Imithetho yokulandelelana yenzelwe ukuba inciphise imiphumela emibi ebangwa kukufa kwimfezeko yosapho. Umthetho ke ngoko ufuna ukukhusela izinto eziphathekayo ezizidingo zabo bebesondele kulowo ungasekhoyo. Ngokujonga kwindlela izinto eziguquke ngayo phakathi koluntu nakuqoqosho loMzantsi Afrika, eyona njongo yeli Phepha leNgxoxo kukulungisa umthetho wesiko wokulandelelana ukuze ulungele iintsapho zale mihla.
UMTHETHO WESIKO NOMTHETHO OYILWAYO WAMALUNGELO
Ngeli xa uMgaqo-siseko ufuna kuhlonitshwe ilifa elisemthethweni lobu-Afrika, uyaxela kwakhona ukuba ilungelo lenkcubeko, njengoko kukho umthetho wesiko, lihamba nelungelo lokuphathwa ngokufanayo. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba ilungelo lokuphathwa ngokufanayo lisebenza kubudlelwane bangasese babantu, nayiphi na imiqathango yomthetho wesiko lokulandelelana ebonisa umkhethe ongafanelekanga ngokubhekiselele kwisini, ubuni, ubudala okanye ukuzalwa kufuneka itshintshwe.
1 Ukuba macala mabini okusemthethweni nomthetho-siseko wokuphathwa ngokulinganayo
Okwangoku uMzantsi Afrika wamkela ebuncinaneni imixokelelwano emibini eyahlukeneyo yokulandelelana: umthetho ongabhalwanga (kunye nemimiselo ewulungisayo) kwanemithetho yesiko esondeleyo. Imiqathango emininzi yesiko esetyenziswa ziinkundla ngoku, ayikhabani kuphela nomthetho-siseko wokuphathwa ngokulinganayo, kodwa ikwachasene nokwenziwayo entlalweni. Endaweni yokuzama ukubumba ngokutsha umthetho wesiko, kungasetyenziswa omnye umthetho endaweni yomthetho ongabhalwanga. Njengokuba esi sisombululo siya kunika umthetho omnye wokulandelelana kwilizwe lonke, kufuneka singasetyenziswa singaqwalwaselwanga nzulu kuba amanye amaqela ezenkcubeko asenokungavumi ukunikezela amafa awo asemthethweni. Ukugcina umgaqo wamacala amabini kwamkela icala elisemthethweni nenkcubeko engafaniyo yoMzantsi Afrika, inyaniso ke uMgaqo-siseko ofuna siyihloniphe.
2 Ukukhethwa kwemiqathango yomthetho
Xa kusagcinwe imithetho yokulandelelana eyahlukeneyo, kuya kufuneka imiqathango exelayo ukuba usebenza nini na umthetho wesiko okanye umthetho ongabhalwanga kwezo meko. Ikhomishoni yoMthetho kwiphulo layo lokuDibanisa uMthetho ongabhalwanga noMthetho weMveli: Iimpixano zoMthetho yacebisa ukuba kubunjwe ngokutsha imiqathango yomthetho ekhoyo. Ikhomishoni yayinoluvo lokuba le miqathango inzima kwaye isekwe kwiinqobo ezingasangeni ndawo. Enye yezi nqobo- uhlobo lomtshato lalowo ungasekhoyo - ingasetyenziswa njengesikhokelo kumthetho osebenzayo, kuba ilula kwaye kukwalula ukuyisebenzisa kodwa uhlobo lomtshato ayiyondlela ethembekileyo epheleleyo yenkcubeko yomntu; kwaye apho umntu ebengatshatanga ayincedi nto. Ukukwazi ukujika-jika kuyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba nokuba kusetyenziswe wuphi na umthetho,uya kubonisa inkcubeko yalowo ungasekhoyo.
Ukukhethwa koMthetho phantsi kweNgqokelela yemithetho yaKwaZulu Natala, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomtshato okanye kwinto yokuba ongasekhoyo akazange ashiye indlalifa eyindoda. Nale imiqathango kufuneka ilungiswe.
