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Ukhula nokutshatyalaliswa kokhula



Imiyalelo: 

Folio strap: Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula

Byline: Ulwazi lufunyenwe kwincwadi yoqeqesho ngoLwazi ngoMsebenzi weMveliso yoMbona



Nasiphi isityalo esikhula apho singafunekiyo khona okanye apho singanqwenelekiyo khona sibizwa ngokuba “lukhula”. Ukhula lutshaba lomlimi wesityalo esiziinkozo – lukhuphisana naso ngokufuma, ngokukhanya nangezondlo, lubanga iingxaki ngethuba lokuvuna, lusenokungcolisa okanye luguqule ibala leenkozo, imbewu yalo isenokuba netyhefu kwaye isenokufukamela izibulali-zityalo nezifo ezichaphazela isityalo ekujoliswe kuso.



Ukhula lusoloko luneempawu zemveliso yembewu ekhawulezisayo nesuka ibe yinyambalala, lunaba lula kwaye lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Lukholisa ukuba nesixokelelwano seengcambu esiphuhla kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye luziqhelanisa neemeko ezininzi. Lutshabalaliseka nzima, lomelele kwaye lukulwela ngamandla ukufuma nezondlo zomhlaba. Ukhula lukholisa ukulungela ukwanda luselutsha kakhulu ukuze ke luzandise ngokukhawuleza.



Iingcambu zokhula zikholisa ukugqobhozela nzulu kwaye zinabe kakhulu kuneengcambu zesityalo ngoko ke luphila lula. Ukhula olufumaneka ebudeni bonyaka luthanda ukuzigcinela izixa ezikhulu zokutya kwiinxalenye zalo eziphantsi komhlaba – kwakhona oko kwenza ukuba lukwazi ukunyamezela iimeko ezinzima zokukhula. 



Ukhula luyakwazi ukugqiba umjikelo walo wokuphila kwithuba elingaphantsi kunyaka omnye - – okanye ngexesha lonyaka (olu khula lubizwa ngokuba lukhula lonyaka), okanye lusenokuphila ngaphezu konyaka kodwa nganeno kwiminyaka emibini (olu lubizwa njengokhula lweminyaka emibini), okanye lusenokuphila ixesha elide lube luzandisa ngonyaka ngamnye (olu lubizwa ngokuba lukhula lwawo onke amaxesha). 



Kutheni kubalulekile ukutshabalalisa ukhula olukwizityalo?

Kaloku ukhula luphikisana nesityalo ngokufuma komhlaba, izondlo, isithuba nokukhanya. Olu khutshiswano luthintela ukukhula kwesityalo kuze kubuyisele umva uphuhliso, ngokwenza njalo kucutha isivuno sesityalo. Olu khutshiswano lusenokubanga ungcoliseko lwembewu yesityalo, ukucutheka kwesivuno okanye ukwetha komgangatho wesityalo sembewu. Ukhutshiswano olwenziwa lukhula lwahluka ukusuka kwisityalo ukuya kwesinye nokusuka kukhula oluthile ukuya kolunye – lusenokubanga ukucutheka kwesivuno sesityalo okuncinci kangange-10% okanye ukucutheka okukhulu okungangama-98%.



Ukhula luqalisa ukukhuphisana nesityalo nje lwakuba luphuhle isixokelelwano seengcambu esisigxina – nje lwakuba ludlule ibanga lezithole. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula kufuneka kujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukhutshiswano nesityalo, kananjalo nokuthintela ukhula ukuba lungamiliseli imbewu kuba ngokwenza njalo luya kuba luzinzisa indawo yalo yokukhuphisana nesinye isityalo kwixesha elizayo. 



Iindlela zokutshabalalisa ukhula

Zimbini iindlela ezibanzi zokutshabalalisa ukhula – kukusebenzisa oomatshini nemichiza. Kwiziganeko ezininzi ukuhlakula okuhamba kodwa, okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshabalalisi zokhul nokuhlakula kuya kuba sesna sixokelelwano sinoqoqosho sinokusetyenziswa. Ukukhethwa kwesixokelelwano kuya kuxhomekeka kwintando yomlimi, amava kunye nolwazi, kudibene nokufumaneka kwabasebenzi, iitrektara kunye nezixhobo – ngakumbi xa kutyalwa namsinyane emva koko. 



Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula makujongwe njengenxalenye engundoqo yeziganeko zokuhlakulela umbona kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngethuba lokuhlakula umhlaba, xa kulungiswa ummandlalo wezithole ngexesha lokutyala nangamabanga okukhulisa isityalo.



Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula ngoomatshini

Ukutshabalalisa ukhula ngoomatshini kubandakanya ukutshiza ukhula ukuze kuthintelwe ukuzinza kwalo, kanti, okunye okubalulekileyo, kukuncothula ukhula ngokusebenzisa itrektara nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula ngoomatshini kufanele ukwenziwa phmbi kokutyala (ukugcina umhlaba ucocekile) nangamaxesha akwangoko (kuselithuba) okuphuhla kwesityalo. Kubalulekile ukutshabalalisa ukhula luselula ukuze kuthintelwe ukhutshiswano ngokufuma komhlaba kanti nesityalo kufuneka ukuba sibe siselula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlakula akuzonakalisi iingcambu zesityalo. Ukhula oluzinzileyo lunesixokelelwano seengcambu esiphuhle kakuhle kanti ukuze ukutshatyalaliswa kwalo kuncomeke kungafuneka ukuba kuhlasele ngamandla kanti ke oku kungasuka kutshabalalise iingcambu zesityalo. 



Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula ngemichiza

Kukho iintlobo zemichiza ezilulwelo, amahlalutyana nemimoya ezinokusetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa ukhula. Okubaluleke kakhulu ngumthamo ochanekileyo nexesha elifanelekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi zokhula. 



Le michiza inokubekwa ngokwezintlu zezitshabalalisi zokhula ezikhethayo okanye ezingakhethiyo. Izitshabalalisi zokhula ezingakhethiyo zibulala nasiphi isityalo ezinokuthi zidibane naso kanti izitshabalalisi zokhula ezikhethayo zibulala uhlobo oluthile lokhula ngaphandle kokuchaphazela isityalo nakancinci. Izitshabalalisi zokhula ezingakhethiyo zisenokusetyenziswa ngokunjalo phakathi kwemiqolo yesityalo ukuze ngokwenza njalo zibulale ukhula ngaphandle kokuchaphazela isityalo. 



Izitshabalalisi zokhula zikwasebenza ngeendlela ezimbini ezahluka-hlukileyo – ezinye zisebenza ngokuchukumisa lo gama ezinye zisebenza kwisixokelelwano. Izitshabalalisi zokhula ezisebenza ngokuchukumisa zichaphazela izicwili zesityalo ezithi zidibane nazo, kanti ukuze kufumaneke iziphumo ezibalaseleyo,kufuneka ukumanziseka okucoselelweyo. Olu luhlu lwezitshabalalisi zezityalo luncomeka kakhulu elukhuleni oluncinci okanye oluselula. Izitshabalalisi zokhula ezisebenza kwisixokelelwano zithuthelwa kwisityalo ngokuphelela kwaso ngoko ke nokuba zitshizwa emagqabini kuphela, iingcambu ziyakwazi ukuchatshazelwa. 



Izitshabalalisi zokhula zinako kananjalo ukuhlelwa ngokwaphambi kokuhluma (phambi kokuvela kwesityalo phezu komhlana), nasemva kokuhluma (emva kokuba isityalo sesivele ngaphezu komhlaba). Izitshabalalisi zezityalo zaphambi kokuhluma zifunxwa ziingcambu ze-coleoptile okanye eziphuhlayo, lo gama izitshabalalisi zokhula zasemva kokuhluma zifunxwa ngamagqabi nezikhondo. 



Ziliqela izinto eziluncedo malunga nokutshabalalisa ukhula ngemichiza kunokulutshabalalisa ngoomatshini – inkoliso yezinto eziluncedo zezi:

Kukhawulezisa phucukileyo ukufaka umchiza elukhuleni kunokulususa ngomatshini;

Uninzi lwemichiza luthatha ithuba elide, nto leyo ethetha ukuba wena akusayi kwenza okungaphaya koko malunga nokutshabalalisa ukhula; kananjalo

Kumaxesha onyaka emvula, xa kukho udaka oluninzi kuba nzima ukuqhubela iitrektara emasimini, ngoko ke ukutshabalalisa ukhula ngemichiza kuko okunamandla (itrektara enesitshizi ingangena lula entsimini kunetrektara etsala ikhula.

