MALUNGA NAMALUNGELO OLUNTU
INTSHAYELELO
IMBONO EBANZI YEMBALI YENKCUBEKO YAMALUNGELO OLUNTU EMZANTSI AFRIKA
Olu luphando olubanzi lwendlela engene ngayo imfundo yamalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika. Njengoko ethathelwe kumaxwebhu amazwe-ngamazwe naweengingqi, amalungelo oluntu adinga ukuba umkhondo wawo ulandwe ngaphandle, ze angeniswe ngaphakathi. Nangona kukho imida kuphando olufakwe yinto yokuba ingcamango yamalungelo oluntu ithe yaqondwa kutsha nje eMzantsi Afrika, ukufundwa ngenyameko kwamaxwebhu ezizwe-ngezizwe, aweengingqi nawesizwe kuya kunikwa kwesi saHluko.
AMAXWEBHU AMAZWE-NGAMAZWE
Izenzo zenkohlakalo abathi bazifumana abantu ngexesha leMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi zakhokelela kukuba iziZwe eziManyeneyo zithathe isigqibo sokuvakalisa ukuzinikela kwazo ekuqondeni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo oluntu. Le ntshukumo yaqala ngo-1946 ngexesha iNtlangano yeziZwe eziManyeneyo yathi yaqulunqa umQulu weziZwe eziManyeneyo. Intshayelelo yawo yaqinisela "ukholo kumalungelo asisiseko soluntu, kwisidima nokuxabiseka kwabantu ngabanye, kumalungelo alinganayo amadoda nabafazi".
UMzantsi Afrika, njengelizwe elililungu, wadlala indima ephambili kulo mQulu kuba iNkulumbuso yawo, uNjengele Smuts, wathi wenza ilinge lokuqala lalo mQulu. Amanqaku alo mQulu phakathi, kwezinye izinto, anyanzelisa iziZwe eziManyeneyo "ukuba zikhuthaze ukuhloniphana ukuze kugcinwe amalungelo oluntu nokukhululeka okusisiseko kubo bonke kungekho kucalulwa ngobuhlanga, ubuni, ulwimi okanye inkolo.
Ngokwenqaku lama-56, kwakulindeleke ukuba onke amazwe angamalungu aya kuthobela imimiselo yolu xwebhu. Kodwa ke, kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba uMzantsi Afrika wawuqhubeka nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Nangona iziZwe eziManyeneyo zabuyisela izigqibo zazo zokuba ngenxa yoluntu kupheliswe ukucalula ngokobuhlanga, iManyano/iliZwe loMzantsi Afrika laqhubeka nesenzo salo sokunyhasha amalungelo oluntu.
Le mbono yayisekelwe kwinqaku 2.7 lomQulu elalela ukungenelela kweNtlangano Jikelele 'kwimiba yekhaya', elathathwa njengelinika ilungelo lokwaphulwa okumandla kwamalungelo oluntu. Ucalulo ngokobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika lubonakala lungahambelani nezibophelelo ezikulo mQulu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ngo-1982 iziZwe eziManyeneyo zagqiba ukuba ziqhawule amatyathanga ozakuzelwano noMzantsi Afrika.
Ekwamkeleni le mbono ingentle ingasentla ngokuchasene nomQulu, uMzantsi Afrika waxhomekeka kuthotho lweziphene ezazifumaneka kulo mQulu, ezifana nezi:
Ukungacaci ngokungadali isibophelelo
Akukho ndlela yakunyanzelisa
Inqaku 2.7 ladala ukungaqondi phakathi kwamalungelo kunye nezibophelelo zawo, kumazwe angamalungu njengoko linike umsindleko wokuba akukho nto iqulethwe ngulo mQulu iya kugunyazisa iziZwe eziManyeneyo ukuba zingenelele kwimibandela engaphakathi kobunganga balo naliphi na ilizwe okanye iya kufuna ukuba amalungu angenise imiba ukuze isonjululwe kulo mQulu ukhoyo, kodwa lo mqathango awuyi kujongela phantsi ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo anyanzelisayo phantsi kwesaHluko VII.
Nangona ubeneziphene, lo mqulu udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekumiseleni ngokutsha imimiselo nemigangatho yamalungelo oluntu kwizizwe-ngezizwe. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu awohlukeneyo athi amiselwa phantsi kwamagunya eziZwe eziManyeneyo, kuzalisekiswa izibophelelo zalo mQulu. La manyathelo ayeba kwimo yezibhengezo okanye izivumelwano. Izandulela zeziVumelwano zinemiqathango ebanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kwezivumelwano. Uxwebhu lokuqala ukwamkelwa ngo-1948 yaba sisiBhengezo samaLungelo oluNtu kwiHlabathi lonke. Olu xwebhu lwamkelwa ngamazwe angama-48 angamalungu kulawo angama-56, njengoko asi-8 kuquka noMzantsi Afrika engazange avote. Nangona kunjalo olu xwebhu luthe lwafumana ukwamkelwa okubanzi kwimimandla yangaphakathi nakumazwe-ngamazwe njengento ebeka umgangatho. Kwakhona, luthe lwabonisa ukusebenza okuchanekileyo koluvo lweziZwe eziManyeneyo malunga nobhengezo. Olu luvo luvakaliswe kwimemorandam eyaziswe kakuhle efumaneka kwi-ofisi yemiCimbi yezomThetho njengoluthi 'ngenxa yondiliseko nokubaluleka kwesibhengezo, lusenokuthathwa njengolunefuthe ekulungiseleleni elo qumrhu lilwamkelayo. Okulindeleke kakhulu kukuba amalungu oluntu lwamazwe-ngamazwe aya kuluthobela. Ekugqibeleni, njengokuba okulindelekileyo kusithi ngcembe ukuthethelelwa sisenzo seliZwe, isibhengezo sisenokuthi, ngokwesithethe samkelwe njengemithetho ebophelela amazwe. Ukulungiselela ukuba semthethweni kwesiBhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oluNtu, umNqophiso weziZwe-ngezizwe wamaLungelo eNtlalo noPolitiko kunye nomNqophiso wamaLungelo oQoqosho, iNtlalo neNkcubeko sathi samkelwa ziziZwe eziManyeneyo ngenjongo evakalisiweyo yokuguqula ukungabopheleli kwesibhengezo ukuze sibe zizimiselo ezibophelelayo ngokwasemthethweni ezaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengomQulu wamaLungelo wamazwe-ngamazwe.' Oku kwathi kwamkelwa nguMzantsi Afrika ngo-1962. Ukukhuselwa okongezelelekileyo kwamalungelo oluntu kwathi kwaphunyezwa ngokuphuhliswa kwamxwebhu eengingqi anjengesiVumelwano sase-Yurophu ngo-1950, esasilungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu nokukhululeka okusisiseko. Iziqulatho zesiVumelwano saseYurophu zathi zamkelwa okokuqala eMzantsi Afrika kumQulu wamaLungelo oluntu waseBophuthatswana. Kodwa ke le ngcamango yathi yakhatywa nguRhulumente wangaphambili eMzantsi Afrika owayenolawulo olupheleleyo lwamaphandle.
AMAXWEBHU EENGINGQI
Kule ngxoxo ingasentla kuyacaca ukuba inkcubeko yamalungelo oluntu kwafuneka yande ngokuhambelana nemisindleko yomQulu weziZwe-ngeziZwe. Umzekelo, inqaku 56 licacisa ukuba amalungu ayazibophelela ukuba athathe intshukumo ehlangeneyo neyahlukeneyo ngokubambisana neli qumrhu ukuze kufikelelwe kwiinjongo ezichakwe kwinqaku 55. EMzantsi Afrika uphuhliso lwamaLungelo oluNtu lwathi lwathintelwa lulawulo lobukholoniyali, yiyo le nto iziZwe eziManyeneyo zasilela kuqala kumzamo wazo wokuwoyisela ukuba uguqule iinkqubo zocalulo de zamisela ukwayo ngo-1982. Okwelo xesha inkcubeko yamalungelo oluntu yakwazi ukungena e-Afrika ngexesha iQumrhu leManyano ye-Afrika (OAU) lathi laqulunqa umqulu we-Afrika ngo-1961.
Nangona le nkqubo yalibaziseka kangangeminyaka engama-20, phakathi kwamalinge okuqala ukwamkelwa koxwebhu ngo-1981, njengomqulu waseBanjul, kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu ekwamkelweni kwentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu e-Afrika. Olona phawu lucacileyo lolu xwebhu yaba kukwamkelwa 'kwamalungelo abantu' abonisa ukuzinikela ekwandiseni ingcamango yamalungelo oluntu. Oku kuvakaliswa kwintshayelelo yalo apho kuthethwa ngesithembiso esenziwa ngamzwe angamalungu ukuze 'kuphuculwe ubomi babo bonke abantu base-Afrika'. Si senzo safaka umgeni kuMzantsi Afrika kuba wawungekanikezeli kulwamkelo nokhuselo lwamalungelo oluntu. Okubalulekileyo yayikukuhlanganisa amalungelo abantu achakwe kumqulu we-Afrika kunye namalungelo abantu ngabanye awayekhethwa ngamaxwebhu amazwe-ngamazwe. Kwaye kwacaca ngoko ukuba uMzantsi Afrika kufuneka nawo wenze njalo ngokuvuma amalungelo oluntu phambi kokuba kuphunyezwe umQulu we-Afrka eMzantsi Afrika.
Lo mngeni wathathwa ngamaGqwetha entshukumo yamaLungelo oluNtu, awathi amiselwa eMzantsi Afrka ngo-1979. Eyona njongo yawo iphambili yayikukugcina nokomeleza amalungelo oluntu, ngokunxulumene nomgaqo womthetho nolawulo lobulungisa kunye nokhuselo lweenkululeko ezisisiseko ngokuhambisana nesiBhengezo samaLungelo oluntu kwiHlabathi. Ngo-1987, iziko lolawulo elimiyo lathi lamiselwa ukuba libambe amaphulo alungiselela ukhuseleko nonyanzeliso lwamalungelo asisiseko. Eli qela laba nefuthe elikhulu eMzantsi Afrika kangangokuba kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba ukuhlengahlengiswa komgaqo-siseko yinto engenakuphetshwa, ngeenjongo zokukhusela amalungelo oluntu.
AMAXWEBHU ESIZWE
Ngaphambi komGaqo-siseko weThutyana ka-1993, kwafakwa uxinzelelo lokuba kwamkelwe ze kukhuselwe amalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika kusetyenziswa amaxwebhu amazwe-ngamazwe, aweengingqi nawesizwe. La maxwebhu ngala; umQulu weziZwe eziManyeneyo, isiBhengezo samaLungelo oluNtu kwiHlabathi, umQulu we-Afrika, umQulu womButho wesiZwe wama-Africa (ANC) kunye namaphulo ezemfundo ayebanjwa yintshukumo yamaGqwetha amaLungelo oluNtu. Uxinzelelo lwamazwe-ngamazwe lokusatyalaliswa, oko kukuthi ukupheliswa kombuso wocalulo, kwakhokelela kwinkqubo yohlengahlengiso lomgaqo-siseko okwaphelela kwipalamente engunxantathu ngo-1983. Oku kwakusalatha iimpawu zokuqaleka kokuphela kwexesha elalingqongqo ekuchaseni amalungelo oluntu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ngo-1987 iBophuthatswana izame ukuqalisa umQulu wamaLungelo owaba yimbali kuMazantsi e-Afrika. UMzantsi Afrika wakhawuleza waqonda ukuba ucinezelo alunakubuyisela ukwamkelwa negunya lawo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni uqalise ukukhangela imizekelo emintsha yomgaqo-siseko, eyayiya kwamkela ukuqondwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Yiyo loo nto ngo-1986 umPhathiswa wobuLungisa (uCootze JH), wanyula iKhomishoni yomThetho yoMzantsi Afrika ukuba iphande ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Okwelo xesha, iqela lamagqwetha achasene nocalulo (iQumrhu lamaGqwetha esiNinzi esiZwe: National Democratic Lawyers Association) laliseliqondile ukuba lalindulule uhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko kodwa umgaqo-nkubo wesiZwe wawungekayithatheli ngqalelo iminqweno yabantu waza wabongoza iKhomishoni yomThetho yoMzantsi Afrika ukuba ifake eminye yemisindleko yomqulu weNkululeko kunye nomQulu weBanjul.
