February										Xhosa

UFebruwari – ixesha lokukhanyisa okwenzeke kwixesha lehlobo



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Amanani ezityalo

Byline: NguJane McPherson, umphathi wenkqubo Yophuhliso yakwaGrain SA

Photos: 

Photo 1: Imbewu yombona enkulu kakhulu kunemingxuma yepleyiti yesixhobo sokutyala – zange ityalwe. 

Photo 2: Imvula inokwenza umhlaba ugangatheke kuze oko kubange ukuphuhla kwesikhoko esilukhuni esithintela ukuhluma kwezithole.

Photo 3: Isityalo esingumbona esasityalelwe nzulu kakhulu kwaza kwanzima ukuba sihlume.

Photo 4: Enye yeengxaki ezixhaphake kakhulu emva kokuntshula kukonakaliswa zizinambuzane.



Ingxokozelo eyenziwa ngumsebenzi wexesha ngalinye lonyaka lasehlobo lokutyala izityalo ifanele ukuba yethile ngoku ukuze umfama abe kwisimo sokuqwalasela izityalo ezimi entsimini. Kukho ithemba lokuba amanani ezityalo anele, kwaye umbala wesityalo ngulo onqwenelekayo oluhlaza obunzulu, nokuba akukho lukhula olukhuphisana nesityaloo – ngokufutshane, yonke into ibonakala ilungele isivuno esiphuphumayo. 



Naxa kunjalo, phantse kaninzi izinto zonke azenzekanga ngokwendlela ebekucwangciswe ngayo kwaye isityalo esisentsimini asilunganga ngokwendlela ebekuthenjwa ngayo. Eli ke lelona xesha lifanelekileyo lokuphanda izinto ezinokuthi mhlawumbi zibe aziqhubanga kakuhle. 



Amanani ezityalo – ingaba yinto enomsebenzi leyo? 

Xa etyala isityalo, umfama kufuneka abe nesicwangciso sokufumana amanani athile acetyiswayo ezityalo. Isityalo ngasinye sinesakhono esithile sokuvelisa iinkozo – imibandela eba sisithintelo kwisivuno linqanaba lobukho bamanzi emhlabeni, izondlo, ukukhanya nobushushu. Amanani ezityalo anokunikwa inkxaso ngendawo nganye yomlinganiselo wentsimi axhomekeke, ubukhulu becala kwisixa samanzi omhlaba afumanekayo. Amanani ezityalo ngendawo nganye yomlinganiselo abaluleke ngaphezu kobubanzi obuthile bomqolo njengoko izityalo zikwazi ukuyekelela ukufikelela kwiqondo elithile. Iziganeko zobubanzi bemiqolo phantsi kweemeko zomhlaba owomileyo zinokwahluka ukusuka kwi-0,9 m ukuya kwi-2,1 m okanye I-2,3 m kodwa oko kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ezifumanekayo njengoomatshini kunye nohlobo lwesixokelelwano sokuhlakula esisetyenziswayo. Imiqolo ethande ukuba banzi iyaboniswa apho isivuno ebekujoliswe kuso sisezantsi, xa amanani esityalo anqwenelekayo esezantsi, xa imvula enayo isezantsi, nalapho kukho iingxaki zokhukuliseko lomhlaba kananjalo nalapho kukho khona ukhula oluya kutshatyalaliswa ngoomatshini phakathi kwemiqolo.



Imiqolo ethande ukuba mxinwa iboniswa apho isivuno ebekujoliswe kuso sithande ukuba phezulu, apho kukho khona imvula eninzi, apho kukho ithambeka entsimini nalapho ukhula lutshatyalaliswa khona ngemichiza (xa kungenakwenzeka ukutshabalalisa ukhula ngoomatshini xa imiqolo inezithuba ezimxinwa kakhulu njengoko kungasayi kubakho ndawo yokuhamba kwetrektara kwizithuba eziphakathi kwemiqolo). 



Isivuno ekujoliswe kuso sinendima ebalulekileyo ekuqwalaseleni amananai ezityalo afunekayo. Amanani ezityalo asezantsi kakhulu anyina isivuno esinesakhono, kanti amanani aphezulu kakhulu akhokelela kudandatheko olwandileyo kwisityalo esisuka naso sinciphise isivuno. Izityalo ezityalwa ngokusondelelana zikholisa ukuba semngciphekweni wokwanda kwezifo (njengokubola kwezikhondo) nokuminxana kuba yinto exhaphakileyo. 



Indawo nganye nesityalo esingumhlanganiselwa ngasinye sinamanani ezityalo acetyiswayo. Ukuba amanani anqwenelekayo awafumaneki ngoko ke isakhono sesivuno siya kuchaphazeleka ngendlela enganiki themba (ngokufutshane, akusayi kubakho zityalo zaneleyo ukuvelisa isixa esinqwenelekayo seenkozo). 



Banokuba yintoni oonobangela bamanani ezityalo asezantsi? 

Iliqela imibandela enokuba ngunobangela wamanani ezityalo asezantsi kwaye oonobangela abo banxulumene namabakala ahlukahlukeneyo kuphuhliso lwesityalo. 





