo seBandla leKosini namkha leKosaneni sisibopho, nesigwebo silandela lapho-ke. Kunobanyana umuntu ayokummangala eBandla leKosaneni, angavele atjhinge ekhotho enamandla, eliBandla leKosana, iBandla leKosi namkha iKhotho kaMarhistrada. IKosana ingasicitha isahlulelo seNduna, kanti neKosi nayo ingasicitha isahlulelo seKosana.
Ukwethulwa Kobufakazi
Ufakazi wethula ubufakazi bakhe ngaphandle kokuthikaziswa. Nanyana ngiliphi ilungu lomKhandlu weKosini namkha nanyana ngiliphi ilungu lomphakathi elikhona lapho lingatjhuka ufakazi ngemibuzo. Lelihlelo-ke liragwa ngehlonipho nangendlela ehlelekileko, ngaphandle kokubekela abakhulumako indlela ethileko yokukhuluma.
Ukuthathwa Kweenqunto
Ngemva kokulalelwa kwabo boke ubufakazi nazo zoke iinkulumo zalabo abazabe bakhona, iKosi, ngokulekelelwa maDuna, ithatha isiqunto ngokukhambisana nomthetho wesintu nangokulandela ihlelo lokusebenzisa ihloko ngemvelo nangendlela elungileko. Nakube isiqunto esinjalo azange khesithathwe phambilini, nasithoma mzukwanokho sesizakuba yikomba. Lelihlelo-ke libala nokuvunjululwa kwamaqiniso kunye nokusetjenziswa komthetho phezu kwamaqiniso atholakeleko.
7 ndawonye
ISAHLULELO NOKUKHUTJHWA KWASO
Isahlulelo
IKosi namkha iKosana ephethe iBandla yenza iBandla. Isahlulelo seKosi namkha seKosana kilelo iBandla sisiphetho, kuye-ke nokho ngelungelo lokudlulisa isililo laloyo osecaleni, ngalokho-ke res- judicata – Tsautsi v Nene?. Igama elithi 'isahlulelo' litjho umlayo wekhotho/webandla kunye nabonobangela bokuthi kungani kukhutjhwe umlayo onjalo. Nanyana abonobangela kunganasidingo sokobana bakhutjhwe khonokho nakukhutjhwa umlayo, abonobangela abenze ukuthi bekukhutjhwe umlayo loyo kufuze bona bakhanye babonakale emehlweni wekhotho/webandla ngaphambi kobana umlayo loyo ukhutjhwe. Isahlulelo singakhutjhwa, iKosi namkha iKosana namkha iSekela liba-functus officio. Isahlulelo seKosi singaliswa. Umphumela wokulisa isahlulelo ufana nokuthi icala licithiwe – Komani v Qabongwana?. IKosi namkha iKosana inesibopho esikatelelako sokutlola phasi irekhodi lesahlulelo sayo iyosirejistara e-Ofisini kaMarhistrada kungakapheli iinyanga ezimbili isahlulelweso sikhutjhiwe – Sekhtjheni 6 ne-7 GN R2082 ka-1967. Nakufumaniseka ukuthi iKosi ayisitloli phasi isahlulelo sayo bekudlule isikhathi esibekiweko, ngiyo ezakuthwala iindleko zabanikazi becala – Seymour 17 noBhengu v Mpungose?. Isahlulelo seKosi namkha seKosana esitlolwe phasi sabe sarejistarwa sithathwa ukuthi silungile, bekube mhlazana kuzakuba nozasiphikisa besilungiswe. Nakube kukhona osola ukuthi isahlulelo esirekhodiweko asikalungi, kufuze bona aziswe lo omunye ebekubangwa naye ecaleni, ngokunjalo neKosi ebeyiphethe icalelo nayo yaziswe – Kunene v Madoda.
Ukusetjenziswa Kwesahlulelo
Umutjho othi 'sebenzisa isahlulelo' utjho ikambiso la umuntu owoniweko afuna khona ukuzanelisa ngecala enziwe lona. Kufuze bona kulandelwe ikambiso yomthetho wesintu ekusetjenzisweni kwesahlulelo – Qala S1 ye-GN R2802 ka-1967. Isahlulelo sebandla sisetjenziswa ngokudla ipahla yaloyo onecala, idliwa sithunywa sekosini. Nakube ukudliwa kwepahla kukhambisana nesiko, akunapahla etjhiywako kileyo edliwako?. Nakwenzekako ukuthi isithunywa sekosini siyalelwa nepahla ekufuze idliwe, indaba le ingangenwa yikhotho kaMarhistrada, yona ezakutlola incwadi enikela isithunywa amandla wokudla ipahla – Qala S8 ye-GN 2802 ka-1967. IKosi evumako ukuthi ngiyo eyenze ukuthi ipahla idliwe ibe isazi ukuthi ipahla leyo ngeyomunye umuntu ngaphandle kwaloyo onecala, ithweswa umsebenzi wokubuyisela ipahla edliweko leyo la idliwe khona – Khanyile v Khanyile. Nakube isiThunywa seKosini sidla ifuyo yomunye umuntu ngaphandle kwaloyo onecala, umnikazifuyo leyo unelungelo lokuyoyilwela ifuywakhe nanyana kukuphi la azayithola khona, ngitjho nanyana seyithengiselwe omunye imbala – Hlatshwayo v Hlatshwayo. NgokomThetjhwana 8 we-GN R2082 ka-1967, ukummangalelana ( icala lomuntu wesithathu ) kufuze bona kulalelwe yiKosi ekhuphe isahlulelo, nakungasinjalo kube ngiloyo olandela iKosi ngesikhundla. Ukubhalelwa kulandela ikambiso yesiko kubangela ukuhlawuliswa – Ndlovu v Thabethe & Others. IKosi ayisisithunywa samuntu, ngalokho-ke ukuhlawula eKosini, akusivali isikwelede/akuliqedi icala, ngaphandle-ke kokuthi mhlamunye ihlawulo ekhutjhwa ekosini leyo ikhutjhwe ngokugunyazwa ngiloyo onecala – Majozi v Majozi.