Ingcingane yokwamkelwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu yaba neziqhamo emva kwentetho eyaziwa kakhulu kaMongameli De Klerk (uMongameli wokugqibela weXesha loCalulo). Waaphawula ukuba, 'urhulumente uyawamkela umqathango wokuqondwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko ayinxalenye yesiseko somgaqo-siseko wamazwe amaninzi asentshona. Siyakwamkela kwakhona, ukuba le ndlela iyeyona inokwenzeka yokukhusela la malungelo ifumaneka kwisibhengezo samalungelo esithethelelwa liqela lomthetho elikhululekileyo'. Waye kwakhona wabongoza iKhomishoni yomThetho yoMzantsi Afrika ukuba ingenise ingxelo yayo yokugqibela emalunga nomQulu wamaLungelo oluNtu ondululwayo. Emva kweengxoxo ezinde ngawo onke amaqela anomdla ukusuka ngo-1991, nangona zakhe zanqumama ngo-1992 ngenxa yobundlobongela bakwaZulu-Natal, umGaqo-siseko weThutyana waveza iinqobo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ngo-1993, ezizezi:
UbuNganga bomGaqo-siseko
Ulawulo lweNtando yesiNinzi
Ukukhuselwa okusemThethweni kwamaLungelo oluNtu
Ngoko ke amalungelo oluntu athi amkelwa ekugqibeleni, ekhuselwe ze aphunyezwa eMzantsi Afrika aze afakwa kumGaqo-siseko ukusuka ngo-1993. Kulo mGaqo-siseko ukhoyo, icandelo 7 lisindleka ukuba "umQulu wamaLungelo sisiSeko esiluQilima loLwaulo lweNtando yesiNinzi eMzantsi Afrika. Uquka amalungelo abo bonke abantu kweli lizwe lethu yaye uqinisela iinqobo zolawulo lwentando yesininzi zesidima soluntu, ukulingana nokukhululeka. Kodwa ukhuselo olupheleleyo lunikwa licandelo 8 elisindleka ukuba lo mQulu usebenza kuwo wonke umthetho yaye ubophelela indlu yowiso-thetho, isigqeba solawulo kunye neejaji zelizwe jikelele ngokuchaseneyo nomgaqo-siseko wexesha elidlulileyo, owawukhuthaza ubunganga bepalamente. Lo mgaqo-siseko uthe ekugqibeleni walungisa ukunganeli kokwamkelwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Ukuqinisekisa unyanzeliso, lo mgaqo-siseko ukwasindleke ngeejaji ezizimeleyo kunye neNkundla yomGaqo-siseko kunye neendlela zokukhusela, ezinjengezinye iinkundla neekhomishoni.
Elokuphetha, olu phando lubanzi lungasentla luthe lwabonisa ngokucacileyo ifuthe elikhulu lamaxwebhu ezizwe-ngezizwe, aweengingqi nawesizwe ekungeniseni inkcubeko yamalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika. Nangona lo mGaqo-siseko unganeziphene yaye ukwanazo neengxakana, ukwazile ukulungisa iinkohlakalo ezaviwa ngabantu bethu kumbuso wangaphambili. Kwakhona, umsindleko wawo wokuthetha ngokukhululeileyo uthe waphucula ukuqonda kwabantu malunga namalungelo abo njengokuba oku kusomelezwa yile nkqubo ikhoyo yemfundo yamalungelo oluntu asisiseko ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okongezelelekileyo komQulu wamaLungelo.
IZIGANEKO EZAKHOKELELA EKUVUNYWENI KWAMALUNGELO OLUNTU: UMZANTSI AFRIKA
EMzantsi Afrika, kwakukho ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu nenkohlakalo eyayisenziwa ngurhulumente wocalulo kunye nezivumelwano zakhe. Sithe seva ngoninzi lwezi zinto ngexesha lokumanyelwa kwe-TRC okanye, thina, iintsapho, abahlobo okanye abamelwane bethu bathe banamava olu nyhasho lwamalungelo kunye nenkohlakalo. Ipalamente yayinobunganga, ngaphezu kwako konke okunye, yaza yaphumeza imithetho yengcinezelo, eyayisetyenziswa ziinkundla zamatyala ezazingakhululekanga. Ngenxa yoko, iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ezichasene nocalulo eMzantsi Afrika zaqulunqa umQulu wamalungelo laza elo yaba lixwebhu lokuqala elibalulekileyo lamaLungelo oluntu, elafumana inkxaso phakathi kwenani elivisayo labantu baseMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha uMzantsi Afrika upapasha iziKhokelo zomGaqo-siseko wawo ukulungiselela uMzantsi Afrika weNtando yesiNinzi, lo Mqulu waba yinxalenye yazo.
Emva kokuvulwa umlomo kwawo onke amaqela ezopolitiko nokukhululwa kowayesakuba nguMongameli, uNelson Mandela, umGaqo-siseko wethutyana wathi wamiselwa. Eso yayisisandulela salo mGaqo-siseko ukhoyo, ongomnye yeyona igqwesileyo ehlabathini. UmGaqo-siseko wethu watyikitywa nguMongameli uNelson Mandela ngomHla wamaLungelo oluNtu wamaZwe-ngamazwe, umhla we-10 kuDisemba 1996.
UmGaqo-siseko wethu ngumthetho omkhulu weli lizwe yaye ukwaqula nomQulu wamaLungelo oluNtu, osisiseko esiluqilima lolawulo lwentando yesininzi eMzantsi Afrika. UmQulu wamaLungelo oluNtu ubandakanya amalungelo abo bonke abantu abaseMzantsi Afrika yaye ukwaqinisela iinqobo zolawulo lwesininzi malunga nesidima soluntu, ukulingana nokukhululeka. Ngokufaka la malungelo urhulumente uqinisekisa ukuba abemi bakhe baya kukhuseleka ze babe nenkululeko yokuphila ngendlela eyamkelekileyo kangangoko.
INGCACISO YAMAGAMA
YINTONI AMALUNGELO OLUNTU?
Amalungelo oluNtu ngala malungelo abathathwa njengokuba banawo abantu ngenxa yobuntu nesidima sabo semvelo. U-Archbishop Desmond Tutu uwachaze amalungelo oluntu 'njenganikwe nguThixo, kuba ngokulula nongokukuphela kuba singabantu. Afumaneka kwihlabathi lonke - wonke umntu, wonke nje umntu nokuba ngubani na, nokuba usisityebi okanye lihlwempu, ofundileyo nongafundanga, omhle okanye ombi ontsundu nomhlophe, indoda okanye umfazi nje ukuba ingamalungelo oluntu... NjengoMkrestu ndingongeza ukuba umntu ngamnye unexabiso elingenakulinganiswa kuba wonke umntu udalwe ngokomfanekiso kaThixo. Umntu ngamnye ngumthwali-Thixo yaye ukuphatha nawuphi na umntu njengokungathi ungaphantsi koku kukonyelisa, ukutshicela ebusweni bukaThixo".
Ingcingane ephambili kukuba abantu bayaqiqa yaye bayakwazi ukuziphatha, babe ngoko ke bahlukile kwezinye izidalwa eziphezu komhlaba. Ngoko ke, abantu bafanele ukuba namalungelo neenkululeko ezithile, nto ezo ezingaxhanyulwayo zezinye izidalwa. Umzekelo, i-esile alikwazi ukwala ukukhwelwa ngumntu kuba lifuna ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kanti alinakho nokubonisa okanye ukuhlala liqhankqalaze. Nangona kunjalo, umntu unakho ukukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwezinye izidalwa, okunjengokuthintelwa kwenkohlakalo ngakwizilwanyana.
Ngoko ke, amaLungelo oluntu akadingi kunikwa, afunyanwe njengelifa, athengwe okanye asetyenzelwe. Abantu bazalwa nawo la malungelo yaye ngokunjalo achazwa njengamalungelo emvelo, kawonke-wonke, angenakwahlulwa yaye engenakususwa.
YINTONI UMGAQO-SISEKO?
Liqela lemithetho okanye imigaqo equlunqelwe ukulawula ukuziphatha kwalo naliphi na iziko, ilizwe, iqela lolonwabo, isikolo okanye inkonzo. Umgaqo-siseko unika isikhokelo kumalungu eziko malunga nolwakheko, indlela yokuziphatha kunye noxanduva. Unezahluko neziqendu okanye amacandelo, umzekelo umThetho womGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika unezahluko ezilishumi elinesine, amacandelo angamakhulu amabini anamashumi amane anesithathu, izicwangciso ezisixhenxe nezongezelelo ezine. Kwicandelo ngalinye ucacisa gca imisindleko yomThetho ngendlela yamacandelwana. Inguqulelo eyenziwe lula yokuba yenziwa njani na imithetho kunye nezahluko ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika kumThetho 108 ka-1996.
Ukuthakazelela ukubaluleka kwalo mGaqo-siseko ukhoyo imvela phi emfutshane yembali yomGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika inikiwe, ukuveza ukuba yinqobo komGaqo-siseko ngamnye. Umzekelo:
Ngo - 1961 - UmThetho womGaqo-siseko weRiphabhliki yoMzantsi Afrika wabonisa ukumanywa kwala maphondo mane ukwenza ilizwe elinobunganga kodwa kwakukho iimpawu zokungamelwa kwezinye iintlanga ePalamente.
Ngo-1993 - UmThetho wama-200 womGaqo-siseko weThutyana wanika umsindleko womQulu wokuqala wamaLungelo eMzantsi Afrika ngokuthi uvumele ukwamkelwa nokhuselo lwabo bonke abemi boMzantsi Afrika.
Ngo-1996 - UmThetho womGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika. Olu luphuhliso lwalo mGaqo-siseko weThutyana ungasentla owazisa ezi nguqu zikhoyo kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika okanye ukwamkelwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kusetyenziswa iinqobo zolawulo lwesininzi kulingano, isidima nenkululeko ezinikwa ngumQulu wamaLungelo ofumaneka kwisaHluko 2 salo mThetho ukhoyo womGaqo-siseko.
YINTONI ULAWULO LWESININZI?
Ngurhulumente wabantu apho kulawula abantu belungiselela abantu. Igama elithi democracy lisukela kwigama lesiGrike udemos elithetha abantu kunye nokraits othetha igunya.
Ngoko ke ngurhulumente osuselwa kwigunya labantu. EMzantsi Afrika eza nqobo zintathu zolawulo lwesininzi, ezizezi; ukulingana, isidima soluntu nenkululeko zixhasa ulawulo lwesininzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika uthathwe njengowona ufana wodwa kwihlabathi lonke. Imiqathango yolawulo lwesininzi, eyathi yavakaliswa kumGaqo-siseko weThutyana kuqala, yiyo eyenza umahluko phakathi kwemigaqo-siseko yangaphambili nalo ukhoyo. Yle:
Ubunganga bomGaqo-siseko
UmQulu wamaLungelo
Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya
Iijaji ezizimeleyo
Ulonyulo olukhululekileyo, olufanelekileyo nolubanjwa rhoqo
Ukuphendulela izenzo zakho
Ukulingana
Inkqubo yamaqela amaninzi
Ukunyamezelana ngokopolitiko
IMIQATHANGO YOLAWULO LWESININZI
Le miqathango okanye iinqobo ziingcamango abathi abantu abaninzi bazithathe njengezibalulekileyo kulawulo lwesininzi. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimikhombandlela yolawulo lwesininzi kuba xa siyibona, iziimpawu zokuba ilizwe likwindlela eya kulawulo lwesininzi. Le miqathango okanye imikhombandlela ivame ukuba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko okanye umQulu wamaLungelo kwilizwe lolawulo lwesininzi. Uninzi lwamazwe olawulo lwesininzi axhasa imiqathango efana nale.
Mikhombandlela mini ekufuneka siyibone kuMzantsi Afrika kwindlela eya kulawulo lwesininzi?
Bonke abemi banakho yaye banelungelo noxanduva lokuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente nakuluntu ngokubanzi. Lo ngomnye weyona mikhombandlela ibalulekileyo yolawulo lwesininzi. Uthatho-nxaxheba ngabemi kuquka ukuzigqatsela ulonyulo, ukuvota kulonyulo, ukuba nolwazi, ukuxoxa imibandela, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zoluntu nezasekuhlaleni, ukungenelela kumaqumrhu angekho ngaphantsi korhulumente kunye namanye akhoyo ekuhlaleni, ukuhlawula iirhafu, ukuqhankqalaza, ukukhalaza, njalonjalo. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuthetha ukuba abantu bayabandakanyeka kwimicimbi yoluntu nasekulawuleni uluntu lwabo.
Ukulunga kokuthathwa kwenxaxheba ngabemi kuquka ezi zinto zilandelayo:
Kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkokheli aziwabaxi amagunya azo
Kugcina urhulumente enolwazi olongezelelekileyo ngeminqweno yoluntu
Kubandakanya abemi ekulawulweni kwelizwe
Urhulumente wenza izigqibo enolwazi
UKULINGANA
Ulawulo lwesininzi lutheta ukuba bonke abantu bayalingana. Ukulingana kuthetha ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngokulinganayo yaye banikwa amathuba alinganayo. Akunakuba kho kucaluwa kwabantu ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuni, ukukekelela kwabo kwisini esithile, njalonjalo. Kulawulo lwesininzi abantu banelungelo lokugcina ze basebenzise iinkcubeko, iilwimi neenkolo zabo.
