IKHOLIJI YEZOBULUNGISWA
INCWAJANA YABARHOLI BENDABUKO MALUNGANA NAMALUNGELO WABANTU
ISINGENISO
UKUBUYEKEZWA KOMLANDO WESIKO LAMALUNGELO WABANTU ESEWULA AFRIKA
Lokhu lihlolo elivamileko lokobana isiko lamalungelo wabantu lingene njani eSewula Afrika. Amalungelo wabantu amumethwe emitlolweni yeentjhabatjhaba neyeemfunda evela ngaphandle iza ngaphakathi kwenarha le. Phezu kobana kunokuliyeka efunisisweni elivezwe kukobana umqondo wamalungelo wabantu uqalisiswe butjha eSewula Afrika, ukufundisiswa kwemitlolo yeentjhabatjhaba, yeemfunda neyenarha kuzakunikelwa kilesisaHluko.
IMITLOLO YEENTJHABATJHABA
Ubuhlungu abantu ababuzwa ngesikhathi sePi yesiBili yePhasi benza bonyana iHlangano yeeNtjhaba eziBumbeneko ithathe iqunto lokuzibophelela ekutjhejeni nekuvikeleni amalungelo wabantu. Igadangweli lathoma ngomnyaka we-1946 lokha iNdlu yeeNtjhaba eziBumbeneko nayisungula umTlolomalungelo weeNtjhaba eziBumbeneko. Isethulo sawo siqinisa butjha "ukukholelwa emalungelweni asisekelo wabantu, ukukholelwa esithunzini nekuhloniphekeni komuntu, ukukholelwa emalungelweni alinganako phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi."
ISewula Afrika, njengenarha elilunga yalima indima ephambili kilomTlolomalungelo ngombana uNdunakulu wayo, uJenerala Smuts, nguye owatlama umTlolomalungelo. Iindimana zomTlolomalungelo zikatelela iiNtjhaba eziBumbeneko "ukukhuthaza bonyana iphasi loke lihloniphe ukutjhejwa kwamalungelo wabantu kanye netjhaphuluko esisekelo yawo woke umuntu ngaphandle kokubandlulula ngobutjhaba, ubulili, ilimi nofana ikolo.
Ukuya ngokwesigatjana 56, bekulindeleke bonyana zoke iinarha ezimalunga zizakubotjhwa mtlolo lo. Nokho kwasuke kwakhanya bonyana iSewula Afrika yaragela phambili ngokuphula amalungelo wabantu. Nanyana iHlangano yeeNtjhaba eziBumbeneko yaqinisa isibopho sayo sokobana kuyinto elungileko ebantwini bonyana kupheliswe ukubandlulula ngokobutjhaba, iJiniyoni/iRiphabhuliki yeSewula Afrika yaragela phambili ngomkhubayo wokuphula amalungelo wabantu. Umkhuba lo wawusekeleke phezu kwesigatjana 2.7 somTlomalungelo esalela iNdlu Zombelele bonyana ingene 'eendabeni zomkhaya' ebekuthathwa bona kukukwaphula khulu amalungelo wabantu. Ukubandlulula ngokobutjhaba kweSewula Afrika kwabonakala kuyinto etjhayisana neembopho zomTlolomalungelo, kungalokho ngomnyaka we-1982 iHlangano yeeNtjhaba eziBumbeneko yaqunta ukujamisa ubuhlobo bayo neSewula Afrika kezamaqhinga.
Kuthe lokha nayiba nommoya omumbi malungana nomTlolomalungelo, iSewula Afrika yathembela ebuthakathakeni bomTlolomalungelo obufana nalokhu:
Ukuvuleka khulu okunganasibopho
Ukungabi nendlela yokwenza bona iimbopho zenziwe
Isigatjana 2.7 saletha ukutjhayisana kumalungelo wabantu kanye neembopho zakhona eenarheni hlangana neenarha ezimalunga njengobana sithi, akunalitho kilomTlolomalungelo okhona elizakugunyaza iiNtjhaba eziBumbeneko ukungenelela eendabeni zomkhaya zanofana ngiyiphi inarha nofana ifune bonyana amalunga alethe imiraro yayo bona izokurarululwa ngaphasi komtlolomalungelo okhona lo, kodwana umgomo lo awuzukuliya ukusetjenziswa kwamagadango wokulungisa ngaphasi kwesaHluko vii.
Phezu kobana ube namaphutha, umTlolomalungelo ulime indima ekulu ekuthuthukiseni nekubumbeni iindlela namazinga wamalungelo wabantu ezingeni leentjhabatjhaba. Isibonelo, iinhlangano ezahlukahlukeneko zasungulwa ngaphasi kweHlangano yeenTjhaba eziBumbeneko, ngokuzalisa iimbopho zomTlolomalungelo. Amagadango lawa gade angaba ngendlela yeememezelo nofana imihlangano. Iimbhulambethe zemiHlangano zimumethe imigomo ebanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kweemvumelwano. Umtlolo wokuthoma owamukelwako ngomnyaka we-1948 kwakusiMemezelo maZombe samaLungelo wabaNtu. Umtlolo wamukelwa ziinarha ezimalunga ezima-46 phakathi kwezima-56, njengombana ezi-8 sekubalwa neSewula Afrika zanghala. Nanyana kunjalo umtlolo lo wamukelwe khulu emkhakheni wangekhaya nezingeni leentjhabatjhaba njengomtlolo oyivulandlela. Godu lokhu kutjengise ukwenzeka okuphathekako kombono weenTjhaba eziBumbeneko malungana nesimemezelo. Umbono lo uvezwe kumemorandamu ephadlhalajwe khulu etholakala e-ofisini leeNdaba zomThetho nayithi, 'ngokuqalelela (okukhulu) ukuqiniswa nokuqakatheka kwesimemezelo, kungemukelwa bona kube nomphumela omkhulu ehlanganweni ewumukelako, nokuqalelela okukhulu kokobana amalunga wehlangano yeentjhabatjhaba azakukhambisana nayo. Ngokunjalo, njengombana okulindelekileko kancani kancani kuvunywa Mbuso, isimemezelo singabonwa njengokubeka phasi imithetho ebopha inarha. Ukukghonakalisa ukuba semthethweni kwesiMemezelo maZombe samaLungelo wabaNtu, isiVumelwano seenTjhabatjhaba samalungelo womPhakathi nePolitiki kanye nesiVumelwano malungana nomNotho, iHlalakuhle kanye namaLungelo wamasiko kwamukelwa ziinTjhaba eziBumbeneko ngehloso yokutjhugululela isimemezelo esingabophiko ekubeni mimikghwa esemthethweni nebophako ejayeleke bona 'siVikelimalungelo wabaNtu seentjhabatjhaba'. Kwathi ngemva kwesikhathi wemukelwa yiSewula Afrika ngomnyaka we-1962. Elinye igadango lokuvikela amalungelo wabantu lenziwa ngokusungula imitlolo yeemfunda efana neHlangano yeYuropu ngomnyaka we-1950 malungana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu kanye netjhaphuluko esisekelo. Okumumethwe yiHlangano yeYuropu kwemukelwa kokuthoma eSewula Afrika emtlolweni womThethomlingwa wamaLungelo wabaNtu eBophuthatswana. Nokho umbono lowo wararhwa Mbuso waphambilini weSewula Afrika ebegade wongamele izabelo.
IMITLOLO YEEMFUNDA
Ekulumeni engehla kuyakhanya bonyana isiko lamalungelo wabantu kumele linabe ukuya ngokwemihlinzeko yomTlolomalungelo weenTjhaba eziBumbeneko. Isibonelo, isigatjana 56 sithi amalunga azibophelela ekuthatheni igadango ngokuhlanganyela nangokuhlukana ngokukhambisana nehlangano malungana nokuzuza iinhloso ezitjhiwo esigatjaneni 55. ESewula Afrika ukuthuthukiswa kwamaLungelo wabaNtu kwakhisimezwa yikambiso yombuso wekoloni, ngikho iHlangano yeenTjhaba eziBumbeneko ekuthomeni yahluleka emizamweni yayo ukulandelela iSewula Afrika kobana itjhugulule imigomo yayo yokubandlulula ngokobutjhaba kufikela lapha yathoma khona ngejima lokutswinya kezomnotho ngomnyaka we-1982. Ngesikhatheso isiko lamalungelo wabantu lakghona ukufahla leza e-Afrika lokha iHlangano yokuBumbana kwe-Afrika nayitlama umtlolomalungelo we-Afrika ngomnyaka we-1961.
Nanyana ikambiso yariyada iminyaka ema-20 hlangana nemitlamo yokuthoma ukwamukelwa komtlolo ngomnyaka we-1981 njengomtlolomalungelo weBanjul kwaba yipumelelo ekarisako kobana kwamukelwe ihlangano yamalungelo wabantu e-Afrika. Into eyabonakala khulu emtlolweni kwaba kukwamukelwa 'kwamalungelo wabantu' okwakukhombisa ukuzibophelela ukwandisa umqondo wamalungelo wabantu. Lokhu kuvela esethulweni sawo lapha kukhulunywa khona ngesibopho esithethwe ziinarha ezimalunga kobana 'zizakuzuzela abantu be-Afrika ipilo engcono'. Isibophesi saletha itjhijilo eSewula Afrika njengombana beyinganandaba nokutjhejwa kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu. Indaba ekulu bekukuhlanganisa amalungelo wabantu ahlinzekwe emtlolwenimalungelo we-Afrika namalungelo womuntu ngamunye anyulwa mitlolo yeenTjhabatjhaba. Ngalokho kwaba semtarini bonyana iSewula Afrika kumele ikhambisane nalokho ngokwamukela amalungelo wabantu ngaphambi kobana isebenzise umTlolomalungelo we-Afrika eSewula Afrika.
Itjhijilo lathathwa yihlangano yamaGqwetha wamaLungelo wabaNtu, eyahlonywa eSewula Afrika ngomnyaka we-1979. Ihloso yayo ekulu kwakukuphetha nokuqinisa amalungelo wabantu akhambisana nokuphathwa komthetho kanye nokuphathwa kwezobulungiswa nokuvikelwa kwetjhaphuluko esisekelo ukuya ngokwesiMemezelo maZombe samaLungelo wabaNtu. Ngomnyaka we-1987, kwasunguluwa iphiko lezobunqophisi langeenkhathi zoke kobana lenze amajima malungana nokuvikelwa nokuqiniswa kwamalungelo asisekelo. Isichema saba nemiphumela ekarisako eSewula Afrika kangangobana kwaba semtarini msinyana bonyana kunesidingo sokuhlalisa butjha umthethosisekelo malungana neenhloso zokuvikela amalungelo wabantu.
IMITLOLO YENARHA
Ngaphambi komThethosisekelo wesiKhatjhana wangomnyaka we-1993, kwaba negandelelo lokobana kwamukelwe bekuvikelwe amalungelo wabantu eSewula Afrika ngokusebenzisa imitlolo yeentjhabatjhaba, yeemfunda neyenarha. Yona ngile: mTlolomalungelo weenTjhaba eziBumbeneko, isiMemezelo maZombe samaLungelo wabaNtu, umTlolomalungelo we-Afrika, umTlolomalungelo weHlangano yesiZwe ye-Afrika kanye namajima wezefundo ahlelwe yihlangano yamaGqwetha wamaLungelo wabaNtu. Igandelelo leentjhabatjhaba malungana nokuphadlhalaja, okutjho ukuphelisa umbuso webandlululo, kwarholela ekambisweni yokuhlela butjha umthethosisekelo owabangela bona kube nephalamende enezindlu ezintathu ngomnyaka we-1983. Lokhu kwaba matshwayo wokuthoma wokuphela kwesikhathi esinzinzileko esasijamelene namalungelo wabantu, ngalokho ngomnyaka we-1987 iBophuthatswana yalinga ukwethula isiVikelimalungelo wabaNtu owaba yiqophamlando e-Afrika eseSewula. Msinyazana iSewula Afrika yalemuka bonyana umkhubayo wokugandelela angeze wabuyisa isithunzi kanye negunya layo ngalokho yathoma ukufuna iindlela ezinye zomthethosisekelo ezazizokukhambisana nokutjhejwa kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu. Ngalokho ngomnyaka we-1986 uNgqongqotjhe wezoBulungiswa (uCootze JH), wahloma iKhomitjhini yezomThetho yeSewula Afrika kobana ihlolisise ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu. Ngesikhatheso, isiqhema sabogqwetha esasijamelene nebandlululo (National Association Democratic Lawyers) yalemuka bonyana kuhlongozwe amatjhuguluko womthethosisekelo ngaphambi kobana umgomo weNarha uyelele amazizo wabantu nje-ke yagandelela iKhomitjhini yezomThetho yeSewula Afrika kobana ifake hlangana eminye yemihlinzeko yomtlolomalungelo weTjhaphuluko kanye nomTlolomalungelo weBanjul.