Ukudluliswa Kweenlilo Nokubuyekezwa Kwamacala
Ukudlulisela icala/isililo phambili nokubuyekeza icala yindlela yekambiso engasetjenziswa ukuphikisa isahlulelo esikhutjhwe yikhotho encani kobanyana isahlulelweso siyokulungiswa la singakalungi khona namkha sicithwe. Nokho-ke indlela yekambiso ngayinye kilezi ezimbili isebenza ngcono ebujamweni bezinto obuhlukileko. Ukuthi kusetjenziswa yiphi indlela yekambiso, kuya ngokuthi yini lokho ekulilwa ngakho. Nakube kulilwa ngokuthi kukhona la kuphosiseke khona, namkha nakube kulilwa ngokuthi kwenziwe ubukirikitjani namkha nakube kulilwa ngokuthi kwenziwe okuphambene nomthetho nabekugwetjwa, kuzakufuneka ukuthi icala libuyekezwe. Izehlakalo zobukirikitjani zibala nokweqiswa amehlo ( ukungatjhejwa ) kwemithetho yomthethobulungiswa wemvelo. Isibonelo : ukungatjheji umthetho wokulalela amahlangothi woke ngokulingana – i-audi alteram partem rule. Ngokomthetho lo, ikhotho kufuze bona izilalele zombili iinqhema ezisecaleni ngaphambi kobana ithathe isiqunto. Nayingahlumbukwenza njalo, izabe yenze ubukirikitjani. Nokho-ke la isililo sisekelwe bonobangela abaqalisiswe yikhotho ekuthatheni isiqunto esithileko, ukudlulisela icala/isililo phambili ngikho okulungileko. Ukudlulisela isililo/icala phambili kuvamise ukuphathelana nekambiso, ukube kanti ukubuyekezwa kwecala khona kuvamise ukuphathelana neenlilo ezingale kwerekhodi.
5 ndawonye
a. ukungabi namandla kwekhotho;
b. irhuluphelo emnqopheni, ukuthatha ihlangothi, ilunya namkha ubukhohlakali besiphathimandla esiphethe icala;
c . Ubukirikitjani ekugwetjweni kwecala kunye nokuvuma okungavumakaliko namkha ubufakazi obungakagunyazwa namkha ukucithwa kobufakazi obuvumakalako namkha obugunyaziweko.
Nokho-ke kukhona ezinye izehlakalo la nanyana ngiyiphi yaleziindlela ezimbili zekambiso ingalunga khona. Isibonelo kukula isiphathimandla esiphethe icala sivume khona ubufakazi obungavumakaliko begodu nerekhodini kuvele ubufakazi obungavumakaliko. Kilobubujamo bezinto obunje-ke, nanyana kuyabuyekezwa nanyana kudluliswa isililo/icala, kulungile.
Umbuzo othi amakhotho wabomarhistrada anawo na amandla wokubuyekeza amacala wemabandla mbuzo ongakabukuphendulwa. Amakhotho wabokomitjhinari ajanyiselelwa ngamakhotho wabomarhistrada ayenamandla kwaphela wokudlulisa amacala wemabandla – Latha v Latha & Another. Ecaleni likaBhulose aqalene noBhulose, kwalawulwa bona iKhotho kaKomitjhinari yayinganawo amandla wokubuyekeza iinqunto/izahlulelo zamaBandla. USekhtjheni 12 womThetho wokuLawula abaNtu abaNzima noSekhtjheni 29A wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada unikela ikhotho kamarhistrada amandla wokuhlola iinlilo zamacala adluliswako ezivela emabandla, kodwa womabili amasekhtjheni la awakhulumi ngokubuyekeza. IKhotho kaMarhistrada, njengoba imntwana womthetho oseencwadini zemithetho yePalamende nje, ayinawo amandla adlula lawo ewanikelwe mThetho weKhotho kaMarhistrada neminye imithetho. Kubonakala ungathi akunamthetho onikela ikhotho kamarhistrada amandla wokubuyekeza amacala wombango abuya emaBandla. Nokho-ke ngokwesekhtjheni 35 , omunye nomunye umsolwa unelungelo lokugwetjwa ngendlela elungileko; lelo-ke ilungelo libala nelungelo lokudlulisela icala phambili eKhotho ePhakemeko kobanyana liyokuhlolwa ngobutjha namkha liyokubuyekezwa. Isekhtjheni le-ke ibonakala ungathi inikela amaKhotho waboMarhistrada amandla wokubuyekeza isahlulelo secala elibuya eBandla. Nokho-ke nakuthiwa " omunye nomunye umsolwa" kilesekhtjheni kutjho ukuthi isekhtjheni le ikhuluma ngamacala wobulelesi kwaphela. Kufuze kutjhejwe-ke nokho bona iKhotho kaMarhistrada nayilalele icala elidluliswako elivela eBandla inamandla wokufakazela isiqunto esithethwe phambilini eBandla, namandla wokutjhugulula isiqunto esithethwe ngilo iBandla namkha amandla wokucitha isiqunto esithethwe liBandla, ngemva kobana izwe ubufakazi nanyana ngibuphi obethulwe phambi kwayo egameni leenqhema ezidlulisa icalelo namkha nanyana ngibuphi ubufakazi ikhotho ebubona bulungile. IKhotho kaMarhistrada godu inamandla wokungezelela isikhathi esibekiweko emiThethweni yeBandla leKosini nelemaKhosaneni - R2082 ka-1967. Kubonakala ungathi isililo esidluliselwa ekhotho kamarhistrada asipheleli kwaphela erekhodini, ngalokho-ke nanyana ngibuphi ubufakazi obumalungana nobukirikitjani bungalalelwa, nanyana buyavela erekhodini nanyana abuveli. Lokhu-ke kubonakala ungathi kwenza bona kungasaba nefuneko yokuhlukanisa hlangana kwesililo esidluliswako nokubuyekeza icala nakwenziwa umzamo wokulungisa isahlulelo/isiqunto seBandla eKhotho kaMarhistrada. Njengoba ukulalelwa kwesililo secala kukugweba ngobutjha nje, akunafuneko yokuthi kungacatjangwa nokubuyekeza nakube icala lidluliswe njengesililo.
