Kweekgras (Maize)									Xhosa

	

Ingca ehlaselayo (Kweekgras) – ingaba sikhona isisombululo sangoku?



Instructions:

Folio strap: Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula

Byline: NguGq. Jeanetta Saayman -du Toit, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, 

Umnxeba: (018) 299-6297

Photos: Figure 1: I-Kweek – iyandlaleka, iyatyhutyha kwaye isoloko ikhona

 		 Figure 2: Intyatyambo – ubume beentyatyambo kwisityalo



I-Cynodon dactylon (“ingca ekhawulezayo”, “ingca ehlaselayo”, i-kweekgras) mhlawumbi enemvelaphi yakwiAfrika yetropiki okanye eAsia. Le ngca ikhula ngokubanzi kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye ingunobangela weelahleko ezininzi kwizityalo zesondlo nakwezo ziziinkozo. 



I-Kweekgras yingca eyandlalekayo, ethubelezayo (etyhutyhayo) nesoloko ikhona ethi inwenwe ngezikhondwana nangeengcanjana. Le ngca inako ukusasazwa zizixhobo zokusebenza (ngokuhlakula umhlaba ngoomatshini) nangezilwanyana zasefama. I-kweek ayikhuli ibe nde kakhulu – ikholisa ukungabi nde ngaphezu kwama-40 cm. Intloko yembewu (Isazobe 2) inezikhwebana ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-7 ezinobume beminwe engange-3 ukuya kwi-6 cm ngobude. Imbewu intsundu kakhulu ngebala, igudile, iyakhazimla kwaye imbhoxo, ukusuka kwi 1,1 mm ngobude ne 0,7 mm ngobubanzi. Intshula lula kwaye ikhula okoko.



I-Kweek yingca ekhula ngamandla nekwaziyo ukutshabalalisa ikonkriti kunye netha. Inyaniso yokuba i-kweek ikhula ngamandla angaka yenza ukuba ibe noncedo kakhulu kwiindawo apho ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kufuneka luthintelwe khona. Imihlanganisela eyahluka-hlukileyo ye-kweek iphuhliselwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwimijelo yamanzi (NK 37), iiloni, amabala egalufu kunye namabala emidlalo. 



I-kweek inika ukhutshiwano olunzima kwizityalo – phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zengca esoloko ikhona, i-kweek yenye yeentlobo ezomelele kakhulu, ngoko ke yeyona inzima ukulawuleka. Njengesiphumo senyaniso yokuba le ngca inwenwa kuyo yonke imbewu, kwiingcambu nakwizikhondwana, ulawulo oluncomekayo lwale ngca lufuna ingqiqo egqibeleleyo ngomjikelo wobomi bayo, ukusetyenziswa kokutya esiqwini sayo kunye nokwanda kwayo ngokuziphinda-phinda. 



I-kweek ihlasela amasimi ngokusika iingcambu nembewu, kanti iyakwazi nokusasazwa zizilwanyana nazizixhobo zokusebenza efama. Njengoko kunjalo malunga nezinye iintlobo zengca, imbewu ye-kweek intshulela kufutshane kakhulu kumphezulu womhlaba, ikhawuleza kakhulu ukuba neengcambu ize ikhawuleze nokwenza umandlalo ongagqobhozekiyo. I-kweek ikhuphisana nezinye izityalo ngesithuba, ukukhanya, amanzi nangezondlo zomhlaba, kanti iyakwazi nokuzigcina kwizixhobo zokusebenza ize yenze iilahleko ezixhalabisayo kuqoqosho. 



Umbuzo osemilebeni yakhe wonke ubani ngulo: Ingaba sinako na ukulawula i-kweek? Ewe, sinako ukuyilawula i-kweek kodwa akukho sisombululo esinokwenzeka ngephanyazo. Ukuyitshabalalisa ngoomatshini akwanelanga. Kaninzi imisebenzi yoomatshini iqhawula izikhondwana ngokwenza njalo ikhuthaze ukukhula kwengca iyinike nesakhono sokunwenwa msinya kwaye ibe namandla ngakumbi.

