UmhlanganiselWa (Maize)								IsiXhosa
Umhlanganiselwa okanye imbewu yohlobo olumvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo – thelekisa izinto onokuzenza
Imiyalelo:
Folio strap: Imihlanganiselwa
Byline: Ngu-Ian Househam, umQuquzeleli wePhondo weNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwamaFama yaseGrain SA 
Figure 1: Umyinge wesivuno sezityalo eziziinkozo esifumaneke phakathi kwamaxesha onyaka wama-2008 nowama-2009.
Tons/ha = Iitoni ngehektare nganye
Hybrid = Umhlanganiselwa	
OPV = I-OPV
Variety type = Uhlobo oluthile
Photo: Umbona omvumvuzelwa ngokuhlanganiselwa. 
Abalimi banoluhlu lwezizathu zokuba bangatyali mali kwimbewu engumhlanganiselwa, ezifana neendleko eziphezulu zembewu, ukunqaba kwemali ngexesha lokutyala, ukungafumaneki kwembewu engumhlanganiselwa, isidingo sokuthenga isichumiso, umahluko omncinci okanye ongekhoyo kwisivuno, ukunqongophala kokuziqhelanisa, ulondolozo olunganelanga nomgangatho ophantsi wokuqhutyelwa phambili kwemihlanganiselwa yorhwebo efumanekayo. 
Ezi ngxoxo-mpikiswano zivusa imibuzo, yokuba ingaba imihlanganiselwa inoncedo ngaphezu kohlobo olumvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo (open pollinated variety - OPV) na ukwenzela abalimi abangathathi ntweni apho ubukho bembewu bungenakuqinisekiswa khona, apho ukusetyenziswa kwamagalelo kuphantsi khona nalapho ukusilela kwesityalo kuqheleke khona. Owona mbuzo wenene uthi loluphi uhlobo: ngumhlanganiselwa okanye luhlobo olumvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo na olulolona lulondolozekayo (i-OPV) kumlimi ukuze afeze ukhuseleko lokutya ngokunjalo afumane inkxaso yengeniso elondolozekayo.
Imbewu ligalelo eliphambili kuyo yonke imveliso yezityalo. Zonke izenzo zokulima zenzelwa ukufumana isakhono esipheleleyo semfuza yembewu elinyiweyo. Akukho zenzo zolimo (umzekelo ukuhlakula, ukulima, ukutshabalalisa ukhula, ukufaka isichumiso, ukutshabalalisa izinambuzane ezonakalisa izityalo nezifo) zinokwandisa izivuno zezityalo ngaphaya kwemida emiselwe ngumgangatho wembewu. Imbewu ke ngoko ngumda osisiseko sempumelelo okanye sentsilelo yesityalo esityaliweyo.
Ukuze kufumaneke izivuno eziphezulu, umntu makatyale imbewu yomgangatho ophezulu. Ukuze umntu aqiniseke ngembewu yomgangatho olungileyo, makathenge kwaye atyale imbewu eqinisekisiweyo, nokuba ingumhlanganiselwa okanye yi-OPV. Imbewu eqinisekisiweyo icoceke ngama-98% obona buncinci kwaye Ibe nepesenti yokuntshula engama-90% obona buncinane. Iindleko zembewu eqinisekisiweyo ingalinganiswa nesakhono sayo esiphezulu sesivuno.
Abalimi abalima kancinane nabalimela ukutya kwekhaya abajongene nezithintelo zemali, bakholisa ukutyala umbona ogcinwe ukususela kwisivuno sexesha elidlulileyo. Ukuba oku bakwenza ngeenkozo ezigciniweyo zombona wemihlanganiselwa, bakholisa ukuba nezivuno ezinciphileyo (ukufikelela kuma-50%) xa kuthelekiswa nombona olinywe ngembewu entsha.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutyala izityalo eziziinkozo ezigcinwe kwiintlobo ezimvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo akubi nasiphumo seelahleko zezivuno.
Yintoni umhlanganiselwa?