Ikambiso Yokudlulisa Isililo Emacaleni Wombango
Isahlulelo esenziwe yiKosi namkha iKosana kuyakghonakala bona sidluliselwe eKhotho kaMarhistrada enamandla wokusiqala ngobutjha nakube kunesililo ngaso – sekhtjheni 12 ifundwa nesekhtjheni 29A yomThetho 32 ka-1944 wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada. IKhotho kaMarhistrada enamandla yiKhotho kaMarhistrada ebeyizakuba namandla wokulilalela icalelo kwekuthomeni. Lapha-ke kutjhiwo iKhotho kaMarhistrada enamandla ngasikhathi sinye neBandla elilalele/eligweba icala ngesikhatheso. Isahlulelo seBandla kuyakghonakala bona sidluliselwe eKhotho kaMarhistrada nakube kunesililo ngaso, ngitjho nanyana iKhotho kaMarhistrada inganawo nje amandla wokukhupha isahlulelo esisiphetho – Ntshabala v Piti. Labo abaseCaleni eliDluliswako kufuze babizwe ummangali nommangalelwa, hayi umdlulisisibawo nomaziphendulela – Dlamini v Sibisi. IsiLilo seCala siqala kwaphela lokho iinqhema ezilila ngakho okuserekhodini. Isahlulelo seBandla siyi-res judicata ukufika la kungasilo khona iBandla eliDlulisa isiLilo seCala ??.
Ngalokho-ke la ummangali afuna ukuhlawulwa khona ngeenkomo eli-19 kodwa ikosi yalawula ukuthi akahlawulwe ngazine kwaphela, ngaleyindlela-ke ummangali walidlulisela phambili icaleli ngoba angakaneliseki ngesahlulelo sakhona, ikhotho ekudluliselwe kiyo isililo angeze ibe namandla wokukhupha isahlulelo esijamela ummangalelwa ngamanye amagama ikhotho ayikwazi ukusicitha isililo sommangali nakube ummangalelwa akakafaki sakhe isililo naye esiphikisana nalesi sakammangali. Nakube isiqunto esivumelana nommangalelwa siyasekelwa, ikhotho ekudluliselwe kiyo isililo kufuze bona isicithe isililweso, kobanyana kuzokujama isahlulelo seBandla – Mthethwa v Mthethwa 45. Isibawo sokudlulisela icala phambili kufuze bona senziwe kungakapheli iinyanga ezimbili ukusukela mhlazana kukhutjhwa isahlulelo – umThetjhwana 91 wemiThetho yamaBandla R2082 ka-1967. Nokho-ke isikhathesi singelulwa nguMarhistrada ngonobangela ozwakalako – umThetjhwana 93. Nasele isibawo sokudlulisa icala sifakiwe, kuyazenzakalela ukuthi kujanyiswe ukusetjenziswa kwesahlulelo, bekube mhlazana isibawo sokudlulisa icala kuqedwako ukusebenza ngaso namkha bekube mhlazana siphelelwa sikhathi, namkha bekube mhlazana sitsonyulwako – umThetjhwana 81. Umuntu ongaphakathi kwecala akalahlekelwa lilungelo lakhe lokudlulisela isibawo eKhotho kaMarhistrada ngonobangela wokwanelisa namkha wokuzinikelela ukwanelisa ingcenye yesahlulelo seBandla namkha isahlulelo ngokuphelela kwaso namkha ngokwamukela kwakhe azakuzuza kileso isahlulelo – umThetjhwana 9 4. Ummangalelwa odlulisela icala phambili naye angafaka icala eliphikisako ngitjho nanyana angazange alifake ekuthomeni kwecala. – umThetjhwana 122 wemiThetjhwana yeBandla leKosini namkha leKosaneni R2082 ka-1967. Kukhulunyelwa ukuthi umthetjhwana lo u-ultra vires – Seymour 33 fn 166. Isililo esidluliswako siyaziphelela emveni kobana sitjhejiwe na isahlulelo ekulilwa ngaso/ esiphikiswako siphela ngokomthetjhwana 72. Ngokwe-72, isahlulelo seBandla leKosini siphelelwa sikhathi nakube asibhaliswa kuMabhalana weKhotho kaMarhistrada kungakapheli iinyanga ezimbili emveni kwelanga okwakhutjhwa ngalo isahlulelo njengobanyana kufuna umthetjhwana 71. Isahlulelo esiphelelwe sikhathi sifana nesahlulelo esingazange khesibe khona, ngalokho-ke angeze sadluliselwa phambili namkha siphikiswe – Sabelo v Njilo46. Isibawo sokudlulisa/sokuphikisa icala angeze satjhejwa ngokuqalana nesahlulelo esibhalelweko esikhutjhwe libandla, bekube sikhathi la isibawo sokucithwa kwesahlulelo sirarhwa khona – umThetjhwana 91 - Imithetjhwana yamaBandla wamaKhosi namaKhosana R2082 ka-1967. Ukuthola ikambiso yokudlulisa amacala, qala umThetjhwana 10 –13 wemiThetjhwana yamaKhotho wamaKhosi neziPhakanyiswa KwaZulu-Natal GN 12 ka-1992 . Ngokwesekhtjheni 124 yomThetho 38 ka-1927, isibawo sokudlulisa icala nasele sitjhejiwe, isiphathimandla esiphethe iBandla sikatelelekile ukutjela ikhotho abonobangela bokuthi senziwe yini sithathe isiqunto esisithetheko, kungakapheli amalanga alitjhumi-nane sitjeliwe ngesibawo sokudlulisa icala. Nakufumaniseka ukuthi abonobangelabo abakatlolwa phasi, bazakutlolwa phasi ngumabhalana wekhotho. Abonobangelabo bazakuba yingcenye yerekhodi lokudlulisa icala. Nakufumaniseka bona isiphathimandla seBandla asibavezi abonobangelabo, ikhotho eyokulalela icala elidluliswakwelo ingasilayela bona sithumele abonobangelabo ngesikhathi esithileko. Ikhotho yokudlulisela amacala ingakutshwilisa ukulalelwa kwecala elidluliswako, kobanyana kuzokuba nesikhathi sokuthi isiphathimandla seBandla sithumele abonobangela abafunekako. Laphokhunye-ke ikhotho yokudlulisela icala nayibona kufanele ingaragela phambili ngitjho nanyana isiphathimandla seBandla singakabathumeli abonobangela besahlulelo - umThetjhwana 10do n0 11 – imiThetjhwana yeBandla lamaKhosi nelamaKhosana R2082 ka-1967. Nakubalwa nanyana ngiliphi inani lamalanga elibekwe ngokwemithetjhwana 47, uSonto neholideyi malanga angabalwako – umThetjhwana 152. Icala elidluliswako angeze livowudelwe nakube ubungako becala bungaphasi kwe-R10.00, ngaphandle-ke kokuthi ikhotho ithe nayiphenyako yafumana bona kunomthetho wekambisolawulo oqakathekileko obalwa ecaleni elidluliswakweli. IKhotho kaMarhistrada elalele icala elidluliswako eBandla iligweba ngobutjha icalelo nakube ikhotho leyo ngiyo ethoma ukuzwa lelo icala elidluliswako, ngaleyo indlela-ke ijamiselele isahlulelo ebesikhutjhwe liBandla – umThetjhwana 124.