Ukuntshula okungaphucukanga

Ukuntshula okungaphucukanga ngomnye woonobangela abakhulu besimo sasekugqibeleni esingaphucukanga. Kukho izizathu eziliqela zokuntshula okungaphucukanga:

Amaqondo emilinganiselo yesixhobo sokutyala ebenokungachaneki nto leyo eyenza ukuba imbewu etyalwa entsimini ibe mbalwa kakhulu. 

Ubukhulu bembewu busenokungachaneki ngokunxulumene neepleyiti zesixhobo sokutyala ezisetyenzisiweyo (photo 1).

Imbewu isenokuba ibincinci kakhulu ngokunxulumene nesixhobo sokutyala nto leyo eyenza ukuba iinkozo ezimbini zizame ukungena emngxunyeni ngexesha elinye – zixinanise ze kungabikho nto ityalwayo. 

Intsebenzo-matshini ‘yesikhenkcezi’ kwisixhobo sokutyala isenokuba ayisebenzi kakuhle kwaye yaphula imbewu xa idlula. 

Kwizixhobo zokutyala zasemoyeni, ukufunxa kwaso kusenokuba akomelelanga ngokwaneleyo ukubamba imbewu kwindawo efanelekileyo de ityalwe.

Ulondolozo lwesixhobo sokutyala olungaphucukanga lukholisa ukubanga iingxaki eziliqela zikamatshini ezibanga ukuncipha okukhulu okanye ukwaphuka kwembewu etyalwayo. 

Umgangatho wembewu usenokungaphucuki – imbewu endala, okanye imbewu enesifo enepesenti engaphucukanga yokuntshula. 

Phantsi kweemeko ezimanzi kakhulu, izithole ezintshulayo zisenokuba zilanjisiwe ngomongomoya (oxygen) esemhlabeni.

Phantsi kweemeko ezome kakhulu, imbewu isenokuba ayifumenanga lufikelelo lwaneleyo ekufumeni komhlaba okwenza ukuqalisa kokuntshula. 

Sakuba sityaliwe isityalo, imvula ena ngamandla isenokwenza ukugangatheka komhlaba ukuze kuvele iqweqwe elilukhuni elithintela ukuhluma kwezithole (kuboniswe kwi-photo 2). 

Kusenokuba kubekho intsalela yemichiza emhlabeni ebulala isityalo esintshulayo. 

Kwixesha lonyaka lokutyala kwangoko, imbewu isenokuba ityalwe xa ubushushu bomhlaba bebusezantsi kakhulu ukuvumela ukuntshula. 

Imbewu isenokuba ibityalwe nzulu kakhulu nto leyo eyenze ukuba singabi nako ukuhluma isityalo (photo 3). 

Izinambuzane, iintaka okanye izidalwana ezincancisayo ezincinci zisenokuba zitye imbewu phambi kokuba intshule.



Ilahleko yezityalo eziselula (izithole) 

Enye yeengxaki ezixhaphake kakhulu emva kokuntshula kukonakaliswa zizinambuzane - ngakumbi imibungu esikayo etya isityalo isuse indawo ephezulu (photo 4). 

Iintaka zisenokutya zisuse izithole eziselula (nangona oku kungakholisi ukuba kube yingxaki enkulu).

Kwiimeko ezomileyo, nezinesanti, ukuhamba nomoya (ukhukuliseko lomoya) kusenokuphumelela ukungcwaba izithole xa zisazama ukuhluma.

Isichotho sisenokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kwizithole. 

Ubushushu obugqithisileyo (njengakumsinga wobushushu) bunokubanga ukoma okugqibeleleyo bezithole. 

Iqabaka kwixesha lonyaka langoko inokuzibulala izithole. 

Kwiziganeko ezithile, njengakoojongilanga, yinto eqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa ierhe (roleg) ukwaphula iqweqwe elingaphezulu elinokuba liphuhle njengesiphumo semvula kwintsimi elinyiweyo. Ierhe inokubanga umonakalo kwizithole. 



Ilahleko yezityalo kwibakala lamva

Ukutyisa impahla efuyiweyo yingxaki enkulu kwiindawo ezininzi. 

Ukutshabalalisa ukhula ngoomatshini kukholisa ukubanga umonakalo kwizityalo – ukuba izikere zesixhobo sokuhlakula azimiselwanga ngokuchanekileyo, naxa umqhubi enganonopheli uqwalaselo olwaneleyo kumsebenzi osesandleni sakhe (xa umsebenzi wokutyala ubungenziwanga kakuhle kwaye nemiqolo ibe ibingalungelelananga kwaye ingathanga tye, ukuhlakula kuba yingxaki kude kubange umonakalo kwisityalo).

Izifo zisenokubanga iilahleko kwizityalo. 

Ukhutshiswano olukhulu lokhula lunokwenza isiphumo seelahleko zesityalo. 



Yintoni isisombululo samanani ezityalo angaphucukanga? 

Ukuba ixesha liyavuma, isityalo sinokuphinda sityalwe (nangona oku ngokuqinisekileyo kuza neendleko ezinobuzaza). 

Xa kukho umqolo omnye ongekhoyo (njengesiphumo sokungasebenzi kakuhle kwesixhobo sokutyala) lo mqolo unako ukutyalwa msinyane kangangoko kufunyaniswa ingxaki.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba oonobangela bamanani asezantsi ezityalo bachongwe ukuze banyangwe kananjalo bangaphinda-phindwa kwixesha elizayo lonyaka. 

