Imbotyi yesoya (OPOT)								IsiXhosa
Iimbotyi zesoya – isityalo esingummangaliso zikwakukutya okungummangaliso!
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Byline: Inqaku liqhelaniswe ukusuka kwi-Wikipedia, i-encyclopedia yasimahla
Photo: Soybean 
Kuninzi okuthethwayo ngeembotyi zesoya nexabiso lazo ekujikelezisweni kwezityalo nombona. Njengezinye izityalo ekukudala zilinywa emakhaya, ubudlelwana beembotyi zesoya zanamhla nezinye iintlobo ezizikhulela endle abunakuba salandwa nangeliphi inqanaba lokuqiniseka.
NjengeNkqubo yaseGrain SA yoPhuhliso lwamaFama, sinethemba lokuqalisa ngenkqubo eza kusidibanisa ne-Trust yoPhuhliso lwe-Oyile neMbewu yeProtheyini (Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust) ukuze kukhuthazwe abalimi abasaphuhlayo ukulima iimbotyi zesoya – njengesityalo sokurhweba nanjengomthombo weli lizwe wodidi oluphucukileyo lweprotheyini. 
Inkcazelo neempawu eziphathekayo
Isoya iyahluka ngokukhula nangomkhwa. Ukuphakama kwesityalo kwahluka ukusuka ngaphantsi kuma-20 cm ukuya kwiimitha ezi-2. Imidumba, izikhondo namagqabi igqunywe buboya obuyephu-yephu obuntsundu okanye obungwevu. Amagqabi anamahlumela amathathu ukuya kwamane ngegqabi ngalinye, kanti amahlumela lawo anobude beesentimitha ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-15 nobubanzi beesentimitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezisi-7. Amagqabi awa phambi kokuba imbewu ivuthwe. Iintyatyambo ezingacaciyo, eziqhamileyo ziphuma emgceni osembindini wegqabi kwaye zimhlophe, zipinki okanye zimfusa (purple). Isiqhamo ngumdumba onoboya okhula ngokwemicukaniso emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5, umdumba ngamnye unobyde beesentimitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezisi-8 ubude kwaye ukholisa ukuqulatha imbewu enobubanzi beemilimitha ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-11.
Iimbotyi zesoya ziyashiya-shiyana ngobukhulu nangemibala yamaxolo, kubandakanywa umbala omnyama, ontsundu, oblowu, otyheli, oluhlaza nomfaka-mfaka. Ixolo lembotyi evuthiweyo lilukhuni, alingeni manzi kwaye likhusela iceba lokhozo kunye nengxam yalo ekonakalisweni. Xa liqhekekile ixolo, imbewu ayikwazi kuntshula.
Xa zidibene, isiqulatho se-oyile neseprotheyini zimalunga nama-60% zobunzima beembotyi zesoya ezomileyo, iprotheyini ngama-40% ize i-oyile ibe ngama-20%. Intsalela yama-35% sisitatshi ukuze i-5% ibe ngumgubo. Imihlanganiselwa yeembotyi zesoya zimalunga nesi-8% zexolo lembewu, ama-90% amacala okhozo nesi-2% sengxam yokhozo.
Isondlo
Abantu kufuneka bazipheke iimbotyi zesoya ngomphunga ukuze batshabalalise izithinteli ze-trypsin (ii-serine protease inhibitors). Iimbotyi zesoya ezikrwada, kubandakanywa nohlobo olusekrwada, alukulungelanga ukutyiwa ngabantu, ziihagu, ziinkuku, enyanisweni nazo zonke izilwanyana ezinesisu esinye. 
Iimbotyi zesoya zibonwa ngabathengisi abaninzi njengemithombo yeprotheyini epheleleyo. Iprotheyini epheleleyo yileyo equlethe izixa ezibalulekileyo zee-amino asidi ezibalulekileyo ngokuphelela kwazo ekufuneka zifunyenwe ngumzimba womntu ngenxa yokuba umzimba womntu ungakwazi wona ukuzenzela ezi-amino-asidi ngokwawo. Ngenxa yoko, iimbotyi zesoya zingumthombo olungileyo weprotheyini, phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi zokutya, ngakumbi ukwenzela abantu abangayityiyo inyama okanye abantu abafuna ukucutha isixa senyama abayityayo. 
