Chemical (Maize)									Xhosa



Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula nezibulali-zityalo ngemichiza



Imiyalelo:

Folio strap: Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula nezibulali-zityalo

Byline: Ulwazi lufunyenwe kwincwadi yoqeqesho yakwaGrain SA: Umsebenzi wemveliso nentengiso yombona eseyikwibanga eliphambili 

Photos: Use chemical photos 

Table 1 (photos 2)



Imichiza etshabalalisa ukhula izizixhobo ezinoncedo kuninzi lweenkqubo zokulawula ukhula. Kufuneka isetyenziselwe ukunika inkxaso kwezinye iindlela nezixhobo ezikhoyo. 



Ezinye zezi zixhobo zibangabandakanya izenzo ezilungileyo zenkcubeko, ezifana nokufakwa kwezichumiso nekalika kakuhle, ukunika isityalo “isiqalo esisentloko”, ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo nokulima okufanelekileyo, zinto ezo ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yolawulo lokhula iphelele, kananjalo nokulima ngoomatshini. Iinkcazelo ezilandelayo zezamagama oya kudibana nawo xa usebenzisa imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula: 



Kwangoko phambi kokutyala (Early pre-plant - EPP) 

Umchiza otshabalalisa ukhula ufakwa emhlabeni emva kokulima ngoomatshini kodwa kuselithuba phambi kokutyalwa kwesityalo. Ukholisa ukuxutywa nee-intshi ezimbalwa zomhlaba ongaphezulu, ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokusebenza ezahluka-hlukeneyo ezihlanganisayo. 



Uhlanganiselo lwaphambi kokutyala (Pre-plant incorporated - PPI) 

Umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula ufakwa emhlabeni emva kokulima ngoomatshini nasemva kokulungiswa komandlalo wezithole kodwa phambi kokutyala uze uxutywe nee-intshi ezimbalwa zomhlaba ongaphezulu nangokusebenzisa izixhobo zokusebenza ezahluka-hlukeneyo ezihlanganisayo. 



Phambi kokuhluma (Pre-emergence - PRE) 

Umchiza ufakwa emva kokutyalwa kwesityalo kodwa phambi kokuhluma kwaso emhlabeni. Ukufuma komhlaba, ukukhanya, imvula okanye ukulima okusidibi kusenokuba yimfuneko ukuze kufumaneke ulawulo lokhula oluphucukileyo ngokusebenzisa imichiza emininzi yaphambi kokuhluma.



Emva kokuhluma (Post-emergence - POST) 

Umchiza ufakwa kukhula lwamagqabi emva kokuhluma kwesityalo. 



I-surfactant 

Eli liyeza elisebenza kumphezulu womhlaba ukunciphisa ukubumbana komphezulu, ngokwenza njalo livumele ukufakwa kwemichiza ngokulungelelana okuncomekayo ukuze umxube wesitshabalalisi sokhula usasazeke ngokulungelelana emagqabini esityalo okanye emhlabeni. Amagama amaninzi ahambelana nemisebenzi ethile, magama lawo afana nala, isincedisi (adjuvant), isikhuculi (detergent), isinyibilikisi (emulsifier), isisasazi (spreader), isincamathelisi (sticker) neyeza lokumanzisa (wetting agent). 



Inkoliso yemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ecetyiswayo nesetyenziswa kwezolimo, iyakhetha. Ngokwenqanaba lokuyifaka ecetyiswayo, itshabalalisa ngokukhetha okanye yenzakalise ukhula kodwa ayinakonakalisa ngobuzaza isityalo apho olu khula lukhula khona. Xa usebenzisa inkoliso yemichiza ekhethayo yokutshabalalisa ukhula, kufuneka ulandele ngokuqaphela inqanaba elicetyiswayo lokuyifaka kuba amanqanaba aphezulu asenokwenzakalisa isityalo kakubi okanye asibulale. Kufuneka wazi ukuba usengozini xa usebenzisa umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula ngaphandle kokulandela isikhokelo esikwileyibhile. Funda ileyibhile ekwisiphathi uze ulandele imiyalelo.   



