Ujongilanga (OPOT)								IsiXhosa
Ujongilanga – ukumvuna, ukumphatha nokumgcina 
Folio strap: 
Byline: Ulwazi lunga-lungiswe ukusuka kwincwadi yoqeqesho ngeMveliso kaJongilanga eseyikwiBanga eliPhambili.
Umlimi makaqiniseke ukuba ulawulo lomgangatho luqala kumabakala okwenza izicwangciso naphambi kokutyala kwaye lubandakanya nawaphi amanyathelo olawulo aya kuqinisekisa imveliso eyiyeyona ifanelekileyo. 
Eminye imibandela efanele ukukhunjulwa nenokuba neempembelelo kumgangatho osekugqibeleni weenkozo ezivunwayo yile: ukulungiswa komhlaba, ubunzulu bomhlaba, ubumuncu (pH), ukulungelelana kweetyuwa, ukulondolozeka kokufuma, ukukhethwa komhlanganisela, isichumiso esilungileyo, ulawulo lwezitshabalalisi zezityalo kunye nokuvuna kwibakala elilungileyo ngokunjalo nokuphatha imveliso okufanelekileyo, kubandakanywa iindlela zokuyicoca, ukuyomisa nokuyilondoloza. 
Ukumvuna
Ukuvuna ngumsebenzi omkhulu walo naliphi ishishini lokufama. Ukuvuna linyathelo lokuqala kwisixokelelwano esisemva kokuba nemveliso kubandakanywa ukuqhubela imveliso phambili, ukuyigcina nokulondolozwa kwesityalo esingujongilanga. Phakathi kwemimandla eyahluka-hlukileyo yemveliso eMzantsi Afrika ukuvuna, ukugcina nokuqhubela phambili imveliso kuquka imisebenzi ebanzi ukusuka ekucholeni nasekugcineni iintloko ezipheleleyo zikajongilanga eziza kubhulwa kwiifama ezincinci zide zibe ziinkozo ezisetyenzwe ngoomatshini ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi yokufama. 
Ukuvuna okwenziwa ngoomatshini 
Ukugcina ixesha
Oojongilanga bakholisa ukuhlanganiswa nesityalo esingumbona kunyaka oqhelekileyo ukususela ekupheleni kukaFebruwari malunga nembewu etyalwe kwangoko ukuya kuMeyi ngembewu etyalwe mva. Esi sivuno sikholisa ukugqitywa phambi kokuqaliswa kokuvunwa kombona. Oku kubalulekile kwimisebenzi emincinci xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifanayo ukuvuna oojongilanga nombona. Nawuphi umlimi unokusebenzisa umbhambathiswa onoomatshini abalungiselelwe umbona kunye/okanye oojongilanga. Ithuba eliphakathi kokuvuthwa nokuvuna maligcinwe lilifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kucutheke iilahleko ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwa ziintaka nezifo ezibolisa iintloko.
Izityalo ezingoojongilanga ngokwendalo zivuthiwe xa umva wentloko ujike umbala oluhlaza wabamthubi (tyheli), nguquko leyo ekholisa ukwenzeka phambi kokuba iintloko zome ngokwaneleyo ukuba zivunwe. Oojongilanga abatyalwe mva baya kukulungela ukuvunwa kuphela emva kweqabaka etshabalalisayo kwiinyanga zokuqala zasebusika. Phambi kokuvuna sebenzisa i-meter yokufuma (moisture meter) ukubeka iliso kumanqanaba okufuma esityalo ngexesha okanye emva kwexesha lokuvuthwa okuyindalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isityalo sivunwe ngexesha elilelona lifanelekileyo. Ukuba akunayo i-meter yokufuma eyiyeyakho kunokuthathwa iisampulu rhoqo ngamathuba alungeleleneyo, zisiwe kumbhexeshi wesisele sefula wendawo ohlala kuyo, okanye ngokuzidibanisa nombhambathiswa onesixhobo sokuhlanganisa, ukuze enze isigqibo ngokuba ingaba linini ixesha elilungileyo lokuvuna.
