Pest										Xhosa



Ukutshatyalaliswa kwempehla egqobhoza isikhondo sombona



Instructions

Folio strap: Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezibulali zezityalo

Byline: NguAmos Njoro, umququzeleli wephondo wenkqubo yophuhliso lomvelisi wakwaGrain SA kuMntla-ntshona

Iifoto:

Ifoto 1: Abantu bafumene amava amabi eelahleko eziphezulu njengesiphumo sohlaselo lwempehla egqobhoza isikhondo.
- Ifoto: J. van den Berg, ARC/GCI

Ifoto 2: Ingxelo jikelele ithi impehla egqobhoza isikhondo sombona ibanga ilahleko engange-10% yesityalo esingumbona, kodwa ukusilela kwesixa esipheleleyo sesityalo kunokubakho.
- Ifoto: R. Bate, ARC-GCI

Ifoto 3: Imibungu eseyikhulile izifihla ngengoophunguphungu kwisiseko sesikhondo sombona ngethuba lasebusika.
- Ifoto: ARC/GCI 



Impehla egqobhoza isikhondo sombona sisibulali sezityalo esisoloko sikhona apho kulinywe khona umbona eAfrika – esi sibulali sezityalo sesomthonyama saseAfrika kwaye zininzi iintlobo zengca ezinika inkxaso kumjikelo wobomi baso. 



Ingxelo jikelele ithi impehla egqobhoza isikhondo sombona ibanga ilahleko eli-10% ngonyaka yesityalo sombona, kodwa kusenokubakho intsilelo epheleleyo yesityalo. Imibungu izondla ngamagqabi, ngesikhondo nakwizikhwebu zesityalo esingumbona.


Uguquguquko lovivingane

Ukuqonda imiba ebalulekileyo ngomjikelo wobomi wesi sibulali sezityalo kuyimfuneko ukuze abantu bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo benolwazi malunga nokutshabalalisa olu tshaba. Imibungu eseyikhulile yempehla egqobhoza isikhondo izifihla njengoophunguphungu kwisiseko sesikhondo sombona esisele entsimini njengesikhondwana esisikiweyo ngethuba lasebusika. Aba phunguphungu baya kuphuhla njengesizukulwana sokuqala sovivingane ukuze babekele amaqanda aya kuqandusela emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe ukuya kwezilishumi.


Imibungu evelayo izondla iiveki ezintandathu ukuze emva koko ijike ibe ngoophunguphungu esikhondweni sesityalo esingumbona. Emva kweeveki ezintathu kuvela isizukulwana sesibini sovivingane ngamanani aphezulu kunawokuqala okanye awesithathu nokuba ngawoguquguquko lokugqibela. 


Imiqathango yokuyitshabalalisa

Kummandla wentengiso ziliqela iindlela ezikhoyo zokutshabalalisa impehla yesikhondo. Enye yazo kukuyitshabalalisa ngemichiza, indlela yokukhetha imihlanganisela, iindlela zenkcubeko kunye nokuyitshabalalisa ngokwendalo. Le miqathango yokutshabalalisa ayiniki siqinisekiso sokutshabalalisa se-100%, kodwa inceda ekunciphiseni uhlaselo ize inike ulondolozo lwemveliso yombona.

 
Ukutshabalalisa ngemichiza

Imichiza ebhaliselwe ukutshabalalisa impehla egqobhoza isikhondo sombona ihlelwa njengezitshabalalisi zezibulali zezityalo ezichaphazela indawo edibene nazo nezichaphazela isityalo siphelele.


Inkolo yokuba iimveliso zexabiso eliphezulu zisebenza phucukileyo ngaphezulu kunezexabiso eliphantsi asiyonyaniso njengoko ezinye iimveliso zexabiso elinganeno zikwazi ukunika utshabalaliso olubalaseleyo. Ingxelo ethi utshabalaliso lunokuthatha ixesha elide kangangeeveki ezintandathu nalo luyathandabuzeka. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokutshabalalisa ngemichiza, amafama mawaqiniseke ukuba ixesha lokuyifaka ichanekile. Ukutshiza ngokuqaphela imiqathango kudala kwabonisa ukungabi nasakhono kwaye akucetyiswa. Imiqathango malunga nokutshabalalisa ngemichiza inokuqatshelwa kuphela xa i-10% yentsimi ibonisa iimpawu zohlaselo ezibonisa “umonakalo wesiphango” apho imibungu ibizondla ngamagqabi.