ImiThetjhwana yamaKhosi namaKhosana R2082 ka-1967.
Nasele isahlulelo seBandla sifakazelwe, sicithiwe namkha sitjhugululiwe, sesithathwa ukuthi sisisahlulelo seKhotho kaMarhistrada – sekhtjheni 29A yomThetho weKhotho kaMarhistrada. Njengoba amandla wamaKhosi, namaKhosana namkha amaSekela aphelela emthethweni wesintu nje, ikhotho nayilalele icala elildluliselwe kiyo ikatelelekile bona isebenzise umthetho wesintu – Yeni v Jacaa ( N-E) 31. Nokho-ke la kutholwa khona bona iBandla lisebenze ngecala elisuselwa emthethweni wesintu, icalelo liyacithwa, licithelwa ukutlhogakala kwamandla wokusebenza ngalo – Cebekhulu v Shandu NAC (N-E) 196. Esinye isibawo sokudluliswa kwecala esivela ekhotho kaMarhistrada sesisezandleni zeKhotho ePhakemeko.
Ukudluliswa Kweenlilo Ezabelweni
Eqwaqwa ikambiso yamacala adluliswako abuya emaBandla wamaKhosi newamaKhosana aya emaKhotho waboMarhistrada ayisalawulwa masekhtjheni 12 , 12 , 20 , 20 ne 20 yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima. Lamasekhtjheni womthetho abulawa ngokwesekhtjheni 6 yomThetho weQwaqwa wokuDluliselwa kwamaCala Phambili abuya emaBandla wamaKhosi nemaBandla wamaKhosana - sekhtjheni 7 ka-1988 ( ). Ikambiso namhlanje seyilawulwa mThetho weQwaqwa. Isekhtjheni 3 yomThetho weQwaqwa yanikela uNgqongqotjhe wezomThethobulungiswa amandla wokwenza imithetjhwana ( ikambiso yokulawula emacaleni adluliselwe phambili ) engena endaweni yemiThetjhwana yamaBandla wamaKhosi newamaKhosana - R2082 ka-1967.
Iindawezi zombili zaphasisa imithethwazo yokuSungulwa kwamaKhotho waboMarhistrada ngokwesekhtjheni 2 yayo yomibili imiThetho le; amaKhotho waboMarhistrada manjesi-ke selasele namandla wemithetho esele yabulawa48. Njengoba amaKhotho waboKomitjhinari ayekwazi ukulalela amacala adlulisiweko abuya emaBandla, amandla walokhu-ke nawo asemaKhotho waboMarhistrada. Ikambiso nokusebenza emacaleni adluliswako abuya emaBandla kulawulwa ngemiThetjhwana yamaBandla wamaKhosi namaKhosana -R2082 ka-19674?.
AMANDLA WAMAKHOSI NAMAKHOSANA WOKULALELA AMACALA WOBULELESI
Ngokwesekhtjheni 20 yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, uNgqongqotjhe angatlolela amakhosi namakhosana namkha amasekela wabo incwadi awanikela ngayo amandla wokugweba amacala wemithetho engakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende namkha amacala wesintu, ngaphandle kwalayo atjhiwo ngamagama etjhejulini yesithathu yomThetho, enziwe mumuNtu oNzima phezu komunye umuNtu oNzima endaweni engaphasi kweKosi. IBandla alikwazi ukuthwesa nanyana ngisiphi isigwebo kileziingwebo ezilandelako ( S20 yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima ): isiGwebo sokuFa, isiGwebo seCala lokuCwiya, isiGwebo seCala lokuLimaza ngesiHluku, isiGwebo sokuDosa eJele, ihlawulo engaphezulu kwe-R100.00 namkha yeenkomo ezimbili namkha yetjhumi lefuyo yomhlobo omncani ( njengembuzi ), namkha isiGwebo sokuBetha. Ukuvinjelwa kwesigwebo sokubetha kukhambisana nesekhtjheni 12 (e) yomThethosisekelo yona eyalela iinjeziso zelunya nezinganabuntu. Ngokwesekhtjheni 20 yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, amacala wobulelesi adluliswa liBandla kufuze bona adluliselwe eKhotho kaMarhistrada enamandla wokulalela amacala adlulisiweko kungakapheli ama-30 wamalanga isigwebo sikhutjhiwe – umThetjhwana 2 wemiThetjhwana yokuDluliswa kwamaCala wobuLelesi - R45 ka-1961.