Ukuze kucutheke ilahleko ephelisa ithemba ngexesha lokuvuna nelahleko eyenziwa ziintaka, oojongilanga banokuvunwa kwiziqulatho zokufuma eziphezulu njengama-20% ukuya kuma-25% baze bomiswe kwisixhobo sokomisa iinkozo bade babe kwisiqulatho se-9,5% esisiqulatho sokufuma esikhuselekileyo sokulondoloza ngemigqomo. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko eMzantsi Afrika zivana noojongilanga abome khonkqo emasimini phambi kokuvunwa. Mayisoloko ikhunjulwa into yokuba oojongilanga besiqulatho sokufuma esingaphezulu kwi-10% basisisulu esikhulu sokuhlaselwa kukuvunda. 
Isixhobo sokuhlanganisa
Isantya sokuya phambili sesixhobo sokuhlanganisa sifanele ukuba phakathi kweekhilomitha ezintlanu nezisibhozo ngeyure. Isantya sokuya phambili esisesona sifanelekileyo siya kwahluka-hluka ngokwesiqulatho sokufuma sikajongilanga, isantya nesivuno sesityalo. Isantya sokuya phambili masincitshiswe ngokokucutheka kwesiqulatho sokufuma sembewu ukuze kuncitshiswe ilahleko ephelisa ithemba njengoko iintloko zingena kwisixhobo sokuhlanganisa. Izantya ezikhawuleza kakhulu zinokubakho xa ukufuma kweenkozo kuphakathi kwe-12% ne-15%.
Izantya eziphezulu mazingayihlohli ngaphezu kwesakhono sayo isilinda kanti indawo eyahlukanisayo iyahluza kwisityalo esinzima kakhulu. Iinkozo ezinokufuma kwe-12% ukuya kwi-15% ziya kubhuleka lula kakhulu xa zidlula kwisilinda.
Ukulungelelaniswa kwesixhobo sokuhlanganisa
Kwitheyibhile engezantsi kuboniswa isishwankathelo sezinye zeengxaki ekuhlanganwa nazo kwimimiselo yesixhobo sokuhlanganisa noonobangela:
Ingxaki
Unobangela/isisombululo esinokubakho
Iintloko ezibhulwe ngokungaphelelanga phantsi.
Isithuba esigobongqo sivuleke kakhulu.
Imisila esikwe kakhulu.
Umqukuqelo womoya uphantsi kakhulu, kubhulwe kakhlulu kwisilinda/iphiko. Imingxuma yomququ mincinci kakhulu.
Inkunkuma eninzi emgqomeni wokungcilezisa.
Ukubhulwa okubaxiweyo, isantya sesilinda/sephiko siphezulu kakhulu, icala eligobongqo liqine kakhulu, ifeni iphantsi kakhulu, okanye isihluzi sibanzi kakhulu.
Iintloko ezaphukileyo okanye ezicumkileyo.
Izantya eziphezulu zesilinda/iphiko, isithuba esigobongqo esicuthekileyo.
Iinkozo ezicumkileyo kodwa ezinamakhasi angakrazukanga.
Isithuba esigobongqo siqine kakhulu.
Iinkozo ezingenamakhasi okanye eziqhekekileyo.
Izantya eziphezulu zesilinda/iphiko okanye ukutya okugqithisileyo okubuyiswayo.
Iintloko ezingabhulwanga eziphantsi.
Ukuqokelelwa okusilelayo phambili nakwizidibi.
Iinkozo eziphoseleka emva kwisixhobo esihlanganisayo.
Umqukuqelo wesantya/womoya, thoba isantya sikamatshini nesantya somqukuqelo womoya.
Iilahleko zesivuno ukusuka kwi-3% ukuya kwi-5% zinokufikelela kwi-10% okanye kwi-15% phantsi kweemeko ezimbi. Izixhobo zokuvuna maziqwalaselwe ukuba zisebenza kakuhle na ngokuvavanya ezona lahleko phambi nasemva kokuba isixhobo sokuhlanganisa sihlanganise umcu ovavanywayo.