Iprotheyini yesoya ibaluleke ngokufanayo naleyo yenye imbewu yomdumba. Ngaphaya koko, iimbotyi zesoya zinokuvelisa iprotheyini ephinda-phindwe kabini ngehektare nganye kunaso nasiphi isityalo esingumfuno okanye esiziinkozo esixhaphakileyo. Ngehektare nganye iprotheyini le ingaphezulu ngokuphinda-phindwe kahlanu kunentsimi ebekelwe ukutyisa izilwanyana ezisengwayo ukuze iprotheyini ngehektare nganye iphinda-phindwe kali-15 kunentsimi egcinelwe ukuvelisa inyama. Ukusetyenziswa kwesoya kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza kwithumbu elikhulu. 
Ukulima 
Iimbotyi zesoya zisisityalo esibalulekileyo jikelele, esinika i-oyile neprotheyini. kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, inkitha yesi sityalo ihluzwa kwisinyibilikisi nge-hexane, ukuze umgubo wesoya ongenamafutha “oqhotsiweyo” (ama-50% eprotheyini) anike isakhono sokukhulisa izilwanyana efama (umz. iinkuku, iinkabi zehagu neekarakuni) ngokomlinganiselo weshishini ongazange waziwe ezimbalini. Intwana nje encinci yesityalo ityiwa ngabantu. Iimveliso zesoya phofu, zifumaneka kwiintlobo eziliqela zokutya okucoliweyo.
NgeMfazwe yeHlabathi II iimbotyi zesoya ziye zabaluleka eMelika eseMantla naseYurophu njengohlobo lokutya kweprotheyini olungena endaweni yezinye iintlobo zokutya eziyiprotheyini kwaye zingumthombo we-oyile etyiwayo. Iimbotyi zesoya zifunyaniswe njengesichumiso ngeMfazwe yeHlabathi II liSebe lezoLimo leZizwe eziManyeneyo. 
Ukuzilima kuyimpumelelo phantsi kweemozlu ezishushu ehlotyeni, kwaye ikhula kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu bama-20 ukuya kuma-30 °C; ubushushu obungaphantsi kuma-20 °C okanye obungaphezu kuma-40 °C kudodobalisa ukukhula kwazo kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ukukhula kwintlobo ngeentlobo zemihlaba, kodwa zikhula kakhulu kwimihlaba efumileyo yesanti ekhukulisiweyo nenesiqulatho esilungileyo sezinto ezivela kweziphilayo. Iimbotyi zesoya, njengezityalo ezininzi zemidumba, zenza izixhaso ze-nitrogen ngokuseka ubudlelwane bokuphilisana nentsholongwane ye-Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Nangona kunjalo, intwana echanekileyo yoluchwe lwentsholongwane yebhaktiriya mayihlanganiswe nembewu yembotyi yesoya (okanye nawuphi umdumba) phambi kokuba ityalwe. Imihlanganisela yanamhla yezityalo ngokubanzi ifikelela ekuphakameni okumalunga nemitha enye kwaye ithatha iintsuku ezingama-80 ukuya kwezili-120 ukukhula ukusuka ngexesha lokuhlwayela ukuya kwelokuvuna.
Iimbotyi zesoya zezendalo yaseAsiya eseMpuma kodwa yimveliso yazo yama-45% kuphela elapho. Amanye ama-55% emveliso yaso akwiiMelika. I-U.S. ivelise izigidi zeetoni zembotyi zesoya ezingama-75 ngowama-2000, kanti ngaphezu kwenxalenye enye kwezintathu iye yathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Abanye abalimi bazo abaphambili yi-Brazil, iArgentina, iParaguay, iChina ne-India. Izityalo zeembotyi zesoya zisuleleka lula zizifo zeentsholongwane zebhaktiriya, izifo zentsholongwane yevayirasi nazizidleleleli.
Imbali
Iimbotyi zesoya bezisisityalo esibalulekileyo kwi-Asiya eseMpuma kudala phambi kokuba kubhalwe iingxelo. Zisesisityalo esiphuma phambili eChina, eJapan naseKorea. Phambi kweemveliso zayo ezibilisiweyo ezinjengeSoy sosi, i-tempeh, i-natto ne-miso, isoya yayibonwa njengesityalo esingcwele kwaye ukujikeleziswa kwayo nezinye izityalo ibe sisivuseleli se-nitrogen. Izityalo bezilinywa ngaphantsi ukuze kukhutshwe izityalo ezikukutya. Iimbotyi zesoya zifike okokuqala eYurophu kwinkulungwane yeminyaka eli-18 isaqala kanti zazikwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kwangowe-1765, apho zaqala zalinywa njengefula. Azikhange zibaluleke kangako e-Asiya kwada kwangowe-1910. EMelika, isoya ibibonwa njengemveliso yoshishino kuphela kodwa ingasetyenziselwa ukutya kwada kwaba yiminyaka yowee-1920. Isoya ifike e-Afrika ivela eChina kwiNkulungwane ye-19 kanti ngoku iligqibe lonke eli lizwekazi.