UKULANDELELANA KUNGAYOLELWANGA
Umthetho wesiko wokulandelelana , kuhlelo lwawo olusemthethweni, ubonisa umkhethe ngokubhekiselele kubafazi nabafana. Kuyavunywa ukuba indlalifa inomsebenzi wokugcina abo bebexhomekeke kulowo ungasekhoyo, kwaye, ngokwamandla alo msebenzi, kuthiwa umthetho wesiko uyahambelana noMthetho oYilwayo waMalungelo. Phofu, umthetho awusenamandla okuzuza eyona njongo iphambili yasentlalweni, ekukuxhasa umlingane womtshato ophilayo walowo ungasekhoyo nabantwana ngezinto eziphathekayo. Ixesha lifikile ngoku lokuba kulungiswe imiqathango yesiko enomkhethe ngokwesini, ubudala nokuzalwa kwaye kunikwe usapho lwalowo ungasekhoyo amalungelo okhuseleko.
Ukulungiswa koMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga
Le njongo ingazuzwa ngokuba kusetyenziswe uMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga(wama-81 wowe-1987) kuwo onke amafa nokuba lowo ungasekhoyo ebephantsi komthetho wesiko. Ukuba icandelo 1 (b) loMthetho liyarhoxiswa, amacandelo alandelayo aya kusebenza ukumisela indlela yokulandelelana kwiimeko apho kungekho myolelo tu okanye ungaphelelanga: icandelo 1 likhusela ilifa labalingane bomtshato abaphilayo nabantwana, xa bengekho, abazali nabantakwabo nezizalwane ezingasondelanga; icandelo 1 lithi ukungabingosemthethweni akuchaphazeli ozalana ngegazi ukuba azuze ilifa lalowo azalana naye ngegazi; icandelo1 (e)(i) lithi umntwana owamkelwe njengowosapho usisizukulwana sabo bazali bamamkeleyo.
Ukukhutshwa ngaphandle koMthetho: iinkokeli zemveli
Phantsi komthetho wesiko, izikhundla zobunkokeli bemveli zililifa ngokwemiqathango yobuzibulo kwicala lobudoda. Le miqathango isoloko ihlaselwa ngokungqubana nomthetho-siseko wentando yesininzi ofuna ukuba izikhundla zaseburhulumenteni zivuleleke kuye wonke ubani ngokhetho olukhululekileyo, olungenamkhethe ngokubhekiselele kwisini. Phofu ke akukho semgceni ukujongana nalo mbandela kuwiso-mthetho olujonge ukulungisa imeko yoqoqosho yabahlolokazi nabantwana.Ukuba ukusetyenziswa koMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga kufuneka kwandisiwe, kufuneka kwenziwe amalungiselelo awodwa okuzikhuphela ngaphandle izikhundla zobunkokeli bemveli kwimigqaliselo yoMthetho.
Okuthethwa nguMthetho
Ukurhoxiswa komthetho wesiko
Xa uMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga usetyenziswa, umsebenzi osesikweni wendlalifa wokuqhuba isondla usapho longasekhoyo kufuneka urhoxiswe. Amagatya ngamagatya eNgqokelela yemithetho yaKwaZulu Natala kufuneka alungiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uMthetho usetyenziswa ngokufanayo kuMzantsi Afrika wonke.
Amatyala elifa
Phantsi komthetho wesiko, iindlalifa zinoxanduva lamatyala onke alowo ungasekhoyo nokuba ilifa linee-asethi ezincinane kunamatyala. Xa sekuhlangatyezwene nezidingo zezinto eziphathekayo zosapho oluphilayo ngelungelo lobundlalifa, ubulungisa buya kucebisa ukuba uxanduva lwendlalifa ngokomthetho wesiko, ingakumbi olubhekisa kumatyala alowo ungasekhoyo maluphele. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi koMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga akusayi kukuchaphazela oku, kufuneka kwenziwe ulungiselelo olulodwa lokuba iindlalifa eziphantsi kwalo Mthetho mazingathwali uxanduva lwamatyala omntu ongasekhoyo ngokomthetho wesiko.