Umhlanganiselwa yimveliso (inzalo yesizukulwana sokuqala) yokuhlangana phakathi kwabazali abangazalaniyo (abangafaniyo ngokwemfuza), omnye ngowesikhomokazi ekugqaliselwe kuye aze omnye abe liduna. Ukuzimvumvuzela ngokwaso isityalo yinkqubo yokuthatha imvumvuzela ize igalelwe kubulembu baso sona eso sityalo. Xa umbona uzimvumvuzele ngokwawo, isizukulwana ngasinye siba buthathaka. Oku kwaziwa njengokwazandisela, kanti emva kwezizukulwana ngezizukulwana, oku kukhokelela kwizityalo ezibuthathaka ezibizwa ngokuba yimifuziselo yokuzandisela. Le mifuziselo yokuzandisela mincinane ngobukhulu, inezikhwebu ezincinane nezivuno ezicuthekileyo. Naxa kunjalo, xa imifuziselo emibini yokuzandisela ixwesisiwe, amandla ayabuyela kwimbewu efumanekileyo ukuze isivuno sezityalo esikhuliswe kuloo mbewu sande kakhulu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ngamandla omhlanganiselwa. Kwenzeka njengesiphumo sokudibaniselana phakathi kweeseti zeziqalelo zemfuza ezifunyanwa kwimifuziselo yokuzandisela emibini eyahluka-hlukeneyo.
Umbona ongumhlanganiselwa uneempawu ezilandelayo:
Unenkangeleko efana ncam kuyo yonke indawo yawo;
Womelele;
Unesivuno esiphezulu;
Ukhethelwe umgangatho weenkozo eziphucukileyo; kananjalo
Ungumhlanganiselwa othile onokukhethwa ngokuphathelene ngokumelana nezinambuzane ezithile nezifo okanye ngokunyamezela imbalela.
Izinto eziluncedo ngokulima ombona ongumhlanganiselwa zezi:
Imihlanganiselwa jikelele inesivuno esiphezulu kuneentlobo ezimvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo.
Imihlanganiselwa ifana ncam ngebala, ngokukhula nangezinye iimpawu zezityalo nto leyo evumela umlimi ukuba aqhube ngemisebenzi ethile (umzekelo, ukufaka isichumiso, ukutshiza nokuvuna) ngaxeshanye.
Ukufana ncam kweenkozo ezivuniweyo nako kunokuba nezinto eziluncedo ngokuphathelene nokuthengisa xa zithengiselwa abathengi abakhetha imigangatho ephezulu.
Isivuno semihlanganiselwa siqhele ukuba ngaphezulu nge-18% ngaphezu kwese-OPV.
Izinto ezingeloncedo ngokulima imihlanganiselwa:
Imbewu yayo inexabiso eliphezulu.
Umlimi kufuneka avune ngaphezu kweetoni ezimbini ngehektare nganye ukwenzelelela ixabiso eliphezulu lembewu.
Imbewu entsha ifuna ukuthengwa qho ngexesha lonyaka lokutyala.
Iinkozo eziveliswa kwimbewu yomhlanganiselwa ayifanelanga kusetyenziswa njengembewu kumaxesha alandelayo okulima.
Umlimi usenokungakwazi ukufumana imbewu kuselithuba.
Imihlanganiselwa ibuthathaka ngakumbi kwiimeko ezibangela ukucinezeleka (umzekelo ukuvela amanquma).
Phantsi kokuphathwa kakubi kwezityalo neemeko ezirhabaxa zemozulu, isivuno semihlanganiselwa asisogqithi kangako esee-OPV.
Yintoni uhlobo olumvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo (open pollinated variety – OPV)?
Uhlobo olumvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo (i-OPV) lolwembewu evela ngokwandiswa ngoxwesiso nangawuphi umgaqo (oko kukuthi akukho sicwangciso sokumvumvuzelwa). Ukumvumvuzelwa kwezityalo emasimini akulawulwa, ngoko ke izityalo azisayi kufana ngobude, ibala lobulembu liza kwahluka, izikhwebu azizi kulingana ngobukhulu nangesimo kanti izityalo ziya kuvuthwa ngamaxesha ahluka-hlukileyo.
Izinto eziluncedo ngokulima i-OPV:
Iindleko eziphantsi zembewu okanye ezingekhoyo. Umlimi angagcina inxalenye yesityalo njengembewu.