 

Ekwindla, (ngoFebhuwari nangoMatshi) ukusetyenziswa kokutya esiqwini sengca kuyaguquka ukuze sithumele izondlo ezantsi ezingcanjini ukuba zisetyenziselwe ukuphila kwayo ngeenyanga ezibandayo zasebusika. Ekwindla lixesha elifaneleke ncam lokutshiza i-kweek. Isixa esifanelekileyo ziilitha ezi-6 “zeGlyphosate” (Roundup) ngehektare nganye zokutshabalalisa i-kweek ngeli xesha. “I -Glyphosate” ithunyelwa ezingcanjini sisityalo ukuze ibulale sonke isityalo. Kwiziganeko ezimbalwa apho kusenokubakho khona ukukhula okuphindayo, izityalo zinokunyangwa ngazinye. Kubalulekile kananjalo ukutshabalalisa ingca esemathangweni naleyo esezindleleni njengoko ezi ndawo zisenokuba ngumthombo wokuhlasela okubuyelelayo. 



Enye indlela efanelekileyo yokulutshabalalisa kukwaphula izikhondwana neengcanjana ngexesha lasebusika ngokusebenzisa ukulima ngoomatshini. Emva kokulima kwasebusika, ngethuba lasentlakohlaza elandelayo, zakuba ziphuhle kakuhle izikhondwana neengcanjana, kusenokufakwa iilitha ezi-6 “zeGlyphosate” ngehektare nganye – vumela ithuba lokulinda leeveki ezintathu phambi kokuqhuba ngokulungisa umhlaba ukwenzela ixesha elilandelayo lasehlotyeni. 



Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula lwamagqabi amakhulu kwizityalo zamagqabi amakhulu, nokutshatyalaliswa kokhula olunjengengca kwizityalo ezinjengengca kuseyingxaki kubalimi. Ngoko ke ukutshabalalisa i-kweek emboneni kusenzima. Ukuba oku kunokwenzeka, jikelezisa ukuveliswa kombona nesityalo samagqabi amakhulu (iimbotyi zesoya, amandongomane nokuba ngoojongilanga) ukuze utshabalalise ingca njengokhula ngethuba lokuveliswa kwezityalo zamagqabi amakhulu. Qhagamshelana nomthunywa wemichiza yezolimo ongoyena ukufutshane ukuze ufumane icebiso lendawo leyo. Emva kokuvuna isityalo samagqabi amakhulu ebusika, kusenokuhlakulwa ngenjongo yokonakalisa iingcambu nezikhondwana, ukuze oko kulandeliswe ngokufaka iilitha ezi-6 “zeGlyphosate” ngehektare nganye.



Phinda-phinda inkqubo njengoko ichazwe ngentla. Kulindeleka ukuba emva kweminyaka emibini yolu nyango, i-kweek ilawuleke.



Kukho imiba embalwa eya kuchaphazela impumelelo yale nkqubo yolawulo: 

Xa “iGlyphosate” ifakwa, i-kweek mayibe ikhula ngamandla ukuze kubekho indawo eyaneleyo yegqabi eliya kufumana umchiza.

Musa ukufaka “iGlyphosate” xa isityalo sidandathekile (yingqele, imbalela okanye kukurhaxwa) njengoko oku kuya kudodobalisa ukufunxeka komchiza. 

Landela imiyalelo ekwileyibhile ngokuqaphela okukhulu. 

Qaphela ukuba umchiza unganwenweli kwezinye izityalo.

Khumbula umba wokuba “iGlyphosate” iyaluvela udidi lwamanzi asetyenziselwa ukutshiza.

Ukongezelela i-ammonium sulphate “kwiGlyphosate” kuyacetyiswa phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Khumbula ukuba ukugcina imali kwithuba elifutshane kunokubanga iindleko eziphezulu ethubeni – sebenzisa umthamo ocetyiswayo womchiza xa ufuna ukufumana ulawulo oluncomekayo. 