Ii-meter zokufuma nezixhobo zovavanyo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umlimi unako ukuqalisa ngokulawula isivuno, ulondolozo nesiqulatho ngendlela encomekayo, kubalulekile ukufumana ufikelelo kwisixhobo sale mihla sovavanyo lokufuma okanye ukuthenga esakho ukuba unesixa semveliso esikufaneleyo oko. 
Iimvavayo zokufuma ezichanekileyo zibalulekile kulawulo nokuthengiswa kweenkozo. 
Ukuqashisela okanye iimvavanyo ezingachanekanga zingakhokelela kwezi ngxaki: 
Ukonakala kweenkozo xa zimanzi kakhulu zize zibekwe kubushushu obuphantsi okanye kwimigqomo eyomisa ngomoya oyindalo. 
Iindleko zokomisa ezongezelelweyo nelahleko malunga nesixhobo sokuhlanganisa xa iinkozo zivunwe zisemanzi kakhulu. 
Ukuncipha kokufuma neendleko zokomisa ezongezelelweyo. 
Ilahleko yexabiso lesityalo 
Ukuze wenze iimvavanyo zokufuma ezichanekileyo qala ufumane isampulu emele yonke indawo. 
Ukuthathwa kwesampulu 
Makufunyanwe isampulu emele yonke indawo phambi kokuvuna njengoko isiqulatho sokufuma soojongilanga abamileyo abangavunwanga sinokubonwa ngathi siphezulu kakhulu. Oku kwenza ukuba ukuvuna kwenziwe emva kwexesha kunakwangoko.
Vuna indawo encinci wandule ukuyivavanya. 
Xuba iintloko ezikhiwe ngesandla neenkozo eziwe kwizityalo eziliqela ezikhethiweyo kuyo yonke intsimi. Yenza iimvavanyo ezintathu kule sampulu uze ujonge isiqhelo seziphumo.
Yisa isampulu yakho kumsebenzi wendawo yakho wesisele sefula ukuze enze uvavanyo oluchanekileyo.
Yenza amathuba ohlolo olwenziwa rhoqo emva kokuba iintloko zijike zaba tyheli ukuze isityalo sivunwe sikwisiqulatho sokufuma kweenkozo okukokona kufanelekileyo.
Ulondolozo efama/kwinqanaba lelali
Izisele zefula zentsimbi
Mhlawumbi yeyona nto ibalaseleyo inokukhethwa ngumlimi okwinqanaba lokurhweba ngemveliso. Mininzi imigqomo ekhoyo yentsimbi egqunywe ngesinyithi yobukhulu bezakhono obusuka kwiitoni ezingama-30 ukuya kumashumi amawaka eetoni. Ukuba imali ayilingenanga izisele zefula ezimbalwa ezincinci zesakhono seetoni ezingama-30 zinako ukumiselwa kwaye ziyinxalenye yesixokelelwano sokuphathwa nokulondolozwa kweenkozo ezinokuyilwa kwasekuqaleni ukuze zibe sisiqalo sokusekwa kwesixokelelwano esimbaxa esilungiselelwe izixa zemveliso zomlimi kwixesha elizayo. 
Imibandela neengqalelo zabalimi eziphembelela ukuvuna nokulondolozwa kweenkozo zixhomekeke ekubeni ingaba umlimi akanandawo yolondolozo na okanye indawo eyiyeyakhe yokulondoloza inxalenye yesityalo okanye wonke umbona oveliswe kuloo ndawo. Abalimi abakhulu mhlawumbi baneendawo ezilungiselelwe ukuphatha inxalenye enye kuphela yenkitha yesityalo esininzi esivelisiweyo. Iifama ezinkulu zithathe umhlaba owandlalekileyo kanti mhlawumbi kongiwa imali eninzi ukusa imveliso ngqo kwisisele sefula yorhwebo ukusuka entsimini ukuba iphathwe ukusuka entsimini ukuya kwisisele sefula esisefama kanti iseza kuphinda isiwe kwizisele zefula zorhwebo. 