Umqondo wokwamukelwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu waba neenthelo ngemva kwekulumo eyaba nedumo yakaMongameli uDe Klerk (uMongameli wokugcina wesiKhathi seBandlululo). Wathi, "Umbuso wamukela umgomo wokwamukelwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo asisekelo abumba isisekelo sedemokhrasi yangetjingalanga. Siyavuma godu bonyana indlela ephathekako yokuvikela amalungelo lawa iyame ekumenyezelweni kwamalungelo okuvunywe majaji azijameleko". Waragela phambili wabawa iKhomitjhini yezomThetho yeSewula Afrika bona ilethe umbiko wayo opheleleko omalungana nomThethomlingwa wamaLungelo wabaNtu ohlongozwako. Ngemva kweenkulumiswano ezathatha isikhathi hlangana neenqhema zoke ezazinekareko ukusuka ngomnyaka we-1991, nanyana zabuye zajanyiswa ngomnyaka we-1992 ngebanga lemiguruguru yaKwazulu-Natal, umThethosisekelo wesikhatjhana wavela nemiphumela emithathu eqakathekileko ngomnyaka we-1993, okungile:
Ubukhulu bomThethosisekelo
IDemokhrasi, kanye
Nokuvikelwa majaji kwamalungelo asisekelo
Ngalokho amalungelo wabantu ekugcineni amukelwa, avikelwa abe asetjenziswa eSewula Afrika begodu afakwa kumThethosisekelo ukusuka ngomnyaka we-1993. KilomThethosisekelo ohkona, isigaba 7 sihlinzeka bona "isiVikelimalungelo sisisekelo sedemokhrasi eSewula Afrika. Sivikela amalungelo wabo boke abantu enarheni yekhethu begodu uqinisa ubungako bokuhlonipheka kwabantu ngokwedemokhrasi, ukulingana kanye netjhaphuluko. Kodwana ukuvikeleka okupheleleko kuhlinzekwa sigaba 8 esigunyaza bona umThethomlingwa usetjenziswe kiwo woke umthetho bese sibopha isibethamthetho, isigungu kanye namajaji ngokujmelana nomthethosisekelo waphambilini obegade unikela iphalamende amandla wokuzilawula. Umthethosisekelo ngalokho urarulula ukungalingani kokwamukelwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu. Ukuqinisekisa bonyana kuyenziwa, uthethosisekelo godu ihlinzeke malungana nokuzijamela kwamajaji kanye neKhotho yomThethosisekelo neendlela zokuvikela ezifana namakhotho amanye namakhomitjhini.
Ekuphetheni, ihlolo elivamileko elitjhwiwe ngaphezulu liveze kuhle umphumela okarisako wemitlolo yeentjhabatjhaba, iimfunda kanye neyelizwe ukutjala ummoya wesiko lamalungelo wabantu eSewula Afrika. Nanyana umThethosisekelo ungasimsulwa nofana unemirarwana, nokho ukghonile ukurarulula amahlungu ezwiwa babantu bekhethu embusweni waphambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukunikela kwayo ilungelo lokuzikhulumela kwenza ngcono ukwazi kwabantu amalungelwabo njengombana lokhu kuqiniswa lihlelo elikhona lokufundisa ngamalungelo wabantu asisekelo ukuqinisekisa iragelophambili lokwenziwa kwamaLungelo wabaNtu.
IZEHLAKALO EZIRHOLELA EKWAMUKELWENI KWAMALUNGELO WABANTU: ESEWULA AFRIKA
ESewula Afrika, gade kunokwephulwa kwamalungelo wabantu namahlungu enziwa mbuso webandlululo kanye neemvumelwano zawo. Sizwe okunengi kwalokhu ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwe-TRC , nofana thina, imindenethu, abangani bethu nofana abomakhelwana bethu bahlangabezene nakho ukwephulwa kwamalungelo namahlungu lawa. Iphalamende gade ilawula ngesikhatheso, ngaphezu kwalokho beyidlulisa imithetho egandelelako ebegade iphumeleliswa makhotho ebegade angakazijameli. Ngebanga lalokho, iinhlangano ezahlukahlukeneko eziJamelene nebandlululo eSewula Afrika zatlama umTlolomalungelo wetjhaphuluko begodu lokhu kwaba mtlolo oqakathekileko wokuthoma wamaLungelo wabaNtu, owafumana ukusekelwa linengi lamaSewula Aafrika. Ngalokho, lokha iSewula Afrika nayigadangisa umHlahlandlela wayo womThethosisekelo malungana neSewula Afrika eTjhaphulukileko, umTlolomalungelo waba yingcenye yawo.
Ngemva kokuvulwa umlomo kwazo zoke iinhlangano zepolitiki nokutjhatjhululwa koMongameli waPhambilini, uNelson Mandela, kwajanyiswa umThethosisekelo wesikhatjhana. Wona gade uyibhulambethe womThethosisekelo esinawo gadesi ongomunye ophambili khulu ephasini loke. UmThethosisekelo wekhethu watlikitlwa nguMongameli uNelson Mandela ngeLanga lamaLungelo wabaNtu leenTjhabatjhaba, 10 Disemba 1996.
UmThethosisekelo wekhethu umthetho omkhulu wenarha begodu ufaka hlangana isiVikelimalungelo esisekelo sedemokhrasi eSewula Afrika. IsiVikelimalungelo simumethe amalungelo wabo boke abantu eSewula Afrika begodu siqinisa ubungako besithunzi, ukulingana netjhaphuluko yabantu ngokwedemokhrasi. Ngokutjheja amalungelo lawa, umbuso iqinisekisa bonyana izakhamuzi zawo zizokuvikeleka bezibe netjhaphuluko kobana ziphile ngcono ngendlela okungakghoneka ngayo.
IHLATHULULO LEMIQONDOMAGAMA
YINI AMALUNGELO WABANTU?
Amalungelo wabantu balungelo okuthathwa bonyana abantu banawo njengombana bababantu begodu banesithunzi. UBhitjhobhi uDesmond Tutu wahlathulula amalungelo wabantu ngokuthi, "Ngokuvela kuZimu, ingasi ngebanga lani, kodwana kwaphela ngoba sibabantu. Amalungelo lawa asephasini loke, ngewomuntu woke, ngitjho woke umuntu akukhathali bona ukuphi, nanyana usigwili nofana udobha phasi, ufundile nofana akazi litho, omuhle nofana ongaqalekiko, onzima nofana omhlophe, kungaba yindoda nofana umfazi, koke kumalungelo wabantu...NjengomKresto ngingangeza ngithi woke umuntu unobungako obungapheliko ngombana omunye nomunye wadalwa ngomfanekiso kaZimu. Omunye nomunye unamatshwayo kaZimu nje-ke ukuphatha umuntu inga akakaqakatheki kuyihlamba, kukukhafulela uZimu ebusweni".
Umqondo osisekelo kukobana abantu bayacabanga begodu banokuziphatha, nje-ke bahlukile kezinye iindalwa ephasini. Ngalokho-ke abantu banelungelo lokuba namalungelo netjhaphuluko okuzizinto ezingekho kezinye iindalwa. Isibonelo, udumbana akakwazi ukwala ukuthwala umuntu ngombana batjho ufuna ukuphathwa kuhle, nofana mhlambe arhwante nofana atoyitoye. Nokho umuntu angakhuthaza ukuvikelwa kweendalwa ezinye njengehlangano evikela ukuphathwa ngesihluku kweenlwana.
Ngalokho, amalungelo wabaNtu akanikelwa, akabelwa, akathengwa begodu akasetjenzelwa. Abantu babelethwa nawo amalungelo lawa nje-ke ngalokho ahlathululwa bonyana malungelo umuntu ubelethwa nawo, asephasini loke, akahlukaniseki begodu akadluliselwa.
YINI UMTHETHOSISEKELO?
Mithetho nofana imithetjhwana etlanyelwe ukulawula ukuziphatha kwehlangano, ilizwe, itlabhu, isikolo nofana isonto. Umthethosisekelo unhlahla amalunga wehlangano malungana nokwakheka, ukuziphatha kanye neembopho. Unezahluko neengatjana nofana iingaba, isibonelo, umThetho womThetosisekelo weSewula Afrika unezahluko ezilitjhumi nane, iingaba ezimakhulu amabili namatjhumi amane nantathu, amatjheduli alikhomba neenhlomelelo ezine. Kesinye nesinye isigaba kuhlathululwe kuhle imihlinzeko yomThetho ngendlela yeengatjana. Kuhlathululwa nendlela erhunyeziweko yokobana imithetho yenziwa njani kanye nezahluko ezahlukahlukeneko zomThetho womThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika 108 ka-1996.
Ukuthokozela ukuqakatheka komThethosisekelo okhona lo, kunikelwe umlando omfitjhani womThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika ukukhanyisa ukungakajayeleki komThethosisekelo ngamunye. Isibonelo
UmThetho womThethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yeSewula Afrika wahlanganisa iimfunda ezine kobana kubunjwe iRiphabhuliki kodwana kwakunamatshwayo wokungakajameleki kwezinye iintjhaba ngePhalamendeni.
UmThetho womThethosisekelo wesiKhatjhana 200 ohlinzeka iVikelamalungelo lokuthoma eSewula Afrika ngalokho ubonelela ukwamukelwa nokuvikelwa kwazo zoke izakhamuzi zeSewula Afrika.
Umthetho womThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa komThethosisekelo wesiKhatjhana ongaphezulu owaletha amatjhuguluko akhona gadesi emlandweni weSewula Afrika nofana ukutjhejwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu ngobungako bedemokhrasi malungana nokulingana, isithunzi kanye netjhaphuluko ebonelelwa siVikelimalungelo esimumethwe kusaHluko 2 somThetho womThethosisekelo.
YINI IDEMOKHRASI?
Mbuso wabantu ngabantu malungana nabantu. Igama ledemokhrasi lithethwe egameni lesiGrigi elithi demos okutjho abantu nelithi kraits okutjho igunya.
Ngalokho kutjho umbuso okhethwe ngegunya labantu. ESewula Afrika amaphuzu wokuqakatheka kwedemokhrasi amathathu okutjho, ukulingana, isithunzi somuntu kanye netjhaphuluko asisekelo sedemokhrasi ngikho umThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika ubekwa ezingeni eliphezulu ephasini loke. Imigomo yedemokhrasi, yathoma yazwakaliswa kumThethosisekelo wesiKhatjhana ngiyo eyenza umahluko phakathi kwemithethosisekelo yaphambilini nowagadesi. Yona ngile:
Ukuba negunya komThethosisekelo
IsiVikelimalungelo
Ukwahlukaniswa kwamagunya
Amajaji azijameleko
Amakhetho atjhaphulukileko, aneqiniso nawangeenkhathi ezithize
Ukuziphendulela
Ukulingana
Irherho leenhlangano ezinengi
Nokubandakanyeka kwezakhamuzi
IMIGOMO YEDEMOKHRASI
Imigomo le nofana ubungakobu mibono abantu abanengi abayithatha bonyana ngeqakathekileko malungana nedeokhrasi. Godu yaziwa bonyana 'ziinkombandlela' zedemokhrasi ngombana lkha nasizibonako, zimatshwayo wokobana inarha isendleleni yokuya kudemokhrasi. Imigomo le nofana iinkombandlelezi kanengi ziba yingcenye yomThethosisekelo nofana isiVikelimalungelo enarheni enedemokhrasi. Amahlelo amanengi wedemokhrasi asekela yona imigomo esisekelo le.
Ngiziphi-ke 'iinkombandlela' okumele sizibone nasizakuthi iSewula Afrika isendleleni eya kudemokhrasi?
UKUHLANGANYELA KWEZAKHAMUZI
Zoke izakhamuzi ziyakghona begodu zinelungelo nesibopho sokuhlanganyela kurhulumende nemphakathini. Le ngenye yeenkombandlela eziqakatheke khulu zedemokhrasi. Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kufaka hlangana ukuba ngunkhetheni ekhethweni, ukuvowuda ekhethweni, ukwaziswa, ukwenza iinkulumopikiswano, ukukhambela imihlangano yomuzi nofana yomphakathi woke, ukujoyina iinhlangano ezingaphandle kwakarhulumende nofana ezinye iinhlangano emphakathini wekhenu, ukukhokha umthelo, ukuzibilayeza, ukutlola iinghonghoyilo, njll. Ukuhlanganyela kutjho bona abantu bazibandakanya emiphakathinabo nekubuseni imiphakathi leyo.
Ubuhle bokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngilobu:
Kuqinisekisa bonyana abarholi abaphathi kumbi amagunya wabo
Kwenza urhulumende ahlale anelwazi ngeemfiso zomphakathi
Kubandakanya izakhamuzi ekubuseni inarha begodu
URhulumende wenza iinqunto anelwazi ngazo.
UKULINGANA
Idemokhrasi itjho bona boke abantu bayalingana. Ukulingana kutjho bonyana boke abantu baphathwa ngokulinganako begodu banikelwa amathuba alinganako. Akunakubandlulula abantu ngobutjhaba, ngekolo, ngobulili, ngokobujamo babo bobulili njalonjalo. Kudemokhrasi abantu banelungelo lokubulunga nokwenza amasikwabo, amalimabo kanye neenkolelo zabo.
