

Sunflower									Xhosa



Oojongilanga – okunye okuqaqambileyo okunokukhethwa endaweni yezinye izityalo zasehlotyeni



Instructions:

Folio strap: Imbewu yeoyile

Byline: Ulwazi lufumaneka kwincwadi yoqeqesho yakwaGrain SA : Umsebenzi wokuvelisa umbona osowukwibanga eseliphambili nentengiso

Insert: Uxhaswa ngabakwa-Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust



Oojongilanga zezinye zezityalo zembewu yeoyile ezizezona zibalulekileyo eMzantsi Afrika kanti ithuba labo elide linezityalo eziqhelekileyo zeetoni zeemetriki ezingama-650, 000. 



Imbewu kaJongilanga yembewu yeoyile ephakamileyo ukufikelela kwioyile engama-44% yeyona yenza isixa esikhulu somsebenzi wemveliso. Imbewu kajongilanga yembewu yesiqulatho seoyile esisezantsi esiphakathi kwama-25% nama-38% isetyenziswa kwishishini lokwenza iiswiti neekeyiki ngokunjalo nesondlo seentaka. Oojongilanga banokuveliswa kwiinxalenye ezininzi zeli lizwe apho imvula igqithise ngama- 475 mm ide ifikelele kuma-675 mm ngonyaka ngamnye. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kubekho umsebenzi wokuvelisa ujongilanga wesantya esilondolozekayo nakweyiphi indawo, umsebenzi wokuvelisa isityalo esi kufuneka ube nenzuzo. Ixabiso loojongilanga liphezulu kakhulu kweli thuba, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba lihlale liphezulu kwithuba leli xesha lonyaka obona buncinci. 



Ukukhetha imbewu – udidi lwembewu

Kufuneka kukhethwe imbewu yodidi oluphezulu, nesoloko ifana yepesenti yokuntshula ephezulu, intlambululo yeentlobo ngeentlobo eyaziwayo yomxutywa, nekhululekileyo kwimbewu yeentlobo ngeentlobo zokhula nezifo ukuze kunciphe imingcipheko kwimveliso. Imbewu ephuma kwimihlanganisela yohlobo oluphakamileyo ephuhliselwa ukuvelisa izixa zezivuno eziphezulu zeenkozo ayinakusetyenziselwa ukutyala kumaxesha onyaka alandelayo. Ezi ntlobo zembewu ziya kubuyela kuhlobo lwasendle lukajongilanga oluneentloko ezininzi kwaye azikulungeli ukuvunwa ngoomatshini kanti luba nemveliso yembewu esezantsi.



Imihla yokutyala

Ubukho bembalela yesizikithi sehlobo ukususela malunga nesizikithi sikaDisemba ukuya kwisizikithi sikaJanyuwari, esinokulindelwa kwinxalenye enkulu yommandla wemveliso kajongilanga, budlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqikelelweni komhla wokutyala. Njengoko ukudubula kweentyatyambo kuqubisana nenconcoyi yeemfuneko zamanzi zesityalo esingujongilanga, kwaye ikwalibakala apho isityalo siyivela kakhulu imbalela, ixesha lokutyala malikhethwe ngendlela eqinisekisa ukuba ukudubula kweentyatyambo akwenzeki xa ithuba lokufika kobushushu obomileyo liphezulu. Amathuba okungena kwiingxaki athi chatha ukuba makhulu xa imbewu kajongilanga ityalwa kuselithuba kwimihlaba apho umhlaba ongaphantsi wome khona. Xa iimvula zaphambi kokutyala zibe ntle, ibe nenkangeleko yomhlaba izele ntli kangangoko ngamanzi, oojongilanga abatyalwe kwangoko banethuba elincomeka kakhulu lokuqhuba kakuhle. 



Isigqibo sokuba ingaba kufuneka kutyalwe kwangoko na okanye emva kwethuba siya kuxhomekeka ke ngoko kwizisele zamanzi asemhlabeni ngexesha lokutyala, ngokunjalo nakwimbali yobuzaza nokuphindaphinda kweembalela zesizikithi sehlobo. Kwelinye icala, umhla wokutyala awunakubanjezelwa kakhulu, njengoko ithuba elibaluleke kakhulu lokuzalisa kweenkozo sukuba lisenzeka xa ukuphuma kobushushu namanqanaba obushushu esetha, ukuze oko kubange ukucutheka okwendeleyo kwesakhono semveliso yesityalo. 