UKUNYAMEZELANA NGOKOPOLITIKO
Kumazwe anolawulo lwesininzi kukho unyamezelwano ngokopolitiko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngeli xa uninzi lwabantu lulawulayo kulawulo lwesininzi, amalungelo egcuntswana akwakhuselekile. Bonke abantu kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba bavakalise iimbono zabo nokuba bamisele awabo amaqela ezopolitiko. Uluntu loMzantsi Afrika lwenziwe ngabantu abaneenkcubeko, iintlanga, iinkolo namaqela ezizwana ezahlukeneyo nezineembono ezahlukeneyo. Uluntu lolawulo lwesininzi luyazivumela ukuba zivakaliswe ezi yantlukwano. Abantu kulindeleke ukuba bahloniphe ilungelo labanye abantu lokuba neembono ezizezabo. Ukuphikisana nokuxoxa nemibandela zizinto ezibalulekileyo kulawulo lwesininzi.
UKUPHENDULELA IZENZO ZAKHO
Kulawulo lwesininzi, amagosa athi onyulwe ngabantu kulindeleke ukuba abe nokuphendula kwabo bantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba banoxanduva lwezenzo zabo. Amagosa kufuneka enze izigqibo ze enze imisebenzi yawo ngokweminqweno nentando yabatu, hayi ezabo.
UKUBEKA ELUBALA
Urhulumente namagosa akhe kufuneka bavuleleke kuluntu malunga nezenzo zabo. Urhulumente owenza izinto elubala ubamba iintlanganiso zoluntu ze avumele abemi ukuba beze kwezo ntlanganiso. Uvumela ukuba oonondaba nabantu balufumane lula ulwazi malunga nezigqibo yaye ngaphandle kokufihla ukuba ngubani na owenze ezo zigqibo nezizathu zokwenziwa kwazo.
ULONYULO OLUBANJWA RHOQO, OLUKHULULEKILEYO NOLUFANELEKILEYO
Olunye lweempawu ezibaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwesininzi lulonyulo olubanjwa rhoqo, olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Eli lixesha apho abemi bathi babe nakho ukukhetha abantu abafuna ukuba babalawulele. Ulonyulo kufuneka lwenzeke ngendlela ekhululekileyo nefanelekileyo, engenazoyikiso, urhwaphilizo nogrogriso kubemi ngexesha lolonyulo okanye phambi kwalo.
UMQULU WAMALUNGELO
Amazwe amaninzi olawulo lwesininzi anomQulu wamaLungelo ukuze kukhuselwe abantu ekubaxweni kwamagunya. UmQulu wamaLungelo luludwe lwamalungelo neenkululeko eziqinisekisiweyo kubo bonke abantu kwelo lizwe. Xa umQulu wamaLungelo uba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zinegunya lokuwanyanzelisa la malungelo. UmQulu wamaLungelo ubeka umda kwigunya likarhulumente yaye usenokubeka uxanduva kubantu ngabanye nakumaqela.
UKWAHLULWA KWAMAGUNYA
Kulawulo lwesininzi kufuneka kube kho iindlela zokuthintela ukuba amagosa okanye iqela labantu abonyuliweyo ekuxhaphazeni nasekurhwaphilizeni imali karhulumente. Okunye ukubaxwa kwamagunya kuquka urhwaphilizo. Urhwaphilizo lwenzeka xa amagosa karhulumente esebenzisa izimali zikarhulumente ukuze kulungelwe wona okanye esebenzisa igunya lawo ngendlela engekho mthethweni.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela abantu kuxhatshazo. EMzantsi Afrika urhulumente wakheke wangamasebe amathathu: indlu yowiso-mthetho, isigqeba solawulo kunye neenkundla zamatyala. Esi sakheko sinika imida kumagunya amagosa kula masebe mathathu. Iinkundla zezizimeleyo.
INKQUBO YAMAQELA AMANINZI
Kulawulo lwesininzi kufuneka amaqela angaphezulu kwisinye athathe inxaxheba kulonyulo aze adlale indima ethile kurhulumente. Inkqubo yamaqela amaninzi ivumela ukuba iqela okanye amaqela awoyisiweyo kunyulo abe ngachasayo kwelo qela liphumelele ulonyulo. Oku kunceda ukuba urhulumente abone iimbono ezahlukeneyo malunga nemibandela. Inkqubo yamaqela amaninzi ikwanika abavoti ukuba bakhethe abameli, amaqela nemigaqo-nkqubo abafuna ukuyivotela kulonyulo. Ngokwesiqhelo, xa ilizwe lineqela eliye, iziphumo iba bubuzwilakhe.
ULAWULO LOMTHETHO
Kulawulo lwesininzi akukho bani ungaphezulu komthetho, nkqu nekumkani okanye uMongameli owonyuliweyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba lulawulo lomthetho. Kuthetha ukuba wonke ubani kufuneka athobele umthetho ze abe nokuphendula ukuba waphula umthetho. Ulawulo lwesininzi lukwathetha ukuba umthetho kufuneka usetyenziswe ngokulinganayo, ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanayo.
AMALUNGELO ATHE NGQO
Nangona onke amalungelo akumqulu wamalungelo ebalulekile, kuthe kwenziwa umzamo wokugxininisa kumalungela achaphezela kakhulu ubomi babantu okanye ebekujongwe ukuba agcine eza nqobo zintathu zolawulo lwesininzi kumGaqo-siseko, ezizezi; ukuligana, ukukhululeka nesidima soluntu.
La malungelo athe ngqo ngala:
Ukulingana
Amalungelo entlalo noqoqosho
Nawenkcubeko.
UKULINGANA
Njengoko sekuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukulingana yingcamango yokuziphatha yokuba abantu abahlala ngokufanayo ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo kufuneka baphathwe ngokulinganayo. Icandelo 9 lomThetho 108 ka-1996 womGaqo-siseko lithe ngokucacileyo lasindleka ukuba:
Wonke umntu uyalingana phambi komthetho yaye unelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo nokuxhamla kumthetho.
Ukulingana kuquka ukuxhamla okupheleleyo nokulinganayo kwawo onke amalungelo neenkululeko. Ukukhuthaza ukufikelela kulingano, amanyathelo omthetho namanye enzelwe ukukhusela okanye ukuphuhlisa abantu okanye amaqela abantu, abathe bahleleleka ngenxa yocalulo olungafanelekanga, anokuthathwa.
Urhulumente akufuneki acalule ngqo okanye ngokungethe ngqo ngokungafanelekanga nabani na ngezizathu ezithile, kuquka ubuhlanga, ubuni, umitho, ubume bomtshato, imvela phi yobuzwe okanye intlalo, ibala, ukekelelo kwisini esithile, ubudala, ukugogeka, isazela, inkolo, inkcubeko, ulwimi nozalo.
Akukho bani omakacalule nabani na ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathe ngqo ngokungafanelekanga ngezizathu ezithile ngokwecandelwana . Kufuneka kumiselwe umthetho wesizwe wokuthintela okanye ukwalela ucalulo olungafanelekanga.
Ucalulo ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezichakwe kwicandelwana alufanelekanga ngaphandle kokuba kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba olo calulo lolufanelekileyo".
Ngenxa yalo msindleko okanye umQulu wamaLungelo uwonke uncedo luyanikwa kwimpatho engalinganiyo phakathi kweentlanga zoMzantsi Afrika wangexesha localulo. Abantu babesalelwa amalungelo oluntu ngakumbi abantsundu. Umzekelo, abantu babecalulwa emsebenzini, ekhaya naseluntwini ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubuni, ukugogeka neendawo zokuhlala. Nangona eli candelo 9 lingasentla lithe lanika umsindleko wokungacaluli, inxalenye enkulu yesi sizwe sixananazileyo isaphathwa ngokungalinganiyo njenabafazi, abantu abaneziphene zomzimba, abantu abanoGawulayo neNtsholongwane yakhe yaye kukhu ukwahluka kwimigangatho yokuphila phakathi kwabantu abahlala emaphandleni nabo bahlala ezidolophini. Imizekelo embalwa ithe yanikwa ukubonisa ukungalingani nokuba iNkundla yomGaqo-siseko ithe yazisebenza njani na iimeko ezinjalo.
AMALUNGELO ENTLALO NOQOQOSHO
IsaHluko seziZwe eziManyeneyo sathi samkela amalungelo entlalo noqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko njengelungelo lesizukulwana sesibini ngo-1945. Kukho amalungelo amaninzi entlalo noqoqosho aquka amalungelo ezinto zokuphila ezingundoqo ebantwini ezifana nezi:
Izindlu
Ukutya
Umhlaba
Amanzi
Imfundo
Impilo
Ukusebenza
Nokhuseleko lwentlalo.
Amalungelo ommandla onempilo
Amalungelo amabanjwa okufumana indawo yokuhlala eyaneleyo, ukutya, izixhobo zokufunda kunye nonyango.
Eneneni la malungelo oluntu ayaqhagamshelana kuba kuye kwakhawuleza kwabonakala ukuba akunantsingiselo ukuba umntu abe namalungelo okuvota engenandawo yokufaka intloko. Yiyo lo nto abantu bathi babelana ngamava abo entlupheko, kumanyelo lokuThetha Phandle malunga nobuHlwempu ngo-1999. Oku kwafaka umngeni kurhulumente ukuze kuphuhliswe amalungelo entlalo noqoqosho. Ngoko ke, amalungelo entlalo noqoqosho ajongene nokusindleka abantu ngezidingo zokuphila ezingundoqo, yiyo lo nto injongo yokuqala yale nkqubo ngo-1998 yaba kukwahlula phakathi kwentswelo/isidingo nemfuno.
Injongo yesihloko yayikukuxhobisa abantu ngokuba bangazihlela njani na iintswelo zabo xa kunokufuneka benze njalo ngexesha lokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Ngokuquka la malungelo kumGaqo-siseko urhulumente uthe wabonisa ukuzinikela kwakhe ekupheliseni intlupheko nokungalingani kwemigangatho yentlalo eMzantsi Afrika. Ukuzinikela okongezekileyo kuthe kwaboniswa ngokuthi kuqinisekiswe isiVumelwano malunga namaLungelo oQoqosho, iNtlalo neNkcubeko ngo-1998.
AMALUNGELO ENKCUBEKO
ULWIMI NENKCUBEKO
Icandelo 30 lomThetho 108 ka-1996 womGaqo-siseko linika umsindleko wokuba:
wonke ubani unelungelo lokusebenzisa ulwimi nokuba athathe inxaxheba kubomi benkcubeko azikhethele yona kodwa kungabikho bani usebenzisa la malungelo ngendlela engahambisaniyo nayo nayiphi na imisindleko yomQulu wamaLungelo".
Icandelo 31 lomThetho 108 ka-1996 womGaqo-siseko linika umsindleko wokuba:
Abantu benkcubeko, inkolo okanye ulwimi oluthile abanakwalelwa elo lungelo, namanye amalungu olo luntu- ukuba baxhamle inkcubeko, baqhube inkolo nokusebenzisa ulwimi lwabo, nokuba benze, bangenele ze bagcine amaqumrhu enkcubeko, inkolo nolwimi neminye imibutho yentlalo. Amalungelo akwicandelwana awanakusetyenziswa ngendlela engahambelaniyo nayo nayiphi na imisindleko yomQulu wamaLungelo".
Omabini la macandelo acacile kodwa kufuneka ahambelane nemisindleko yomQulu wamaLungelo, ngamanye amazwi awanakusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kodwa anemida ethile. Okwesibini enzelwe ukukhusela abantu benkcubeko, ulwimi okanye iqela elithile.
Urhulumente kunye nabantu bakhe kufuneka balumkele ukuphazamisana okanye ukunyhasha ilungelo lokuphila ngokwenkcubeko yaba bantu. Ngaphandle kokuqondwa kweenkcubeko okusindlekwa liNqaku 27 lesiBhengezo samaLungelo oluNtu kwiHlabathi-lonke ngo-1948, kukho nesivumelwano samaZwe-ngamazwe malunga namaLungelo oQoqosho, iNtlalo neNkcubeko ngo-1996. Zozibin ezi zixhobo zamazwe-ngamazwe zithe zaqiniselwa nguMzantsi Afrika, yaye ziyasebenza zikwanyanzeliswa. UMzantsi Afrika nokuxananaza kwenkcubeko yawo kufuneka wenze ukuba ezi nkcubeko zilawulwe ngumthetho, yiyo le nto kukho la macandelo angasentla apha. Njengokuba iintshukumo zenkcubeko kungafunekanga zingqubane nalo naliphi na kula malungelo akumQulu wamaLungelo, apho zenza njalo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ukuze zihambelane nomQulu wamaLungelo. Umzekelo, la nkcubeko yangaphambili malunga nokugcinwa komthetho womtshato wemveli kufuneka ilungelelaniswe nomThetho 120 ka-1998 wokwAmkelwa kwemiTshato yeMveli, okhoyo ngoku. Umzekelo, umthetho wemveli wama-Afrika wokushiyeka nelifa lomfi wawuvumela ukuba ngamadoda kuphela anokufumana ilifa lalowo ubhubhileyo, ukutsho ke ukufumana ilifa ngobuzibulo. Umhlolokazi nabantwana kwakufuneka baxhaswe yilo ndoda ifumene ilifa okanye bashiyeke bengenankxaso. Ngokucacileyo le nkcubeko ibiphikisana namalungelo oluntu angundoqo, yiyo le nto kukho lo mthetho ukhoyo wemitshato yemveli oxhasa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo ngomthetho.