Kufuze kutjhejwe-ke nokho bona umthetho wesintu awuhlukanisi hlangana kwecala lombango necala lobulelesi njengoba kusenza umthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende. Amacala la godu akutjho ukuthi alalelwa wodwa ngahlanye. Kufuze kutjhejwe-ke godu nokuthi isenzo somenzicala kungenzeka sibe licala lobulelesi necala lokwephula umthetho elihlawuliswako. Ecaleni elinjalo-ke isiphathimandla esigweba icala kufuze bona sazi bona amandlaso aphelelaphi emacaleni wombango nemacaleni wobulelesi.
AMAKHOSI NAMAKHOSANA ANGAKANIKELWA AMANDLA
AmaKhosi namaKhosana angakanikelwa amandla makhosi namakhosana uNgqongqotjhe angakawanikeli amandla wokulalela nokugweba amacala wombango namkha wobulelesi, ngokwesekhtjheni 12 namkha isekhtjheni 20 yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima. Lokhu-ke nokho akutjho ukuthi lawo amakhosi namakhosana angakanikelwa amandla awakho emthethweni. Lawo amaKhosi namaKhosana anjalo kwaphela nje akanawo amandla wokulalela nokugweba amacala wombango nawobulelesi, kodwa wona asese makhosi namakhosana eendaweni zemakhabo. Kodwa-ke okwenzekako mbala kukuthi abantu abasecaleni basa amacalabo eKosini namkha eKosaneni. IKosi-ke kuba ngiyo elalela icalelo bese ikhupha isahlulelo sayo.
Isahlulelo esikhutjhwe yiKosi namkha iKosana engakanikelwa amandla sililize lakolize54 begodu asinasibopho phezu kwalabo ababangako, ngaphandle kobana bobabili abantu ababangako basivume isahlulelweso55. Isahlulelweso godu angeze sasetjenziswa ngendlela yokudla onecala ipahla. Ukudla ipahla yomuntu nokususa ipahla yomuntu ngesahlulelo esinjalo kufana nokudlelezela ipahla yomuntu 56. Nangabe ipahla edliwako leyo inikelwa okweledwako, naye uba necala lokudlelezela 57. Isahlulelo sithoma ukuba sibopho nasele ababangako basivumile. Nokho-ke nakube ababangako basivumile isahlulelo kodwa ummangalelwa akhange ahlawule, ummangali kufuze bona avule icala de novo ekhotho enamandla wokulalela icala elinjalo 58. Nakube ummangalelwa uyahlawula nanyana ihlawulwakhe ingakapheleli kodwa iKosi namkha iKosana namkha isiThunywa seKosini siyivume ihlawulo leyo ngemva kobana ummangali asivumile isahlulelo, ummangali ukatelelekile bona naye avume, ngaleyindlela-ke ummangalelwa akasenacala 5?. Kodwa-ke nakufumaniseka bona ihlawulo yommangalelwa ayamukeleki, ihlawulo leyo ithathwa njengendlela yokuvuma icala engasetjenziswa ngitjho nangomuso nakube kuyisanwa phambili.
Emacaleni wobulelesi-ke izinto zihlukile. Makhosi namaKhosana kunye namasekela anikelwe amandla kwaphela avunyelwe ukwenza umsebenzi wokugweba amacala wobulelesi. La iKosi namkha iKosana engakanikelwa amandla ihlawulisa khona ummangalelwa namkha la ijezisa khona ummangalelwa, umlayo wokuhlawulisa namkha wokujezisa loyo uba lilize lakolize. La ikhotho yeqa khona amandlayo namkha la ikhupha khona isigwebo ukube ayinamandla wokwenza njalo, izithwesa icala lokwephula umthetho – qala umThetjhwana 17 no-31 wesimemezelo R110 sika-1957.
Isingeniso
AmaBandla eTranskei, neBophuthatswana, neVenda kunye ne-Ciskei ( ezaziwa ngokuthi zizAbelo ezikhululekileko ) ayejanyiswe ngomthetho owabethwa kizo izabelwezi. Kufuze kutjhejwe bona nanyana umthetho ekwakhiwa ngawo amabandla nowawulawula amabandla lawo ezAbelwenezi kukhona lapho ufana khona nomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima, kodwa nokho kukhona nalapho yehluka khona imithetho le. NgokwemiThetho yomThethosisekelo yalezizAbelo, woke amakhotho kilezizAbelo ayenamandla wokusebenzisa umthetho womhlobo wabantu balapho emacaleni aphathelene namasiko wesintu wabantu besabelo ngasinye ( qala Seymour 7-8 ).
Isigwebo sokufa siphambana nelungelo lokuphila begodu umThetho womThethosisekelo sewasicitha isigwebo sokufa.
Isijeziso sokubetha sesacithwa emthethweni ngokwesekhtjheni 1 yomThetho 33 ka-1997 wokuBulawa kwesijeziso sokuBetha.
ndawonye ndawonye
ndawonye
Amasekhtjheni afaneleko wemiThetho le aphethe imibandela efanako yokunikela amandla.
