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Oojongilanga: Izifo nezibulali zezityalo



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Folio strap: Imbewu yeoyile

Byline: Ulwazi lufumaneka kwincwadi yoqeqesho yakwaGrain SA: Imveliso kajongilanga

Insert: Luxhaswa yiTrust yoPhuhliso lweMbewu yeOyile neProtheyini

Photo 1: Umbungu osikayo.

Photo 2: Impehla eyenza amachokoza emboneni.

Photo 3: Impehla yeHerpalus beetle.

Photo 4: Umonakalo obanzi wenzeka kwiintloko kanti uhlalselo olukhulu luya kuthoba inzuzo efumaneka kwimveliso kajongilanga.



Zezinye zezinambuzane kuphela ezifumaneka kwizityalo zikajongilanga ezinokuhlelwa njengezibulali zezityalo – zininzi izinambuzane ezinokufumaneka kwizityalo ezingoojongilanga ezingenabungozi kwisityalo. Izinambuzane ezibanga isothuso koojongilanga zezithi zitye imbewu etyaliweyo, izithole ezintshulayo, izithole ezihlumileyo, isityalo esiphuhlayo, iingcambu, okanye iinkozo eziphuhlayo. 



Ulawulo lwezinambuzane luxhomekeke, ubukhulu becala kwizitshabalalisi zezinambuzane (imichiza enetyhefu kwizinambuzane), efuna ukufakwa ngexesha elichanekileyo, ngokomthamo ochanekileyo, kwaye eyona nto ebalulekileyo, kukuba ibe yityhefu echanekileyo engqale kwisibulali sezityalo esithile. Kukho imichiza ezizitshabalalisi zezinambuzane ebhaliselwe ukusetyenziswa kuzo zonke izinambuzane ezihlasela isityalo esingujongilanga – ukuba usebenzisa imichiza ebhalisiweyo ngokomthamo ocetyiswayo, unako ukuphantse uqiniseke ngeziphumo ezilungileyo. Indlela enobumbano yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane ikholisa ukuba yeyona inamandla ancomeka kakhulu – iindlela ziyahlanganiswa ukuze kunyathelwe amanani ezinambuzane ngokwenza njalo kuthintelwe umonakalo owenziwa zizinambuzane. 



Izinambuzane ezizondla kwimbewu nakwizithole

Kukho izinambuzane ezizondla kwimbewu nakwizithole umzk. Imibungu ebhijelayo, oophunguphungu bempehla eyenza amachokoza emboneni kunye nemibungu esikayo (xa sibala embalwa nje kuphela). Ezi zinambuzane zicutha amanani ezityalo ezihlumayo kanti ukuba azitshatyalaliswa isityalo kungafuneka ukuba siphinde sityalwe. Ukutshatyalaliswa okufanelekileyo kwezi zinambuzane kukholisa ukungabi naxabiso liphezulu kwaye yonke inkathalo mayithatyathelwe ukuthintela umonakalo kwisityalo kweli bakala lakwangoko. 



Ukuhlakula ngexesha lasebusika kuya kuncedisa ekutshabalaliseni inkoliso yezi zinambuzane njengoko ebusika zihlala kwizityalo ezithile njengondwendwe kanti ezo zityalo zikholisa ukuba lukhula. Kwithuba elingangeentsuku ezingama-35 okanye ngaphezulu ngaphandle kwesityalo ezinokuhlala kuzo njengondwendwe kubhangisa iingxaki ezininzi ezinokuba khona. 



Imbewu eza kutyalwa inokunyangwa ngesitshabalalisi sezinambuzane, okanye isitshabalalisi sesinambuzane sinokufakwa emseleni ngexesha lokutyala. Imibungu esikayo inokutshatyalaliswa ngokusasaza izithiyiseli ngaphezu komhlaba emqolweni. Intsimi yombona inako kananjalo ukutshizwa ngesibulali sezinambuzane esifanelekileyo.



Izinambuzane ezizondla ngeendawo ezithile zesityalo esingujongilanga

Impehla eseyikhule ngokupheleleyo yamachokoza emboneni (astylus atromaculatus), Imibungu esikayo (Agrotis segetum), ‘doodhouertjie’ impehla (Protostrophus sulcatifrons) neentlobo zempehla ye-harpalus zibanga umonakalo omkhulu kwizithole kwaye zinokunciphisa amanani eentsimi ezinokuhluma okuphucukileyo zide zibe kumanqanaba emveliso angenaluqoqosho.