Amalungelo enkcubeko, njengawo onke amalungelo oluntu anoxanduva oluhamba nawo, umzekelo;
Abantu bafanele ukuhlonipha izenzo nezithethe zabanye abantu, ukuze kungabikho ngquzulwano.
Urhulumente kufuneka avumele abantu ukuba benze izithethe zenkcubeko yabo ngaphandle kokuba ezo zenzo azihambelani nomGaqo-siseko.
AMALUNGELO NOXANDUVA
Kubaluleke kakhulu, kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuthatha inxaxheba, ukuba abantu bahlonele amalungelo abanye abantu. Oku kuthetha ukuhlonipha ilungelo labo lokuba noluvo, ukuba bagayele iqela labo lopolitiko, ukuphembelela imibandela yabo (nkqu nokuba oku kuchasene nowakho umbandela), ukuvotela umntu okhethwe ngabo kunye nezinye izinto.
Injongo yale nkqubo kukuveza uxanduva / imisebenzi ehamba nelungelo ngalinye elifumaneka kumGaqo-siseko. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba wonke ummi woMzantsi Afrika athathe olu xanduva ngokuzimisela ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi uyazaixhamla eza nqobo zitathu zolawulo lwesininzi ezifana nokukhululeka, ukulingana nesidima.
Isikhokelo sithe sanikwa ukulungiseleala urhulumente kunye nabemi bakhe ngenxa yokuba amalungelo esetyenziswa ngokunyuka nokukhweza.
Ilungelo lokulingana phambi komthetho
Uxanduva lwam: ukuhlonipha abanye abantu nkqu nokuba bahlukile kuthi nokuba samkele ukuba bayalingana nathi.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwenza umthetho osebenza ngokufanayo kuye wonke ubani kungajongwe buhlanga, ibala, ubuni njalonjalo.
Amalungelo achasene nocalulo ngaphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko
Uxanduva lwam: ukungathethi ngendlela ecalulayo ngabanye abantu kuba ucinga ukuba bakwinqanaba elisezantsi kunawe ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, isini, njalonjalo
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwenza imithetho engacaluli abantu ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, ubuni, ukekelelo lwesini, njalonjalo.
Ilungelo lobomi
Uxanduva lwam: ungalimazi omnye umntu ukuze kugrogriseke ubomi bakhe.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuphumeza imithetho ekhusela ubomi babantu.
Ilungelo lokukhululeka nokukhuseleka komntu
Uxanduva lwam: ukungaxhaphazi umlingane okanye abantwana bam ekhaya.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuconisa ukusetyenziswa kokuthuthumbisa ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi.
Ukungabikho kobukhoboka okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanzelwa
Uxanduva lwam: ndingavumeli abantwana bam ukuba baye emsebenzini beselula kakhulu.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuphumeza umthetho omisela owona mvuzo nobudala obusezantsi kubantu abasebenzayo.
Ilungelo lemfihlo
Uxanduva lwam: ukunkqonkqoza phambi kokuba ndingene egumbini/endlwini yomntu.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukugcina ulwazi olungabantu luyindaba yakwamkhozo, umzekelo, umfazi ofuna ukuqhomfa kufuneka azi ukuba olo lwazi luya kugcinwa luyimfihlo.
Inkululeko yonqulo, inkolo noluvo
Uxanduva lwam: ukungaphazamisani okanye ukungathinteli umntu ekukhonzeni njengoko ethanda, ukumamela abanye abantu nokwamkela ilungelo labo lokuba noluvo olwahlukileyo kolwam.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuvumela abantu ukuba bangasebenzi ngeentsuku zabo zokunqula.
Inkululeko yokuthetha
Uxanduva lwam: ukungasasazi intiyo phakathi kwabantu abaziintlanga, beenkolo, amaqela opolitiko, njalonjalo awohlukeneyo
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukungabeki amatyathanga kwabeendaba xa engathandi ukuba abeendaba bamgxeke.
Inkululeko yokuhlangana, imiboniso yoqhankqalazo, ukuhlala nokuqhankqalaza
Uxanduva lwam: ukungaphathi umpu okanye isixhobo esinobungozi kumngcelele okanye umboniso woqhankqalazo
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwenza ukuba kukhuseleke ukuba abantu abafuna ukuba nomboniso woqhankqalazo, umzekelo, ngokujika izithuthi, ngokuhlutha imipu nezixhobo.
Inkululeko yokunxulumana
Uxanduva lwam: ukungabukuli abantu kwiqumrhu lam ngezizathu zocalulo, umzekelo, ngokwalela amaTshayina kwiqumrhu lam.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukungaphazamisani nemigaqo-nkqubo yamaqela opolitiko, iimanyano zabasebenzi, njalonjalo.
Ilungelo lokukhetha upolitiko ngokukhululekileyo
Uxanduva lwam: ukungagrogrisi abantu beqela lopolitiko elingelilo elakho
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuvumela onke amaqela opolitiko ukuba asebenze ngokukhululekileyo, ukuvumela onke amaqela opolitiko ukuba abe nexesha elilinganayo lokuvela kumabonakude.
Ilungelo lonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo
Uxanduva lwam: ukunganyanzeli okanye ugrogrise abantu ukuba bavotele elakho iqela lopolitiko.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukukhusela abantu kwizikhululo zokuvota ngokhuseleko olululo. Ukunika imvume elinganayo yokugaya kuwo onke amaqela opolitiko kunyulo, ukusindleka ngezinto zokuhamba kubantu abakwiindawo ezikude ukuba baye kwizikhululo zokuvota.
Ilungelo lokungenela ulonyulo
Uxanduva lwam: ukuvumela abantu ukuba babeke amaphekepheke kwidolophu okanye ummandla wam nokungawasusi la maphekeheke.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukunika wonke ubani ithuba lemibutho yabo yopolitiko, ukuvumela onke amaqela opolitiko ixesha elilinganayo lokuba avele kumabonakude.
Ilungelo lokuba ngabemi boMzantsi Afrika
Uxanduva lwam: ukwamkela ukuba sonke singabemi boMzantsi Afrika ngokulinganayo.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwenza imithetho engqongqo yokuvumela abantu abasuka kwamanye amazwe ukuba bangene eMzantsi Afrika.
Ilungelo lokuhamba nokuhlala
Uxanduva lwam: ukwamkela nabani na ofika ahlale njengommelwane wam.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukunikela ngeencwadi zokuhambela nezazisi kubo bonke abemi abafaka izicelo.
Ilungelo lokurhweba, ukusebenza nekhondo
Uxanduva lwam: ukwamkela iindlela abakhetha ukusebenzela ukuphila ngazo abantu.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuvumela omatheng'ethengisi nabathengisi bangasezitalatweni. Ukuphumeza umthetho wokulawula oku.
Ilungelo okuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo emsebenzini
Uxanduva lwam: ukuphatha abantu abandisebenzelayo ngokufanelekileyo, ndibanike umthwalo ofanelekileyo, ndibanike isilumkiso phambi kokuba ndibagxothe, njolanjalo.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwenza kube lula ze kufikeleleke ukuba unqeshwa amangalele umqeshi ukuba ukholelwa ukuba uphethwe okanye ugxothe ngokungafanelekanga.
Ilungelo lokuqalisa nokungenela imibutho yabasebenzi
Uxanduva lwam: ukuvumela abanye abantu apho ndisebenza khona ukuba bangenele nawuphi na umbutho wabasebenzi abawukhethayo ngaphandle kokugrogriswa.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuvumela ukuba yonke imibutho yabasebenzi ibhalise.
Ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza
Uxanduva lwam: ukuba xa ndikuqhankqalazo ndivumele abanye abantu endisebenza nabo baqhubekeke besebenza ukuba bakhetha oko.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukukhusela abasebenzi abakuqhankqalazo nkqu nokuba oku kuthetha ukuba oko kwenziwe ngamapolisa.
Amalungelo empahla (ukungavinjwa ithuba lempahla yakho ngaphandle kokuba kulungiselelwa uluntu)
Uxanduva lwam: ndingahlali ngasemva eyadini yomnye umntu.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwamkela amalungelo abantu okuba umhlaba wabo ubuyiselwe kubo ukuba babesuswe ngetshova, ukubuyekeza abantu ukuba umhlaba wabo wauthathwe ngetshova.
Ilungelo lokufumana indlu
Uxanduva lwam: ukuba ndifaka isicelo semali-mboleko ukuze ndithenge/ ndilungise indlu, kufuneka ndibhatale nyanga zonke.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukusindleka ngoncedo-mali nomhlaba ukuze abantu bakhe izindlu kuwo;
Ukusebenzisana namacandelo abucala afana neebhanki, ukuze abantu abaninzi bakwazi ukuthenga izindlu, ukususa imiqobo eyenza kube nzima ukuba abantu bafumane imali-mboleko yokuthenga okanye ukwakha izindlu.
Ilungelo lemfundo
Uxanduva lwam: ukuthumela bonke abantwana bam esikolweni.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwakha izikolo ezaneleyo nokuqesha ootitshala aboneleyo ukuze wonke ubani abe nakho ukuya esikolweni.
Uxanduva lwam: ukondla abantwana bam, nokungabaxhaphazi ekhaya okanye esidlangalaleni. Ukuba neyona ndawo isemgangathweni yokufaka intloko endinokuyinika abantwana bam.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukusindleka ngezikim zokondla kunye namakhaya ukuluniselela abantwana abahlelelekileyo, ukuphandla amatyala okuxhatshazwa kwabantwana.
Ilungelo lokufikelela kumaziko empilo, ukutya, amanzi, ukhuseleko lwentlalo
Uxanduva lwam: ukugcina nokukhathalela iimpompo zamanzi kawonkewonke nokuzigcina zikwisimo esebenza kakuhle, ukungangcolisi imilambo abasela kuyo abantu, ukungaseli utywala, nditshaye okanye ndisebenzise iziyobisi ukuze impilo yam ikhuseleke, ukulahla inkunkuma kwindawo efanelekileyo kude ebantwini, ukuhlawulela iinkonzo kuMasipala.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukusindleka ngezithuthi zenkukuma ukuze kususwe ukungcola okungadala ukugula, ukusindleka ngamanzi abalekayo acocekileyo kubo bonke abantu, ukungagxothi abantu kwizibhedlele ukuba badinga unyango.
Ilungelo lolwimi nenkcubeko
Uxanduva lwam: Ukuhlonipha inkcubeko yabanye abantu nokungaphazamisani nendlela abenza ngayo izinto abanye abantu.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukwamkela ukuba zonke iilwimi zibalulekile, ukudala iinkqubo zikamabonakude ukulungiselela abantu bazo zonke iilwimi eMzantsi Afrika.
Ilungelo lokufikelela kulwazi
Uxanduva lwam: ukubuza amagosa karhulumente ukuba benza izigqibo ongazilandeliyo.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukunika izizathu zokwenziwa kwezigqibo, ukwenza kube lula ukuba abantu bafumane ulwazi kumagosa.
Ilungelo lwentshukumo yolawulo olunobulungisa
Uxanduva lwam: ukuxela kumKhuseli woluNtu amagosa ocinga ukuba asebenzise kakubi amagunya awo.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuthatha amanyathelo ngakumagosa anorhwaphilizo nokungakhuseli amagosa asebenzise amagunya awo kakubi.
Ilungelo lokufikelela enkundleni
Uxanduva lwam: ukusebenzisa inkundla ekusombululeni imbambano, ukungathatheli umthetho ezandleni zam.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukusindleka ngamagqwetha angazukuhlawulwa ngabantu ukuze abamele enkundleni.
Amalungelo abantu ababanjiweyo, abavalelweyo nabatyholwayo
Uxanduva lwam: ukwamkela ukuba wonke ubani unelungelo lokuthethwa kwetyala lakhe ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba abe negqwetha elimmeleyo elihlawulwa ngurhulumente, ukufumana ibheyile, njalonjalo.
Uxanduva lukarhulumente: ukuxelela abantu ukuba banelungelo lokufumana igqwetha elisebenza ngeendleko zikarhulumente, ukunika wonke ubani ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuthethwa kwetyala lakhe, njalonjalo.
UKUBEKA IMIDA KUMALUNGELO
Ukuba nemida kuthetha into enye nokwaphula. Umthetho onika umda kwilungelo uyalwaphula elo lungelo. Kodwa ke, olu lwaphulo aluyi kuba loluchasene nomgaqo-siseko ukuba lwenzelwa isizathu esamkelekileyo sokuthethelela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo kuluntu oluvulelekileyo nololawulo lwesininzi olusekelwe kwiinqobo ezintathu zolawulo lwesininzi (isidima soluntu, ukulingana nokukhululeka). Ngamanye amazwi, asilulo lonke ulwaphulo lwamalungelo asisiseko angahambelani nomgaqo-siseko. Apho ulwaphulo lunokuthetheleleka malunga nala mqathango ukwicandelo 36 luya kuba loluvumelekileyo ngokomgaqo-siseko.