Umlimi onendawo yakhe yolondolozo
Ukuba uneendawo zakho zobonelelo zokuphatha iinkozo kuqukwa, ukucoca, ukomisa nemigqomo yolondolozo kulula ukuvuna iinkozo msinyane kangangokuba kunokwenzeka ukubhulwa kweentloko zikajongilanga, zicocwe, zomiswe, zilondolozwe zize zithengiswe ngelona xesha lifanelekileyo ngokuthatha ingqalelo yamalungiselelo enziweyo emimandla yentengiso kunye nokuthengisa. Ukuba isityalo sinokuvunwa msinyane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kunokuncitshiswa nayiphi imingcipheko yemozulu neminye yelahleko okanye umonakalo. 
Umlimi ongenandawo yolondolozo 
Oojongilanga abalinywe kwiifama ngaphandle kweendawo zobonelelo lolondolozo baya kusoloko bethuthwa kwangoko emva kokuvunwa ngezixa ezikhulu ukuya kwizisele zefula zendawo leyo. Umlimi kuya kufuneka alinde ukuba isityalo some ngokwaneleyo ukuze sisiwe kwisisele sefula sendawo ahlala kuyo. Iinkozo mazome nganeno kwe-10% ngokwemigqaliselo yegazethi malunga noojongilanga. 
Gcina unxibelelwano nombhexeshi wesisele sefula sendawo ohlala kuyo ukuze ufumanise ukuba siyintoni isiqulatho sokufuma esisesona siphezulu esifanele ukuba kuso isityalo xa sisiwa kwisisele sefula. Kumaxesha onyaka esivuno esiphezulu umbhexeshi wesisele sefula akasayi kukwazi ukuphatha izixa eziphezulu zombona ezinesiqulatho esiphezulu sokufuma. Umbhambathiswa makaqale ukuvuna xa isiqulatho sokufuma iseso silungele ukuthuthwa kweenkozo kwangoko ukuze zilondolozwe. 
Nangona kuluncedo ukuba neendawo zakho zobonelelo lolondolozo kukho imingcipheko notyalo-mali olukhulu olubandakanyekayo nolawlo lokuphatha, ukucoca, ukomisa, ukubulala izinambuzane, nokugcina isiqulatho sokufuma iseso sifaneleke kakhulu ngalo lonke ithuba lolondolozo. 	
Ulondolozo olululo lweenkozo zikajongilanga 
Umlimi oselenayo ishedi yakhe yolondolozo okanye isisele sefula solondolozo imigqalaselo neenkqubo ezilandelayo ziya kunceda ekulondolozeni iinkozo ezizezakho ngempumelelo, phambi kokuthengisa isityalo.
Coca indawo yobonelelo lolondolozo. Coca ngononophelo ishedi okanye isisele sefula, imingxuma ekufakwa kuyo, izixhobo zokubhola nezithuthi, iifeni zokuzisa umoya, imijelo ngokususa nantoni eyinkunkuma esisithintelo neenkozo ezindala ezinokugcina izinambuzane okanye ukuvunda. Mazitywinwe iintanda nokuchachamba okunokuvumela izinambuzane, nokuvunda okanye ukufuma ukuba kungene kwindawo yolondolozo.
Cinga ngokusebenzisa unyango lwemiGqomo olwaMkelweyo ukuze kungangeni zinambuzane. Nyanga umphakathi wesixokelelwano solondolozo nangaphantsi nawo nawuphi umandlalo womgangatho ngokufaka umoya ngesitshizi sentsalela ukwenzela ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinambuzane. Qiniseka ukuba umchiza ubhaliselwe ukusetyenziselwa ujongilanga kwaye ulandele imiyalelo yeleyibhile ngokungqongqo.