Ukusungulwa Nokwakhiwa Kwamabandla
E-Bophuthatswana amabandla ayebizwa ngokuthi maKhotho wesiTjhaba. NgokomThetho 23 ka-1978 womBusositjhaba we-Bophuthatswana ( umThetho ), esinye nesinye isifunda sombusositjhaba sakhelwa yalo iKhotho yesiTjhaba. AmaKhotho la, ngokomThetho, akhiwa yiKosi, iKosana namkha uSihlalo womKhandlu kaMaziphathe. Amalungu wesitjhaba sendawo yalapho/womphakathi wendawo yalapho ngiwo aba malungu weKhotho yesiTjhaba yendawo leyo. AmaKhotho wesiTjhaba ayavela kusekhtjheni 9 yomThetho wamarekhodi wamakhotho. Amacala adluliswako nabuyekezwako asetjenzwa yikhotho kaMarhistrada – sekhtjheni 9 yomThetho, yona enamandla yokucitha, ukutjhugulula, ukulungisa isahlulelo seKhotho yesiTjhaba namkha ibethe nanyana ngimuphi umlayo ofaneleko – Sekhtjheni 9 yomThetho. Ekusebenzeni kwayo amacala adluliselwe kiyo, ikhotho kaMarhistrada ngokuzithandela kwayo ingalalela icala de novo namkha ithembele erekhodini leKhotho yesiTjhaba – Qala iSekhtjheni 9 . Umarhistrada nakalalela isililo secala elidluliselwe kuye kufuze bona asebenzise umthetho wesintu – sekhtjheni 10 yomThetho.
Isekhtjheni 3 yomThetho lo inikela uMongameli amandla wokunikela iKhotho yesiTjhaba amandla wokugweba amacala wombango asukela emthethweni wesintu. IKhotho yesiTjhaba nayibawako, uMongameli anganikela esinye isijamiso esingaphasi kweKhotho yesiTjhaba amandla wokugweba amacala wombango, kodwa isijamisweso asilinganisele indawo la sizakugcina khona ukusebenza, asivumele nokuthi singahlola bona yini okubangele bona bekummangalelwanwe, abeke nokuthi ngibaphi abantu isijamisweso esingaba namandla wokubagweba. Emacaleni aphathelene nesiko, kufuze kusetjenziswe umthetho wesintu, ngaphandle-ke kokuthi mhlamunye umthetho wesintu ofaneleko sewabulawa, sewatjhugululwa namkha uphambana nomthethokambiso womphakathi namkha ikambisolwulo yomthethobulungiswa wemvelo – qala isekhtjheni 4 yomThetho. AmaKhotho la avunyelwe ukugweba amacala wombango nawobulelesi ngasikhathi sinye nakube emacaleni lawo kuqalenwe namaphuzu afanako kunye neenqhema namkha abantu banye – sekhtjheni 11 yomThetho.
Iindaba Amabandla Anganamandla Phezu Kwazo
AmaKhotho wesiTjhaba akanamandla emacaleni wombango :
Angasuselwa emthethweni wesitjhaba namkha emagadangweni atjhili emthethweni wesitjhaba.
La kukhulunyiswanwa khona ngamandla wewili namkha ngehlathululo yayo namkha la kukhulunyiswana khona noba kungaba ngimuphi umtlolo wobufakazi.
La kufunwa ukuthola khona ubujamo bamandla wengqondo yomuntu.
La kufunwa khona umlayo wokuthulela safuthi.
La kufunwa khona ukuphelisa umtjhado namkha ukuhlukanisa umtjhado.
Ecaleni elifaka phakathi ikosi namkha ikosana namkha umbusositjhaba.
Iindaba Amabandla Anamandla Phezu Kwazo
NgokomThetho 29 ka-1979 wamaKhotho wesiTjhaba eBophuthatswana, amaKhotho wesiTjhaba esabelweni esasibizwa ngokuthi yi-Bophuthatswana anamandla akhethekileko wokugweba woke amacala wombango asuselwa esikweni nemthethweni wesintu. Ngenca yalokhu-ke, amacala anjalo angeze ayiswa eKhotho kaMarhistrada. IKhotho yesiTjhaba inamandla wokugweba amacala wombango:
Phezu kwabantu besitjhaba sayo,
Ummangalelwa ohlala namkha osebenzela esiphandeni esingaphasi kweKhotho yesiTjhaba,
Abasebenzisani nakube basebenzela esiphandeni esingaphasi kweKhotho yesiTjhaba namkha nakube omunye wabasebenzisani uhlala endaweni engaphasi kweKhotho yesiTjhaba,
La icala lisukele khona ngaphakathi kwendawo engaphasi kweKhotho yesiTjhaba,
Kummangalelwa ovela phambi kwekhotho angabi nesithintela ngamandla wekhotho phezu kwakhe,
Umnikazi wepahla egugekako esendaweni engaphasi kombusositjhaba ngecala eliphathelene nepahla leyo.
Isingeniso
Ngemva kobana i-Transkei ithole ikululeko, imibandela yomThetho wezokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNzima ephathelene namakhosi namakhosana yaginywa yisekhtjheni 60 yomThetho 15 ka-1976 yomThethosisekelo, wona owavumela ukuragela phambili kwemithetho eyayisele seyivele ikhona bekube mhlazana isulwa yiPalamende yeTranskei. Imibandela eyaginywako leyo kwathi ngemva kwalokho yajanyiselelwa ngomThetho 6 ka-1983 [ umThetho] wamaBandla wamaKhosi weTranskei nemiThetjhwana yamaKhosi – GN 139 ka-1982 – qala godu no-Seymour 20. Ngaphandle kwamaBandla wamaKhosi, kwakhiwa namaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda ngokomThetho 13 ka-1982 wamaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda. AmaKhosi namaSekelawo, ngeenkhundla zawo anamandla alinganako njengamakhosana emabandla, ngalokho-ke akunasidingo sokobana anikelwe ngendlela ehlelekileko amandla wokwengamela amaBandla – Sekhtjheni 2 yomThetho.
Amandla Wokusebenza Ngomthetho Emacaleni Wombango Nekambiso
Ngokwesekhtjheni 2 (a) ne-3 yomThetho, kufuneka nanzi iimfuneko ezilandelako ebandla ukuthi likghone ukwenza umsebenzi wokugweba amacala wombango:
A. Amandla wokugweba kufuze anikelwe nguNgqongqotjhe.
B. Icala kufuze lisuselwe emthethweni wesintu nesikweni.
C. Ummangalelwa kufuze ukube uhlala endaweni engaphasi komBusositjhaba.
D. Amacala aphathelene nokuphelisa, nokutlhalanisa, nokuhlukanisa umtjhado nanyana ngewesintu nanyana ngewesikhuwa awela ngaphandle kwelawulo namandla weBandla.