Ukusebenzisa ixabiso lamandla e-10% nako kufuna ixesha elifanelekileyo lokufaka isitshabalalisi sesibulali sezityalo. Ukusifaka kanye kusenokunganeli njengoko ukuhlasela kunokubuyelela kwakhona kwithuba lamva. Kwixesha lonyaka lamva elifana neli kucetyiswa ukukhangela imibungu emincinci kakhulu nje phambi kokuphuma kwamanquma. Ukuba le mibungu mincinci ayitshatyalaliswa inokubanga ukonakala okupheleleyo kwezikhwebu. Utshabalaliso olunokubonwa njengoluphumeleleyo lunokuzuzwa de kuvele amanquma angangama-50%.


Umbona we-Bt

Ukwaziswa kwemihlanganisela yombona we-Bt kunciphise imfuno yokutshabalalisa izibulali zezityalo ngenxa yamandla okumelana kwemihlanganisela equlethe esi siqalelo semfuzo nohlaselo lwempehla egqobhoza isikhondo sombona. Esi siqalelo semfuzo sivuselela imveliso yetyhefu ebulala imibungu.


Ukuthintela uphuhliso lwemimiselo yokumelana okunxulumene nepesenti yombona ongenguwo owe-Bt oya kutyalwa nawo nalo we-Bt, kubhetele kwayanywe kulo we-Bt. Asiyiyo yonke imihlanganisela enesiqalelo semfuzo ye-Bt ekwaziyo ukumelana ngokulinganayo nempehla egqobhoza isikhondo kwaye oku makuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kukhethwa imihlanganisela ngexesha ngalinye lonyaka. 



Abavelisi mabagqale ithuba leentsuku ezilishumi ezingqonge ukwenzeka kwamanquma xa imibungu emincinci inako ukuzondla ngoboya besityalo. Ngeli xesha ityhefu iyaxubeka eboyeni ngenxa yesiqulatho sayo samanzi esiphezulu ukuze oko kube nesiphumo sokusinda kweminye imibungu. Ukonakala kwesikhondo ngenxa yale mibungu isindileyo kuya kuqwalaselwa ngethuba lesivuno, kodwa njengoko umonakalo wenzeka ngexesha lamva kangangoko uya kusichaphazela kancinci isivuno. Le mibungu iya kuba zizandulela zoguquguquko lovivingane lokuqala kwixesha elilandelayo lonyaka. Xa ukhetha phakathi kokutshabalalisa ngemichiza nemihlanganisela ye-Bt kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iindleko eziphezulu zemihlanganisela ye-Bt.


Izenzo zenkcubeko nokutshabalalisa okuyindalo

Amaxa okuhlakula ngexesha lasebusika ashiya izikhondwana zingqengqe ngaphezulu nto leyo encedisa ekunciphiseni uhlaselo lwempehla egqobhoza isikhondo kwixesha elizayo lonyaka ngenxa yokutyhileka koophungphungu kwingqele yasebusika nakwiintshaba zendalo, nto leyo ebanga ukucutheka kwamanani ezibulali zezityalo. Ukulima nokungcwatywa kwezikhondwana kude enzulwini esezantsi kuya kuthintela uvivingane ekukhuleni kwixesha lonyaka elilandelayo.


Zikhona izidleleleli ezizondla kwimibungu nasemaqandeni, kodwa isiphumo soko asibalulekanga kangako malunga norhwebo. Uhlobo lwengca ye-napier etyalwe njengomamkeli okhethwayo wombona lusetyenziswa njengentsebenzo-matshini yolawulo ngabalimi abalima iintsimi ezincinci. Nangona kunjalo akukho sizathu sokuba abalimi abangabarhwebi bangayisebenzisi le ndlela njengoko ingca ye-napier isisondlo esincomeka ngokubalaseleyo sefula yesisele. Iintsebenzo-matshini zokutshabalalisa ngokwenkcubeko nangokwendalo azinamandla kakhulu xa zithelekiswa nokutshabalalisa ngemichiza nokusebenzisa ezobugcisa be-Bt.


Isishwankathelo

Yinyaniso into yokuba iilahleko eziphezulu ziyafumaneka ngenxa yohlaselo lwempehla egqobhoza isikhondo. Imiqathango yotshabalaliso nolawulo lwezityalo oluncomekayo lubaluleke kakhulu ekuncitshisweni kweelahleko. 