Qiniseka ukuba iinkozo ezilondoloziweyo zicocekile kwasuswa zonke izinto kunye nomququ ongafunekiyo. Iinkozo zikajongilanga ezigcinwe zinenkunkuma engafunekiyo eninzi, amagqatyana eentyatyambo, iinkozo ezaphukileyo, imbewu yokhula njengoko naziphi kwezi zinto zenza yonke isampulu ukuba ibe sisisulu ngakumbi esezidalwanana zokuvunda neengxaki zezinambuzane. Konke oku kukholisa ukuba nesiqulatho sokufuma esiphezulu kwaye kungabanga ubushushu. Kucetyiswa ukuba kubekwe isixhobo sokucoca esifunxayo kwesi sixokelelwano emva kokusebenzisa isixhobo sokubhola imingxuma okanye isixhobo sokunyusa phambi kokuba iinkozo ezicocekileyo zilondolozwe ngezixa ezikhulu.
Izityalo zilondolozeka ngemfezeko xa zipholile, zomile kwaye zicocekile.
Londoloza kwisiQulatho sokuFuma esiKhuselekileyo. Iinkozo zikajongilanga mazilondolozwe ngokufuma kwe-10% nangaphantsi xa unesigqibo sokuthengisa isityalo kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokuvuna. 
Izixokelelwano zokuFakwa koMoya ziseNtloko. Ifeni yokufaka umoya yenzelwe ukupholisa ujongilanga. Iifeni mazicinywe xa imozulu inomoya ofume kakhulu okanye xa imvula isina.
Qwalasela iinkozo. Makuthathwe iisampulu zeenkozo zikajongilanga ngeveki nganye bude ubushushu beenkozo behle bufike kubushushu bolondolozo basebusika. Iisampulu mazithathwe qho ngeeveki ezine ebusika ukuze kube kanye ngeveki nganye ngeenyanga zasehlotyeni.
Qwalasela uJongilanga ingenguwo umgqomo. Xa uthatha isampulu ncula isicuku seenkozo zikajongilanga kwaye uqwalasele ubushushu, ukufuma, izinambuzane, ukungunda kunye neeyantlukwano zevumba ukusuka kuhlolo oludlulileyo. Ukuba okunculileyo kushushu khawuleza uthathe inyathelo lokushenxisa okanye ukujikelezisa wonke umgqomo weenkozo. Yiva, ujoje okanye ujikeleze umgqomo uwuncula kwiindawo ezahluka-hlukeneyo ecaleni ezantsi naphezulu emgqomeni ukuze ukubeka iliso kwimeko yeenkozo emgqomeni kuphelele.
Khawuleza uthathe inyathelo lokuHlangabezana neNgxaki. Xa ichongiwe ingxaki yisombulule ngokufaka umoya msinyane, shenxisa iinkozo uzise komnye umgqomo okanye kumgangatho weshedi okanye uzilayishe kwiilori ukuze zisiwe kwisisele sefula esisesona sikufutshane sorhwebo okanye kwindawo yabathengi.
Iinkozo zikajongilanga ezingagcinwanga phantsi kweemeko ezezizezona zifanelekileyo zingayilahleko enkulu yemali kumlimi. Izinambuzane eziphakathi kweenkozo ezigciniweyo kungenzeka ukuba sezikhona kwindawo yolondolozo phambi kokufakwa kokutya okanye zingene mva. Amanyathelo alandelayo aya kunceda kuthintelo lwezi ngxaki zezinambuzane kwiinkozo ezigciniweyo:
Coca indawo yolondolozo ngononophelo phambi kokuyihlohla. 
Emva kokucoca iintsalela zesityalo esidala, uthuli nasemva kokusikhanda, sebenzisa isitshizi sentsalela ukunyanga umphakathi womgqomo kwiiveki ezimbini phambi kokuhlohla (landela imiyalelo namathuba okurhoxa yabenzi baso ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kokutya kwabantu nezilwanyana). 
Kuthintele ukuziva ufuna ukuxuba isityalo esitsha nesidala. 
Coca kwaye uqwalasele isixokelelwano sokusasaza umoya. Izinto ezingafunekiyo zinokuqokelelana kwimijelo ukuze zenzele izinambuzane imo ekhuthaza ukuzala kwazo zigqibele ngokuthintela umqukuqelo. 