UKUBEKEZELELANA NGOKWEPOLOTIKI
Imiphakathi enedemokhrasi iyabekezelelana ngokwepolotiki. Lokhu kutjho bonyana nanyana kubuswa ngentando yenengi, nokho amalungelo wedlanzana nawo avikelekile. Woke umuntu kumele avunyelwe ukuba nombono begodu awuveze bebazihlelele iinhlangano nofana iinqhema zabo zepolotiki. Umphakathi weSewula Afrika unabantu abahlukahlukeneko ngokwamasiko, ubutjhaba, ikolo kanye nobuhlanga abanemibono eyahlukahlukeneko. Umphakathi wedemokhrasi uvumela bona ukwahlukahlukanokhu kuvezwe. Abantu kumele bahloniphe amalungelo wabanye abantu kobana babe nemibonwabo. Ukukhulumisana nokubonisana ngezinto kuyingcenye eqakatheke khulu kudemokhrasi.
UKUZIPHENDULELA
Kudemokhrasi, iinkhulu ezikhethwe babantu kumele zibe nokuziphendulela ebantwini. Lokhu kutjho bonyana baziphendulela ngalokho abakwenzako. Iinkhulu kumele zenze iinqunto bese zenza imisebenzazo ukuya ngentando nangokufuna kwabantu, ingasi ngokufuna kanye nangentantwazo.
UKWENZA IZINTO PEPENENE
Umbuso kanye neenkhulu zawo kumele bavulekele umphakathi. Umbuso owenza izinto pepenene ubamba imihlangano yomphakathi bese uvumele izakhamuzi zawo bonyana zikhambele umhlangano lowo. Uvumela iimbikiindaba nabantu ukufumana ilwazi ngeenqunto ngaphandle kokufihla bese uyaveza nokobana bobani abenze iinquntwezo nokobana bazenzeleni.
Enye yeenkombandlela zedemokhrasi eziqakatheke khulu, makhetho wangeenkhathi ezithize, atjhaphulukileko naneqiniso. Izakhamuzi ngalokhu zikghona ukukhetha abantu ezifuna kube ngibo abazibusako. Amakhetho kumele enzeke ngendlela etjhaphulukileko neneqiniso ngaphandle kokuthuseleka, ubukhohlakali nokusabisa izakhamuzi ngesikhathi nofana ngaphambi kwamakhetho.
ISIVIKELIMALUNGELO
Iinarha ezinengi ezinedemokhrasi zinesiVikelimalungelo ukuvikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni kwamandla wokuphatha. IsiVikelimalungelo lirhemo lamalungelo netjhaphuluko okuqinisekiswa ngakho abantu boke enarheni. Lokha isiVikelimalungelo nasiba yingcenye yomThethosisekelo wenarha, amakhotho aba namandla wokwenza bona amalungelo lawo enziwe. IsiVikelimalungelo sithundubaza amazinyo karhulumende begodu sinikela umuntu nofana ihlangano ngayinye iimbopho.
UKUHLUKANISWA KWAMANDLA
Kudemokhrasi kumele kube neendlela zokukhandela isikhulu esikhethiweko nofana isiqhema sabantu ekuphatheni butjhilweni nofana ekuhlukumezeni iimali namandla karhulumende. Ubukhohlakali benzeka lokha iinkhulu zakarhulumende nazisebenzisa iimali zomphakathi ukuzikholisa zona nofana zisebenzise amandla ngendlela engekho emthethweni.
Kuneendlela ezahlukeneko zokuvikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni. Esewula Afrika urhulumende wakhiwe ngamagatja amathathu: sibethamthetho, sigungu kanye nobulungiswa (amakhotho). Isakhiwesi sithundubaza amandla weenkhulu emagatjeni amathathu lawa. Amakhotho azijamele.
IRHERHO LOBUQHEMANENGI
Kudemokhrasi kumele kube neenqhema ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ezihlanganyela emakhethweni bezibe nendima eziyilimako kurhulumende. Irherho lobuqhemanengi livumela isiqhema nofana iinqhema ezihlulekileko emakhethweni bonyana zibe baphikisi besiqhema esiphumeleleko. Lokhu kusiza urhulumende ukubona imibono eyahlukahlukeneko malungana nendaba etjhukwako. Ubuqhemanengi godu bunikela abavowudi ithuba lokuzikhethela abonkhetheni, iinqhema kanye nemigomo abangayivowudela emakhethweni. Kanengi lokha inarha nayinesiqhema sinye, umphumela walokho kuba kubusa ngokukatelela.
UKULAWULA KOMTHETHO
Kudemokhrasi akunamuntu ongaphezu komthetho, ngitjho nekosi nofana uMongameli okhethiweko. Lokhu kubizwa bonyana kulawula komthetho. Kutjho bona woke umuntu kumele alalele umthetho begodu abekwe umlandu nakube weqa umthetho. Idemokhrasi godu itjho bona umthetho kumele wenziwe ngokulinganako, ngeqiniso begodu ngokufanako.
AMALUNGELO ANQOPHENEKO
Nanyana woke amalungelo kusivikelimalungelo aqakathekile, kwenziwe imizamo yokobana kuqalwe khulu amalungelo athinta khulu ipilo yabantu nofana amalungelo asekela ubungako obuthathu bomThethosiskelo wedemokhrasi okutjho: ukulingana, itjhaphuluko kanye nesithunzi sabantu.
Amalungelo anqopheneko ngilawa:
Ukulingana
Ihlalo nomnotho kanye
Namalungelo wesiko.
UKULINGANA
Njengombana kuhlathululiwe ngaphambilini, ukulingana kumqondo omuhle wokobana abantu abahleleke ngeendlela ezionqopheneko baphathwe ngokulinganako. Isigaba 9 somThetho womThethosisekelo 8 ka 1996 uhlinzeke ngokukhanyako bonyana:
Boke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho begodu banelungelo lokuvikeleka kanye nokuzuza emthethweni ngokulinganako.
Ukulingana kufaka hlangana ukuba namalungelo netjhaphuluko ezeleko nelinganako. Ukukhuphula ukuzuzwa kokulingana, kungasetjenziswa amandla womthetho kanye nezinye iindlela ezenzelwe ukuvikela nofana ukuthuthukisa iingaba zabantu abagandelelwe kubandlululwa.
Umbuso awukameli ukubandlulula abantu ngokungakafaneli kungaba ngokunqopha nofana ngokunganqophi ngokwesizathu sinye nofana ezingaphezu kwesisodwa kufaka hlangana ubuhlanga, ubulili ubujamo bomseme, ukuzithwala, ubujamo kezomtjhado, ubutjhaba nofana indabuko, umbala, ukufundiswa ngobulili, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, unembeza, ikolo, isiko, ilimi kanye namabeletho.
Akunamuntu omele abandlulule omunye umuntu ngokungakafaneli ngokunqophileko nofana ngokungakanqophi ngesizathu nofana esingaphezu kwesisodwa ngokwesigatjana . Kumele kujanyiswe umthetho ukuvikela nofana ukukhandela ukubandlululwa ngokungakafaneli.
Ukubandlulula ngokwesizathu nofana ngokweenzathu ezibalwe kusigatjana akukalungi ngaphandle kwanange kufunyenwe bonyana ukubandlululokho bekufanelekile."
Ngokwesisekelo somhlinzeko nofana isiVikelimalungelo ngokuphelela kwawo kulethwa intatha malungana nokuphathwa ngokungalinganiko phakathi kwabantu beSewula Afrika ngesikhathi sebandlululo. Abantu khulukhulu abanzima gade balelwa amalungelo wabantu. Isibonelo, abantu gade babandlululwa emsebenzini, emakhaya kanye nemphakathini ngebanga lobuhlanga babo, ubulili, kanye neendawo zabo zokuhlala. Nanyana isigaba 9 esingaphezulu sihlinzeke ukungabandlululani, ingcenye ekulu yeentjhaba ezahlukahlukeneko isesenomraro wamadlhuledlhule, isibonelo abafazi, abantu abakhubazekileko, abantu abane-HIV ne-AIDS godu kunomahluko ngokwamazinga wokuphila phakathi kwabantu abahlala eendaweni zemakhaya nalabo abahlala emadorobheni. Kunikelwe iimbonelo ezimbalwa ukukhombisa amadlhuledlhule nokobana iKhotho yomThethosisekelo iyirarulule njani imiraro enjalo.
AMALUNGELO WOMNOTHO NOKUHLALISANA
UmTlolomalungelo weeNtjhaba eziBumbeneko wamukela amalungelo womnotho nokuhlalisana abumba amalungelo asisekelo wabantu afana nalawa:
Iinkumba
Ukugoma
Inarha
Amanzi
Ifundo
Zepilo
Zemisebenzi kanye
Nokuvikeleka komphakathi.
UmThethosisekelo wekhethu godu ufake hlangana lokhu okulandelako:
Amalungelo webhoduluko elinepilo
Amalungelo weembotjhwa kobana zibe nendawo eyaneleko, ukondleka, iintlabagelo zokufunda kanye nokwelatjhwa.
Emanyeni, amalungelo wabantu akhambelana khulu ngombana kusuke kwabonakala msinyana bonyana akunamqondo kobana umuntu angaba namalungelo wokuvowuda khibe akanandawo yokulala. Ngikho abantu baveza umtlhagwabo ngokudobha kwabo phasi lokha nakubanjwe umhlangano we-Speak Out on Poverty ngomnyaka we-1999. Lokhu kwaletha itjhijilo kurhulumende malungana nokuthuthukiswa kwamalungelo womnotho nokuhlalisana. Ngalokho amalungelo womnotho nokuhlalisana aphathelene nokubonelela abantu ngeendingo ezisisekelo, ngikho ihloso yokuthoma yehlelweli ngomnyaka we-1998 gade kukuhlukanisa phakathi kweendingo neemfuno.
Ihloso yesihloko gade kukunikela abantu amandla wokukghona ukuhlela ngokulandelana iindingo zabo nakumele benze njalo lokha nakwethulwa imisebenzi yomnotho nokuhlalisana. Ngokufaka amalungelo lawa kumThethosisekelo urhulumende ukhombise ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuqeda umtlhago namadlhuledlhule emazingeni wehlalo eSewula Afrika. Okhunye ukuzimisela kubonakele ngokuvunywa ngokomthetho kweHlangano ephathelene namaLungelo womNotho, ukuHlalisana kanye namaSiko ngomnyaka we-1998.
AMALUNGELO WAMASIKO
ILIMI NAMASIKO
Isigaba 30 somThetho womThethosisekelo 108 ka 1996 sithi:
Woke umuntu unelungelo lokusebenzisa ilimi nokuhlanganyela emasikweni awathandako kodwana akunamuntu omele asebenzise amalungelo lawa ngendlela engakhambisani nemibandela yesiVikelimalungelo."
Isigaba 31 somThetho womThethosisekelo 108 ka 1996 sithi:
Abantu abamalunga womphakathi wesiko, ikolo nofana ilimi akukameli bona balelwe ilungelo, kanye namanye amalunga womphakathi-
lokwenza amasikwabo, ukuphethwa ikolwabo kanye nokusebenzisa ilimi labo, kanye nokubumba, ukujoyina nokutjheja iinhlangano zabo zamasiko, zekolo kanye nezelimi kanye nezinye iinqhema zomphakathi. Amalungelo atjhwiwe kusigaba akukameli bona enziwe ngendlela engakhambisani nemibandela yesiVikelimalungelo."
Zombili iingaba ziyazwakala kodwana kumele zikhambisane nemibandela yesiVikelimalungelo, ngamanye amazwi zizakusetjenziswa ukufikela ezingeni elithileko, hayi noma kanjani. Kwesibili zihlelwe ngendlela yokobana zivikele abantu abangebesiqhema nofana ilimi nofana abantu.
Umbuso nabantu bawo kumele utjheje ukuqajelwa nokwephulwa kwelungelo lemiphakathi le lokwenza isiko lawo. Ngaphandle kokwamukelwa kwamasiko okuhlinzekwe siGaba 27 sokuMenyezelwa kwamaLungelo wabaNtu ngomnyaka we-1948, isivumelwano seentjhebetjhaba malungana namaLungelo womNotho, iHlalo kanye namaSiko sangomnyaka we-1996. Zombili iinsetjenziswa zeentjhabatjhaba zavunywa ngokomthetho yiSewula Afrika, zikhona begodu ziyasetjenziswa. Isewula Afrika ngokuba namasiko ahlukahlukeneko kumele itjheje amasiko lawa ngokuwalawula ngomthetho, ngikho kuneengaba ezitjhiwe ngaphezulu nje. Njengombana ukwenziwa kwanofana ngimaphi amasiko kungakameli ukutjhayisana nanofana ngiwaphi amalungelo akusiVikelimalungelo, nakwenzeka atjhayisane, kumele enziwe bona akhambisane nesiVikelamalungelo. Isibonelo, isiko laphambilini eliphathelene namafa emtjhadweni wesintu kumele litjhugululwe ngokusebenzisa umThetho okhona nje wemiTjhado yesiNtu 120 ka1998. Isibonelo, umThetho wesintu we-Afrika ophathelene nokwabiwa kwamafa uthi ngabaduna kwaphela abaphiwa ilifa lakamufi elifunyanwa ngobuzibulo. Umhlolokazi nabantwana kumele bondliwe ngomduna ofumene ilifa nakungasinjalo uzibona ukuqeda. Isikweli kuyakhanya bonyana litjhayisana namalungelo asisekelo ngikho nje kunomthetho osatjhukwako wesintu osekela bona umthetho kumele uvikele ngokulinganako.