 

Umbungu waseAfrika onentloko engqukuva (Helicoverpa armigera) wenza umonakalo kwintloko kajongilanga kwaye unokunika indlela kusulelo kwiintlobo zosulelo ezifana ne- Rhizopus microsporus. Izinambuzane ezifunxayo ezifana ne-Nysius nataensis nazo zinokwenza umonakalo kwimbewu esaphuhlayo kajongilanga. 



Iliqela imichiza etshabalalisa izinambuzane ebhaliselwe ukutshabalalisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane ezihlasela isityalo. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba nengqiqo esulungekileyo yokuba sesiphi isinambuzane esibanga umonakalo, wandule ukusebenzisa umchiza ochanekileyo wokutshabalalisa izinambuzane ngesantya esifanelekileyo sokuwufaka kwaye ngexesha elilelona lichanekileyo. Oku kuyahluka ngokokuxhomekeka kwisinambuzane nakwibakala lophuhliso lwesityalo. 



Ukusebenzisa utshabalaliso lwezibulali zezityalo kunokunciphisa iilahleko zezivuno, kodwa oko kuza neendleko kanti umvelisi kufuneka aqaphele iindleko ezinokuthelekiswa zonyango olo. Amanqanaba apho utshabalaliso lwezibulali zezityalo luba yimfuneko khona abaliwe – kukho inqanaba apho kubaluleke khona ukuchitha imali kutshabalaliso lwezibulali zezityalo kungenjalo umonakalo kwisityalo uya kuba ngaphezulu kwiindleko zonyango. 



Ulawulo lothintelo

Asisosenzo esamkelekileyo ukutshiza umchiza otshabalalisa izinambuzane kwizityalo xa inqanaba lokuhlasela lingekafiki kumabakala axhalabisayo. Isizathu soku kukuba izidla-nyama zendalo ziyatshatyalaliswa ngale ndlela ukuze kwakheke ukumelana nomchiza otshabalalisa izinambuzane. Imichiza iyingozi kwimo eyingqongileyo yiloo nto kufuneka isetyenziswe xa iyimfuneko kuphela. 



Ukuhlakula phambi kokutyala isityalo yindlela enempumelelo yolawulo lothintelo lwezinambuzane. Naxa kunjalo, amanqanaba ezinambuzane kufuneka alandelwe kufutshane ngoqwalaselo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulawulo olufanelekileyo loqoqosho. 



Xa kuthethwa gabalala kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indlela yobumbano yokutshabalalisa izibulali zezityalo – sebenzisa indlela eyiyona ifanelekileyo ngexesha elithile kwisityalo esithile. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinambuzane kwizityalo ngumba obaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwezityalo njengoko kusilungele kakhulu isivuno ngokunjalo nempumelelo yoqoqosho malunga nemveliso. 



Izifo zikajongilanga

Izifo zezityalo zinciphisa isivuno kananjalo nomgangatho wezityalo kwaye zisenokubanga iingxaki zempilo kwizilwayana okanye ebantwini abatya isityalo eso. Izifo zezityalo zibangwa yintsholongwane yomngundo, ziibhaktiriya neevayirasi. Ezi ntsholongwane zingachaphazela zonke iindawo zesityalo – iingcambu, izikhondo, amagqabi, iintyatyambo neentloko zembewu. Izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo zifuna iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze ziphuhle. 



Isifo sivela kuphela xa iimeko kwimo engqonge isityalo zilungile, kukho isityalo esingumamkeli, kwaye nesifo sikhona. Le miba mithathu inokubizwa ngokuba ngunxantathu wosulelo lwesifo. Ukuba kukho okungekhoyo kule miba, isifo asisayi kubakho. Isifo esibakho ngexesha elithile lonyaka kwindawo ethile sisenokungabikho kuyo yona loo ndawo kwixesha elizayo lonyaka nje ngenxa yokuba iimeko zemo engqongileyo azikho. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zegalelo kwimveliso kajongilanga, kukholisa ukungabi naluqoqosho ukutshabalalisa isifo ngemichiza. Izifo ezithile zisoloko zikhona kodwa aziphuhli kuba sukuba kukho icala elingekhoyo likanxantathu. Izifo zilawulwa ngemiqathango yothintelo. Iliqela imiba enokuthathelwa ingqalelo malunga nolawulo lwezifo ngothintelo. 