Xa kuthethwa gabalala, imihla eyiyeyona ifanelekileyo yokutyala inokubonwa ngendlela elandelayo: kwimimandla ethande ukuphola yasempuma, ukususela ekuqaleni kuNovemba ukuya kwiveki yokuqala kuDisemba; kwiingingqi ezisembindini, ukususela kwiveki yokugqibela kuNovemba ukuya ekupheleni kuDisemba; kanti kwimimandla ethande ukoma yasentshona ukususela kwiiveki ezimbini kuDisemba ukuya kwisizikithi sikaJanyuwari. Mayikhunjulwe into yokuba ukutyala ngaphandle kwala maxesha kuya kucutha isakhono semveliso yesityalo. 



Ubunzulu bokutyala nendlela yokutyala

Oojongilanga banokutyalwa kubunzulu obuphakathi ne-2,5 cm kunye ne-5 cm, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaba nomhla wokutyala. Ukutyala makuthande ukuba sidibi kwimihlaba enobunzima obuthe chatha ukuze kube nzulu kwimihlaba esabusanti. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imbewu ityalwe emhlabeni onokufuma okwaneleyo ukuze ihlume. Kubalulekile ukudibana okuncomekayo phakathi kwembewu nokufuma komhlaba. Isixhobo sokutyala esithembekileyo sibaluleke kakhulu. Imbewu mayityalwe ngokulungelelana kanti ubunzulu kufuneka bufane kuzo zonke iindawo. Ukulungelelana kwesiza kubaluleke okwamanani okugqibela esityalo njengoko oku kunento yokwenza nokhutshiswano phakathi kwezityalo ezimeleneyo. 



Amanani esityalo kunye nobubanzi bemiqolo

Inani lezityalo ekufuneka linikwe inkxaso ngendawo yomlinganiselo omnye lixhomekeke ubukhulu becala kwisixa samanzi asemhlabeni esifumanekayo. Amanani esityalo ngendawo yomlinganiselo omnye abaluleke ngaphezu kobubanzi obungqalileyo bomqolo. Amabanga emiqolo phantsi kweemeko zomhlaba owomileyo anokwahluka ukusuka kwi-0,91 m, ukuya kwi-2,1 m okanye kwi-2,3 m kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo zokusebenza ezikhoyo nohlobo lwesixokelelwano sokuhlakula esisetyenzisiweyo. 



Amanani ezityalo aphantsi kakhulu ayasinyina isakhono sesivuno, kanti amanani aphezulu kakhulu akhokelela kudandatheko olwandileyo kwisityalo noluthi kananjalo lunciphise isivuno. Izityalo ezityalelwe kufutshane kunye zikholisa ukuba nomngcipheko owandileyo wezifo (njengokubola kwesikhondo) kanti nengxinano ixhaphake ngakumbi. 



Amanani acetyiswayo ezityalo (obona buncinane bezityalo ezingama-20, 000 ngehektare nganye kuzo zonke iindawo).

 

Uphinyephinye lwemigca lubonisa ukushiywa kwezithuba kumqolo (ngenani elipheleleyo) ukwenzela isiza sasekugqibeleni njengoko kubonisiwe (I-hektare yindawo yeemitha ezili-100 ngeemitha ezili-100).



Amanani 
 
Ububanzi bomqolo
 

 
Umgama phakathi kwezityalo emqolweni (cm) 
 

 
Izityalo nge-hkt nganye – isiza sasekugqibeleni
 
0,9 m
 
1 m
 
1,5 m
 
2,25 m
 

 
20 000
 
56
 
50
 
33
 
22
 

 
22 500
 
49
 
44
 
30
 
20
 

 
25 000
 
44
 
40
 
27
 
18
 

 
27 500
 
40
 
36
 
24
 
16
 

 
30 000
 
37
 
33
 
22
 
15
 

 
32 500
 
34
 
31
 
21
 
14
 

 
35 000
 
32
 
29
 
19
 
13
 

 
37 500
 
30
 
27
 
18
 
12
 

 
40 000
 
28
 
25
 
17
 
11
 

 
42 500
 
26
 
24
 
16
 
10
 

 


Kucetyiswa ukuba isixhobo sokutyala simiselwe ukutyala imbewu ethe chatha nge-10% kunesiza sezityalo sasekugqibeleni ekujoliswe kuso ukuze kubuyekezwe iilahleko ezibangwe kukonakala kwembewu, ukusilela kokuntshula, ukonakaliswa zizinambuzane okanye ukundindana emva kweemvula ezinkulu ngethuba lokuntshula. Ukuba isiza sasekugqibeleni sezityalo ezingaphantsi kwama-20, 000 siyaphawula ukutyala kwakhona kuloo ntsimi makuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ithuba lokutyala lisawa phantsi kwemida eyamkelekayo.