Ukulandelelana kubafazi
Ngenxa yokuba ngokwemveli abafazi bebengafane babenazinto okanye babenazikhundla, ngoko ke ukulandelelana kubafazi kumthetho wesiko kwakungabalulekanga kangako.Ngenxa yoko ke imiqathango yokwabiwa kwamafa amabhinqa yayiyekeyeke kwaye yahlukile kwimiqathango esebenza kumafa amadoda. Xa uMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga usetyenziswa ngokubanzi, nayiphi imiqathango yomthetho wesiko ejongene ngqo nesini echasene noku iya kube iyarhoxiswa, kuba uMthetho usebenza ngaphandle kokubhekisa kwisini songasekhoyo.
Izilungiso kuMthetho
Ingcaciso-gama enabileyo 'engomlingane womtshato ophilayo'
Njengoko uMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga umile, abalingane bomtshato abaphilayo bangazuza ilifa kuphela ukuba bangabonisa ukuba babetshate ngenene. Ukusebenza ngokungqongqo kwale mfuno ingazala ukukhutshwa ngaphandle kwabazuzi belifa abaninzi ingakumbi abo batshate phantsi komthetho wesiko, othanda ukushiya umba wezinga lomtshato untsokothile. UKwamkelwa koMthetho weMitshato yeSiko (we-120 wowe-1998) kuya kunika uncedo kubalingane abanobunzima bokunika ubungqina ngemitshato yabo, inxalenye yawo ithatha imitshato engabhaliswanga njengesemthethweni, ukuze inxalenye yawo iyamkele ngokupheleleyo yonke imitshato ekhoyo. Phofu ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba abalingane abafanele ukuzuza kwilifa basenokungathathwa 'njengabalingane bomtshato'. Umba 'womlingane womtshato ophilayo' kufuneka ucaciswe ukwenzela ukuba kuqukwe nabalingane beemanyano ezingacwangciswanga. Kufuneka ukhe usetyenzwe ngakumbi lo mba, ingakumbi kuba iKhomishoni yoMthetho seyinePhulo elingeNdibaniselwano yaseKhaya ejonge ukunika ingaciso ngeemanyano ezingacwangciswanga nemiphumela yazo esemthethweni.
Imitshato yesithembu
Ngenxa yokuba uKwamkelwa koMthetho weMitshato yeSiko kuyamkela imitshato yesithembu, kufuneka kwenziwe ulungiselelo kuMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga wokuba ilifa lizuzwe ngabafazi ababini okanye abangaphezulu balowo ungasekhoyo. Umfazi ngamnye kufuneka avunyelwe abenesabelo esilinganayo kwilifa.
Ilungelo lomlingane womtshato kwikhaya lomtshato nezinto ezikwelo khaya
Umlingane womtshato ophilayo kufuneka anikwe ilungelo lekhaya lomtshato nezinto ezikwelo khaya phantsi koMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga. Zibini izizathu zokuba kucetyiswe ngolu hlobo. Okokuqala uMthetho wawenzelwe umtshato apho kudityaniselwanayo ngezinto, apho umlingane womtshato ophilayo aya kuthatha ngokulula isiqingatha selifa lomtshato. Kwimitshato yesiko, phofu, amadoda athatha ngokuba zonke ii-asethi zezawo, kangangokuba abafazi balahlekelwa yiyo yonke into ebebeze nayo emtshatweni. (Imitshato yeSiko iya kuba yeyokudibaniselana kuphela xa uKwamkelwa koMthetho weMitshato yeSiko kusebenza.) Okwesibini, uMthetho wokuLandelelana kuNgayolelwanga ungafuna ukwahlulwa kwelifa ngokwamaqhezu, indlela yokwaba ecinga ngelifa noko elikhulu, kukho inqanaba elithile lobutyebi. Amafa amancinci kufuneka agcinwe kakuhle ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kakuhle kobutyebi. Oku kuzuzwa kuMthetho ngomqathango othi abalingane banikwa ebuncinaneni isixa esili-R125,000. Kumlingane womtshato ophilayo, ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwilifa, likhaya lomtshato nezinto ezikwelo khaya. Ukunqanda ukwahlulwa kwezi asethi, umlingane womtshato kufuneka abanelungelo eliqinisekisiweyo lelifa lendlu nezinto eziphakathi nokuba ezo mpahla ziyadlula kwiiR125,000 ngexabiso.
