IsiNdebele

Umzimba womuntu obhemako

IHlangano yezePilo yePhasi ithi, emizuzwaneni eminye neminye ebunane, kunomuntu ohlongakalako ngebanga lokusebenzisa igwayi. Irhubhululo liveza bona abantu abathoma ukubhema eminyakeni yabo yobutjha (njengombana inani lama-70 % labantu lenza) begodu baragela phambili eminyakeni engaba matjhumi amabili, bazakuhlongakala eminyakeni ema-20 ukuya kwema-25 ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunalabo abangabhemiko. Akusiyo nje kwaphela ikankere yamaphaphu nanyana amalwelwe aphathelene nehliziyo angakulethela ukugula kumbi kanye nokuhlongakala. Ngenzasapha, sendlale eminye imiphumela emimbi abantu abangayaziko, ukusuka ehloko ukuya ezwanini.

1. Ukulahlekelwa ziinhluthu: Ukubhema kubulala amasotja womzimba, kutjhiye umzimba usengozini yokuhlaselwa malwelwe afana nelupasi erithemathosasi, engabanga ukulahlekelwa ziinhluthu, iinlonda ezingapholiko emlonyeni kanye neenlonjana ebusweni, ekhakhayini kanye nezandleni.
2. Amakhatharaki: Ukubhema kukholelwa ekuthini kubanga nanyana kuthuwelelisa amalwelwe athileko wamehlo. Ababhemako banamathuba ama-40% aphezulu wekhatharaki, (ukuthikameziseka kwelensi yelihlo elawula umkhanyo begodu lokhu kungabanga ubuphofu). Ukubhema kubanga ikhatharaki ngeendlela ezimbili: ngokwenza amehlo alumele nangokukhupha amakhemikhali aye emaphatjhini abese akhamba neengazi aye emehlweni. Ukubhema kukhambisana nokulimala kwemakhula eya nobudala bomuntu, ubulwelwe bamehlo obungalaphekiko obubangwa kulimala kwengcenye engaphakathi yerethina, kokhunye ebizwa ngemakhula. Imakhula isiza ekulawuleni ukubona kuhle kwelihlo begodu ilawula nekghono lethu lokufunda, ukutjhayela ikoloyi, ukubona ubuso nanyana imibala, kanye nokubona izinto ngokwemininingwana ezeleko yazo.
3. Ukutjhwabana: Ukubhema kuluphalisa isikhumba ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuqeda amaphrotheni asenza bona sithambe, kusilaphale namavithamini A kanye nokungazombelezi kuhle kweengazi emzimbeni. Isikhumba sabantu ababhemako siyoma, siqine begodu sinemijana, khulu khulu eduze nezitho kanye namehlo.
4. Ukungezwa: Ngombana ukubhema kwakha iplagu emithangaleni yemithambo yeengazi, kuphungule umzombelezo wokukhamba kweengazi ziya endlebeni engaphakathi, ababhemako bangalahlekelwa kukuzwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunalabo abangabhemiko begodu ababhemako laba bangahlaselwa lula kungezwa okubangwa malwelwe weendlebe nanyana itjhada elikhulu. Ababhemako godu basengozini ngokubuyelelwa kathathu kunabangabhemiko, wokuba namalwelwe weendlebe emaphakathi engaletha ukuhlangahlangana okufana neminingithisi kanye nokungasebenzi kuhle kobuso.
5. Ikankere yesikhumba: Ukubhema akubangi imelamona (ngasikhathi okubulwelwe obubulalako bekankere yesikhumba), kodwana kuphakamisa amathuba wokuhlongakala ngayo (imelamona). Ababhemako godu basengozini emahlangothi-mabili angezelelweko wokuhlaselwa yikankere yamaseli wesikhumba wehlobo le-squamous. Ikankere le itjhiya umuntu anesikhumba esibovu esimarhojani.