Umnyanya wasendle wembotyi yesoya yi-Glycine soja (eyayisakwaziwa ngokuba yi-G. ussuriensis), isityalo esingumdumba sasembindini waseChina. Imbotyi yesoya isetyenziswe eChina kwiminyaka engama-5 000 njengokutya nanjengenxalenye yeziyobisi. Nangona kunjalo, isoya idume ngesakhiwo seengcambu zayo njengendlela yokujikeleziwa kwezityalo. Ukulinywa kweembotyi zesoya kwakusekukudala kusenziwa eChina, kwaza kwanabela kwamanye amazwe. 
Abantu abaninzi bathi iimbotyi zesoya e-Asiya ngokwasembalini zazisetyenziswa kuphela emva kwenkqubo yokuzibilisa, nto leyo ethoba isiqulatho esiphezulu see-phytoestrogen esifunyanwa kwisityalo esingaphekwanga. Nangona kunjalo, amagama ayelele “elubisini lwesoya” okoko ayesetyenziswa ukususela kowama-82 AD kwaye kukho ubungqina bokutyiwa kwetofu ukususela kwimihla yama-220. 
Iimbotyi zesoya zafika eMelika ngowe-1765 ziziswa nguSamuel Bowen, umatiloshe owayendwendwele eChina. Walima isoya kufuphi neSavanna, eGeorgia waza wenza nesosi yesoya wayithengisa eNgilani. Isoya yaqala ukubaluleka kakhulu kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ngexesha leNdlala eNkulu, imimandla eyathwaxwa yimbalela (ye-Dust Bowl) kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo yakwazi ukusebenzisa isoya ukuvuselela umhlaba wabo ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokuvuselela i-nitrogen. Ngowe-1932 ukuya kowe-1933 iNkampani yeeMoto zeFord yachitha malunga ne-$1 250 000 kuphando ngembotyi yesoya. Ngowe-1935 imoto nganye ye-Ford ukwenziwa kwayo kwakubandakanya isoya. Umzekelo, i-oyile yembotyi yesoya yayisetyenziselwa ukupeyinta ii-automobile nee-shock absorbers. Ukubandakanyeka kwembotyi yesoya kwi-Ford kwavula iminyango emininzi yokuqhagamshelana okwaya ngokukhula phakathi kwezolimo noshishino.
Uhlenga-hlengiso ngokofuzo
Iimbotyi zesoya zezinye zezityalo zokutya “kwe-biotech” eziye zahlenga-hlengiswa ngokofuzo kwaye iimbotyi zesoya ezihlenga-hlengiswe ngokofuzo ziya ngokusetyenziswa kwiqela leemveliso. Ngowe-1995 iNkampani ye-Monsanto yazise iimbotyi zesoya ze-Roundup Ready (RR) ezihlenga-hlengiselwe ukuba zikwazi ukumelana nesitshabalalisi sokhula i-Roundup saseMonsanto.
Ngowe-1997, malunga ne-8% yazo zonke iimbotyi zesoya ezilinyelwa ukurhweba kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo zahlenga-hlengiswa ngokofuzo. Ngowama-2010, inani laba ngama-93%. Njengakwezinye izityalo ze-Roundup Ready, kukho inkxalabo yokonakaliswa kweyantlukwano yendalo ephilayo. Nangona kunjalo, isiqalelo sofuzo se-RR sandiswe saba yimihlanganisela emininzi eyahluka-hlukileyo yembotyi yesoya kangangokuba uhlenga-hlengiso lofuzo aluwuthobanga umgangatho weyantlukwano kwezofuzo kwaphela, njengoko kubonakele kufundo-nzulu lwama-2003 malunga neyantlukwano kwezofuzo. 