Imibandela eshiyekileyo
Iindlalifa ezisencinci ngeminyaka
Ukuba iindlalifa zisencinane ukuba zithathele kuzo uxanduva lwelifa, kufuneka konyulwe umlawuli oza kujongana nelifa. Kumthetho wesiko, ukulawulwa kwelifa nokugcinwa kwendlalifa kwakunikezelwe ezandleni zomntu oyindoda omdala kusapho. Ngeli xa iinkundla zaziyixhasa imiqathango yesiko, zaye zangenelela ukuze zilawule ukususwa esikhundleni sabagcini ukwenzela ukulungisa ulawulo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamagunya kwaye zibachaze abantu abanokuza nala manyathelo. Uwiso-mthetho kufuneka ngoku lususe imiba yomkhethe ngokwesini xa kukhethwa abagcini kwaye lunike imiqathango ecacileyo ngemisebenzi yomgcini. Le mibandela ingaqhutywa kakuhle kwiPhulo leKhomishoni yoMthetho engoLawulo lwaMafa Abangasekhoyo.
Iimanyano zokutshatiswa nomnye umntu
Xa iintsapho zisenza iimanyano zokutshatiswa nomnye umntu kusoloko kukho into yokuba umfazi lowo uya kunyanzeleka amkele into angayifuniyo. Naxa uKwamkelwa koMthetho weMitshato yeSiko kuxela ukuba ukuvumelana kwabalingane bomtshato nguyena ndoqo kuyo yonke imitshato yesiko, iimanyano zokutshatiswa nomnye umntu zingangaphandle komhlaba woMthetho, kuba ayiyomitshato mitsha. Uwiso-mthetho olulodwa lokukhusela abalingane kwiimanyano ezinjalo alufuneki nganto kwaye nomthetho sele uyisekile into yokuba akukho manyano yesinyanzelo eyakwamkelwa.
IMIYOLELO
Ukusetyenziswa komthetho-siseko wenkululeko yomyolelo ongarhoxiswanga kumthetho wesiko
Phantsi komthetho ongabhalwanga, wonke umntu unenkululeko yomyolelo ongarhoxiswanga. Abantu ababotshelelwe ngumthetho wesiko bafumana iindlela zokungazinanzi izinto ezingumdla kwiindlalifa ezingekho kumyolelo. Naxa le meko ingabonakala ingenabulungisa, igunya lokwenza imiyolelo belisoloko likho eMzantsi Afrika, ukulirhoxisa ke ngoku kubantu abaphantsi komthetho wesiko kungabonisa umkhethe.
Ukhuselo lwabo baxhomekeke kumyoleli
Phantsi komthetho ongabhalwanga, abayoleli abamelanga kuwakhupha amafa abo kuxanduva lokugcina abalingane bomtshato nabantwana. Abantwana banelungelo lomthetho ongabhalwanga lokuba baxhaswe kwaye nabalingane bomtshato abaphilayo banelungelo elikwanjalo phantsi koMthetho wokuGcinwa kwaBalingane boMtshato abaPhilayo (wama-27 wowe-1990). Lo Mthetho uya kusebenza kubalingane bomtshato bemitshato yesiko xa uKwamkelwa koMthetho weMitshato yeSiko usebenza. Umbuzo ovelayo ngowokuba ingaba ukhuselo olungummiselo lomlingane womtshato nolwabantwana balowo ungasekhoyo kufuneka lwandiswe ukuze lufake nabathile abaxhomekekileyo njengabazali nabantakwabo abanokulindela inkxaso phantsi komthetho wesiko.