Ikambiso kufuze bona ikhambisane nomthetho wesintu nesiko, kodwa ukusetjenziswa kwesahlulelo sekhotho kunjengoba kulayelwe mthetjhwana ofaneleko – sekhtjheni 4 ne- . Amacala adluliswako asezandleni zeKhotho kaMarhistrada namkha iKhotho kaMaziphathe wesiFunda – sekhtjheni 4 yomThetho ka1983 wamaKhotho wamaKhosi/wamaBandla ( e-Transkei ). Ilungelo lokudlulisela icala phambili likhona ngaphandle kwala ubungako behlawulo bungaphasi kwe-R25.00, ngaphandle-ke kobanyana iKhotho ePhakemeko ithe nayiphenyako yathola bona icalelo liphethe nekambisolawulo yomthetho eqakatheke khulu – sekhtjheni 4 . Ukudluliselwa kwecala phambili kufana nokugweba icala de novo – sekhtjheni 4 .
Amandla Wokusebenza Ngomthetho Emacaleni Wobulelesi Nekambiso
Ngaphambi kobana kusetjenziswe amandla wokugweba amacala wobulelesi, kufuze bona kuzaliseke nanzi iimfuneko ezilandelako:
A. Amandla wokugweba kufuze bona anikelwe nguNgqongqotjhe wezomThethobulungiswa,
B. Umsolwa, ummangali kunye nomnikazipahla ebangwako kufuze bona bagwetjwe ngomthetho wesintu newesiko,
C. Icala kufuze ukube lenziwe endaweni ewela ngaphasi kwendawo ebuswa yiKosi,
D. Umsolwa kufuze bona abekwe icala ngomthetho wesintu namkha ngokwephula umthetho ongakatlolwa eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende, ngaphandle kwamacala atlolwe etjhejulini yomThetho namkha amacala aseencwadini zomthetho abizwe nguNgqongqotjhe wezomThethobulungiswa ngamagama,
E. Iingwebo ezilandelakwezi angeze zathweswa – sekhtjheni 3 : isigwebo sokufa, secala lokucwiya, secala lokulimaza ngesihluku, sokudosa ejele namkha sokuhlawuliswa ihlawulo edlula iinkomo ezine namkha ihlawulo ngefuyo ebalwa ngemali engadluliko ku-R100.00 ngayinye namkha ama-20 wefuyo yomhlobo omncani, namkha ihlawulo yakhona ebalwa ingadluli ku-R20.00 ngayinye namkha i-R400.00.
Ikambiso yokugwetjwa kwamacala wobulelelesi ikhambisana nomthetho wesintu nowesiko, kodwa nokho ilawulwa mithetjhwana yokulawula ebethwa nguNgqongqotjhe wezomThethobulungiswa. Ukukhulunyelwa zizazi zomthetho ( amagcwetha ) akukavunyelwa – sekhtjheni 10. Ummangalelwa nakangabhalelwa kuhlawula ihlawulo ahlawuliswe yona, ikosi ingalayela bona abotjhwe ayiswe phambi kwakamarhistrada ekhotho namkha ayiswe phambi kwesikhulu esingamele ikhotho yesifunda endaweni la icala ligwetjwe khona; ikhotho izakuthi ingaqinisekisa yaneliseke bona ihlawulo ummangalelwa ahlawuliswe yona beyilungile, ilayele bona ahlawule ummangalelwa, nakabhalelwako imphosele ngejele adose isikhathi esingadluliko eenyangeni ezintathu. Amandla wokugweba amacala adluliswako asezandleni zeKhotho kaMarhistrada namkha iKhotho kaMaziphathe wesiFunda – sekhtjheni 5 . Icala elidluliswako kufana nokuthi ligwetjwa de novo – sekhtjheni 5 .
AmaKhotho WaboMaziphathe Beemfunda
Ngokwesekhtjheni 73 yomThetho 15 ka-1976 womThethosisekelo weTranskei, kuneemfunda ezilithoba eTranskei ezasungulelwa amaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda – sekhtjheni 2 yomThetho wamaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda [umThetho]. Ngokombiko ka-Olivier 1997 64, ngo-1997 amakhotho ayesebenza eemfundeni ezihlanu nje kwaphela. AmaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda anamandla ngasikhathi sinye neKhotho kaMarhistrada la umsolwa ecaleni lobulelesi asisakhamuzi khona namkha la ababangako ecaleni lombango bazizakhamuzi zeTranskei khona – sekhtjheni 3 yomThetho wezamaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda. MaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda kwaphela anegunya lokusebenzisa umthetho wesintu ngitjho nemacaleni wobulelesi, hayi njengamakhotho wabomarhistrada wona angasebenzisa umthetho wesintu emacaleni wombango kwaphela. AmaKhotho waboMaziphathe beemFunda kuthiwa abantwana bemithetho yeencwadini zeSewula Afrikapha njengoba phela asungulwa ngomThetho wePalamende, ngokunjalo-ke namandlawo awathola khona eencwadini zemithetho yePalamende. Akukavunyelwa ukukhulunyelwa zizazi mthetho ( amagcwetha ) kilamakhotho – sekhtjheni 7. Amacala adluliswako alalelwa yiKhotho ePhakemeko kanti-ke amacala wobulelesi abuyekezeka ngendlela efanako namakhotho wabomarhistrada. Ikambiso ikhanjiswa ngokwesiko, ngokulawulwa nguNgqongqotjhe – Seymour –ikhasi 22.
AMABANDLA NOMTHETHOSISEKELO
Umbuzo ekufuze siwuphendule lapha kukuthi kghani iBandla ( iKhotho yesiNtu ) linalo na ilungelo lokuthi lingacitha umthetho wesintu njengomthetho onganalungelo lokusebenza ngenca yokuthi umthetho loyo uphambana nomthethosisekelo na ?