Ukusetyenziswa kwayo
Iimbotyi zesoya zinokuhlelwa ngokubanzi njengeentlobo eziyimifuno (yegadi) okanye iintlobo zasemasimini (i-oyile) Iintlobo eziyimifuno ziphekeka lula, zinesongo esingephi samandongomane, zivakala phucukileyo esandleni, zinkulu, zineprotheyini eninzi, kodwa i-oyile yazo incinci kuneyeentlobo zasemasimini. Abavelisi betofu nabavelisi bobisi lwesoya bakhetha imihlanganisela yeprotheyini eninzi evela kwiimbotyi zesoya eziyimifuno ezinentsukaphi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiminyaka yee-1930. Imihlanganisela yegadi xa kuthethwa gabalala ayikufanelanga ukuvunwa ngokudibanisa noomatshini kuba kungenzeka ukuba imidumba icumke xa seyifikelela ekuvuthweni. 
Phakathi kwemidumba, imbotyi yesoya, ekwahlelwa phantsi kwembewu ye-oyile, ibalasele ngesiqulatho sayo esiphezulu seprotheyini (38 - 45%) nangesiqulatho sayo esiphezulu se-oyile (20%). Iimbotyi zesoya zibamba indawo yesibini emva kombona phakathi kweemveliso ezixabisekileyo zolimo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziZizwe eziManyeneyo. Isixa esikhulu sesityalo seembotyi zesoya silinyelwa imveliso ye-oyile, kanti iprotheyini ephezulu isuswa amafutha ukuze umgubo wesoya oqhotsiweyo usetyenziselwe ukondla imfuyo. Ipesenti encinci yeembotyi zesoya ingqaliswa ekusetyenzisweni ngabantu. 
EChina, eJapan naseKorea imbotyi kunye neemveliso ezenziwe ngembotyi ziyinxalenye ethandwayo yoluhlu lwezidlo. AmaTshayina enza itofu kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zemidyojwa neziqholo zeembotyi zesoya. Kwisimbo sokupheka saseKorea, amahlumelo eembotyi zesoya nawo ayasetyenziswa maxa wambi. Iimbotyi zilungiswa ngeendlela ezahluka-hlukileyo. Iintlobo ezithile zesoya zibandakanya umgubo wesonka sesoya, ubisi lwesoya, itofu, iprotheyini yemifuno evakala kakuhle esandleni (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-TVP kwenziwa iintlobo zokutya okungenanyama, ezinye zenziwa ukuba zifane nenyama) i-tempeh, i-lecithin yesoya ne-oyile yeembotyi zesoya. Iimbotyi zesoya zikwasisithako esiphambili kwimveliso yesosi yesoya.
I-oyile
Imbewu yembotyi yesoya iqulethe i-oyile ye-19%. Ukuze kutsalwe i-oyile kwimbewu yembotyi yesoya, ziyaqhekezwa iimbotyi zesoya, zilunga-lungiswe ngokwesiqulatho sokufuma, zenziwe imibhumbutho yamacwecwana zize zifunxwe kwisinyibilikisi nge-hexane yokurhweba. I-oyile iyacolwa, ixutywe ngeenjongo zokuyisebenzisa kwizinto ngezinto ngelinye ixesha ijikwe ibe ngamafutha aqinileyo. Ii-oyile zeembotyi zesoya, ezilulwelo neziqiniswe ngokungaphelelanga, zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, zithengiswa “njengee-oyile zemifuno”, okanye zisetyenziswe nakwiintlobo ngeentlobo zokutya okulunga-lungisiweyo. Umgubo oseleyo weembotyi zesoya usetyenziswa kakhulu njengesondlo sezilwanyana.
Umgubo
Umgubo weembotyi zesoya uba yintsalela efumaneka emva kokufunxwa kwe-oyile kwisinyibilikisi kwimibhumbutho yamacwecwana, kanti inama-50% eprotheyini yesoya. Umgubo “uyaqhotswa” (naxa kungekokuqhotsa ngenene kuba ubushushu bobomphunga) uze usilwe ngesixhobo sokusila esiyintsimbi. Umgubo weembotyi zesoya yimveliso exabisekileyo yamaMelika abawusebenzisela ukukhulisa izilwanyana efama, izilwanyana ezifana neenkuku kunye neehagu ngokomlinganiselo woshishino owaqaliswa ngee-1930; kanti kutshanje kwandiswe neentlanzi ezingenamaxolo emanzini. Ama-98% esityalo esiziimbotyi zesoya e-U.S asetyenziswa ekondleni imfuyo. 