Impahla nezinto ezingenakwabiwa ngomyolelo
Iziqendwana 23 no zoMthetho woLawulo lwaBamnyama (wama-38 wowe-1927) uthintela ama-Afrika ukwaba ngomyolelo impahla zendlu okanye umhlaba ophantsi kwengqesho. Uluhlu lokuqala kufuneka lunikezelwe ngokomthetho wesiko lokulandelelana kungayolelwanga ukuze olulandelayo lunikezelwe ngokwemiqathango engummiselo (esekwe kumthetho wesiko). Ezi ziqendwana kufuneka zirhoxiswe ngezizathu ezithile, kuba azifikeleli kweyona njongo ephambili yokucutha inkululeko kumyolelo: ukukhusela abalingane bomtshato abaphilayo nabantwana.
Impahla nezinto ezinokwabiwa ngomyolelo
Naxa ngokomthetho wesiko, kungekho mntu omnye onelungelo lobunini kwimpahla yosapho nomhlaba ngokunjalo, icandelo 23 loMthetho woLawulo lwaBamnyama uyayivumela imiyolelo eyaba ngezi ndlela zombini . Eli candelo lenza ubunzima ngokwasemthethweni ngoko ke kufuneka lirhoxiswe. Njengokuba kumthetho ongabhalwanga umntu esenokunikezelwa izinto zomnye umntu, nayiphi na inzame yokulawula ukwabiwa kwempahla yosapho ngomyolelo kubonakala kungafuneki nganto. Kungacingelwa ukuba, ukuba abayoleli benza imiyolelo enjalo, bajonge ekwabeni ngohlobo oluthandwe ngabo. Umhlaba ophantsi komthetho wesiko ngomnye umbandela, njengokuba indlela yesiko inika iintsapho, oogunyaziwe bemveli noluntu ngokubanzi umdla kumhlaba lowo. Kwezi meko, abayoleli abamelanga ngokomthetho-siseko bakhululeke ukwaba ngokwamalungelo abo.
Amagatya angokugcina umntwana
Kwicala lomthetho wesiko, ukuba utata okanye umama utshintsha ugcino lomntwana omncinci ngomyolelo, igatya lifanele lingasebenzi, kuba eneneni umyoleli akanalungelo lokutshintsha.Uwiso-mthetho alufuneki nganto ukulungisa le ngxaki kuba uMthetho wokuGcinwa komntwana (we-192 wowe-1993) uthi bobabini abalingane bomtshato banamalungelo namagunya alinganayo kubantwana abancinci kwaye nakuphi na ukuthandatyuzwa kwelungelo likamama kuphendulwa ngokunqandwa komkhethe ngokwesini kwicandelo le-9 loMgaqo-siseko.
B UKUCELWA KWAMAGQABANTSHINTSHI
Ekuqiniseni uMthetho osaqulunqwayo iKhomishoni icela ukuba kwenziwe amagqabantshintshi kule mibuzo ilandelayo, emininzi yayo iye yavela xa bekuboniswana nezindlu zeeNkokeli zeMveli xa bebephendula kwiPhepha loMbandela lokuqala ngexesha lepalamente.
Ukhuselo lwabo baxhomekeke kumyoleli
Phantsi komthetho ongabhalwanga, abayoleli abamelanga kuwakhupha amafa abo kuxanduva lokugcina abalingane bomtshato nabantwana. Abantwana banelungelo lomthetho ongabhalwanga lokuba baxhaswe kwaye nabalingane bomtshato abaphilayo banelungelo elikwanjalo phantsi koMthetho wokuGcinwa kwaBalingane boMtshato abaPhilayo (wama-27 wowe-1990). Lo Mthetho uya kusebenza kubalingane bomtshato bemitshato yesiko xa uKwamkelwa koMthetho weMitshato yeSiko kusebenza. Umbuzo ovelayo ngowokuba ingaba ukhuselo olungummiselo lomlingane womtshato nolwabantwana balowo ungasekhoyo kufuneka lwandiswe ukuze lufake nabathile abaxhomekekileyo njengabazali nabantakwabo abanokulindela inkxaso phantsi komthetho wesiko.