Ngokwe S170 yomThethosisekelo, ikhotho engaphasi kweKhotho ePhakemeko ngobukhulu ayikwazi ukufuna ukwazi ukuthi umthetho othileko wePalamende uyavumelana nomThethosisekelo na, ayikwazi nokukhupha umlayo omalungana nokungabi semthethwenisisekelo komthetho othileko, ngokunjalo ayikwazi nokuphikisa indlela yokuziphatha kaMongameli. Ngokwesekhtjheni 110 ikhotho kamarhistrada ayinawo amandla wokukhulumela ukuthi awukho emthethweni umthetho othileko, nanyana ngimuphi, ngokunjalo godu ayikwazi nokukhulumela indlela yokuziphatha kwakaMongameli. Isekhtjheni 110 yomThetho wamaKhotho waboMarhsitrada iyayalela ikhotho kaMarhistrada ukuthi ingamemezela ukuthi umthetho othileko awusebenzi ngoba uphambana nomthethosisekelo namkha ngomunye unobangela. Igama elithi "umthetho" lihlathululwa kusekhtjheni 2 yomThetho 33 ka-1957 wokuHlathululwa kwemiThetho yePalamende njengo "mthetho nanyana ngimuphi, isimemezelo sombuso, umthetho wephrovinsi, umThetho wePalamende namkha noba ngisiphi isenzo esinamandla womthetho. Igama elithi "umthetho" lithathwa ukuthi litjho imithetho yepalamende, hayi " imithetho engasiyo yepalamende" Bucke & Jones V 1 Act 403, Millman NO v African Eagle Life Assurance Society Ltd 1981 SA 630 ( C ). Nanyana kungakhulunywa nje ngomthetho ongasiwo wepalamende ku-S170 yomThethosisekelo nesekhtjheni 110 yomThetho waboMarhistrada, iKhotho kaMarhistrada ayinawo amandla wokulawula ngokungabi semthethwenisisekelo komthetho ongekho emithethweni yePalamende ( B&J V 1 Act 403 ). Ngayo yona leyo ikulumo, kungathathwa ukuthi amakhotho wabomarhistrada akanamandla wokulawula ngokungabi semthethwenisisekelo komthetho wesintu. Njengoba iKhotho kaMarhistrada imntwana womThetho wePalamende, amandlayo kufuze iwathole emThethweni wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada, kodwa-ke awakho amandla anikelwa amakhotho wabomarhistrada njalo kilomThetho wamaKhotho waboMarhsitrada. Njengoba iKhotho kaMarhistrada imntwana womThetho wePalamende, ngokunjalo ayikanikelwa amandla mThetho wamaKhotho waboMarhistrada ukuphenya ngokuthi ikulungele na ukusebenza umthetho wesintu.
Ubujamo BeBandla
Ngokwe S170 yomThethosisekelo, ikhotho engaphasi kweKhotho ePhakemeko ngobukhulu ayikwazi ukufuna ukwazi ukuthi umthetho othileko wePalamende uyavumelana nomThethosisekelo na, ayikwazi nokukhupha umlayo omalungana nokungabi semthethwenisisekelo komthetho othileko, ngokunjalo ayikwazi nokuphikisa indlela yokuziphatha kwakaMongameli. Indawo yeBandla ( ikhotho yesintu ) kunye nendawo yeKhotho kaMarhistrada erhelweni lokulandelana kwamakhotho zingaphasi kwamaKhotho aPhakemeko, ngalokho-ke ngokwesekhtjheni 170, amakhotho la akanawo amandla wokufuna ukwazi ukuthi umthetho othileko wePalamende uyavumelana nomThethosisekelo na, awakwazi nokukhupha umlayo omalungana nokungabi semthethwenisisekelo kwehlelo lokubethwa komthetho othileko, nanyana ngimuphi, ngokunjalo awakwazi nokuphikisa indlela yokuziphatha kwakaMongameli. Isekhtjheni le ikhulumisa kwaphela ukubethwa komthetho, hayi umthetho ngokwawo. Ngokwesekhtjheni 2 yomThetho 33 ka-1957 wokuHlathululwa kwemiThetho yePalamende, nokho igama elithi "umthetho" litjho negama elitjho ihlelo lokubethwa komthetho. Umbono ka B&J V 1 Act 403 kukuthi nanyana lingavezwa ingaphathwa nje yomthetho ongekho emithethweni yePalamende ku-S170 yomThethosisekelo kunye nakusekhtjheni 110 yomThetho weKhotho kaMarhistrada, ikhotho kamarhistrada ayinawo amandla wokulawula ngokungabi semthethwenisisekelo komthetho ongekho emithethweni yePalamende. Ngayo leyo ikulumo, kungatjhiwo godu nokuthi ikhotho kamarhistrada ayinawo amandla wokulawula namkha ukukhupha umlayo ngokuthi umthetho wesintu uyakhambisana na nomThethosisekelo. Ngokwesekhtjheni 211, umthetho wesintu umuthetho ovunyiweko nosebenzako eSewula Afrika. Okuqakathekileko lapha kukuthi ihlelo lokubethwa komthetho ekukhulunywa ngalo kusekhtjheni 170 libala nomthetho ongekho emithethweni yepalamende, libale nomthetho wesintu, kanti-ke njengoba amabandla ( amakhotho wesintu ) angaphasi ngobukhulu kuneKhotho ePhakemeko nje, amabandla adinywe namandla wokuphenya ngokuba semthethwenisisekelo kwemithetho yesintu ngokwesekhtjheni 170 yomThetho womThethosisekelo. Ngokutjho kwaka-TW Bennett ( 1995) 76, amaBandla akanawo amandla wokucitha imithetjhwana yemithetho yesintu njengemithetjhwana engekho emthethweni ngoba ingakhambisani nomthethosisekelo ( lokhu-ke kuthathelwa kuSekhtjheni 103 yomThethosisekelo wesiKhatjhana ka-1993. )