Ixabiso lembewu linganeno kakhulu kwelembewu yemihlanganiselwa.
Enye imali ingachithelwa ekuthengeni isichumiso okanye isitshabalalisi sezinambuzane ezonakalisa izityalo.
Imbewu ingaphinda ihlaziywe. Oko kukuthi, iinkozo zeli xesha lonyaka zingatyalwa kwixesha lonyaka elizayo.
Iindawo ezinesakhono esiphantsi azizifanelanga iindleko eziphezulu zembewu engumhlanganiselwa.
Imbewu ye-OPV inesiseko esibanzi semfuza kwaye iyahluka-hluka ngokwemihla yokuntshula iintyatyambo. Oku kubangela ithuba elithande ukuba lide lokuntshula kweentyatyambo, nelivumela i-OPV ukuba imvumvuzelwe ngamathuba amafutshane okucinezeleka okukhulu (umzekelo ukunqongophala kokuma, nokufudumala, njl.njl.). Oku kwahluka ngamanye amaxesha kunako ukunika izivuno ezizinzileyo kunemihlanganiselwa entshula iintyatyambo ngendlela efana ncam. 
Kubalulekile ukuthenga imbewu eqinisekisiweyo qho kwiminyaka emithathu ukugcina ukucoceka kwemfuza.
Okungeloncedo nge-OPV:
Isakhono sesivuno sikholisa ukuba ngaphantsi nge10% kuya kwi 25%.
Kwiindawo ezinesakhono esiphezulu, izityalo ze-OPV ziya kucutha imida yenzuzo.
Azisayi kufana ncam ngebala, ngokuvuthwa nangezinye iimpawu zezityalo.
Inokuba neempembelelo kwixabiso leenkozo, o.kt. kumgangatho.
Ukungafani kwazo kunokukhokelela ebunzimeni bokwenza imisebenzi ethile, efana nokutshiza nokuvuna, (ngakumbi xa kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokuvuna esihlanganiselayo).
Ukugcina imbewu ye-OPV icocekile, mayityalwe kumgama ongama-300 m obona buncinane ukusuka kwezinye iintlobo.
Imbewu engekho mgangathweni (imbewu egcinelwe ukulinywa kwesityalo esilandelayo ikholisa ukugcinwa phantsi kweemeko ezingaphucukanga kwaye ibe kananjalo igcinwe kubushushu obuphezulu, izinambuzane ezonakalisayo kunye nezifo) inokukhokelela kwizityalo ezingantshuli kakuhle nezibuthathaka ezingakhuphisani kakuhle nokhula.
Njengomthetho, imbewu yee-OPV ayihlenga-hlengiswanga ngokwemfuza ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane okanye nezinto ezitshabalalisa ukhula.
Ukuvuna imbewu emvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo
Kuqala, lima i-OPV ecetyiswa kwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Phatha amasimi akho ngononophelo, usebenzise ulimo lolondolozo, ngokusebenzisa isichumiso, umgquba okanye zombini ezo zinto. Tshabalalisa ukhula nezinambuzane ezonakalisa izityalo.
Lima izityalo zakho kumgama we-100 m obona bufutshane ukusuka kwamanye amasimi ombona, okanye lima umbona wakho kwiiveki ezintathu phambi okanye emva kwezityalo ezikufutshane, ukuze amanquma azo avele ngexesha elahlukileyo. Ngale ndlela uya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ngcoliseko lungeyomfuneko lomvumvuzelo olwenzekayo.
Kufuneka uvune ukususela kwisizikithi sentsimi ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomvumvuzelo.
Phambi kokuvela kwamanquma, hlola amasimi akho uze ususe naziphi izityalo ezikhangeleka zahluke kakhulu kwezinye (o.kt. ezinde kakhulu okanye ezimfutshane kakhulu okanye ezinesifo).
Ngexesha lokuvuna, khetha ezona zikhwebu zikhangeleka zilungile. Khetha izikhwebu ezifanayo, ezingenasifo ukuze ube nomgangatho onqwenelekayo weenkozo.
Vuna izikhwebu ezingama-300 obona buncinane.
Izikhwebu mazigqunywe, zomiswe zize zigcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo (kwindawo eyomileyo nekhuselekileyo emnyama).