6. Ukubola kwamazinyo: Ukubhema kuthikamezana nokusebenza ngefanelo komlomo, bese kwakheka iplagu enengi ngokwedluleleko, ukuba sarulani kwamazinyo okubangela ukubola kwamazinyo. Ababhemako basemathubeni wokukodwa nengcenye ngaphezulu ekungalahlekelweni mazinyo.
7. I-emfisema: Ngaphezu kwekankere yamaphaphu, ukubhema kubanga i-emfisema. Lobu bulwelwe bokuvuvuka kanye nokubhoboka kwemigodlana yommoya emaphatjhini, ephungula ikghono lephaphu lokufaka i-oksijini kanye nokuqotha ikhabhondayoksayidi. Emajameni amambi khulu, ithrakheyostomi ivumela isigulani bona siphefumule. Kuvulwa intunja kuqhoqhoqho kanye ne-ventilator ukugandelela ummoya bona uye emaphatjhini (qala isithombe). Ubulwelwe basafuthi bebhronkhathisi (obungakatjengiswa) bakha imileyo yamafinya azele ubovu, okuphelelisa ngokobana umuntu akhohlele kabuhlungu begodu abe nobudisi ekuphefumuleni.
8. I-ostiyoporisisi: Ikhabhonimonoksayidi okuyitjhefu yerhasi ngobunengi bayo etholakala eentuthwini ekhutjhwa ziimpolopolo zeenkoloyi kanye nekubhemeni igwayi, izibophelela eengazini khudlwana kune-oksijini, iqunte amandla wokuthuthwa kweengazi ezine-oksijini zababhemako, ngamaphesenti ali-15. Emveni kwalapho-ke, amathambo wabantu ababhemako aba ludlana, aphuka msinyazana begodu athatha isikhathi esingamaphesenti ama-80 ngaphezulu kwesijayelekileko ukululama. Ababhemako godu bangahlaselwa lula miraro yomhlana: iphenyo elinye liye laveza bona abasebenzi bamabubulo ababhemako banamathuba amahlanu ngaphezulu wokuhlaselwa ziinhlabi zomhlana ngemva kokulimala.
9. Amalwelwe wehliziyo: Umuntu munye kwabathathu abahlongakalako ephasini, uhlongakala ngamalwelwe aphathelene nehliziyo. Ukubhema ngikho okumthelela omkhulu wokudala amalwelwe aphathelene neenhliziyo. Lamalwelwe abulala ngaphezu kwesigidi sabantu ngonyaka eenarheni ezisathuthukako. Amalwelwe aphathelene nehliziyo abulala abantu abama-600 000 ngonyaka eenarheni esele zithuthukileko. Ukubhema kwenza ihliziyo bona ibethe khudlwana, kuphakamisa umfutho weengazi begodu kwandisa i-hypertension, imithambo evalekileko begodu lokhu kuphetha ngokuletha amalwelwe wokungajanyelwa yihliziyo kanye nokuthwebuleka kwezitho zomzimba. 
10. Iinlonda zangendeni (ama-alsa): Ukubhema kuphungula amandla womzimba wokulwa namabhaktheriya abanga iinlonda zamathumbu. Kubuye kukhandela ikghono lomzimba lokulawula ama-esidi ngemva kokudla, lokho kudale bona i-esidi idle ithwethwesi langaphakathi lendeni. Ama-alsa wabantu ababhemako alapheka budisi begodu akarhabi aphole ngombana kuhlala kunengozi yokobana angabuya godu.
11. Imino elahlekelwe mbala wayo: itjhefu esesegeredeni ibuthana eminweni nenzitjheni, yenze bona zibe nombadlana osarulani nokunzotho.