Ukumelana kwesityalo nesifo

Kuphuhliswe imihlanganisela ethile yezityalo ekwaziyo ukumelana nesifo. Naxa kunjalo, ukumelana nesifo kwenzeka malunga nesifo esithile kuphela ayibi kukumelana nezifo jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuchonga isifo esixhaphakileyo wandule ukukhetha owona mhlanganisela ufanelekileyo. 



Ukutshabalalisa ngemichiza

Ukutshabalalisa ngemichiza kufuna ukufakwa kwamayeza abhalisiweyo entsholongwane yomngundo neebhaktiriya ukwenzela isifo esithile phantsi kweemeko ezingqalileyo. Iindleko zeyeza maziqwalaselwe kuqala phambi kokufaka iyeza – kucetyiswa ukuzidibanisa nommeli ongoyena ukufutshane wemichiza kwezolimo okanye iqela lentsebenziswano kwezolimo ukuze ufumane icebiso ngokusetyenziswa kwemichiza.



Izenzo zokwenza imveliso

Ukuhlakula umhlaba kubalulekile kulawulo lwezifo – ezinye izifo zigcinwa kwizikhondwana ezisentsimini kanti isixokelelwano sokuhlakula sifanele ukubandakanya ingqalelo yezifo ezithile ezixhaphakileyo.



Injongo yokujikelezisa izityalo kukuvumela ithuba elivakalayo lokucumka kwezinto ezivela kwizityalo. Kubalulekile ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi izifo ezamkelwa zeziphi izityalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ingxaki kuhlangatyezwana nayo ngojikeleziso oluthile lwezityalo. 



Umhla wokutyala nawo uya kuba nophembelelo ekuxhaphakeni kwesifo esithile – ukutyala mhlawumbi kwangoko okanye emva kwethuba kunako ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphuhla kweso sifo. 



Ulawulo lodandatheko

Imiba engqalileyo yodandatheko inako ukuchaphazela izifo zesityalo. Imiba ebanga udandatheko kwizityalo ibandakanya ukufuma (okuphezulu kakhulu okanye okusezantsi kakhulu), ubushushu, ingqele, isondlo esingalungelelananga, ubumuncu bomhlaba kunye nomonakalo wezinambuzane. 



Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezifo okukokona kulungileyo kufuna ukususwa komlenze kanxantathu wesifo omnye obona buncinci. Oku kufumaneka kakuhle ngokusebenzisa isixokelelwano sobumbano sokutshatyalaliiswa kwezifo. 



Izifo eziqhelekileyo

Izifo zamaqhuqhutya emagqabini – i-Septoria helianthi ne-Alternaria

Amaqhuqhutya abangwa yi-Septoria akholisa ukuphelela emagqabini. Iintlobo zosulelo lwe-Altenaria zinophawu lokwenzeka kwamaqhuqhutya asabumnyama kwizikhondo, kwimigca esemagqabini nasemva kwentloko kajongilanga



Irusi i-Puccinia helianthi

Intsholongwane ebanga esi sifo isasazwa ziintethe zamagqabi kwaye iyingxaki ebalulekileyo kwindawo ye-Lowveld nalapho ingqolowa iveliswa khona. Izityalo zifumana usulelo msinyane emva kokuhluma, zinqaphele kwaye azisayi kuvelisa mbewu. 



I-Sclerotinia – Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (ukubola kwesikhondo nentloko)

Mhlawumbi esi sifo sesona sibalulekileyo malunga norhwebo kwaye silawulwa ngojikeleziso lwezityalo. Uhlaselo olwenzeka kwizikhondo lubanga iindawo eziba buthathaka ezinkulu kwisikhondo ukuba ziphuhle ngaphezu komhlaba kanti oko kunokukhokelela ekugobeni nasekuxinaneni kwesityalo xa kukho imimoya emikhulu. Iintloko ke zithi zichukumise umhlaba ukuze oko kukhokelele kwiintlobo zosulelo oluhambele phambili lwemingundo phambi kokuqaliswa kokuvuna.



