Amalungelo wamasiko njengawo woke amalungelo wabantu, aneembopho ezikhambisana nawo, isibonelo:
Abantu kumele bahloniphe indlela yokuphila kwabanye abantu kanye nemikhubabo ukubalekela irarano.
Umbuso kumele uvumele abantu ukwenza imikhuba yamasikwabo ngaphandle kwanange umkhuba lowo ungakhambisani nomThethosisekelo.
AMALUNGELO NEEMBOPHO
Kuqakathekile bonyana abantu bahloniphe amalungelo wabanye kilo loke ibanga lokuhlanganyela. Lokhu kutjho bona kuhlonitjhwe amalungelwabo wokuba nombono, ukubawela iinqhema zawo zepolitiki ukusekelwa, ukuzibawela iindaba zabo (ngitjho nanyana lokho kungajamelana nokuthandwa nguwe), ukuvowudela umuntu abamthandako njalonjalo.
Umnqopho wehlelweli kukhanyisa iimbopho/ imisebenzi ekhambisana namalungelo woke afakwe kumThethosisekelo. Ngalokho kuqakathekile bonyana esinye nesinye isakhamuzi seSewula Afrika sithathela phezulu indaba yeembopho ukuqinisekisa bonyana esinye nesinye isakhamuzi sithabela amagugu wedemokhrasi afana netjhaphuluko, ukulingana kanye nesithunzi.
Inarha kanye nezakhamuzi zayo zobinelelwe ngomhlahlandlela njengombana amalungelo enzeka ukusuka embusweni ukuya ezakhamuzini kanye naphakathi kwezakhamuzi ngokwazo.
Ilungelo lokulingana phambi komthetho
Isibopho sami : kuhlonipha abanye abantu ngitjho nanyana bahlukile kunami kanye nokwamukela kobana balingana nami.
Isibopho sombuso: ukwenza umthetho ophatha boke abantu ngokufanako ngaphandle kokubahlukanisa ngokobutjhaba, umbala, ubulili njalonjalo.
Amalungelo wokujamelana nebandlululo lanofana ngibuphi ubujamo
Isibopho sami :ukungakhulumi ngendlela ebandlululako ngabanye abantu ngombana ngithatha bonyana bayanyazeka ngebanga lobutjhaba, umbala, ubulili njalonjalo.
Isibopho sombuso : ukwenza imithetho engabandlululi abantu ngokobutjhaba, umbala, ubulili, ubujamo kezomseme, njalonjalo
Ilungelo lepilo
Isibopho sami : ukungazwisi umuntu ubuhlungu ngendlela ehlukumeza ipilwakhe.
Isibopho sombuso : ukudlulisa imithetho evikela amaphilo wabantu.
Ukubopheleka etjhaphulukweni kanye nekuvikelekeni komuntu
Isibopho sami : ukungahlukumezi umlinganami ekhaya.
Isibopho sombuso : ukulahla umkhuba wokulimaza lokha nawufuna ilwazi emntwini.
Akunabukhoboka nofana ukukatelelwa ngomsebenzi
Isibopho sami : ukungavumeli abantwabami bona bayokusebenza basesebancani
Isibopho sombuso : ukudlulisa umthetho oqunta umrholo neminyaka yobudala yabantu abasebenzako.
Ilungelo lokuba nelingasese
Isibopho sami : ukukokoda emnyango ngaphambi kokungena.
Isibopho sombuso : ukulonda iindaba zabantu zibe yintumba, isibonelo, umfazi ofuna ukurhulula umbungu kufanele azi bonyana lokho kuzakuhlala kuyintumba.
Itjhaphuluko yekolelo, ikolo nombono
Isibopho sami : ukungaqabheli nofana ukungakhandeli umuntu bona athandaze ngendlela athanda ngayo, ukulalela abanye abantu kanye nokwamukela amalungelwabo wokuba nombono ohlukileko kowami.
Isibopho sombuso: ukuvumela abantu baye emalangeni wewolideyi yekolo yabo.
Itjhaphuluko yokukhuluma
Isibopho sami : ukungarhatjhi ummoya wezondo hlangana nabantu beentjhaba ezahlukeneko, ikolo, iinqhema zepolitiki njalonjalo.
Isibopho sombuso : ukungaqabeli iimbikiindaba nakube umbuso awuthandi indlela iimbikiindaba eziwuhlaba ngayo.
Itjhaphuluko yokuhlangana, ukutoyitoya, ukuzibilayeza nokunghonghoyila
Isibopho sami : ukungaphathi isigidi nofana isikhali esiyingozi emrhwantweni nofana ejimeni lokuzibilayeza.
Isibopho sombuso : ukwenza bonyana kuphephe kanye nokuqinisekisa abantu abafuna ukwenza ijima lokuzibilayeza, isibonelo, ngokunqophisa iinthuthi, ukumuka abantu iingidi neenkhali.
Itjhaphuluko yokuzihlanganisa nabantu
Isibopho sami : ukunganini abantu ehlanganwenami ngeendlela ezibandlululako, isibonelo, ukwalela bonyana amaTjhayina angene ehlanganwenami.
Isibopho sombuso : ukungaqabheli kumigomo yeenqhema zepolotiki, iinhlangano zabasebenzi, njalonjalo.
Ilungelo lokukhetha ipolotiki ngokutjhaphulukileko
Isibopho sami : ukungathuseli abantu abasehlanganweni yepolotiki ehlukileko kweyami.
Isibopho sombuso : ukuvumela zoke iinqhema zepolotiki bona zisebenze ngokutjhaphuluka, ukuvumela zoke iinqhema zepolotiki ukuba nesikhathi esifanako sokuvela kumabonwakude.
Ilungelo lokuba namakhetho atjhaphulukileko naneqiniso
Isibopho sami :ukungakateleli nofana ukungathuseli abantu bonyana bavowudele isiqhema sami sepolotiki.
Isibopho sombuso : ukuvikela abantu eenteyitjhini zokuvowudela ngokuvikeleka okufaneleko. Ukunikela zoke iinqhema zepolotiki ithuba elifanako lokukhwezelela amavowudu ngesikhathi samakhetho, ukubonelela abantu ngeenkhwelo labo abaseendaweni ezikude neenteyitjhi zokuvowudela.
Isibopho sami : ukuvumela abantu bonyana babeke iimflarha namaphostara edorobheni nofana endaweni engihlala kiyo begodu ngingazisusi.
Isibopho sombuso : ukunikela woke umuntu ithuba lokusekela isiqhema sakhe sepolotiki, ukunikela zoke iinqhema zepolotiki isikhathi esifanako sokuvela kumabonwakude.
Ilungelo lokuba zizakhamuzi zeSewula Afrika
Isibopho sami : ukwamukela bonyana soke siyalingana njengezakhamuzi zeSewula
Ilungelo lombuso : ukwenza imithetho eqinileko yokuvumela abantu bezinye iinarha neentjhaba kobana bangene ngeSewula Afrika.
Itjhaphuluko yokukhamba nokuhlala
Isibopho sami : ukwamukela nanyana ngubani oza abe ahlale eduze nami njengomakhelwana.
Isibopho sombuso : ukunikela zoke izakhamuzi ezenza iimbawo amaphasipoto nemitlolo kamazisi.
Itjhaphuluko yokurhweba, umsebenzi nephrofetjhini
Isibopho sami : ukwamukela ukukhetha kwabantu ngalokho abafuna ukuziphilisa ngakho.
Isibopho sombuso : ukuvumela abathengisi abangena baphume nabathengisa eqadi kwendlela bonyana barhwebe kodwana kwenziwe umthetho wokulawula lokhu.
Ilungelo lokuphathwa kuhle kwabasebenzi
Isibopho sami : ukuphatha abantu kuhle abantu abangisebenzelako, ngibe nobudlelwano obuhle nabo, ngibanikele isiyeleliso ngaphambi kokubaqotjha, njalonjalo.
Isibopho sombuso : ukwenza kube lula begodu kubize kancani kobana isisebenzi simangalele umqatjhi nakube sikholwa bonyana siqotjhwe nofana siphethwe ngendlela engakafaneli.
Ilungelo lokujoyina nokutlama iinhlangano zabasebenzi
Isibopho sami : ukuvumela abanye abantu lapha ngisebenza khona kobana bajoyine nanyana ngiyiphi ihlangano yeensebenzi abayikhethako ngaphandle kokubathusela.
Isibopho sombuso : ukuvumela zoke iinhlangano zabasebenzi bonyana zitlolise.
Ilungelo lokubhenyoga
Isibopho sami : nakube mina ngisekubhenyogeni ngivumele abantu engisebenza nabo kobana baragele phambili ngokusebenza nakube bafuna njalo.
Isibopho sombuso : ukuvikela iinsebenzi ezisekubhenyogeni ngitjho nanyana lokho kusitjho bona kumele kwenziwe mapholisa.
Amalungelo wepahla ukungamukwa ipahlakho ngaphandle kwanange lokho kubhadekela umphakathi
Isibopho sami : ukungahlali ngemva ejaradeni yomunye umuntu ngokungemthetho.
Isibopho sombuso : ukwamukela amalungelo wabantu wokobana inarhabo ibuyiselwe kibo nakube basuswa ngekani lapho, ukunxephezela abantu nakube bamukwa inarhabo phambilini.
Ilungelo lokuba nendlu
Isibopho sami : nakube ngenze isibawo sokusekelwa ngemali endlinami ngibhadele inyanga nenyanga.
Isibopho sombuso : ukubonelela abantu ngesibonelelo esisisekelo kanye nenarha kobana bakhe izindlu lapho;
Ukusebenzisana namabubulo wangasese afana namabhanka, ukwenza bonyana izindlu zifumaneke bulula ebantwini, ukususa iinqabo ezenza bonyana kube budisi ebantwini ukufumana iimalimboleko zokuthenga nofana zokwakha izindlu.
Ilungelo lefundo
Isibopho sami : ukuthumela boke abantwabami esikolweni.
Isibopho sombuso : ukwakha iinkolo ezaneleko nokubonelela ngabothitjhere abaneleko ukuze woke umntwana akghone ukuya esikolweni.
Amalungelo amalungana nabantwana
Isibopho sami : ukondla abantwabami, ngingabahlukumezi ekusithekeni ngekhaya nofana emphakathini. Ukubabonelela abantwabami ngendawo engcono yokuhlala ukuze bavikeleke.
Isibopho sombuso : ukubonelela abantwana abatinywe amalungelo ngamahlelo wokondla, ukuhlolisisa imilandu yokuhlukumeza.
Ilungelo lokufumana itjhejo lezepilo, ukudla, amanzi, ukuvikeleka komphakathi
Isibopho sami : ukutjheja iimpompo zamanzi womphakathi zihlale zilondeke ngendlela efaneleko, ukungasilaphazi imilambo abantu abayisebenzisela ukukha amanzi wokusela, ukungaseli, ukungabhemi nofana ukungadli iindakamizwa ukuze ngivikele ipilwami, ukuchitha iinzibi zekhaya endaweni efaneleko kude nabantu, ukubhadela iimfanelo zakaMasipala.
Isibopho sombuso : ukubonelela ngemisebenzi yokususa iinzibi kobana kususwe iinzibi ezibanga amalwelwe, ukubonelela ngamanzi ahlanzekileko nagelezako kiyo yoke imiphakathi, ukungajikisi abantu eembhedlela nabafuna itjhejo.
Ilungelo lelimi namasiko
Isibopho sami : ukuhlonipha amasiko wabanye abantu nokungaqabheli ezintweni zabanye abantu.
Isibopho sombuso : ukwamukela bonyana woke amalimi aqakathekile, ukusungula amahlelo we-TV ngamalimi woke we-SA.
Ilungelo lokufumana ilwazi
Isibopho sami : ukubuza iinkhulu zombuso nakube zenza iinqunto engingazizwisisiko.
Isibopho sombuso : ukunikela iinzathu malungana neenqunto, ukwenza kube lula ebantwini ukufumana ilwazi eenkhulwini.
Ilungelo lamagadango alungileko wezokuphathwa
Isibopho sami : ukutlarha iinkhulu engicabanga bonyana zisebenzisa butjhulweni amandla wazo kumVikeli womPhakathi.
Isibopho sombuso : ukuthathela iinkhulu ezikhohlakeleko igadango nokungavikeli iinkhulu ezisebenzise amandla wazo butjhilweni.
Ilungelo lokufikelela ikhotho
Isibopho sami : ukusebenzisa amakhotho ukurarulula imiraro, ukungaziphatheli umthetho.
Isibopho sombuso : ukubonelela abantu simahla ngamagqwetha wokubajamela emakhotho.
Amalungelo wabantu ababotjhiweko, ababanjiweko nabasolwako
Isibopho sami : ukwamukela bonyana woke umuntu unelungelo lokugwetjwa ngokulungileko, abe negqwetha elimjameleko elikhokhelwa mbuso, abe nebheyili, njalonjalo.
Isibopho sombuso : ukutjela abantu bonyana banelungelo lokuba negqwetha elikhokhelwa mbuso, ukunikela woke umuntu ithuba lokugwetjwa ngokufanelekileko, njalonjalo.