Qiniseka ukuba imbewu yomile (ubomi bembewu buphinda-phindeka kabini ngokuncipha kwe-1% nganye okungaphantsi kwe-13% yesiqulatho sokufuma). Ukuvavanya kokuba ingaba imbewu yakho inesiqulatho sokufuma esingaphantsi kwemalunga ne-13%, thatha imbewu yeenkozo ezili-100 uyixube netyuwa engange-1 g uze uwugcine loo mxube ebhotileni evaleke ngci. Ukuba emva kwemizuzu emi-5 ityuwa ivakala ifumile, oko kuthetha ukuba izikhwebu kusafuneka zomiswe ngakumbi.
Imbewu ithatha ithuba elide phantsi kweemeko ezibandayo (akuthethwa ezineqabaka). Ubomi bembewu buphinda-phindeka kabini xa ubushushu egcinwe kubo buthotywe nge 5ºC.
Ingqokoqwane, umngundo kunye neebhaktiriya ziyabufinyeza ubomi bembewu. Ukunciphisa le ngxaki yigcine yome kangangoko unako imbewu.
Gcina imbewu yakho kwiziphathi ezomileyo, ezicocekileyo nezingangeni moya uze uzifake iileyibhile (kunyaka olandelayo uya kuba ulibele ukuba ibiyintoni elapho).
Izinto ezinqanda ukukhula kwezinambuzane ezonakalisa izityalo
Uthuthu olomileyo
Uthuthu lufunxa ukufuma phakathi kwesiqulathi luze luthintele ukukhula nokwanda kwengqokoqwane. Yongeza i-0,5 kg yothuthu ngekhilogram nganye yembewu.
Ikalika 
Ikalika ingasetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo nothuthu olomileyo. Xuba iitispuni ezili-15 (ama-50 g) nekhilogram nganye yembewu.
I-oyile yokupheka 
Xuba i-oyile yokupheka nembewu yakho ukuthintela ukwanda kwengqokoqwane. Sebenzisa itispuni ye-oyile ngekhilogram nganye yembewu.
Amagqabi awomileyo nagubekileyo ezityalo ezinuka kamnandi ezahluka-hlukileyo 
Ingqokoqwane izivela ngokukhawuleza izityalo ezinevumba elibukhali. Sebenzisa itshilisi (xuba iitispuni ezintlanu zomgubo wetshilisi nembewu eyikhilogram enye).
Ikhala 
Yomisa uze ucumze amagqabi wandule ukuwaxuba neetispuni ezintlanu ngekhilogram nganye yembewu.
Iinzuzo ezivela kwimbewu ehlanganiselweyo nembewu emvumvuzelwa ngokuvulekileyo
Umhlanganiselwa
Eyomvumvuzelo oluvulekileyo (i-OPV)
Ufikelelo kwinzuzo yemfuza.
Luphezulu.
Luphakathi.
Inzuzo kunyango lwembewu nolawulo lomgangatho.
Iphezulu. 
Kuphela xa ithengwe njengembewu eqinisekisiweyo.
Ubukho bomxhasi wembewu olungileyo .onika ufikelelo kwimbewu entsha yemfuza.
Unokufumaneka.
Kuyathandabuzeka.
Ukuzimela koluntu lwamafama.
Kuncinci.
Kuphezulu.
Umhlanganiselwa olunge kakhulu unako ukuqhuba kakuhle xa uthelekiswa ne-OPV engalunganga ngaphezu kwama-70%. Nangona kunjalo, i-OPV elungileyo inokuqhuba phantse ngendlela efanayo okanye iwugqithe umhlanganiselwa ongaqhubi kakuhle. Isiphumo sokutyala isizukulwana sesibini sembewu (esivunweyo) asikho kangako malunga ne-OPV kodwa sinobuzaza kumhlanganiselwa (ilahleko inokufikelela kuma-50%). Imihlanganiselwa ye-elite ivelisa iinkozo ezingaphezulu nge-18% kunee-OPV ze-elite. Imbewu ehlaziyiweyo ivelisa iinkozo ezingaphantsi ngama-32% kunembewu entsha yomhlanganiselwa. Imbewu ye-OPV ehlaziyiweyo ikhupha iinkozo ezingaphantsi nge-5% kunembewu esentsha ye-OPV.