Icandelo 36 lomThetho 108 ka-1996 lomGaqo-siseko lisindleka ukuba:
La malungelo akumQulu wamaLungelo anganomda kuphela ngokubhekiselele kumthetho osebenza ngokubanzi ukuya kutsho kwimeko apho lo mda ungofanelekileyo nothethelelekayo kuluntu oluvulelekileyo nolulololawulo lwesininzi lusekelwe kwisidima soluntu, ukulingana nokukhululeka, kuqatshelwa zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo kuquka:
a ubume belo lungelo b ukubaluleka kwenjongo yokumisela umda c ubume nomgama walo mda d unxulumano phakathi kwalo mda kunye nenjongo yawo; kunye e namanyathelo angathinteli kakhulu ukuze kufikelelwe kulo njongo.
Ngaphandle kokuba kunikwe umsindleko kwicandelwana 1 okanye kuwo nawuphi na omnye umsindleko womGaqo-siseko, akukho mthetho unokunika umda kulo nalipi na ilungelo elikumQulu wamaLungelo.
Phambi kokuxoxa ngesolotya lemida ebanzi (icandelo 36) kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba kwale mida minye ikwimo yokwahlulwa ngakumbi kumasolotya okuba nemida. Umzekelo, amanye amalungelo aneenkcazo ezalatha umda obekwe kwicandelo elithile lomQulu wamaLungelo. Umzekelo, lo mGaqo-siseko ukhoyo unika imida eyodwa kula macandalo alandelayo:
Kodwa ke umda kufuneka wahlulwe kwisolotya lokuthotywa okanye ukurhoxhiswa, njengakwicandelo 37 elisebenza kuphela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zoluntu, ube ukwavumela urhoxiso lwamalungelo athile kwisaHluko 2 kwiimeko ezithile.
Nangona amalungelo engasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, umda ngokwakwicandelo 36 ubeka isinyanzelo kurhulumente noluntu ukuba kuhlonitshwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ngamanye amazwi eli solotya alinciphisi ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abantu, ngokwakomnye umbhali uRonald D'workin kwinqaku lakhe Taking Rights Seriously amalungelo abantu abangabanye abaluleke ngaphezu kwemigomo ebekwa ngokuhlangeneyo. Akukhathalisekile nokuba ubaluleke kangakanani na umgomo obekwe ngokuhlangeneyo, awunakulandelwa ngendlela enyhasha amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kodwa ke, ela solotya lomda lisixelela ukuba kumQulu wamaLungelo waseMzantsi Afrika, nangona xa amalungelo aya kuthanda ukubaluleka kunemigomo ebekwe ngokuhlangeneyo, kukho amaxesha apho amalungelo kufuneka ekhwelele imiba ebalulekileyo yentlalo.
Inkcazwana emfutshane yokuba kuthethwa ukuthini na ngomqathango obekwe licandelo 36 ukuze kubekwe umda kumalungelo abantu.
a Umthetho wokuSetyenziswa ngokuBanzi
Umthetho wokusetyenzisa ngokubanzi uthetha umthetho osetyenziswa kwihlabathi lonke. Umzekelo, kufuneka ibe ngumthetho urhulumente anegunya lawo, umzekelo ingalo yomthetho. Okwesibini kufuneka ube ngumthetho ohlambululekileyo, ofikelelekayo nothe ngqo ukuze abo bachaphazelekayo kuwo babe bangaqinisekisa umgama wamalungelo abo kunye nezinyanzelo, umzekelo umThetho 51 ka-1977 weNkqubo yolwaPhulo-mthetho (Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977) njengoko ulungisiwe.
b Ukuqondakala nokuthetheleleka komiselo lwemida
Imeko ifunisa ukuba umiselo lwemida luthintele elo lungelo lisisiseko kuphela ngenxa yezizathu ezamkelekileyo zikwacingela neenqobo zolawulo lwesininzi eziquka isidima soluntu, ukulingana nokukhululeka. Kwakhona kufuneka ibe ngumda ofikelela ekuphumezeni injongo owenzelwe yona. Umzekelo, injongo yokubamba umrhanelwe kukuba aze akwazi ukuya enkundleni. Apho kuthe kwafumaneka ubungqina bokuba lo mrhanelwa uya kuya enkundleni ngomhla wamatyala, nokuba ukhuseleko loluntu luthathelwa ingqalelo, injongo yokuthintela ilungelo lalo mntu lokukhululeka nokhuseleko ithi ingabisasebenza. Yiyo le nto umrhanelwa athi anikwe ibheyile kwixesha eliziiyure ezingamashumi amabini nesine emva kokubanjwa. INkundla yomGaqo-siseko e- S v Mankwanyane 1995 SA 391 (CC) ithe yangumgangatho ekubhekiswa kuwo xa kuqatshelwa ukuba semthethweni kokumiselwa komda, njengoko kuvakaliswa ukuba;
Ukumiselwa komda kwilungelo lomgaqo-siseko ngenjongo eqondakalayo nedingekayo kuluntu lolawulo lwesininzi kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kweenqobo eziphikisana noko, yaye ekugqibeleni, uhlolo olusekelwe kumlinganiselo. Oku kucacile kwimisindleko yeCandelo 33 . Into yokuba amalungelo awahlukeneyo abe abhekisa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kulawulo lwesininzi nakwimeko yomGaqo-siseko wethu, kuluntu oluvulelekileyo nololawulo lwesininzi olusekelwe kwinkululeko nokulingana, kuthetha ukuba akukho mgangatho upheleleyo unokubekwa ukufumanisa ukuqondakala nokudingeka. Imiqathango ingamiselwa, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo miqathango kwiimeko ezithile kungenziwa ngokwahluka kweemeko. Oku kuyinxalenye yesidingo solwalamano, olufunisa ukuba kuthelekiswe imidla eyahlukeneyo. Kule nkqubo yokuthelekisa, imigqaliselo efanelekileyo iya kuquka imo yelungelo elo libekelwa umda, kunye nokubaluleka kwalo kwinkululeko nokulingana kuluntu oluvulelekileyo nololawulo lwesininzi, injongo yokuba elo lungelo libekelwe umda nokubaluleka kwalo njongo kolo luntu, umgama womda, amandla awo, kunye ngokukodwa nalapho umda udingeka khona, nokuba iziphumo ezifunwayo zingafikelelwa ngezinye iindlela ezingena bungozi kakhulu kulo malungelo achaphazelekayo. Kule nkqubo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe umsindleko wecandelo 33 , kunye neenqobo ezibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko, kukhunjulelwa ukuba, njengoko iJaji yaseCanada yakha yatsho, indima yenkundla ayikokuqashela okwesibini ubulumko bokukhetha umgaqo-nkqubo okwenziwa ngabawisi-mthetho".
IMIZEKELO YOKUMISELA IMIDA KUMALUNGELO
Kukho imizekelo ethile yeemeko apho amalungelo angqubanayo yaye elinye (okanye omabini) kula malungelo kuya kufuneka ukuba limiselwe umda. Ukuba abo bantu bangquzulanayo abanakho ukusombulula lo ngxaki banayo, bangayithumela ezinkundleni lo meko. Inkundla kuya kufuneka ukuba igqibe ukuba lelikabani na ilungelo elibaluleke ngaphezu kwelinye kwimeko nganye kunye nokuba kuyaqondakala kukwathetheleleka na ukumisela umda kwelo lungelo.
Isigwebo sentambo
Ukumisela umda kwilungelo lomntu lobomi nelungelo lesidima.
Umntwana akavunyelwa ukungena esikolweni ngenxa yolwimi aluthethayo
Ukumisela umda kwilungelo lomntwana lwemfundo engundoqo nokuchasene nelungelo lemfundo nenkcubeko.
Umntwana obethwe nguyise njengesohlwayo
Ilungelo lokuba umntwana akhuselwe ekuphathweni kakubi nasekuxhatshazweni ngokuchasene nelungelo lomzali lokuqeqesha umntwana wakhe ekhayeni lakhe kungekho bani uphazamisayo.
Umyeni okanye isithandani sixhaphaza umfazi okanye intombi yaso
Ilungelo labafazi lokuba baphathwe ngokulinganayo nangesidima, kunye nelungelo lokukhululeka nokhuseleko lomntu (ukuba akhululeke kuzo zonke iindidi zobundlobongela).
Umntu ugawula imithi yemveli ukuze athengise iinkuni
Ilungelo lomntu lokukhetha indlela yokusebenzela ukuphila ngokuchasene nelungelo loluntu lokuba nommandla okhuselekileyo ukuze bonke abantu babe nokuhlala apho.
Inqununu yesikolo ihlalisa umntwana ngaphandle kwesikolo ngenxa yeenwele zamaRasta
Ilungelo lokungacalulwa komntwana ngenxa yenkolo kunye nelungelo lakhe lemfundo ngokuchasene nelungelo lenkcubeko yakhe.
Uqhomfo/ Ukukhupha isisu
Ilungelo labafazi lokuba nolawulo lwemizimba yabo nokwenza isigqibo malunga nokuzala ngokuchasene nelungelo lobomi kumntwana ongekazalwa.
UXANDUVA OLUHAMBA NESOLOTYA LOKUMISELA UMDA
Lowo uchaphazelekayo kufuneka akhumbule ukuba 'ilungelo lomntu ngamnye liyaphela apho kuqala khona elomnye'. Ngoko ke umntu kufuneka azame ukubona ukuba ngaba kukho ezinye iindlela na endaweni yokubeka umda welungelo, ukuze kuphunyezwe lo njongo inye.
URhulumente kufuneka aphuhlise umthetho wokukhusela abantu ekunyhashweni okanye ekuthintelweni kwamalungelo abo kunye nokutolikwa okukuko kwecandelo 36 leeNkundla zeKhomishoni. Umzekelo, icandelo 36 lisindleka ukuba; 'Xa kutolikwa umQulu wamLungelo, inkundla kufuneka ikhuthaze iinqobo ezibalulekileyo kuluntu oluvulelekileyo nololawulo lwesininzi ezisekelwe kwisidima soluntu, ukulingana nokukhululeka'. Kuyafana ke nakwicandelo 38.
AMAQELA ASEMNGCIPHEKWENI
Imbali yoMzantsi Afrika ibonisa ukuba kwakuho amacandelo oluntu awayecinezelwe ngurhulumente wangaphambili. Umzekelo, abantu abaNtsundu babephathwa njengabakumgangatho ongaphantsi kunabo bonke abanye abantu boMzantsi Afrika. Kodwa ke, kwakukho amaqela phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe zoMzantsi Afrika athi ahlala ehlupheka njengamaqela aligcuntswana. Lo maqela anjalo anobuntununtunu kwimpatho yomgangatho osezantsi nkqu nakweli xesha lolawulo lwesininzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uninzi ngabantu abaNtsundu. Nangona izivumelwano zithe zatyikitywa zaze zaqiniselwa nguMzantsi Afrika, la maqela alandelayo ayacalulwa nangona kukho imisindleko yesolotya lokulingana (icandelo 9), umzekelo:
Abantwana
Abagogekileyo
Abafazi
Abasebenzi
Abavoti
La maqela angasentla athe aqukwa kwaye ngokukodwa athe asindlekwa leli candelo lingasentla lomGaqo-siseko, yaye imithetho eyahlukeneyo ithe yamiselwa ukuze bakhuseleke njengoko kuveziwe kulo mGaqo-siseko ukhoyo ofuna ukuba umThetho weNdalo uphuhliswe ukuqinisekisa ukunyanzelwa kweli lungelo. Nangona umthetho onjalo sele ukho, ukuwuthobela kuyathandabuzeka, nangona le mithetho inezohlwayo xa inokungathotyelwa. Oku kuthe kwehlisa iqondo lokuba uluntu luthembe inkqubo yomThetho, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uninzi luthathele umthetho ezandleni zalo.
ABANTWANA
Icandelo 28 lomGaqo-siseko lisindleka ukuba ...
Umzamo ukhe wenziwa ukunyanzela nokukhusela la malungelo kusetyenziswa umGaqo-siseko, isiVumelwano sika-1990 ngamaLungelo omNtwana, esatyikitywa nguMzantsi Afrika ngoNovemba ka-1993 saza saqiniselwa ngoJuni 1995, kunye nemithetho eyahlukeneyo enxulumene namalungelo abantwana. Ngaphaya koko, amaphulo neenkqubo zithe zayilwa ukubonisa indlela enobuzaza ngayo into yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, kodwa imeko iya iba mandundu imihla ngemihla, ngakumbi uxhatshazo ngokwesondo nokungakhathalelwa. Kukho amaqumrhu awulwayo lo mkhuba kodwa ngokwamanani-ngqikelelo uninzi lwabenzi bolwaphulo mthetho olunjalo ababanjwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kobungqina. Ezi ngxaki zithi zenziwe nzima ziimeko zentlalo noqoqosho xa abantwana bathi banyotywe ukuze bangaxeli. Kodwa ke urhulumente uthe wasindleka abalamli ngokwecandelo 70A lomThetho 51 ka-1951 weNkqubo yokwaPhulwa komThetho, njengoko ulungisiwe ukuze uncede amangqina angabantwana.