UKUNCITJHISWA KWAMALUNGELO
Ukukhawula kufana nokuhlukumeza. Umthetho okhawula ilungelo uhlukumeza ilungelwelo. Nokho ukuhlukumeza angeze kwathathwa njengokungekho kumthethosisekelo nakube kwenzeka ngesizathu esamukelekako sokuhlukumeza amalungelo lawo emphakathini ovulekileko nonedemokhrasi ngokuqalisa kumagugu amathathu wedemokhrasi (isithunzi somuntu, ukulingana kanye netjhaphuluko). Ngamanye amezwi akutjho bonyana koke ukuhlukumezeka kwamalungelo asisekelo akukho kumthethosisekelo. Lapha ukuhlukumezekokho kuzwisiseka ukuya ngokwamaqhina akusigaba sama-36 kuzakuvumeleka ngokomthethosisekelo.
Isigaba –36 somThetho womThethosisekelo 108 ka 1996 uhlinzeka bona:
Amalungelo akusiVikelimalungelo angancitjhiswa kwaphela ukuya ngokomthetho wokusetjenziswa ngokuvamileko ukufikela lapha ukuncitjhiswa lokho kuzwisiseka begodu kwamukeleka emphakathini ovulekileko nonedemokhrasi ngokuqalisa kusithunzi somuntu, ukulingana kanye netjhaphuluko, kuyelelwe woke amaphuzu afaneleko afaka phakathi:
a ubunjalo belungelo b ukuqakatheka kwehloso yokukhawula c ubunjalo kanye nobujamo bokukhawula d ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhawula kanye nehloso yakhona; godu e neendlela ezingaliyi khulu ukuzuza ihloso leyo.
Ngaphandle kwanjengombana kuhlinzekwe kusigatjana 1 nofana kinofana ngisiphi isibonelelo somThethosisekelo, akunamthetho okumele unciphise nofana ngiliphi ilungelo elifakwe kusiVikelimalungelo.
Ngaphambi kokusebenza ngendinyana yokukhawula okuvamileko (isigaba 36) kuqakathekile ukutjho bonyana ukukhawulokho kungehlobo leendinyana zemikhawulo kanye nokukhawula okukhethekileko. Isibonelo amanye amalungelo anamatshwayo akhombisa ukunciphiswa okubekwe eengatjaneni ezithize zesiVikelimalungelo. Isibonelo umThethosisekelo okhona unokukhawula okukhethekileko eengabeni ezilandelako:
Nanyana kunjalo ukukhawula kumele kuhlukaniswe endinyaneni yokunciphisa nofana ukujamisa okufana nesigaba 37 esisebenza kwaphela ebujamweni oburhabako bomphakathi bese kuvumela ukujanyiswa kwamalungelo kusahluko 2 kobunye ubujamo.
Nanyana amalungelo angasetjenziswa ngokupheleleko, ukukhawula kuya ngokwesigaba 36 kubeka isibopho emahlombe wombuso kanye nomphakathi kobana kuhlonitjhwe amalungelo womuntu ngamunye, ngamanye amezwi indima ayikuphayileli eqadi ukuqakatheka kwamalungelo wabantu, ukuya ngomtloli othize okuthiwa nguRonald D'workin emtlolwenakhe othi "Taking Rights Seriously" amalungelo womuntu ngamunye angaphezulu nofana adlula iminqopho ebuthelelweko. Nanyana iminqopho ebuthelelweko ingaqakatheka kangangani, angeze yalandelwa kufikela lapha ihlukumeza khona amalungelo womuntu ngamunye. Nanyana kunjalo, indima ephathelene nokukhawula isitjela bonyana kusiVikelimalungelo seSewula Afrika, phezu kobana kanengi amalungelo angaphezu kweminqopho ebuthelelweko, kuneenkhathi lapha amalungelo kumele atjhidele khona iinlilo zomphakathi.
Ihlathululo efitjhani yalokho okutjhiwo maqhinga ajanyiswe sigaba 36 malungana nokukhawula amalungelo wabantu.
a UmThetho wokuSebenza ngokuVamileko
Umthetho wokusebenza ngokuvamileko utjho umthetho osebenza zombelele. Isibonelo, kufanele kube mthetho ukobana umbuso unegunya phezu komthetho wokulawula. Kwesibili kumele kube mthetho ohlanzekileko, ofikelelekako begodu nonqophileko ukuze labo obathintako bangakghona ukuqinisekisa bonyana amalungelwabo neembopho zabo zifikelela kuphi, isibonelo umThetho weKambiso yobuLelesi 51 ka 1977 njengokwetjhugululo.
b Ukuzwisiseka noKwamukeleka kokuKhawula
Umbandela udinga bonyana ukukhawula kuqabele amalungelo asisekelo kwaphela ngokweenzathu ezamukelekako nezizwelako malungana namagugu wedemokhrasi okusithunzi somuntu, ukulingana kanye netjhaphuluko. Godu kumele kube kukhawula okufikelela emnqopheni okwenzelwe wona. Isibonelo, nakubotjhwa umsolwa vane kunqotjhwe bonyana avele ekhotho. Nakube kunobufakazi bokobana umsolwa uzakuhlonipha ilanga lokuvela kwakhe ekhotho nokobana ikareko/ukuphepha komphakathi kutjhejiwe, ihloso yokukhawula amalungelo wetjhaphuluko nokuphepha komuntu ayisebenzi. Ngalokho umsolwa unikelwa ibheyili em-irini amatjhumi amane nabunane ngemva kokubotjhwa kwakhe. Ikhotho yomThethosisekelo ku S v Makwanyane 1995 SA 391 (CC) sele isilinganiso okuqalwa kiso nethathwa njengesiga esilungileko ekukhawuleni njengombana kudzujuliwe bona:
Ukukhawulwa kwamalungelo womthethosisekelo ngehloso ezwakalako nedingekako emphakathini wedemokhrasi kubandakanya ukuqhathanisa amagugu aphikisanako, bese kwenziwa iqunto ngokufanelekileko. Lokhu kuhlathululeke kuhle emhlinzekweni we s 33 . Ukobana amalungelo ahlukahlukeneko anokuhlukileko akutjhoko malungana nedemokhrasi, begodu malungana nomThethosisekelo wekhethu, emphakathini ovulekileko nonedemokhrasi, lokho kutjho bonyana akunazinga elijamileko elingabekwa njengesilinganiso sokulinganisa ukuzwisiseka nokuqakatheka. Imigomo ingasungulwa, kodwana ukusetjenziswa kwemigomo leyo ebujamweni obuthize kungenziwa kwaphela ngendlela yokuqala ubujamo ngabunye. Lokhu kuthethwe kusidingo sokulinganisa okudinga bona kube nokulinganiswa kwamakareko ahlukeneko. Ekambisweni yokulinganisa, ukuqalisiswa okunqopheneko kuzakufaka ubunjalo belungelo elikhawulwako, nokuqakatheka kwalo emphakathini ovulekileko nowedemokhrasi ngokuqalisa kutjhaphuluko nokulingana, ihloso yokukhawula ilungelo kanye nokuqakatheka kwehloso leyo emphakathini lowo, ubungako bokukhawula, ukuqakatheka kwayo khulukhulu lapha ukukhawulokho kudingeka khona, nanyana imiphumela efunekako ingatholakala ngezinye iindlela ezithinta kancani ilungelo okuhkulunywa ngalwelo. Nakwenziwa njalo kufanele kutjhejwe imihlinzeko ye s 331 kanye namagugu akhona womThethosisekelo, ngokukhumbula bonyana njengombana umaHluleli weKhanada wathi: " Umsebenzi weKhotho akusikuqambela kwesibili ubuhlakani bokukhetha imigomo eyenziwa ziimbethamthetho."
IIMBONELO ZOKUKHAWULWA KWAMALUNGELO
Lezi ngezinye zeembonelo zobujamo lapha amalungelo atjhayisana khona bese linye (nofana womabili) amalungelo kufuneke bonyana likhawulwe. Nakube iinqhema ezitjhayisanako azikghoni ukurarulula umraro, zingathatha umraro lowo ziwuse emakhotho. Ikhotho kuzakufanela bonyana iqunte ngiliphi ilungelo elidlula elinye emlandwini ngamunye beyiqale bonyana kuyazwisiseka begodu kufanelekile bonyana ilungelwelo likhawulwe na.
Isigwebo sentambo
Ukukhawula ilungelo lokuphila komuntu nelungelo lesithunzi.
Umntwana walelwa ukungena esikolweni ngebanga lelimi
Ukukhawula ilungelo lomntwana lokufumana ifundo esisekelo ngokujamelene nelungelo lefundo namasiko.
Umntwana obethwa nguyise njengendlela yokumhlunguphaza
Ilungelo lomntwana lokobana avikeleke ekuphathweni kumbi nekuhlukumezweni ngokujamelene nelungelo lababelethi malungana nokukhalima abantwababo emakhaya ngaphandle kobana kube nomuntu oyingenako.
Indoda ihlukumeza umkayo nofana isokana lihlukumeza intombalo
Ilungelo lomfazi lokuphathwa ngokulinganako nangesithunzi nelungelo letjhaphuluko nokuphepha komuntu (ukutjhaphuluka kizo zoke iindlela zokuwurubajwa).
Umuntu ogawula imithi yendabuko kobana athengise iinkuni zokubasa
Ilungelo lomuntu lokuzikhethela indlela yokuziphilisa ngokujamelene nelungelo lomphakathi lokuba nebhoduluko elivikelekileko ukuze abantu bahlale baphila lapho.
Ilungelo lomfundi lokobana abandlululwe ngebanga lekolo nelungelo lakhe lefundo ngokujamelene nelungelo lesiko lakhe.
Umuntu ozibilayeza ahlome ngesigidi begodu ambethe isisithabuso
Ilungelo lokubamba ijima lokuzibilayeza ngokujamelene nelungelo lomphakathi lokuphila ebhodulukweni eliphephileko.
Irhululombungu
Ilungelo labafazi lokulawula imizimbabo nokwenza iqunto ngokubeletha kwabo ngokujamelene nelungelo lokuphila lomntwana ongakabelethwa.
IIMBOPHO EZIKHAMBISANA NENDIMA EMAYELANA NOKUKHAWULA
Umuntu kumele alemuke bonyana 'ilungelo lokujuguja iguduva lakhe liphelela lapha kuthoma khona ipumulo yomunye'. Ngalokho umuntu kumele alinge ukuqala bonyana azikho ezinye iindlela kunokukhawula ilungelo ukuze kuzuzwe ihloso efanako.
UmBuso kumele wenze umthetho ukuvikela abantu ekuwurubajweni nofana ekukhawulweni nofana amalungelwabo kanye nokuhlathululwa ngendlela efaneleko kwesigaba 36 samaKhotho weKhomitjhini. Isibonelo isigaba 39 sithi: "Lokha ikhotho nayihlathulula isiVikelimalungelo, kumele ikhuthaze amagugu asekela umphakathi ovulekileko nowedemokhrasi ngokuqalisa esithunzini somuntu, ukulingana kanye netjhaphuluko." Lokhu kuyafana nesigabeni 36.
IINQHEMA EZISENGOZINI
Umlando weSewula Afrika ukhombisa bonyana gade kunemikhakha yomphakathi ebeyibekelwe ngeqadi mbuso waphambilini. Isibonelo, abantu abaNzima gade bathathelwa phasi esitjhabeni soke seSewula Afrika. Nanyana kunjalo bekuneenqhema hlangana nazo zoke iintjhaba zeSewula Afrika ebegade zigandeleleke khulu ngombana zizincani. Iinqhema ezinjalo zisatholakala zigandeleleke ngaleyondlela ngitjho nesikhathini sedemokhrasesi. Kuliqiniso bonyana inengi babantu abaNzima. Nanyana kutlikitlwe iimvumelwano bezamukelwa yiSewula Afrika, iinqhema ezilandelako zisabandlululwa phezu kobanyana kunemihlinzeko (yendima 9) ephathelene nokulingana, isibonelo:
Abantwana
Abakhubazekileko
Abafazi
Abasebenzi kanye
Nabavowudi
Iinqhema ezingaphezulu zifakwe bezahlinzekelwa ngokunqopheneko sigaba esingaphezulu somThethosisekelo, nemithetho eyahlukahlukeneko ihlonyiwe bona izivikele njengombana kutjhiwo kumThethosisekelo okhona odinga bonyana kusungulwe umThetho wemVelo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlonitjhwa kwamalungelo. Nanyana umthetho onjalo sele ukhona, kodwana awulandelwa kuhle nanyana kunehlawulo nawungalandelwako nje. Umkhuba lo wehlise ithemba lomphakathi onalo ngerherho leZobulungiswa ngikho inengi sele lizithathela umthetho ezandleni nje.
ABANTWANA
Isigaba 28 somThethosisekelo sithi...