Xa kuthengwa imbewu eqinisekisiweyo, iindleko zembewu ziya kuba phezulu kunaxa kuthengwa imbewu ye-OPV esentsha okanye ehlaziyiweyo. Ukuhlelwa kwesivuno sezityalo eziziinkozo ngokwenqanaba lolawulo kuya kuba ngolu hlobo:
1. Umhlanganiselwa;
2. I-OPV;
3. I-OPV ehlaziyiweyo; kananjalo
4. Umhlanganiselwa ohlaziyiweyo.
Ukuthenga imbewu yemihlanganiselwa ngonyaka ngamnye, kuba yeyona ndlela inenzuzo eninzi, akuba amanqanaba olawulo eziitoni ezimbini ngehektare nganye okanye ngaphezulu. Ngokuya esanda amanqanaba olawulo, ukuhlaziywa kwembewu kuya ngokuba nenzuzo ephantsi. Iba ncinci kakhulu inzuzo yomlimi xa ukusuka kwimbewu ye-OPV ukuya kwimbewu yemihlanganiselwa, kwenziwa ngaphandle kwesichumiso kwaye kube kungekho nguquko kulawulo. Ukuba umlimi uthenga imbewu yemihlanganiselwa ngexabiso eliphezulu, inqanaba lolawulo lakhe nalo malibe phezulu kwangaloo ndlela.
Abalimi bombona abalima umbona bayakwazi ukuliqikelela ixabiso lombona wabo njengesityalo esingenisa imali. Kodwa, siyazi ukuba ukhuseleko lokutya kwasekhaya, ukunqandwa kwemingcipheko, iindlela ezithandwayo nezithethe zinendima ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo zabalimi malunga nezinto zokutyala ngokunjalo nezenzo zolawulo lwesityalo. Ngokunjalo, ukhuseleko lwembewu lwasekhaya ngumba obalulekileyo onokuqwalaselwa ngokuphathelene nokuhlaziywa kwesityalo njengembewu, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezikude ezingafumani nkonzo yazo kubaxhasi bembewu. Ufikelelo kwimimandla yentengiso yokutya okuziinkozo apho amaxabiso afanelekileyo acingeleka kwangaphambili khona, lufanele ukuqwalaselwa ngokuqaphela xa abalimi abangathathi ntweni besenza isigqibo ngohlobo lwembewu abaza kuyithenga. Mininzi imiba yasentlalweni neyenkcubeko ekhoyo ngokuphathelene nombandela wemihlanganiselwa xa ithelekiswa nee-OPV.
Ii-OPV zisenokuba yindlela exabisekileyo enokukhethwa ngabalimi phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-OPV okanye kwembewu ehlaziyiweyo kuya kuba linyathelo elibuyisa umva ngokuphathelene nesivuno sezityalo eziziinkozo. Xa kuthethwa ngokubanzi, umhlanganiselwa uya kukhupha iinkozo ezingaphezulu nge-18% kunenkoliso yee-OPV eziphucukileyo.
Imibandela efanele ukuqwalaselwa xa kuthathwa isigqibo ngeentlobo ezinokukhethwa
Ufikelelo kwinzuzo efunyanwa kuphando ngokuphuculwa kwemfuza kwiintlobo ezintsha.
Ufikelelo efunyanwa kwinzuzo yokunyangwa kwembewu nomgangatho wembewu.
Ubukho bomxhasi wembewu othembekileyo.
Izicwangciso zobuchule zokuziphilisa kwamaqela oluntu olungathathi ntweni.
Uhlalutyo loqoqosho kwiimbuyekezo zotyalo-mali (isivuno).
Imibandela efanele ukuqwalaselwa xa kukhethwa imihlanganiselwa
Ukuthembeka kwesivuno.
Ukunyamezela imbalela.
Ukunyamezela izifo.
Ukugcina umgangatho.
Ukunyamezela izinambuzane (i-BT).
Ubude bexesha lonyaka.
Ixesha lokuvuthwa.
Isantya sokoma.
Ukunyamezela i-asidi.
Ukumelana nemichiza (umbona olungele umjikeleziso).
