Hat (Maize)										IsiXhosa
Umnqwazi womhlaba – ukubeka okuxabisekileyo kwakho phantsi kokhuselo
Imiyalelo:
Folio strap: Umhlaba 
Byline: NguJenny Mathews, usihlalo weNkqubo yaseGrain SA yoPhuhliso lwamaFama
Grabber: Ukubeka umhlaba wakho wexabiso phantsi kokhuselo linyathelo elihle kakhulu!
Xa ubani eqwalasela iingqokelelo zamanani abonisa ufumanisa ukuba amanqanaba okuchuma komhlaba kwi-Afrika esemzantsi ayehla kanti siyacutheka nesiqulatho somhlaba esichunyiswe ngolutho oluyindalo kuphela, oko kuthetha ukuba zininzi izizathu ezilungileyo zokucinga ngeenzuzo zokutyala izityalo ezikhuselayo ngakumbi ngenxa yeemvula eziqalisa kade ukuna neendleko zegalelo lemveliso eziphezulu zokuqalisa umsebenzi – yomibini le miba esiyifumana kweli xesha lonyaka, inako ukuthintela umlimi ukuba angawutyali umbona.
Nangona izityalo zokukhusela iyindlela eseyisetyenziswa kwiikqubo zokujikelezisa izityalo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, abalimi kule mihla sebethande ukuqhela ukusebenzisa izichumiso nemichiza etshabalalisa ukhula. Ingqalelo eyandayo yokulondoloza ubume bemeko esingqongileyo ikhokelela ekubeni abalimi banamhla baphindele kujikeleziso lwezityalo zokukhusela ngenxa yeenzuzo abazifumana kuzo. 
Uncedo lwezityalo ezikhuselayo
Izityalo ezikhuselayo ziluncedo ngezizathu eziliqela:
Ukuphuculwa kwesakhiwo somhlaba
Isakhiwo somhlaba siphuculwa nanini xa isityalo similisela iingcambu kwaye sikhula emhlabeni ogangathekileyo. Umhlaba uba nemingxunyana kwaye xa unjalo ukufunxa kwaye ukulondoloza phucukileyo ukufuma. Xa umhlaba ushiywe ungalinywanga kwithuba elithile lexesha, umphezulu uyagangatheka ukuze oko kubange ukuqengqeleka kwamanzi axabisekileyo. Izityalo ezikhuselayo zikhusela umphezulu womhlaba elangeni elinobungozi njengengubo kanti azinciphisi kuphela amanqanaba okugangatheka koko zikwazisa izidalwanana eziphilayo ezifana nemisundululu eziphila kakuhle xa zicumza amasuntswana ezityalo.
Ulawulo lokhukuliseko 
Izityalo zokukhusela zisebenza ukubamba umhlaba ukuba uyondelelane ukuze kucutheke kakhulu kangangoko nakuphi ukulahleka komhlaba ngenxa yokhukuliseko lwamanzi okanye lomoya. 
Ukuchuma komhlaba
Uninzi lwezityalo zokukhusela lunika ubutyebi bendalo lwezichumiso ezityebileyo ezingenamichiza. Imidumba yongeza i-nitrogen exabisekileyo emhlabeni. Xa kunokwenzeka ukuba ube ufake isichumiso kakuhle ngexesha lonyaka lokulima uze ube namanqanaba agqithisileyo e-nitrogen emhlabeni, mhlawumbi njengesiphumo sesityalo esingakhulanga kakuhle ngenxa yembalela, umzekelo, ngoko ke ezi zondlo zinokusetyenziselwa uncedo oluthe chatha ngokutyala isityalo sokukhusela esifana nesityalo esiyifula esine-potassium ne-phosphorus eninzi.
Ingxaki exhaphakileyo efunyaniswa ngabalimi lunqongophalo lwezondlo ngakumbi i-Nitrogen ne-Phosphorus. Oku kunokusonjululwa lula ngokusebenzisa isichumiso sokulungisa isiphene kodwa abalimi bezixa ezincinci abangenandlela yakusithenga bakholisa ukungakwazi ukulikhetha eli cebo ngoko ke isityalo sokukhusela esijikeleziswayo siba sisisombululo esixabisekileyo nesomeleza inzuzo ngokoqoqosho nesichumiso somhlaba. Licebo elamkeleke jikelele ukuba ngokusebenzisa isityalo sasehlotyeni esingumdumba esifana nee-ertyisi zemidumba emide ngomjikelo wokujikelezisa nombona, imveliso nesivuno zingaphuculwa, kanti ukuchuma komhlaba kuyanda kwandule kuhle neendleko zesichumiso.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula
Isimo esishinyeneyo sesityalo esikhuselayo esifana nee-ertyisi zemidumba emide okanye ingca eneenkozwana ziba yimithunzi ethintela ilanga kanti zidodobalisa nokhula obeluya kukhula ngokukhululekileyo.