Kunemizamo eyenziweko ukwenza nokuvikela amalungelo lawa ngokusebenzisa umThethosisekelo, umHlangano mayelana namaLungelo wabaNtwana wango 1990 otlikitlwe yiSewula Afrika ngomnyaka we-1993 bewavunywa ngoJuni 1995, kanye nemithetho eyahlukahlukeneko ephathelene namalungelo wabantwana. Ukudlula lapho kutlanywe amaphrojekthi namahlelo ukukhanyisa bonyana ilumela kangangani indaba yokuhlukumeza abantwana, kodwana ubujamo bulokhu bukhambelela ngamalanga khulukhulu malungana nokuhlukunyezwa ngokomseme nokungatjheji. Kuneenhlangano ezilwa nomkhuba lo kodwana ukuya ngokwembalo inengi leenkhohlakali ezenza ubumbobu zisakhamba zitjhaphulukile ngebanga lokungabi nobufakazi obaneleko. Lokhu kukhambiselelwa bujamo behlalo nomnotho ngombana abantwana bayafunjathiswa bonyana bavale phetjheya. Nanyana kunjalo, umbuso ubonelele ngabaSizi ngokesigaba 70A somThetho weKambiso yoBelelesi 51 ka 1951 njengokwetjhugululo kobana kusizwe ababantwana ababofakazi.
Ukuya ngerhelo elingaphezulu kuyakhanya bonyana ukuba sengozini kwesiqhema kubangwa kungasetjenziswa kweenkghonakazo okubonelelwe ngazo kobana kuvikelwe amalungelo wabantwana. Ngalokho umphakathi uyatlhotlholozwa bonyana ube bukhali ujamelane nokuphulwa kwamalungelo wangokomthetho wabantwana ngitjho nanyana umntwana ahlukunyezwe mbelethi nofana malunga womndenakhe. Nawufuna ukwazi ngamalungelo wangokomthetho wabantwana, qala isilungelelo esimalungana nemiraro eyehlela abantwana emakhotho begodu ufunde incwajana yesiVikelimalungelo isaHluko esiphathelene namalungelo wabantwana.
Kokugcina umbuso kumThethosisekelo ubonelele ukuvikelwa kwabantwana ngokusebenzisa iintlabagelo ezitlanywe kumThethosisekelo ezifaka phakathi iKhomitjhini yeLutjha ehlonywe ngokomThetho weKhomitjhini yeLutjha yeliZweloke 19 ka 1966 njengombana utjhugululwe ngo 2000. Umtlolo onaba kabanzi ngekhomitjhini le uyatholakala ngaphasi kwesigaba esiphathelene nokuVikelwa kwamaLungelwethu.
ABAFAZI
Isigaba 9 somThethosisekelo sihlinzeka bona...Ukuya ngokomlando abafazi babesezingeni lokungabuncani eSewula Afrika ukusukela ngomhla kanowa. Ubujamo lobo bebungaqali iminyaka, ubutjhaba nofana ijamo emphakathini. Nanyana isigaba 9 somThethosisekelo sikubeke epepeneneni bonyana boke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho nokobana unelungelo lokobana umthetho umvikele bewumbhadekele ngokulinganako. Kusigatjana kuyatjhiwo bonyana ukubandlulula ngokobujamo bezomseme kumele kukhandelwe, nanyana kunjalo abafazi basese bongazimbi bokubandlululwa ngokungakafaneli. Ukudlula lapho, njengebantwaneni kuneentlabagelo zeentjhabatjhaba, zeemfunda nezelizweloke ezikhomba bonyana amalungelo wabafazi ayamukelwa begodu kumele avikeleke.
Njengombana abafazi bebangatjhejwa phambilini emikhakheni eminengi yepilo yabo, umuntu angabathatha bonyana kwanjesi-ke banamalungelo amanengi kanti-ke neembopho zabo zinengi. Godu nombuso ulindeleke bona wenze amatjhuguluko emthethweni wenarha nofana utlame umthetho omutjha ukuze kulapheke umraro lo.
UMUNTU OKHUBAZEKILEKO
Igama elithi ukukhubazeka nofana ukurholophala litjho ukuloba nofana ukutlhayelelwa mathuba wokuhlanganyela ekuhpileni komphakathi ngendlela elingana neyabanye. Nanyana kungahlathululo yangokomthetho yegama lokukhubazeka, lifaka phakathi ukutlhayejeka okwahlukahlukeneko phezu kokukghona komuntu ukusebenza. Emtlolweni womgomo weSewula Afrika igameli litjho ukuliyeka ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nangokwemizwa. Ukuliyeka okunjalo kungaba ngokwesikhatjhana nofana kube ngokwasafuthi. Ngalokho-ke abantu bangaba nokukhubazeka komzimba okuthinta imikhono nofana imilenze, ukukhubazeka kwemizwa okuthinta ukulalela, ukubona kanye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo okuthinta amakghono womkhumbulo newokucabanga.
UMVOWUDI
Isigaba 19 somThethosisekelo sihlinzeka bona 'esinye nesinye isakhamuzi sitjhaphulukile bonyana singazenzela iinqunto zangokwepolotiki okufaka ilungelo lokubumba isiqhema sepolotiki, ukuhlanganyela kumigidingo yaso, ukukhankasela isiqhema sezepolotiki.
Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi sinelungelo lamakhetho atjhaphulukileko, afaneleko nahlala akhona malungana nanofana ngisiphi isibethamthetho esihlonywe ngokomThethosisekelo. Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi esidala sinelungelo lokuvowudela esinye nesinye isibethamthehto esihlonywe ngokomThethosisekelo, nokwenza njalo ngokwentumba, nokujamela I-ofisi lomphakathi bese nakune siyakhethwa siphathe isikhundla.
Njengombana isigabesi sinikela esinye nesinye isakhamuzi esidala ilungelo lokuvowuda emakhethweni, lokhu kuyipumelelo ekulu kupolotiki yeSewula Afrika. Amalungelo wokuvowuda gade kungewedlanzana lamakhuwa ebelizikhethile kufikela ngomnyaka we-1993 lokha nakuhlonywa iPhalamende ezindluntathu. BekumaKhuwa, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kwaphela ebegade banikelwe ilungelo lokuvowuda kufikela ngesikhathi samakhetho wokuthoma atjhaphulukileko ngomnyaka we-1994 lapha zoke izakhamuzi ezikhulileko zeSewula Afrika zanikelwa khona itjhaphuluko yokobana zivowude, zibe bonkhetheni bezibumbe iinqhema zepolotiki ezizithandako. Nanyana kunjalo, ngaphambi kwamakhetho wango 1999 gade kubokwephulwa kwamalungelo wamakhetho atjhaphulukileko. isibonelo, umBiko womNyaka we-SAHRC ka 1999, kwafuneka bonyana ihlolisise izehlakalo lapha abarholi bendabuko nofana amabhuru begade alela khona abantu ngamalungelwabo wepolotiki.
Esigabeni samaLungelo neemBopho, kukhona okumele nokungakameli bona abantu bakwenze elungelweni lombuso nombuso elungelweni labantu. Isibonelo, iimbopho ezimalungana nelungelo letjhaphuluko yokuzikhulumela ngokwepolotiki ngilezi:
Umuntu angathuseli abanye abantu besiqhema okungasingesakhe;
Akavumele abanye abantu baveze imibono yezepolotiki
Ukuvowuda ngentumbeni
Ukungahlakazi imihlangano yeenqhema ezinye zepolotiki
Ukungathuseli umuntu nakube akavowudeli isiqhema sakho sepolotiki
Ukuqinisekisa bonyana ubakhamuzi buyaqinisekiswa ngaphambi kobana umuntu ayokutlolisela ukuvowuda ngokufumana umtlolo kamazisis osemthethweni bese isiwe esiteyitjhini sokuvowudela.
Umbuso kumele uvumele zoke iinqhema zepolotiki bona zisebenze ngokutjhaphuluka
Ukuvikela zoke iinteyitjhi zokuvowudela.
Ukunikela esinye nesinye isiqhema sepolotiki isikhathi esifanako kobana zikhulume kumabonwakude nemrhatjhweni
Ukwenza isigaba 20 somThethosisekelo esihlinzeka bona 'Akunasakhamuzi okumele sitinywe ubakhamuzi.'
Ukusebenzisa umThetho wamaKhetho ngeenkhathi zoke khulukhulu ngesikhathi samakhetho.
ABASEBENZI
Isigaba 23 somThethosisekelo sihlinzeka bona 'Woke umuntu unelungelo lokuphathwa ngokufanelekileko emsebenzini', kufaka amalungelwabo boke abaqatjhi nabasebenzi mayelana nokutlanywa kweenhlangano zabasebenzi. Isigabesi sikhambisana neengaba 13-ubukhoboka, ukugandelelwa, nokukatelelwa ngomsebenzi, 16- itjhaphuluko yokuhkuluma, 17-umhlangano wokuzibilayeza, ukubhenyoga nokunghonghoyila kanye no 18- itjhaphuluko yokuhlanganyela.
Lelihlangothi lomthetho gade linokubandlulula okunengi okuqaliswe ebutjhabeni, ubulili, ijamo kanye nobudala. Abantu abanzima ngibo egade bathwele nzima khulu kiwo woke amaSewula Afrika. ngaphandle kwezinga lefundo, abantu abaNzima bebasemazingeni aphasi khulu, khulukhulu abafazi nabantwana, gade basetjenziswa njengamakhoboka begodu bakatelelwa ngomsebenzi. Umuntu okhubazekileko gade angaqalwa nokuqalwa ngehlangothini lokuqatjhwa. Nokho umthetho wabasebenzi uthuthukiswe ngokungeleleko kobana uphelise ukwahlukana kwaphambilini begodu urarulule iqede ibandlululo nokungaqatjhwa nanyana kunamahlangothi asese hlaza ngombana nabasebenzi bamaplasi azange bafakwe kumThetho wobuDlelwano babaSebenzi weSewula Afrika 1995 ngalokho basahlukunyezwa bosomaplasi. Lokhu kubange ihlangahlangano nokho ubujamo buba ngcono ngemva kobana kujanyiswe umthetho malungana omalungana nabasebenzi bemaplasini nebemakhwitjhini. Ukusebenza komthetho kutjhugululiwe kumThetho wobuDlelwano babaSebenzi 1995, imiBandela esiSekelo yokuQatjhwa 1997, kwabekwa ukusetjenziswa komthetho okutjha, isibonelo umThetho wokuQatjha ngokuLinganako 55 ka 1998, umThetho weZepilo emSebenzini nokuPhepha 78 ka 1995, umThetho wokuThuthukiswa kwamaKghono 85 ka 1996. Ihloso ekulu yakho koke ukuthuthukiswa komthetho kukhuphula kobujamo bemsebenzini ukuze kwenziwe ngcono imakethe yezemisebenzi nokuletha ubujamo bomsebenzi obuthuthukileko kibo boke njengombana kutjho umthethosisekelo esingenisweni sawo 'Thuthukisa ubunjalo bepilo yazo zoke izakhamuzi begodu utjhaphulule ikghono lomunye nomunye umuntu.'
Ilungelo lobudlelwano bomsebenzi njengawo woke amalungelo lineembopho eliqalene nazo, isibonelo, lidinga bonyana si-
Nikele lowo onekghono neemfanelo zomsebenzi ezidingekako kobana aphalisanele isikhundla esifaneleko.
Landele imithetho efaneleko emisebenzini.
Landele imikhuba emihle yokuziphatha besilandle iindlela ezifaneleko zokusebenzisa amalungelo, khulukhulu ilungelo lokubhenyoga.
Sebenzise ithuba elinye nelinye elivelako malungana nokuthuthukisa amakghono.
Balekele ukubandlulula abanye nganofana ngiyiphi indlela.
Umbuso kumele usungule bewusebenzise umthetho ovikela abasebenzi ekubandlululweni nekukatelelweni ngomsebenzi.
UKUBANDULELWA UBUJAMO BOMPHAKATHI
Ifundo yobuJamo bomPhakathi ihlose ukunikela zoke iinkhulu zekhotho ilwazi elifaneleko kanye nokuzwisisa ukuthokozela imibono yabanye kanye nobujamo babo onahlukeneko ukuze iinqunto zabo zibe ngezifaneleko nezikhambisana nomphakathi esiphila kiwo."
Incwajana yomThetho, ubuTjhaba nobuLili, iYunivesithi yeKapa
Ngalokho yakha umqondo wokubumbana kwesiqhema. Ngaphezu kwalapho abantu balwela ukuzuza nofana ukuhlala banesiqhelo esihle sobuqhema malungana nezinye iinqhema ngombana lokhu kusiza khulu lokha umuntu nazihlolako.
Angitjho bonyana abantu bahlala bafuna ukusebenzisa isiqhelo ngokungakafaneleki...Kuhlekuhle, isiqhelo sobutjhaba nobulili sikhona emikhumbulweni yethu, siiangelw bujamo behlalo begodu sikhuthazwa lisiko lethu kanye neembikiindaba. Kwesinye isikhathi lokho kuba semazikwenethu wezefundo. Sithanda ukukwamukela njengamaqiniso. Lokha nasihlanganbezana nomraro, kuba lula kobana sisebenzise isiqhelo ngombana ukwenza njalo kuyimvelo begodu kulula-kulula khulu kunobana umuntu aziphathise ihloko ngokufunisisa umraro bese senza iqunto elinzinzileko ngendlela yokucabangisisa, ukulalela nokuhlolisisa."