Kolu kudwe lungasentla kucacile ukuba ukuba semgciphekweni kweli qela kubangelwa kukungaphunyezwa kwezixhobo ezisindlekelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantwana. Ngoko ke uluntu luyabongozwa ukuba lukuqaphele ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantwana nkqu nokuba umntwana uxhatshazwa ngumzali okanye amalungu osapho. Ukufumanisa ngamalungelo abantwana nceda ujonge le ngcaciso iqhotyoshelweyo malunga neengxaki abahlangabezana nazo abantwana enkundleni, uze kwakhona ufunde esa saHluko singamaLungelo abaNtwana kula ncwadana yomQulu wamaLungelo.
Okokugqibela urhulumente uye wasindleka ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantwana kumGaqo-siseko ngokusebenzisa izixhobo eziqulunqwe kumGaqo-siseko okwaquka iKhomishoni yoluTsha eyamiselwa ngokomThetho 19 ka-1966 weKhomishoni yesiZwe yoluTsha njengoko ilungiswe ngo-2000. Inqaku elineenkcukacha malunga nale khomishoni liyafumaneka phantsi kwela candelo lingokuKhuselwa kwamaLungelo ethu.
ABAFAZI
Icandelo 9 lomGaqo-siseko lisindleka ukuba ... ngokwembali abafazi bathe bakwindawo yegcuntswana eMzantsi Afrika ukusukela kwakudala. Le ndawo iquka bonke kungajongwe budala, buhlanga okanye umgangatho wentlalo. Nangona icandelo 9 lomGaqo-siseko lithe lacacisa ngokungafihlisiyo ukuba wonke ubani uyalingana ngokwasemthethweni yaye unelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo aze axhamle kumthetho. Kwicandelwana kuthe kwakhankanywa ukuba ucalulo ngokokekelo kwisini esithile kufuneka lupheliswe, kodwa abafazi bahlala bengamaxhoba ocalulo olungafanelekanga. Ngaphaya koko, njangakubantwana, kukho izixhobo zamazwe-ngamazwe, ezengingqi nezesizwe eziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abafazi ayamkelwa yaye kufuneka akhuselwe.
NgokukaGqirha. Danny Titus 'amalungelo abafazi aqala ekhaya'. Awazange ayilwe eGeneva okanye eBanjul okanye eStrsbong okanye eVienna okanye eSanJose, apho amaqumrhu amazwe-ngamazwe athi ahlangane khona aze aphembelele, akrole izindululo malunga nezixhobo zamalungelo oluntu kumazwe-ngamazwe. Okuvelayo kula maziko kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba abantu namaqumrhu kwinqanaba lasemakhaya nakwisizwe bathi baveze iingxaki, baphuhlise imibandela, ze bazazise kuluntu nakubenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo' (Human Rights Quarterly 16 559-573).
Kuba abafazi bebehlelelekile ngaphambili kwimiba emininzi yobomi babo, ubani angabathatha njengokuba banamalungelo amaninzi kodwa bekwanoxanduva oluninzi. Urhulumente ukwalindeleke ukuba enze iinguqulelo kumthetho weli lizwe okanye amisele umthetho omtsha ukulungisa le meko.
ABANTU ABANEZIPHAKO
Eli gama lithi ukugogeka okanye isiphako lithetha ukuphulukana okanye ukuba nemida kumathuba okuphila ubomi boluntu ngokulinganayo nabanye. Nangona kungekho nkcazo isemthethweni yeli gama lithi ukugogeka, liquka iindidi ezininzi zemida kwisakhono somntu sokusebenza. Kumaxwebhu omgaqo-nkqubo woMzantsi Afrika eligama libhekisa kuncitshiso lokusebenza komzimba, ingqondo nezivo. Olu ncitshiso lungalolwexeshana okanye lube lolwanaphakade. Ngoko ke abantu banganokulimala ngokwasemzimbeni okuchaphazela iingalo nemilenze, ukulimala ngokwezivo okunokuchaphazela ukuva ngeendlebe nokubona, nokulimala kwengqondo okuchaphazela izakhono zenqondo nokucinga.
UMVOTI
Icandelo 19 lomGaqo-siseko liye lasindleka ngokuba 'wonke ummi ukhululekile ukuba azikhethele ngokopolitiko kube oko kuquka ilungelo lokmisela iqela lopolitiko, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintshukumo zopolitiko, egayela iqela lopolitiko elithile.
Wonke ummi unelungelo lonyulo olukhululekileyo, olufanelekileyo nolwenziwa rhoqo kulo naliphi na iqumrhu elisemthethweni elimiselwe ngokwemigaqo yomGaqo-siseko. Wonke ummi omdala unelungelo lokuvotela nalo naliphi na iqumrhu elisemthethweni elimiselwe ngokwemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko, nokuba akwenze oko emfihlakalweni, nokuzigqatsela umsebenzi woluntu aze ukuba wonyuliwe, asibambe eso sihlalo.
Kuba eli candelo linika wonke ummi omdala ilungelo lokuvota kulonyulo, oku kuyinkqubela phambili enkulu kupolitko loMzantsi Afrika. Amalungelo okuvota ebefudula engawabamHlophe abaligcuntwana ukuya kutsho ngo-1983 ukumiselwa kwePalamente enguNxantathu. Kuphela ngabamHlophe, abeBala namaNdiya ababeyenikwe ilungelo lokuvota de kwalunyulo lolawulo lwesininzi ngo-1994, apho bonke abantu abadala baseMzantsi Afrika bathi banikwa ilungelo lokuvota, ukuzigqatsela ulonyulo nokumisela amaqela opolitiko abazikhethele wona. Kodwake, phambi kolonyulo luka-1999 kwakukho ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo olonyulo olukhululekileyo. Umzekelo, i-SAHRC, ngokweNgxelo yonyaka ka-1999, kwafuneka iphande amatyala apho amalungelo abantu opolitiko athi alelwa mhlawumbi ziinkokheli zemveli okanye amafama.
Kwela candelo lingamaLungelo noXanduva, kuchakwe izinto ezinokwenziwa nezingenakwenziwa ngabantu norhulumente kwilungelo ngalinye. Umzekelo, uxanduva malunga nelungelo lokukhululeka kokuveza uluvo lwezopolitiko luquka ezi zinto zilandelayo:
Umntu angagrogrisi abantu abangamalungu amanye amaqela;
Ukuvumela abanye abantu ukuba baveze ingcamango yopolitiko
Ukuvota emfihlakalweni
Ukungaphazamisi iintlanganiso zamanye amaqela opoloitiko
Ukungagrogrisi mntu xa engavoteli iqela lakho
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubumi buyaqinisekiswa phambi kokuya kubhalisela ukuvota ngokuthi ubani afumane incwadi yesazizi esemthethweni aze aye nayo kwisikhululo sokuvota.
ABASEBENZI
Icandelo 23 lomGaqo-siseko lisindleka ukuba 'Wonke ubani unelungelo lokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo'. Oku kuquka ilungelo labaqeshi nabaqeshwa ngokunxulumene nokumiselwa kwemibutho yabasebenzi. Eli candelo lihambisana necandelo 13 - ubukhoboka, ubucaka nokusebenza ngokunyanzelwa, 16 - inkululeko yokuveza iimbono, 17 - intlanganiso, imiboniso yoqhankqalazo, ukuhlalela uqhankqalazo nokufaka izikhalazo kunye nele-18 - inkululeko yokunxulumana.
Lo mmandla womthetho wawufudula ugonyamelwe lucalulo olusekelwe kubuhlanga, ubuni, umgangatho nobudala. Abantu abaNtsundu ngabona babebetheka kakhulu kubo bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika. Nangona befundile, abantu abaNtsundu babekumanqanaba asezantsi omsebenzi, ngakumbi abafazi nabantwana ababesetyenziswa ebukhobokeni nokusetyenziswa ngokunyanzelwa. Abantu abaneziphene babengajongwa nokujongwa ukuba bangaqeshwa. Kodwa ke umthetho ojongene nabasebenzi uthe waphuhliswa kakhulu ukuze kunyangeke iiyantlukwano zangaphambili, kupheliswe ucalulo nokungaqeshwa. Kodwa ke imiba iselukhuni kangangokuba abasebenzi basezifama babengafakwanga kumThetho ka-1995 woNxulumano lwabaSebenzi eMzantsi Afrika kangangokuba babehlupheka kakhulu yaye basaphethwe kakubi ngamafama. Oku kuye kwadala ukungalungelelani kodwa ke imeko iyaphucuka emva kokuba kuye kwamiselwa umthetho ukulungiselela abasebenzi basezifama nabasemakhitshini. Umthetho uye wahlengahlengiswa kumThetho ka-1995 woNxulumano lwabaSebenzi, imiGaqo esisiSeko yokuQeshwa ka-1997, yaye umthetho omtsha uye wamiselwa. Umzekelo, umThetho 55 ka-1998 wokuLingana ekuQeshweni, umThetho 78 ka-1995 weMpilo noKhuseleko emSebenzini, umThetho 85 ka-1996 wokuPhuhliswa kwezaKhono. Injongo ephambili yokuphuhliswa komthetho kukuphucula iimeko zokusebenza ukuze komelele abasebenzi nokuba kube kho iimeko zokusebenza ezinobulunga kubo bonke abantu njengoko umGaqo-siseko ufuna njalo kwintshayelelo yawo 'ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo bonke abemi nokukhulula isakhono somntu ngamnye'.
Ilungelo lonxulumano lwabasebenzi njengawo onke amalungelo linoxanduva elihamba nalo, umzekelo lifunisa ukuba:
Kuxhotyiswe umntu ngezakhono okanye amanqanaba emfundo adingekayo ukuze abe nakho ukukhuphisana nabanye kwizikhundla ezifanelekileyo.
Ukugcina imithetho yasemsebenzini.
Ukuziphatha kakuhle nokulandela iintlelo ezizizo ukunyanzelisa ilungelo lakho, ngakumbi ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza.
Ukusebenzisa naliphi na ithuba elivelayo lokuphuhliswa kwezakhono.
Ukuphepha ukucalula abanye abantu phantsi wayo nayiphi na imeko.
Urhulumente kufuneka adale ze anyanzelise umthetho okhusela abasebenzi ngakucalulo nokusebenza ngokunyanzelwa.
UQEQESHO LWASENTLALWENI
Imfundo yeMeko yaseNtlalweni ijonge ukunika onke amagosa enkundla ulwazi nokuqonda okudingekayo ekuthakazeleleni iingcamango zabanye abantu neemeko zabo ezahlukeneyo ukuze izigqibo zawo zibe zezinobulungisa nezifanelene noluntu esihlala kulo.'
Umqulu woCweyo lweCandelo lomthetho, ubuHlanga nobuNi
Oku kuthi kudale iimbono zeqela lemvumelwano. Ngaphaya koko, abantu bazama ukugcina okanye ukufumana iinngcingane ezamkelekileyo ngaphakathi kwiqela ngokunxulumene namanye amaqela, njengoko oku kubonakala kuluncedo ekuzihloleni.
Andicebisi ukuba abantu mabathi ngabom bagqibe ukusebenzisa iinkolo ezingafanelekanga ... Eneneni, iinkolo ezimalunga nobuhlanga nobuni zikho, ezingqondweni zethu, zikhuliswe ziimeko zentlalo ze zakhuthazwa yinkcubeko eyamkelwe banzi kunye nosasazo. Ngamanye amaxesha ziyinxalenye yamaziko ethu. Siye sizamkele njengeenyaniso. Xa sijongene nengxaki, kuye kuzenzekele ukuba sizisebenzise kuba sekuqhelekile yaye kulula - kulula kakhulu kunokuhlola eyona ngxaki ze sifikelele kwisigqibo esinengqiqo ngendlela yokucinga nokumamela nokuhlola". Judge B Mclachlin, Western Judicial Education Centre Canda
UKUQONDA: Ukuhlela kwenza ukuba ihlabathi libe kwingqalelo etsolileyo yaye kukwadala nommandla wokubona ngohlobo oluthile apho izinto ziba mnyama namhlophe, zingabi nabuluzizi nokungaqondakali. Kukwadala ubume obuthile kwihlabathi kunye namava ethu akulo. Kusivumela ukuba sisebenzise ulwazi oluninzi ngexesha elinye.
INQOBO: Ingcingane esele yamkelwe inegalelo kuhlelo lweenqobo zomntu. Apho ukuhlela kuneenqobo ze kube nokufaneleka okuthe ngqo nokubalulekileyo kuhlelo lweenqobo zomntu kuba kho utyalo lomntu ekugcineni nasekugxininiseni ukusebenzisana kweqela.
FUNA UKUQONDA KUQALA PHAMBI KOKUFUNA UKUQONDWA
Ukumamela ngovelwano kuthi kungene ngaphakathi kuluhlu lokubhekisa komnye umntu. Uye ujonge ngendlela ajonga ngayo omnye umntu, ubona ihlabathi ngale ndlela alibona ngayo, uqonda ububona babo, uyayiqonda indlela avakalelwa ngayo.