Imveliso yokutya
Kwiziganeko ezithile apho kutyalwa khona izityalo ezifana ne-ertyisi enemidumba emide (akkerboontjies) kunye nengca eneenkozwana (eragrostis tef), isityalo eso asiniki nzuzo emhlabeni kuphela xa bekungekho mbona utyaliweyo, kodwa sikwanika umlimi uncedo lokondla imfuyo yakhe okuya kuxabiseka kakhulu kwixesha elizayo lonyaka elingenamvula.
Iindleko zothutho
Inkoliso yezityalo ikhatshwa ziindleko zothutho ukusuka entsimini apho ziveliswa khona ukuya apho zithengiswa khona kanti izityalo ezikhuselayo zona azikholisi kuba nazindleko zakuthuthwa njengoko zilinyelwa ukusetyenziswa apho zityalwe khona okanye kwifama esekhaya ngokwayo.
Iintlobo zezityalo zokukhusela
Isityalo sokukhusela sikhethwa ngokwenani lemiqathango kwaye umlimi makabuze imibuzo efana nale:
Kufuneka sityalwe nini?
Yintoni injongo yokusetyenziswa kwaso?
Zeziphi izityalo zokukhusela eziqhele ukusebenza kakuhle kwindawo yam?
Ingaba le ntsimi ifuna isityalo sokukhusela esingumdumba okanye esingenguwo? Khumbula ukuba izityalo zokukhusela zandisa amanqanaba e-nitrogen ngokuyitsala emoyeni osingqongileyo kanti izityalo ezingeyomidumba zisebenzisa i-nitrogen eseyikhona emhlabeni kunye nezinye izondlo.
Ezinye izityalo ezinokusetyenziswa eziyimidumba zezi: iimbotyi ze-sugar, iimbotyi zesoya, iilusini, ii-ertyisi zasentsimini okanye ii-ertyisi zemidumba emide, ifula eyi-clover njl. Kanti ezinye izityalo ezingeyomidumba zezi: ingca eneenkozwana, irayi, ihabile, ingqolowa, ifula okanye iradishi yaseJapani.
Ugqaliselo kwii-ertyisi zemidumba emide (Vigna sinensis) – imidumba
I-ertyisi yemidumba emide sisityalo sasehlotyeni esiyinyamezelayo imbalela nobushushu. Sisityalo esikhula kanye ngonyaka nesifikelela kubude bama-80 cm kwaye sithumela ingcambu ende eyomeleleyo emhlabeni. Ikhula ngokonwaba emihlabeni engemihlanga eyisanti. Iluncedo emhlabeni njengoko ikwazi ukukhula emihlabeni enqongopheleyo nge-nitrogen ngaphandle kokufakelwa isichumiso kodwa okubalulekileyo kukuba ibalasele ngokondla abantu nezilwanyana njengoko amagqabi, imidumba nembewu yayo inesondlo esiphezulu nesixabisekileyo. Ii-ertyisi zemidumba emide zisenokomiswa ngokunjalo kwaye zigcinwe ngempumelelo.
Ugqaliselo kwingca eneenkozwana (Eragrostis Tef) – engeyomidumba
Eli dlelo lilinywayo yimveliso ekhawulezayo nevuthwa kakuhle yonyaka ngamnye kwisithuba seeveki ezisi-8 ukuya kwezili-12. Ikhula kamnandi phantsi kweemeko zasehlotyeni ezingeshushwanga kakhulu kanti nakwimihlaba engenamanzi awaneleyo ikwakhula kakuhle. Ingca eneenkozwana ilukhuselo oluncamisayo lomhlaba kanti ukushinyana kwayo kuxinanisa ukhula olungafunekiyo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengefula kanti inokuvunwa kabini obona buncinci ngexesha lonyaka elihle. Ifula yona isikwa nje phambi kokuba imbewu imilisele.
Elokugqibela
Zichulumachisa kakhulu iziphumo ezinokufumaneka ngenxa yezityalo zokukhusela ezijikeleziswayo ezityalwa ngexesha lonyaka elinemvula xa umlimi enazo kwixesha elithile lonyaka okanye xa engakwazi kutyala izityalo zakhe zesiqhelo ngexesha leemvula ezixhaphakileyo. Abalimi kulo lonke elimiweyo baziwa ngokubiza izityalo zabo zokukhusela “umnqwazi womhlaba" ngenxa yokhuselo ezilinika umhlaba wabo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubeka umhlaba wakho oxabisekileyo phantsi kokhuselo yinto elunge kakhulu!