IMISEBENZI YOKUBA NESIQHELO
UMQONDO: Ukuhlela izinto ngeengaba kwenza bona umhlaba utjhejisise begodu wenze ibhoduluko lapha izinto zikhanya khona khulu, azisafifiyeli kangako begodu ziyazwisiseka. Lokhu kudala bona umhlaba kanye nelemuko lethu kube nendlela ethileko. Kusivumela bonyana sicwaningisise ilwazi elinengi ngasikhathi sinye.
IGUGU: Isiqhelo sibanga indlela yokuba negugu komuntu ngamunye. Lapha ukuhlela khona ngeengaba kuyinto eligugu begodu kunokukhambisana okunqophileko nokuqakathekileko nendlela yamagug womuntu, kuba nokubulunga nokudluliselela ukusebenzisana kobuqhema.
FUNA UKUZWISISA QANGE NGAPHAMBI KOBANA UZWISISWE
Ukulalela ngokuzwela kungenelela ngaphakathi komkhumbulo womunye umuntu. Usebenzisa khona ukubona bese ubona izinto ngendlela umuntu lowo azibona ngakhona, ukghone ukuzwisisa indlela yakhe nokuzwisisa indlela azizwa ngayo.
Ukulalela ngokuzwisisa kunamandla khulu ngombana kukunikela ilwazi elinqophileko ongasebenzela phezu kwalo. Esikhundleni sokobana uziqale wena bese uba nemiqondo, imizwa, iinhloso namahlathululo, uzifumana uqalene neqiniso elisehliziyweni nengqondweni yomunye umuntu. Ulalela ukuze uzwisise. Utjheje bona ufumane ukukhulumisana okungeneleleko komphefumulo womunye umuntu.
Nanyana kunzima, funa qange ukuzwisisa, nofana ufunisise qange ngaphambi kobana wenze iqunto bese ukhupha umbono.
Indlela yokubonisisa kuhle kuzwisisa. Nawuthoma ngokwenza iqunto qange angeze wazwisisa ngokuzeleko.
Ngebanga lokobana silalela ngokuziqala thina, sithanda ukuphendula ngenye yeendlela ezine. Silinganisa ngokuthi kuyavumelana nofana akuvumelani; siyafunisisa-sibuze imibuzo kilokho esisebenza ngakho; siyaluleka-siyaduduza ngokuqalisa kilokho esikwaziko; nofana siyarhumutjha-silinga ukucabanga ngabantu, ukuhlathulula iinhloso zabo, ukuziphatha kwabo, ngokuqalisa eenhlosweni nekuziphatheni kwethu. Iimpendulwezi izizela ngokwemvelo kithi. Sinamathele ngokuzikileko kizo begodu siphila sibhodwe ziimbumbeko zazo ngeenkhathi zoke.
Maye ukuzwisisa kwenza umahluko! Zoke izeluleko ezibhadlileko emhlabeni angeze zalingana nequbi leenhlumaya nakube asirarululi umraro olethwa kithi. Godu angeze sakghona ukungenelela emrarweni nakube silibele kuziqala thina, indlela yokubona kwethu izinto, asisusi ikungu emehlwenethu ukuze sibone izinto ngelinye ihlangothi.
Nakube ngambala ufuna ukuzwisisa, ngaphandle komhlahlandlela nangaphandle kokuzikhohlisa, kuzoba neenkhathi lapha uzakumangala khona ngebanga lelwazi elitsengileko nokuzwisisa okuzakwehlela kuwe kuvela komunye umuntu. Abe akukaqakatheki ngeenkhathi zoke kobanyana ukhulume ukuze uzwakale. Kuhlekuhle, kwesinye isikhathi amagama angase aziphumele wona.
Nawulokho ufunda ukulalela abanye abantu ngokungeneleleko, uzakufumana imiqondo ehluke ngokukarisako. Ungahle ubone umhlaba ngamehlo wobulingani, mina ngiwubona ngamehlo wemali ngokomqondo wezomnotho.
Ukuthinta umphefumulo womunye umuntu kufana nokugadanga ehlabathini ecwengileko.
UKUTJHAYISANA KWAMALUNGELO
Kunomsebenzi owenziwa etlasini. Iinthombe zomsebenzi owenziwako zisabalaliswa ngetlasini.
UKUVIKELWA KWAMALUNGELWETHU
UKUVIKELWA OKUHLELEKILEKO
Nakube ilungelo lomuntu liphuliwe, umuntu loyo angasebenzisa indlela engakahleleki ukuvikela ilungelo lakhelo. Angalinga ukurarulula umraro nomuntu loyo. Nakube lokho kuyabhala angalinga abalamuli ngokubandakanya munye walaba abalandelako:
Umfundisi
Ikosi
Ikhansela, nofana
Umrholi womphakathi, njall.
Nakube nalokho kuyabhala angatjhinga ehlanganweni ehlelekileko.
UKUVIKELEKA OKUHLELEKILEKO
Iinhlangano zesahluko 9 ngilezo umuntu angaya kizo malungana nokuvikeleka kwelungelo lakhe.
Zona ngilezi:
Umvikeli womPhakathi
IKhomitjhini yokuKhuthazwa nokuVikelwa kwemiPhakathi yamaLungelo namaSiko, iKolo neLimi.
IKhomitjhini yokuLingana ngokoBulili
UmCwaningi Mazombe
IKhomitjhini yamakhetho
UMVIKELI WOMPHAKATHI
UmVikeli womPhakathi weLiZweloke, nofana u-Ombudsman, njengombana i-ofisini belaziwa njalo phambilini, usikhulu esisezingeni eliphezulu. Akalawulwa ngurhulumende nofana ihlangano ethize yezepolotiki. Uqatjhwa yiPalamende ngokomThethosisekelo. Wamukela iinghonghoyilo zabantu abazwiswe ubuhlungu ziinhlangano zakarhulumende nofana ziinkhulu, begodu unamandla wokufunisisa, atuse amagadango wokukhalima, begodu akhuphe nemibiko.
LISEBENZA BUNJANI I-OFISI LOMVIKELI WOMPHAKATHI?
Nanyana ngubani anganghonghoyila kumVikelo womPhakathi bese yena-ka uphenyisisa isinghonghoyilweso. Thatha umVikeli womPhakathi njengosofengwana okghona ukubona amahlangothi woke womraro. Nakube umVikeli womPhakathi ufunyana bonyana umnghonghoyili uyezwakala, uzakwenza koke okusemandlenakhe bona afunyane intatha yomraro lowo, okufaka hlangana ukutusa bona kube namatjhuguluko erherhweni.
UmVikelo womPhakathi godu angabika indaba leyo ePalamende yona-ke ibonisane ngayo ibone ukuqeda bonyana iintuso ziyalandelwa.
Iphenyo kanengi lenziwa ngokungakahleleki, kodwana umVikeli womPhakathi angabiza abantu bonyana balethe ubufakazi ngaphasi kwesifungo nofana isiqiniselo nakube lokho kuyadingeka.
NGABANI ONGAPHENYWA MVIKELI WOMPHAKATHI?
Ngurhulumende kinofana ngiliphi lamazingakhe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi urhulumende ophakathi kanye neweemfunda, iminyango yombuso kanye nabaphathi bendawo.
Nanyana ngubani osebenza umsebenzi womphakathi. Lokhu kufaka hlangana nanyana ngubani umsebenzi wombuso othinta boke, nofana ingcenye yabantu beSewula Afrika, isibonelo umsebenzi wombuso ofana nepholisa nofana isikhulu esikhethiweko.
YINI OKUNGAPHENYWA MVIKELI WOMPHAKATHI?
Ukungaphathwa kuhle komnghonghoyili nofana omunye umuntu, isibonelo ngebanga lokusetjenziswa kwamandla butjhulweni, ukuziphatha okungakalungi, ngokungathembeki, ubumarhamaru nofana okhunye nje ukungaziphathi kuhle, ukubambezela, ukuphula amalungelo wabantu, nanyana yini okubangwa ziimphathimandla nofana elinye nelinye iqunto ezilithathako.
Ukuphatha butjhophori.
Ukungathembeki nofana ukusebenza kumbi ngeemali zomphakathi.
Ukuzirhumisa ngendlela engakafaneli.
Ukufumana ukuphathwa kuhle ngendlela engakafaneli.
UMUNTU USISA NJANI ISINGHONGHOYILO KUMVIKELI WOMPHAKATHI?
Nakube isinghonghoyilo sakho siphathelene nokuzindlekela, kumele ulinge ukusirarulula ngaphambi kobana usilethe kumVikeli womPhakathi, isibonelo, ngokukhulumisana nesikhulu/neenkhulu es(z)iphetheko, nofana nakube lokho akusizi, tlolela umuntu ophetheke iinkhulwezo incwadi, isibonelo iHloko yomNyango.
Godu ungakhulumisana nelunga lePalamente yesiFunda nofana yeLiZweloke.
Kuzakuthi kwaphela nakube umrarwakho awuraruluki, utlolele umVikelo womPhakathi incwadi-uyifekse nofana uyipose nofana ilethwe mathupha.
Incwadi kumele imumathe lokhu okulandelako:
Ubunjalo besinghonghoyilo sakho.
Isendlalelo nomlando wesinghonghoyilo
Iinzathu ezikwenza ufune bonyana isinghonghoyilo sakho siphenywe mVikeli womPhakathi.
Amagadango athethweko ukuzirarululela umraro (nakube akhona)
Kumele utjho amabizo wesikhulu ogade usebenzisana naso, ngamaphi amalanga, kanye nalokho okwatjhiwoko.
Amakhophi wananyana ngikuphi ukutlolelana phakathi kwakho neenkhulu kumele ananyathiselwe encwadinakho.
Inomboro yomrhala lapha ungafunyaneka khona, nakube unayo.
Kwezinye iinkhathi umVikelo womPhakathi angafuna isitatimende esifungelweko ngaphambi kobana aphenye.
Nakube awunasiqiniseko sokobana umrarwakho uyinto engaphenywa mVikeli womPhakathi, nofana nakube awukwazi ukutlola, ungafowunela I-ofisi lomVikeli womPhakathi. Kunamalunga womdibi abandulweko azakulalela isinghonghoyilo sakho nanyana singaba sincani nofana sikhulu begodu azakwenza iphenyo.
Kwezinye iinkhathi umdibi ungasiza abantu ukufunyana iinrarululo zemirarwabo msinyana. Umdibi godu ungakutjela bonyana unganghonghoyila kuphi nakube umVikeli womPhakathi akakghoni ukukusiza.
Godu ungavakatjhela i-ofisi kobana ubuzwe imibuzo nofana kube nokhulumisana naye nakube ubona njalo. Kungcono ukutlola qange bese ubawa ukubuzwa imibuzo encwadini.
ISINGHONGHOYILO SAMI SINGEZWIWA NGINOFANA NGUBANI NA?
UmVikelo womPhakathi kanye nomdibi bazokufihla ibizo lomnghonghoyili nakudingekako nalokha nakukghonekako.
KUBIZA MALINI UKUFUMANA ISIZO KUMVIKELO WOMPHAKATHI?
Akubizi litho. Nanyana ngubani onomraro usizwa simahla njengombana kutjhwiwe ngaphezulu.
LOKHO UMVIKELO WOMPHAKATHI ANGEKHE AKUPHENYA
Iingwebo ezikhutjhwa bagwebi nabomarhastrata, nehlawulo abayibekako. Izenzo okungezangasese zabantu, iinkampani ezizjameleko, abodorhodera nofana abogqwetha abangasebenzeli umbuso.
Nokho, umdibi womVikeli womPhakathi ungasiza ngokukutjela bonyana uyokunghonghoyila kuphi nofana wenzeni malungana nokutjhwiwe ngaphezulu. Kwezinye iinkhathi umVikeli womPhakathi angathi uye ekhotho nakube ukuya khona kuyindlela engcono yokurarulula umraro. Njengombana umVikeli womPhakathi angasimjameli womuntu, uzakuthunyelwa egqwetheni nakube umraro lowo kumele uye ekhotho.
Isiphande:
Nokho kunomVikeli womPhakathi kesinye nesinye isifunda kezilithoba.
IKHOMITJHINI YAMALUNGELO WABANTU
IKhomitjhini yamaLungelo wabaNtu ikhuthaza ukuhlonitjhwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wabantu. Umsebenzayo kufundisa abantu ngamalungelo wabantu nokuphenya iinghonghoyilo ngokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo wabantu. Ingahlela bonyana umuntu abe nogqwetha ozokusiza ukujamela amalungelwabo begodu ingamukela imilandu iyise ekhotho nakunesidingo. I-HRC yihlangano ezijameleko, ilawulwa mThethosisekelo kwaphela. Inikela iPalamende imibiko kanye ngomnyaka.
Nanyana ngubani ofuna ukwenza isinghonghoyilo ku-HRC kumele azalise iforomo okuthiwa "liforomo leenghonghoyilo le-SAHRC."
Isiphande:
IKHOMITJHINI YOKUKHUTHAZWA NOKUVIKELWA KWAMALUNGELO WEENQHEMA ZESIKO, IKOLO & NELIMI
IKhomitjhini le ihlonywe bonyana ikhuthaze beyivikele amalungelo wemiphakathi eyahlukahlukeneko yezamasiko, ikolo kanye nelimi. Kumele ikhuthaze beyisungule ukuthula, ukubekezelelana kanye nokubumbana kwelizweloke phakathi kwemiphakathi le, malungana nokulingana, ukungabandlululani kanye netjhaphuluko yokuhlanganyela.