Umgubo (onjengowokwenza isonka)
Umgubo ocoliweyo wenziwa ngeembotyi zesoya ezikhutshwe amafutha zaze zacolisiswa ukuze zikwazi ukugqitha kwisihluzi semeshi ye-100 okanye kwesinye isihluzi esincinci ngaphezu kweso, ngokuthatha ingqalelo yohlobo olulodwa xa ufunxwa kwisinyibilikisi (awuqhotswa) ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuguqulwa kwesimo sendalo yeprotheyini ukuze kugcinwe iSalathiso soSasazeko lweProtheyini esiphezulu (Protein Dispersibility Index - PDI), esetyenziselwa ukupheka ngokukhupha iprotheyini yemifuno evakala kakuhle esandleni.
Umgubo ocoliweyo wesoya okhutshwe amafutha ufumaneka kwimibhumbutho yamacwecwana ekhutshwe kwisinyibilikisi kwaye une-oyile engaphantsi kwi-1%.
Umgubo ocoliweyo wesoya onamafutha apheleleyo wenziwa ngeembotyi ezichutyiweyo nezingafunxwanga kwaye uqulethe i-oyile emalunga ne-18% ukuya kuma-20%. 
Umgubo ocoliweyo wesoya onamafutha amancinci wenziwa ngokuphinda kufakelwe i-oyile emgubeni ocoliweyo wesoya ekhutshwe amafutha. Isiqulatho samafutha sahluka ngokwemigqaliselo, sikholisa ukuba phakathi kwe-4,5% ne-9%.
Umgubo ocoliweyo wesoya onamafutha amaninzi nawo unokwenziwa ngokongeza i-oyile emgubeni ongakhutshwanga mafutha ngokwenqanaba le-15%.
Ukutya kwabantwana
Ukutya kwabantwana okunesoya (i-SBIF) kusetyenziswa kwiintsana ezinegazi elingavaniyo neeprotheyini zobisi lwenkomo olubulewe iintsholongwane ngobushushu.
Iimveliso zenyama nezobisi kunye nezicolwa
Iimbotyi zesoya zisenokucolwa ukuze kuveliswe ukuvakala ngesandla nenkangeleko efana neyazo zonke ezinye iintlobo zokutya. Umzekelo, iimbotyi zesoya zisisithako esiphambili kwiimveliso zobisi eziliqela (umzekelo, ubisi lwesoya, imajarini, iayisikhrimu yesoya, iyogathi yesoya, isonka samasi sekhrimu yesoya) kunye neentlobo zenyama (umzekelo, ibhega yemifuno). Ezi ntlobo zokutya ziyathengiswa ezivenkileni. Ubisi lwesoya akukho mfuneko yokuba liqulathe izixa ezibalulekileyo ze-calcium ecolekayo emzimbeni. Abenzi abaninzi bobisi lwesoya baluthengisa neemveliso ze-calcium ezityebileyo. 
Iimveliso zesoya zikwasetyenziswa njengokutya okungena endaweni yeemveliso zenyama nenkuku ngexabiso eliphantsi. Kodwa ukuzicola ngakumbi kungaphungula incasa naxa wona amafutha ne-cholesterol zicutheka. Phofu iimveliso zesoya zinokufakelwa iivithamini neetyuwa ukuze zilingane ngokwesondlo neprotheyini yezilwanyana; lona udidi lweprotheyini kungatshiwo ukuthi luphantse lwafana nolwenyama. Iprotheyini efakelwe imifuno eyinyama yesoya seyisetyenziswe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwengama-50 njengendlela engenaxabiso eliphezulu lenyama yenkomo enesondlo esilingana nesenyama yoqobo. 
Ezinye iimveliso
Iimbotyi zesoya zikwasetyenziswa njengeemveliso zoshishino kubandakanywa ii-oyile, iisepha, iziqholo, ii-resin, iiplastikhi, ii-inki, iikhrayoni, izinyibilikisi nempahla yokunxiba. I-oyile yeembotyi zesoya ngumthombo ophambili we-biodiesel kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, masithi ngama-80% emveliso ye-diesel yasemakhaya. Iimbotyi zesoya okoko zasetyenziswa ukususela ngowama-2001 njenge-stock esibiliswayo xa kusenziwa utywala be-vodka. 