Ukumamela ngovelwano kunamandla kakhulu kuba kukunika ulwazi oluchanekileyo omawulusebenzise. Endaweni yokubonisa obakho ubuntu nokuthatha lula iingcinga, uvakalelo, iinjongo nokutolika, usebenza ngoko kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwintloko nentliziyo yomnye umntu. Umamela ukuze uqonde. Ugqalele ekufumaneni unxibelelwano olunzulu lomphefumlo womnye umntu.
Nangona kunzima, funa kuqala ukuqonda, okanye uxilonge phambi kokuba wenze isigqibo uze unike isisombululo.
Okubalulekileyo ekwenzeni isigwebo esisiso kukuqonda. Ngokuthi aqale ngokugweba, umntu soze aqonde ngokupheleleyo.
Kuba simamela ngokobuntu bethu, siye siphendule ngenye yeendlela ezine. Siyahlola, mhlawumbi sivume okanye singavumi; sithi siphande - sibuza imibuzo sisebenzisa oko kwaziwa sithi; sithi sicebise - sinika icebiso ngokuxhomekeka kumava ethu; okanye siyatolika - sizama ukucinga ngabantu, sichaze iinjongo zabo, ukuziphatha kwabo, sixhomekeke kwezethu iinjongo nokuziphatha. Ezi mpendulo zithi zizifikele kuthi. Sizinze nzulu kuzo yaye singqongwe yimizekelo yazo lonke ixesha.
Umahluko ongako onokwenziwa kukuqonda kwenene! Lonke icebiso elinentsingiselo elungileyo ehlabathini aliyi kuba nafuthe likhulu ukuba asisombululi kanye le ngxaki siyxelelwayo. Yaye asisoze sifikelele kwingxaki ukuba sijongene kakhulu noko kwenzeka kuthi, obethu ubuthina, ukuba singasusi eyeyethu indlela yokujonga ngokwaneleyo ukuze sibone ihlabathi ngokwembono yelinye icala.
Ukuba ufuna ngenene ukuqonda, ngaphandle kobuqhokolo nangaphandle kokunkwalambisa, kuya kuba kho amaxesha apho uya kothuka khona lulwazi olunyulu nokuqonda okuya kuza kuwe kusuka komnye umntu. Akusoloko kudingeka nkqu nokuthetha ukuze ube novelwano. Eneneni, ngamanye amaxesha amazwi ayakufikela.
Njengoko ufunda ukubamamela nzulu abanye abantu, uya kufumanisa iiyantlukwano ezinkulu kwindlela yokuqonda izinto. Ihlabathi ungalibona ngendlela yokujonga yomlingane; ulibone ngendlela yokujonga eqwalasela imali kwimeko yoqoqosho.
Kukho umsebenzi owenziwa eklasini. Imifanekiso yalo msebenzi isasazwa eklasini.
UKUKHUSELWA KWAMALUNGELO ETHU
UKHUSELO OLUNGAQULUNQWANGA
Ukuba ilungelo likabani liyanyhashwa angasebenzisa indlela engaqulunqwanga yokukhusela ilungelo lakhe. Angazama ukusombulula imiba nalo mntu uchaphazelekayo. Ukuba oko akuphumeleli angazama uxolelaniso ngokubandakanya omnye waba bantu balandelayo;
Umfundisi
Inkosi
Uceba, okanye
Ukuba noko akuphumeleli angazama ukuhlangana neziko elimiselweyo.
UKHUSELEKO OLUQULUNQIWEYO
Amaziko esaHluko 9 zezo zakheko kunokuyiwa kuzo xa kufunwa ukukhuselwa amalungelo omntu.
Ngala alandelayo:
UmKhuseli woluNtu
Ikhomishoni yamaLungelo oluNtu
IKhomishoni yokuKhuthazwa nokuKhuselwa kwamaLungelo kunye noluNtu lweNkcubeko, iNkolo neeLwimi
IKhomishoni yokuLingana ngokobuNi
UmPicothi-zincwadi Jikelele
Ikhomishoni yonyulo
UMKHUSELI WOLUNTU
UmKhuseli woluNtu wesiZwe, okanye uNozikhalazo, njengoko esi sikhundla sasiya kwaziwa, ligosa elikwinqanaba eliphezulu
Ukhululekile kurhulumente nakulo naliphi na iqela lopolitiko
Uchongwa yiPalamente ngomGaqo-siseko
Wamkela izikhalazo kubantu abasentlungwini ngenxa yee-arhente namagosa karhulumente, yaye
Unegunya lokuphanda, ukundulula intshukumo yokulungisa isimo aze akhuphe iingxelo.
SISEBENZA NJANI ISIKHUNDLA SOMKHUSELI WOLUNTU?
Nabani na angafaka isikhalazo kumKhuseli woluNtu, oya kuthi yena aphande ngesi sikhalazo. Cinga ngomKhuseli woluNtu njengosompempe onokujonga kuwo onke amacala engxaki. Ukuba umKhuseli woluntu ufumanisa ukuba lo ukhalazayo uyathetheleleka, uya kwenza konke anakho ukufumana isisombululo salo ngxaki, esiquka ukundulula iinguqulelo kwinkqubo.
UmKhuseli woluNtu usenakho nokudlulisela loo mbandela ePalamente, ethi ixoxe ngaloo mbandela ze iqinisekise ukuba izindululo ziyalandelwa.
Uphando ikakhulu lwenziwa ngendlela engaqulunqwanga, kodwa umKhuseli woluntu angabiza abantu ukuba banike ubungqina phantsi kwesifugo okanye isiqiniselo xa oku kuba yimfuneko.
NGUBANI ONOKUPHANDWA NGUMKHUSELI WOLUNTU?
Urhulumente kulo naliphi na inqanaba. Oku kuquka urhulumente omkhulu nowamaphondo, amasebe karhulumente kunye namagunya asemakhaya.
Namphi na umntu owenza umsebenzi woluntu. Oku kuquka naye nabani na owenza umsebenzi osemthethweni ochaphazela bonke abantu, okanye inxalenye yabantu baseMzantsi Afrika, umzekelo umntu osebenzela urhulumente, njengepolisa okanye igosa elinyuliweyo.
YINTONI ANOKUYIPHANDA UMKHUSELI WOLUNTU?
Ixanasi elingafanelekanga elenzelwe okhalazayo okanye omnye umntu, umzekelo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, impatho engafanelekanga, eguquguquka ngokungalindelekanga, engenambeko okanye nayiphi na indlela engafanelekanga, ukulityaziswa okungafanelekanga, ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, nasiphi na isizathu okanye isigqibo esithathwe ngabasemagunyeni.
Ukunganyaniseki okanye ukuphatha kakubi imali karhulumemte
Ukuzityebisa ngendlela engafanelekanga
Ukufumana ukulungiselelwa okungafanelekanga.
UMNTU UKHALAZA NJANI KUMKHUSELI WOLUNTU?
Ukuba isikhalazo sakho simalunga nexanasi kufuneka uzame ukuyisombulula ngokwakho lo ngxaki phambi kokukhalaza kumKhuseli woluNtu, umzekelo, ngokuthetha namagosa abandakanyekayo, okanye ukuba oko akuncedi, ubhalele kumntu ophethe loo magosa, umzekelo, iNtloko yeSebe.
Usenokucinga nangokuya kwilungu lakho lePalamente kuZwelonke okanye iPhondo. Kuphela kuxa nanjalo ungakwaziyo ukuyisombulula ingxaki, apho ungabhalela umKhuseli woluNtu- loo ncwadi uyifekse, uyipose okanye uyise ngesandla.
Ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo kufuneka zifakwe encwadini/ileta:
Isimo sesikhalazo sakho
Intsuka phi nembali yesikhalazo
Izizathu zokuba ucinge ukuba esi sikhalazo kufuneka siphandwe ngumKhuseli woluNtu.
Amanyathelo owathathileyo okusombulula le ngxaki (ukuba akho).
Kufuneka ukhankanye igama legosa obusebenza nalo, ngayiphi imihla, nokuba kwathiwani na.
Iikopi zayo nayiphi na imbalelwano phakathi kwakho nalo magosa kufuneka zihambe neleta yakho.
Inombolo yomnxeba apho unokutsalelwa khona, ukuba unayo.
Kwiimeko ezithile umKhuseli woluNtu usenokufuna ingxelo eyenziwe phantsi kwesifungo phambi kokuba aphande.
Ukuba akuqinisekanga ukuba ingxaki yakho yinto aya kuyiphanda umKhuseli woluNtu, okanye ukuba akukwazi ukubhala, ungatsalela umnxeba kwi-ofisi yomKhuseli woluNtu. Kukho abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo nabachubekileyo abaya kumamela isikhalazo sakho, nokuba sikhulu nokuba sincinci, baze benze uphando.
Kwezinye iimeko aba basebenzi banganceda abantu ukuba bafumane izisombululo ezikhawulezileyo zeengxaki zabo. Aba basebenzi basenokukuxelela ukuba usifake phi na isikhalazo sakho ukuba umKhuseli woluNtu akanakho ukukunceda.
Usenakho nokutyelela i-ofisi yomKhuseli woluNtu ukuze ube nodliwano-ndlebe okanye ukubonisana naye, ukuba ukhetha oko. Kungcono ukuqala ngokubhala ukuze ucele udliwano-ndlebe apha encwadini.
NGABA KUKHO OMNYE UMNTU OYA KUVA NGESIKHALAZO SAM?
UmKhuseli woluNtu kunye nabasebenzi bakhe baya kuligcina liyimfihlo igama lokhalazayo xa kukho imfuneko, naxa kunakho ukwenzeka oko.
KUBIZA KANGAKANANI UKUFUMANA UNCEDO KUMKHUSELI WOLUNTU?
Akubizi nto. Iinkonzo zezasimahla yaye zenzelwa nabani na onengxaki efana nezo zibalwe apha ngasentla.
INTO ANGENAKHO NENGENAKUPHANDWA NGUMKHUSELI WOLUNTU
Izigqibo eziwiswe ziijaji noomantyi, kuquka izigwebo ezibekwe ngabo. Izenzo zabucala ezenziwe ngabantu abangabanye, iinkampani zabucala, oogqirha okanye amagqwetha angasebenzeli rhulumente.
Kodwa ke, abasebenzi bomKhuseli woluNtu banganceda ngokukuxelela ukuba ungakhalaza phi na okanye wenze ntoni na kwezi meko zingasentla. Kwiimeko ezithile umKhuseli woluNtu angakuthumela kwinkundla yamatyala xa ukuya enkundleni iyeyona ndlela ingcono yokusombulula ingxaki yakho. Kuba umKhuseli woluNtu engasebenzi njengomntu omela abantu ngokomthetho, uya kuthunyelwa kwigqwetha ukuba ingxaki kufuneka iye enkundleni.
I-ofisi yomKhuseli woluNtu kwisiZwe ifumaneka ePitoli.
Idilesi yePosi:
Kodwa ke, kukho abaKhuseli boluNtu kwiphondo ngalinye.
IKHOMISHONI YAMALUNGELO OLUNTU
Ikhomishoni yamaLungelo uluntu ikhuthaza intlonipho nokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu. Indima yayo kukufundisa abantu malunga namalungelo oluntu nokuphanda izikhalazo malunga nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Ingaququzelela ukuba umntu abe negqwetha ukuba likhusele amalungelo akhe yaye ingasa amatyala enkundleni apho kudingekayo. I-HRC liqumrhu elizimeleyo yaye liphendula kuphela kumGaqo-siseko. Kufuneka inike ingxelo ePalamente kanye ngonyaka.
Idilesi yeposi:
IKHOMISHONI YOKUKHUTHAZWA NOKUKHUSELWA KWAMALUNGELO AMAQELA ENKCUBEKO, INKOLO NOLWIMI
Le khomishoni yamiselwa ukuze ikhuthaze ze ikhusele amalungelo abantu benkcubeko, inkolo, neelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Kufuneka ikhuthaze ze iphuhlise uxolo, ukunyamezelana kunye nokumanyana kwesizwe phakathi kwala maqela abantu, konke oko kusekelwe ekulinganeni, ukungacaluli nenkululeko yokunxulumana.
IKHOMISHONI YOKULINGANA NGOKOBUNI
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zonke izakheko zikarhulumente, kuquka noMongameli, ziqonde ngokupheleleyo ukuba inkululeko ayinakufumaneka ngaphandle kokuba abafazi babe baye bakhululwa kuzo zonke iindidi zengcinezelo'.
UMongameli uNelson Mandela, evula iPalamente yokuQala eyanyulwe ngentando yesininzi eMzantsi Afrika ngomhla wama-24 Meyi 1994.
Ikhomishoni yokuLingana ngokoBuni lelinye lamaziko amathandathu karhulumente axhasa ulawulo lwesininzi endululwe kumGaqo-siseko ka-1996. Injongo yale khomishoni, njengoko ifakwe kwicandelo 187 lomGaqo-siseko, kukukhuthaza ukulingana ngokobuni kunye nokucebisa nokwenza izindululo epalamente okanye nayo nayiphi na indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokubhekiselele kuyo nayiphi na imithetho okanye umthetho osandululwayo ochaphazela ukulingana ngokobuni kunye nesidima sabafazi.