IKHOMITJHINI YOKULINGANA NGOKOBULILI
Kuqakatheke khulu bonyana zoke iinjamiso zakarhulumende, kufaka hlangana uMongameli kumele zazi ngokuzeleko bonyana itjhaphuluko ingafunyanwa kwaphela nakube abafazi batjhaphululiwe kikho koke ukugandelelwa.'
IKhomitjhini yokuLingana ngokoBulili ngenye yeenhlangano ezisithandathu zombuso ezisekela idemokhrasi eyabikezelwa kumThethosisekelo wango 1996. Ihloso yekhomitjhini, njengombana kutjhiwo kusigaba 187 somThethosisekelo kukhuthaza ukulingana ngokobulili nokululeka nokwenza iintuso epalamende nofana esinye nesinye isibethamthetho malungana nanofana ngimiphi imithetho nofana ukubethwa komthetho okuthinta ukulingana kobulili kanye nejamo labafazi.
Isiphande:
UMCWANINGI-MAZOMBE
UmCwaningi mazombe uhlolisisa ama-akhawundu wayo yoke iminyango karhulumende welizweloke noweemfunda naborhulumende boke bendawo ukuqinisekisa bonyana imali isetjenziswa ngendlela efaneleko.
IKHOMITJHINI YAMAKHETHO
Iinhloso zekhomitjhini ku "qinisa umthethosisekelo wedemokhrasi nokukhuthaza ikambiso yamakhetho wedemokhrasi." IKhomitjhini inesibopho sokobana ilawule amakhetho namareferendamu welizweloke, weemfunda kanye newabomasipala.
Amandlayo, iimbopho zayo kanye nemisebenzayo kuhlinzekwe kusiGaba 5 somThetho.
EsiGabeni 19 somThethosisekelo nakho kunomhlinzeko malungana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wezepolotiki, okubumba isisekelo somsebenzi wekhomitjhini.
Isiphande:
EZINYE IINHLANGANO EZIZIJAMELEKO
Kunezinye iinhlangano ngaphandle kweenhlangano zesahluko sethoba ezihlonywe ukuqinisa idemohrasi yekhethu. Ezinye zazo ngilezi:
IKhomitjhini yeLutjha
IPhiko leenLilo eliziJameleko
IKhotho yomThethosisekelo
IKhotho neKhomitjhini yokuBuyiswa kweNarha
IBHODO YEZOKURHATJHA EZIJAMELEKO
Ikhomitjhini le ihlonywe kobana iluse woke amahlangothi wezokurhatjha enarheni le, isibonelo, ukuqinisekisa bonyana ukurhatjha kwemirhatjho nomabonwakude kungendlela efaneleko begodu nokobana kujamela iindaba zomphakathi weSewula Afrika.
IKHOMITJHINI YELUTJHA
UMongameli uNelson Mandela wahloma iKhomitjhini yeliZweloke yeLutjha ngomhlaka 16 kuJuni 1996 ngokomThetho 19 ka 1996 weKhomitjhini yeliZweloke yeLutjha. Yahlonywa kobana ithuthukise iqhinga elizwisisekako ukuqalana neentjhijilo eziqalene nabantu abatjha eSewula Afrika.
IBHODO EZIJAMELEKO YEENLILO
Umbono we-ICD yi-SAPS etjhugululiweko ngokukhambisana nommoya kanye neemfuno zomThethosisekelo. Ihloso yayo kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle kwamapholisa. Iminqopho yayo kuthuthukisa ithemba lomphakathi emizamweni ye-SAPS kanye ne-ICD ukukhandela ukungaziphathi kuhle kwamapholisa, kanye nokukhambisa kuhle ukutjhutjhiswa kwamalunga afunyenwe azibandakanye ezenzweni zobelelesi.
IKHOTHO YOMTHETHOSISEKELO
IKhotho le yahlonywa ngokomThethosisekelo ka1996. Umsebenzi wekhotho kuqinisa umthetho kanye nomThethosisekelo okumele usetjenziswe ngokungakhethi begodu ngaphandle kokuzamelana nokutjhugululwa.
Isigaba 25 no somThetho sithi nanyana ngubani nofana umphakathi owalahlekelwa yinarha ngemva kwaka 1913 ngebanga lemithetho yebandlululo unelungelo lokubuyiselwa inarhabo nofana bakhokhelwe malungana nenarha leyo. Isigaba 25 sinikela ithuba lokobana umbuso wenze umthetho ozokuqalana neembizwezi. Umbuso wadlulisa umThetho wokuBuyiswa kwamaLungelo weNarha okwajanyiswa ngawo iKhomitjhini neKhothoyokuBuyiselwa iNarha bonyana zitjheje iimbizo zabantu zeenarha.
Imisebenzi yeKhomitjhini yokuBuyiselwa iNarha kuphenya iimbizo zeenarha, ukulamula nokurarulula iimbizwezi bese ithumele iimbizo eKhotho yokuBuyiselwa iNarha nakube yona ayikghoni ukuzirarulula. IKhomitjhini yokuBuyiselwa iNarha inamakhulukhulu weembizo esaziphenyako.
IKhotho yokuBuyiselwa iNarha izakuqunta ngeembizo ezingeke zararululwa nguKomitjhinara. Ikhotho ingalayela abantu bonyana banikelwe inarhabo, nofana ithi umuntu owenza isibizo anikelwe enye inarha yombuso nofana ikhokhele umuntu owenza isibizo loyo ukujamiselela inarha ayilobileko.
UKUHLANGANYELA KWEZAKHAMUZI
IsiGaba 20 somthethosisekelo sihlinzeka bona, "Akunasakhamuzi okumele sitinywe ubakhamuzi."
Umuntu obelethelwe eSewula Afrika usisakhamuzi seSewula Afrika begodu lokhu angeze amukwa khona. Ngokwesigaba 21 somthethosisekelo, "Woke umuntu unelungelo letjhaphuluko yokukhamba, ilungelo lokuphuma eRiphabhuliki, ilungelo lokungena, ukuhlala ngaphakathi begodu nokuhlala nanyana kukuphi eRiphabhuliki nelungelo lokuba nephasiphoto."
Isibonelo sokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi
AMAGADANGO ALANDELWAKO
Amagadango alandelako ali-10 azakusiza ukwenza iplani yokukhankasa malungana nendaba yamalungelo emphakathi wekhenu. Sebenzisa amagadango lawa ukusiza umkhankaswakho.
BUZA IMIBUZO EVAMILEKO ukuhlolisisa umraro, example:
Unjani umraro lowo?
Uthinta bani?
Ngiziphi iindlela zokuwurarulula?
Ngiziphi iinqabo ezisendleleni?
Ngiziphi iinsetjenziswa ezikhona (okuyimali nabantu)?
KHETHA IHLOSWAKHO ENQOPHILEKO malungana nomkhankaso (ungabi neenhloso ezingaphezu kwe-4). Ngamanye amezwi, yini ozokwenza njengengcenye yomkhankaswakho. Qunta ngesikhathi ozibekele sona somkhankaso woke.
THATHA ENYE YEENHLOSO NIHLAZIYE amagadango adingekako ukuzuza ihloso leyo. Kutlole phasi lokho ephepheni. (Ngebanga lokobana kukuhlaziya imibono yamagadango engeze yalandelana ngehlelo elithize).
BUYELELANI (NIHLOLISISE) IMIBONO UKUSUKA EGADANGWENI LE-3 begodu ukhethe leyo engahle iphumelele. Tlola elinyen nelinye igadango ekarateni nofana ephetjhaneni elima- 5cm x 8cm. (Lokhu kuthiwa makarata wegadango).
BUYELELA IGADANGO 3 N0 4 NGEENHLOSO EZINYE ozibone egadangweni 2.
THATHA IPHEPHA LEGURANDA bese utlola isihloko somkhankaswakho nesikhathi somkhankaso lowo ngaphezulu. Dweba umuda ngenzasi. Tlola ihloso yokuthoma yomkhankaso ngaphasi komuda lowo. Dweba omunye umuda ngenzasi kwalo bese utlola ihloso yesibili. Ragela phambili ngalokhu kufikela lapha utlole khona zoke iinhloso zakho.
Umkhankaso: Ukuqedwa komGuruguru wamaTeksi Isikhathi: 6 iinyanga
UMNQOPHO
Ukubamba imihlangano yomphakathi
Ukuphrinta amaphosta
Ukuhlangana namakhansela wendawo
KHULUMISANANI KOBANA (NGAYIPHI INYANGA) IGADANGO NGALINYE LIZOKWENZEKA NINI khibe nilokho nigcina amakarata wamagadango ngehlelo lakhona. Hlelani-ke amakarata ngaphasi kweenyanga ezifaneleko.
UMNQOPHO
Ukubamba imihlangano yomphakathi
Ukuphrinta amaphosta
Ukuhlangana namakhansela wendawo
IKOHLAKALO
Iinsetjenziswa ezifaneleko ngaphasi kwesihlokwesi ngilezi:
UmThetho weKohlakalo 94 ka 1992
UmGomo wokuJamelana neKohlakalo nobuKhohlisi womNyango wezoBulungiswa nekuThuthukiswa komThethosisekelo
UmThetho wokwEmbulwa okuVikelekileko 26 ka 20000 kanye
IBUTHELELO LESIVIKELIMALUNGELO
Ukulingana: Awukwazi ukubandlululwa. Kodwana ukulingana kwezemisebenzi nokubandlululwa okuneqiniso kuvumelekile.
Isithunzi somuntu: Isithunzi sakho kumele sihlonitjhwe besivikelwe.
Ipilo: Unelungelo lokuphila.
Itjhaphuluko nokuphepha komuntu: Awukwazi ukubanjwa ngaphandle kokubangwa komlandu, ukuhlunguphazwa nofana ukubethwa ngesihluku. Umguruguru wangekhaya awukavumeleki.
Intumba: Awukwazi ukusetjhwa nofana kusetjhwe ikhaya lakho nofana ipahlakho.
Itjhaphuluko yezekolo, ikolelo kanye nombono: Ungakholwa bewucabange nanyana yini oyifunako bewulandele nofana ngiyiphi ikolo oyithandako.
Itjhaphuluko yokukhuluma: Boke abantu (kufaka neembikiindaba) bangatjho nanyana yini abayifunako.
Ukuhlangana, ukuzibilayeza, ukubhenyoga nokunghonghoyila: Ungabamba ijima lokuzibilayeza, ukubhenyoga benise nesinghonghoyilo. Kodwana lokhu kwenziwe ngokuthula.
Itjhaphuluko yokuzihlanganisa: Ungazihlanganisa nanofana ngubani ofuna ukuzihlanganisa naye.
Amalungelo wezepolotiki: Ungasekela ihlangano yezepolotiki oyithandako. Nakube usisakhamuzi begodu okungenani uneminyaka e-18, ungavowuda.
Ubakhamuzi: Ubakhamuzi bakho angeze wemukwa bona.
Itjhaphuluko yokukhamba nokuhlala: Ungahlala nofana kukuphi eSewula Afrika.
Itjhaphuluko yokurhweba, ibizelo nephrofetjhini: Ungenza nanyana ngimuphi umsebenzi owuthandako.
Iinhlangano zeensebenzi: Ungajoyina iinhlangano zeensebenzi bewubhenyoge.
Ibhoduluko: Unelungelo lebhoduluko elinepilo.
Ipahla: Ungathathelwa ipahla kwaphela nakube kulandelwe imithetho efaneleko.
Indlu: Umbuso kumele uqinisekise bona abantu baba nezindlu ezifaneleko.
Zepilo, ukudla, amanzi nokuphepha komphakathi: Umbuso kumele uqinisekise bona uthola ukudla namanzi, zepilo kanye nokuphepha komphakathi.
Abantwana: Abantwana abangaphasi kweminyaka eli-18 banamalungelo akhethekileko, afana nelungelo lokungaphathwa kumbi.
Ifundo: Unelungelo lefundo esisekelo, kufaka nefundo esisekelo yabadala, ngelimi lakho (nakube kuyakghoneka)
Ilimi namasiko: Ungasebenzisa ilimi olithandako bewulandele namasiko owathandako.
Isiko, ikolo kanye nemiphakathi yelimi: Imiphakathi ingenza amasikwayo, yenze ikolo yayo beyisebenzise ilimi layo.
Ukufumana ilwazi: Unelungelo lanofana ngiliphi ilwazi umbuso onalo.
Igadango lezokuphatha elilungileko: Amagadango wombuso kufanele abe ngalungileko.
Ukufikelela amakhotho: Ungakghona kobana umrarwakho wezomthetho uquntwe yikhotho nofana yihlangano efana naleyo.
Abantu ababotjhiweko, ababanjiweko nabasolwako: Ilungelweli livikela abantu ababotjhiweko, babafakwa ejele nofana basolwa.
ISIPHETHO
Woke amalungelo lawa angakhawulwa nakube kukhambisana neqhinga elijanyisiweko kusigaba sokukhawula (s36).