Ukwetha kwendalo
Imeko yeenkozo ezigciniweyo ixhomekeke ekuphilisaneni phakathi kweenkozo, imo ebanzi necekethekileyo ezingqongileyo kunye nentlaninge yezidalwa kubandakanywa izidalwa ezincinanana ezifana nezomngundo, izinambuzane, amangolwane, izidalwa ezizitho zine kunye neentaka ezinokuzihlasela. Iinkozo zikhupha umthombo obanzi wezondlo kanti ukonakala kwazo okubangwa zizidalwa ezikhankanywe ngasentla kubizwa ngokuba kukwetha kwendalo.
Izidalwanana zomngundo
Ungcoliseko olwenziwa zizidalwanana zomngundo lunxulumene nobushushu (ngaphantsi kweqondo lika0º C ukuya kuma 50º eqondo C) beenkozo nakubukho bamanzi nomongo-moya (i-oxijini). Izidalwanana zomngundo zisebenzisa umphunga ophakathi kweengqalutyana, kanti ubuninzi bazo buxhomekeke kwimo yokulungelelana kwamanzi akhululekileyo phakathi kweenkozo (isiqulatho sokufuma kweenkozo) namanzi akwibakala lomphunga okufuphi nongqonge iinkozo.
Izinambuzane namangolwane (arthropods) 
Zibanga umonakalo esiqwini seenkozo nokulahleka kwezondlo.
Izenzo zokuzondla zikhokelela ekwandeni kwesiqulatho sokufuma nobushushu beenkozo.
Zisebenza njengabathwali bembewu yezidalwanana zomngundo.
Inkunkuma ephuma emizimbeni yezinambuzane namangolwane iba yindawo ekukhula kuyo izidalwanana zomngundo.
Umlinganiselo owandayo weenkozo ezaphukileyo ubunciphisa kakhulu ubomi bezityalo ezigciniweyo. 
Izithabathi-nxaxheba ezingekho phambili kwinguqulo yokutya emzimbeni 
Izithabathi-nxaxheba ezingekho phambili kwinguqulo yokutya emzimbeni zezo mbumba ziveliswa zizinto eziphilayo kubandakanywa nezidalwanana zomngundo ezingabalulekanga malunga nokukhula kodwa ezinetyhefu ephezulu kwizilwanyana, ebantwini nasezityalweni.
Ezi tyhefu “mycotoxins” kwenziwe ufundo-nzulu olubanzi ngazo ukususela ngowe-1961 xa iqela leetyhefu ezinobungozi obuphezulu ii-Aspergillus flavus “ii-aflatoxin” zazikhethelwe bucala. Nasiphi isenzo esiphazamisa uzinzo lokuphilisana kwendalo siya kwandisa imveliso yezithabathi-nxaxheba kwinguqulo yokutya emzimbeni ezingekho phambili kubandakanywa neetyhefu zee-mycotoxin. Ezi zenzo zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwezichumiso nezitshabalalisi zezinambuzane, ukulima ngenjongo yezivuno eziphezulu neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezimbalwa.
Iityhefu zee-mycotoxin zityholwe kwizifo ezibanzi zabantu kunye/okanye izifo zezilwanyana kwaye zifumaneka kwiintlobo-ntlobo zokutya okuziinkozo. Ukungena kweetyhefu zee-mycotoxin kunako ukwenza iimeko zokutyhefeka zethuba elifutshane nezethuba eliphakathi/elide ezisuka ekufeni ukuya kwiziphazamiso ezingapheliyo kwizixokelelwano zoluvo olusesizikithini, intliziyo nemithambo yegazi kunye nemiphunga nomjelo wokucolwa kokutya. Ezinye iityhefu zee-mycotoxin zibanga isifo somhlaza, isifo sokuguquka kwiziqalelo zofuzo kwaye zidodobalisa ukuzikhusela komzimba. I-aflatoxin yenye yeetyhefu ezaziwayo ezinobungozi kakhulu ezaziwa ngokuba zii-hepatocarcinogen (ezibanga isifo somhlaza).