12. Ikankere yomhlambuluko kanye nokubuya endleleni: Ngaphezu kokwandisa amathuba wekankere yesibeletho kanye neyomhlambuluko, ukubhema kudala imiraro yokubeletha kibomma kanye nokuhlangahlangana ngesikhathi sokuba sidisi nekubeletheni. Ukubhema ngesikhathi usidisi kwandisa amathuba wokubeletha umntwana onomzinjana omncani begodu ongahlaselwa malwelwe esikhathini esizako. Ukubuya endleleni kunamathuba angaba ma-2 ukuya kwama-3 ngaphezulu ebantwini ababhemako, kunalabo abangabhemiko, njengombana abantwana ababelethwa sele bahlongakele ngebanga lokudinywa kwe-oksijini yesana elingakabelethwa kanye nokuhlangahlangana kwekaba okubangwa yikhabhonimonoksayidi kanye nenikhothini etholakala ekubhemeni igwayi. Amatshwayo wokuhlongokala kwamsinyana kwamasana akhambisana godu nokubhema. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukubhema kungaphungula amazinga we-estrojini ebanga ukufikelwa sikhathi semenophosi (menopause) ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhona.
13. Isidoda esikhubeleko (deformed sperm): Ukubhema kungakhubaza isidoda begodu kulimaze i-DNA yakhona, lokho okungadala ukubuya endleleni nanyana ukubelethwa kwamasana akhubeleko. Amanye amaphenyo athole bona amadoda abhemako asengozini ekulu yokubeletha abentwana abanekankere. Ukubhema kubuye kuphungule inani lesidoda begodu nokukhamba kweengazi ukuya ephondweni lobudoda, lokhu okungabanga bona umuntu abe yikabi. Ukungatholi bantwana kwandile khulu ebantwini ababhemako.
14. Isoriyasisi: Abantu ababhemako banamathuba wokuhlaselwa yisoriyasisi kabili ukuya kathathu ngaphezulu, okubulwelwe obungathathelwanako bokuvuvuka kwesikhumba okwenza bona silume, sibe nemibala ebovana umzimba woke.
15. Ubulwelwe be-Buerger: Ubulwelwe be-Buerger obubizwa godu bona yi-thromboangitis obliterans, kuvuvuka kwemithambo ethumela iingazi, imithambo yeengazi, imizwa emilenzeni, khulu khulu, lokhu kudosela ekuphazamisekeni kokukhamba kweengazi. Nangabe lobulwelwe abulatjhwa, bungabanga igangrini (ukufa kwamathitjhu emzimbeni) nokungaquntwa izitho zomzimba eendaweni ezihlaselweko.
16. Ikankere: Ngaphezu kweengcenye ezima-40 egwayini zitjengiswe bona zibanga ikankere. Ababhemako banamathuba ama-22 ngaphezulu wokungavela ikankere yamaphaphu 16a kunabantu abangabhemiko. Ngokuya kwamaphenyo amanengana, umuntu osele abheme isikhathi eside, usengozini ekulu yokungavela inani leminye imihlobo yekankere, okubalwa ikankere yepumulo (amathuba abuyelelwe kabili ngaphezulu) 16b; ilimu 16c; umlomo, amadlala wamathe kanye nefarinksi (amathuba asi-6 ukuya kuma-27 ngaphezulu); umphimbo (throat) (amathuba ali-12 ngaphezulu); umphimbo (oesophogus); ilarinksi (amathuba ali-10 ukuya ku-18 ngaphezulu); amathumbu (amathuba ama-2 ukuya kuma-3 ngaphezulu); iziso (amathuba ama-5 ngaphezulu) 16d; isinya (amathuba ama-3 ngaphezulu); iphondo lobudoda (amathuba ama-2 ukuya kwama-3 ngaphezulu); ibende (amathuba ama-2 ukuya kwama-3 ngaphezulu) 16e; i-colon-rectus (amathuba ama-3) kanye nentusa (amathuba ama-5 ukuya kwasi-6 ngaphezulu). Amanye amaphenyo abuye athola nokobana kunokuthintana phakathi kokubhema kanye nekankere yamabele 16f.


Iphosta le ivezwa ngabomNyango wezePilo, ithathelwe emikhiqizweni ye-NMH Communications, WHO, Geneva. Lemikhiqizo yavezwa ekuthomeni ngabemagazini i- COLOURS yama- 21, yesikhathi sakaJulayi-Arhostosi 1997.
i
i Nde04-0029: eng-nd: doh: smoker?s body
??

??

??

??




1