Imiyolelo yomlomo
Intloko yosapho ngamanye amaxesha, ngexesha lokuphila kwayo iyayixela iminqweno yayo ngokubhekiselele ekwabiweni kwezinto ezithile kwimpahla emveni kokubhubha kwayo. Le nkqubo 'yokuphawula ngendlebe' iyamkelwa kwimixokelelwano emininzi yomthetho wesiko. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ngenxa yezizathu zokuqinisekisa, ezo ntetho zomlomo kufuneka zibhalwe zisayinwe kuze zigcinwe ngugunyaziwe wemveli abeneekopi zosapho. Ingaba kufuneka umqathango onjalo ufakelwe kummiselo?
Umthetho wesiko ubungenamxokelelwano wokulandelelana komyolelo, kodwa ubuzivumela iindlalifa ukuba zohluthwe ilifa ukuze impahla ezo zinikwe amalungu athile osapho. Ibhunga losapho bekufuneka lizamkele ezi ntetho zomlomo eziya kusebenza xa kusweleke intloko yekhaya. Indlela ekusetyenzwa ngayo yeyokuba imiyolelo ifunyanwa ngabo banokuzihlawula iinkonzo zasemthethweni kanti zona iinkqubo ezilula zesiko zijonge izidingo zabantu abaninzi. Ingaba ezi nkqubo ezifana nezemiyolelo enelungelo ezazikho kumthetho wamaRoma namaDatshi zifakelwe kuMthetho weMiyolelo (wesi-7 wowe-1953)? Okanye ingaba kufuneka iinkqubo zesiko zilawulwe luwiso-mthetho, umzekelo, kuvunyelwe iindlalifa ezohluthwe ilifa ukuba ziphulaphulwe libhunga losapho kwanezicengo zazo malunga nezigqibo zebhunga?
Ilungelo lokukwenza isigqibo ngeenkonzo zokungcwaba
Umthetho wesiko nomthetho ongabhalwanga, yomibini le mithetho iyayivumela indlalifa ukwenza isigqibo ngendlela nendawo yokungcwaba ongasekhoyo. Ukuchonga indlalifa, ngokomthetho-siseko kufuneka kwaziwe ukuba umthetho wesiko okanye ongabhalwanga ubusebenza na kuye. Olu phando luya kufuna kujongwe inkcubeko ebeyilandela lowo ungasekhoyo. Iinkundla ziyawuphepha lo mbandela ngokuba zibhekise kuhlobo lomtshato walowo ungasekhoyo: ukuba utshate ngesintu okanye ngobuKrestu, umhlolokazi unelungelo lokuthatha isigqibo ngomngcwabo, ukuba utshate ngokomthetho wesiko iya kuba yinkulu yongasekhoyo eyenza isigqibo. Ingcamango echasene nale yeyokuba xa kwakulotyolwe, isigqibo sesendlalifa okanye ilungu elidala kusapho nokuba umtshato ngowaluphi na uhlobo. Naxa umthetho usenokungangeni ndawo apho, kodwa uluvo nje ngalo mbandela luyakwamkelwa.
Iinkundla zemveli nokulandelelana
Zinaluphi na ulawulo lwasemthethweni iinkundla zemveli kwimibandela yokulandelelana elawulwa ngumthetho wesiko kwaye bobuphi ubudlelwane ezinabo ezi nkundla ne-ofisi yoMhlekazi?
Ukubhala encwadini imithetho-siseko yomthetho wesiko
Ingaba kukho imithetho-siseko ebalulekileyo yomthetho wesiko emelwe ukufakwa kummiselo?