Idilesi yesitalato:
UMPICOTHI ZINCWADI JIKELELE
UmPicothi-zincwadi Jikelele uhlola ii-akhawunti zawo onke amasebe karhulumente wesizwe nabamaphondo kunye nabo bonke oorhulumente basemakhaya ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali iyacaca indlela esebenze ngayo.
Uthethathethwano olwakhokelela kwisisombululo sopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika lwakhokelela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekumiselweni kwe-IEC ngokwemisindleko yomGaqo-siseko ka-1993.
Iinjongo zale Khomishoni "kukomeleza ulawulo lwesininzi olukumgaqo-siseko nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zonyulo lwesininzi". Le Khomishoni inegunya lokulawula ulonyulo novavanyo-zimvo lwesizwe, olwamaphondo noloomasipala.
Amagunya, uxanduva nemisebenzi yayo isindlekwe kwiCandelo 5 lomThetho.
ICandelo 19 lomGaqo-siseko likwanika umsindleko wokukhuselwa kwamalungelo opolitiko, nto leyo engoyena ndoqo wegunya lale khomishoni.
Idilesi yesitalato:
AMANYE AMAQUMRHU AZIMELEYO
Kukho amanye amaqumrhu, ngaphandle kwala maziko akwisahluko sethoba, athe amiselwa ukuze omeleze ulawulo lwesininzi lwethu. Amanye awo ngala:
IKhomishoni yoluTsha
IZiko loLawulo-ziKhalazo eliziMeleyo
INkundla yomGaqo-siseko
INkundla neKhomishoni yoBango-mihlaba
IGUNYA ELIZIMELEYO LOSASAZO
Le Khomishoni imiselelwe ukubeka esweni yonke imiba yosasazo kweli lizwe, umzekelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba usasazo lukanomathotholo nolukamabonakude lolufanelekileyo nokuba zikhupha iindaba zoluntu lwaseMzantsi Afrika.
IKHOMISHONI YOLUTSHA
IZIKO LOLAWULO-ZIKHALAZO ELIZIMELEYO (ICD)
INKUNDLA YOMGAQO-SISEKO
Le nkundla yamiselwa ngokomgaqo-siseko ka-1996. Uxanduva lwale nkundla kukumisa umthetho nomGaqo-siseko, ekufuneka bawusebenzise ngokungenamkhethe nokungenabuganga, uthatho-cala okanye ixanasi.
INKUNDLA NEKHOMISHONI YOBANGO MIHLABA
Icandelo 25 ne omThetho lisindleka ukuba nawuphi na umntu okanye uluntu olwaphulukana nomhlaba walo emva ko-1913 ngenxa yomthetho wocalulo lunelungelo lokubanga ukubuyiselwa umhlaba walo okanye luhlawulwe ngalo mhlaba. Icandelo 25 linika imvume yokuba urhulumente aphumeze umthetho wokujongana nala mabango. Urhulumente waphumeza umThetho wokuBangwa komHlaba ngokwemigaqo ekwathi kwamiselwa ngayo iKhomishoni neNkundla yoBango mhlaba ukuba zijongane namabango omhlaba enziwa ngabantu.
Imisebenzi yeKhomishoni yoBango-miHlaba kukuphanda amabango omhlaba, ukungenelela nokusombulula la mabango nokusa amabango kwiNkundla yamaBango omHlaba ukuba ayinakho ukuwasombulula. Ikhomishoni yamaBango omHlaba inamakhu-khulu amabango ekwinkqubo yokuwaphanda.
INkundla yoBango-miHlaba iya kwenza isigqibo malunga namabango angenakusonjululwa yiKhomishoni. Le nkundla ingayalela ukuba abantu babuyiselwe umhlaba wabo, okanye inike lo mntu ubanga umhlaba omnye umhlaba karhulumente, okanye imhlawule imbuyekezo lo mntu ubanga umhlaba ngenxa yokuphulukana nomhlaba wakhe.
Icandelo 20 lomgaqo-siseko lisindleka ukuba, "akukho mmi omakalelwe ubumi'.
Umntu ozalelwe eMzantsi Afrika ungummi woMzantsi Afrika yaye oko akunakususwa kuye. Ngokwecandelo 21 lomgaqo-siseko, "wonke ubani unelungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ilungelo lokushiya eli lizwe, ilungelo lokungena, ukuhlala nokwakha naphi na kweli lizwe nelungelo lokuba nencwadi yokundwendwela'
UKUCEBA IPHULO NGOMBA OLUNGILEYO
AMANYATHELO AMAWALANDELWE
La manyathelo ali-10 alandelayo aya kukunceda ekuzobeni isicwangciso sephulo malunga nomba wamalungelo kuluntu lwakho. Wasebenzise la manyathelo ukuba akuncede kwiphulo elilelakho.
BUZA IMIBUZO EBANZI ukufumanisa ingxaki, umzekelo:
Iluhlobo luni le ngxaki?
Ngubani emchaphazelayo?
Ndlela zini ezinokusetyenziswa ukuyisombulula?
Miqobo/zithintelo zini ezenza ubunzima?
Zixhobo zini ezikhoyo (ngokwemali nabantu)?
KHETHA EYONA NJONGO YAKHO yeli phulo (ungabi neenjongo ezingaphezu kwesine). Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni oza kuyenza njengenxalenye yeli phulo. Yenza isigqibo ngexesha oza kulithatha kweli phulo lonke.
THATHA ENYE YEZI NJONGO UCWANGCISE amanyathelo esenzo esidingekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe lo njongo. Wabhale phantsi la manyethelo kwisishicilelo seendaba. (Kuba esi isisicwangciso, iingcamango zesenzo aziyi kuba kuhlelo oluthile).
HLOLA EZI NGCAMANGO UKUSUSELA KWINYATHELO 3 uze ukhethe ezo ngathi zezona zinokuphumelela. Bhala isenzo senyathelo ngalinye olikhethileyo ekhadini okanye iphetshana elingange-5cm x 8cm. (La makhadi abizwa ngokuba ngamakhadi entshukumo).
PHINDA AMANYATHELO 3 no- 4 KWEZINYE IINJONGO ezo uzichonge kwinyathelo 2.
THATHA IPHEPHA LOSHICILELO LWEENDABA uze ubhale isihloko sephulo lakho nexesha oza kulithatha phaya emantla. Zoba umgca phantsi kwaso. Bhala injongo yokuqala yeli phulo ngaphantsi kwalo mgca. Zoba omnye ungca phantsi koko uze ubhale injongo yesibini. Qhubekeka noku de ube ubhale zonke iinjongo.
Iphulo: ukuphelisa umlo weTeksi Ixesha eliza kuthathwa: iinyanga ezi-6
INJONGO
Ukubamba intlanganiso yoluntu
Ukuhlangana noceba wendawo
NCAMATHELISA LA MAKHADI ENTSHUKUMO UKUSUKA KWINYATHELO 4 ngokulandelelana kwawo ecaleni kwenjongo efanelekileyo. Qala ngelona nyathelo lilula okanye elona lngxamisekileyo kufuneka lithatyathiwe. Xoxa ngala makhadi entshukumo uze uwahlele ngokutsha ukuba kuyadingeka oko. Yongeza nawo nawaphi na amanyathelo amatsha andululwayo.
Iphulo: ukuphelisa umlo weTeksi Ixesha eliza kuthathwa: iinyanga ezi-6
INJONGO
Ukubamba intlanganiso yoluntu ncamathelisa amakhadi entshukumo ngokulandelelana kwawo
Ukuhlangana noceba wendawo Phinda apha
XOXA NGEKHADI LENTSHUKUMO NGALINYE - kuya kuthatha ixesha elingakanani, ngubani oza kuba noxanduva lweli nyathelo ngandleko zini, ukuba kukho bani oza kubandakanyeka. Bhala phantsi ixesha, umntu oza kuba noxanduva lwalo ntshukumo kunye neendleko zentshukumo nganye kunye neendleko kwikhadi lentshukumo ngalinye.
JONGA IXESHA ELIZA KUTHATHWA KWELI PHULO LILONKE- Bhala iinyanga malunga nomphezulu wephepha.
Iphulo: ukuphelisa umlo weTeksi Ixesha eliza kuthathwa: iinyanga ezi-6
Ukubamba intlanganiso yoluntu
Ukuhlangana noceba wendawo
XOXA NGOKUBA INYATHELO NGALINYE LIZA KWENZIWA NINI NA (NGAYIPHI INYANGA)
Ngeli xesha usagcine amakhadi akho entshukumo ngokulandelelana kwawo. Ngoku ke hlela la makhadi ngokweenyanga ahambelana nazo.
Iphulo: ukuphelisa umlo weTeksi Ixesha eliza kuthathwa: iinyanga ezi-6
INJONGO
Ukubamba intlanganiso yoluntu
Ukuhlangana noceba wendawo
URHWAPHILIZO
Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwesi sihloko zezi:
UmGaqo-nkqubo oChasene norhwaphilizo nobuQhetseba kwiSebe lezobuLungisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko
UmThetho 26 woKhuseleko lweziNto eziBhengeziweyo ka-2000 kunye
NeNdlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuziPhatha kuShishino kwiSebe lezobuLungisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko.
ISISHWANKATHELO SOMQULU WAMALUNGELO
Ukulingana: Akunakucalulwa. Kodwa inkqubo yokunika amathuba kwabo babevinjwe amathuba kunye nocalulo olufanelekileyo zamkelekile.
Isidima soluntu: isidima sakho kufuneka sihlonitshwe yaye sikhuselwe.
Ubomi: unelungelo lobomi.
Inkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu: akunakuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuxoxa, uthuthunjiswe okanye wohlwaywe ngendlela ekhohlakeleyo. Ubundlobongela basemakhaya abuvumelekanga.
Ubomi bangasese: Akunakusetshwa, wena nekhaya lakho okanye izinto zakho.
Inkululeko yenkolo, ukukholwa noluvo: ungakholelwa ze ucinge nangantoni na oyifunayo ze ulandele inkolo ozikhethele yona.
Ilungelo lokuthetha: bonke abantu (kuquka namaphephandaba) bangathetha nantoni na abayifunayo.
Ukuhlangana, imiboniso yaqhankqalazo, ukuhlalela uqhankqalazo kunye nokufaka izikhalazo: ungenza umboniso woqhankqalazo, uhlalele uqhankqalazo ze ungenise nesikhalazo. Kodwa oku kufuneka ukwenze ngoxolo.
Ilungelo lokunxulumana: unganxulumana naye nabani na ofuna ukunxulumana naye.
Amalungelo ezopolitiko: unganika inkxaso kwiqela lopolitiko ozikhethele lona. Ukuba ungummi, ube uneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu ubudala, ungavota.
Ubumi: ubumi bakho abunakuhluthwa kuwe.
Inkululeko yokuhamba-hamba nokuhlala: Ungaya ze uhlale naphi na eMzantsi Afrika.
Inkululeko yorhwebo, umsebenzi nekhondo: Ungenza nawuphi na umsebenzi okhetha ukuwenza.
Ubudlelane babasebenzi: Ungangenelela iimanyano zabasebenzi uze ungenele noqhankqalazo.
Ummandla: Unelungelo lommandla onempilo.
Impahla: Impahla yakho ingohluthwa kuwe kuphela xa kulandelwe imigaqo efanelekileyo.
Ulwakhiwo lwezindlu: Urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba abantu bafumana izindlu ezifanelekileyo.
Amaziko empilo, ukutya, amanzi nokhuseleko loluntu: Urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba unokutya namanzi, namaziko empilo nokhuseleko loluntu.
Abantwana: Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 banamalungelo awodwa, njengelungelo lokungaxhatshazwa.
Imfundo: Unelungelo lenfundo esisiseko, kuquka nemfundo yabadala, ngolwimi lwakho (ukuba kunokwenzeka oko).
Ulwimi nenkcubeko: Ungasebenzisa ulwimi ofuna ukulusebenzisa uze ulandele inkcubeko oyikhethileyo.
Amaqela enkcubeko, inkolo, nolwimi: Naluphi na uluntu lungaxhamla inkcubeko yalo, lulandele inkolo yalo ze lusebenzise ulwimi lwalo.
Ukufikelela kulwazi: Unelungelo lokufikelela nakoluphi na ulwazi, analo urhulumente.
Intshukumo yolawulo enobulungisa: Iintshukumo ezenziwa ngurhulumente kufuneka zibe zezifanelekileyo.
Ukufikelela ezinkundleni: Unganakho ukuba ingxaki yakho yomthetho isonjululwe enkundleni okanye nasiphi na isakheko.
Abantu ababanjiweyo, abavalelweyo nabatyholwayo: Eli lungelo likhusela abantu abathe babanjwa, bavalelwa okanye batyholwa.
ISIPHETHO
Onke la malungelo anokuba nemida ukuba imiqathango ebekiweyo kwisolotya lokumisela umda (s36) liye la zalisekiswa.