Ucoselelo olufuneka xa kufakwa umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula lungaphezu kolo lufuneka kwimisebenzi emininzi yefama. Mithathu imibandela elawula inqanaba lokuyisebenzisa: luxinzelelo, bubukhulu bomlomo nesantya sokuqhuba emhlabeni.



Amanqanaba acetyiswayo okusebenzisa imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, xa kuthethwa gabalala, ahluka ngokokuvakala komhlaba esandleni (orhabaxa, ophakathi nogudileyo) kananjalo nesiqulatho sezitho eziyindalo. Ubukhulu becala, amanqanaba aphantsi emichiza etshabalalisa izityalo asetyenziswa kwimihlaba erhabaxa eneziqulatho ezisezantsi sezinto eziyindalo, kanti amanqanaba aphezulu, ubukhulu becala asetyenziswa kwimihlaba egudileyo enesiqulatho esiphezulu sezinto eziyindalo. Qwalasela ileyibhile malunga namanqanaba afanelekileyo emihlaba yakho.





Ukuphuhla kokhula olumelana nemichiza yokulutshabalalisa 

Amanani okhula olumelana nemichiza asenokwenzeka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okuphinda-phindwayo kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ephantse ukusebenza ngokufanayo. Ukujikelezisa izityalo, ukujikelezisa imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula okanye ukuxuba izitshabalalisi zokhula njengasetankini, michiza leyo eneendlela ezahluka-hlukeneyo zokusebenza kuya kunceda ekunciphiseni ukwakheka kokumelana kokhula nemichiza yokulutshabalalisa. 



Iimfuneko zokungabikho kwemvula emva kokufaka imichiza yasemva kokuhluma kufuneka zikhunjulwe. Kaloku ukuze ube nesakhono umsebenzi wokutshiza nangesiphi isitshabalalisi sokhula kufuneka ingabikho imvula kwithuba elithile. Xa inokuna imvula kweli thuba kucetyiswa ukuba uphinde utshize ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi oncomekayo womchiza kwingxaki yokhula ekujoliswe kuyo. Imizekelo yile: 2,4 – D amine 6 - 8 iiyure; 2,4 – D ester 1 - 2 iiyure; Atrazine 4 iiyure; Basagran 8 iiyure.



Ithuba Elibalulekileyo Lokutshabalalisa Ukhula

Ithuba elibalulekileyo lokutshabalalisa ukhula ngumba ophambili kwizixokelelwano Zolawulo Lobumbano (Integrated Weed Management - IWM). Eli thuba lichazwe njengexesha lokunqumama kumjikelo wobomi besityalo apho kufuneka singabi nalukhula ukuze kuthintelwe iilahleko zesivuno. 



Lo mba unceda ekuqondeni elona xesha lincomekayo lokufakwa kwesitshabalalisi sasemva kokuhluma esingashiyi ntsalela, kwaye sicutha umsebenzi wezitshabalalisi zokhula ezishiya intsalela kwithuba lexesha lonyaka nokufakwa emva kwexesha okungeyomfuneko kwezitshabalalisi zokhula. Amathuba abalulekileyo achazwa ngokwebanga lokukhula kwesityalo ngokohlobo lomhlaba, ngokwemozulu nangokweeyantlukwano zamaxesha onyaka. Ithuba elibalulekileyo lisekwa kwilahleko yesivuno engaphantsi kwe-5% ngenxa yokuphazamisa kokhula. Isityalo kufuneka singabi nalukhula ngala mathuba ukuze kuthintelwe ilahleko yesivuno engaphezu kwe 5%. Ukuba ukhula belutshatyalaliswa ngalo lonke ithuba elibalulekileyo, ukhula oluvela mva alusayi kuchaphazela isivuno. 



Ithuba elibalulekileyo linokwahluka-hluka, oko kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu nasekukhuleni. Olunye uphando olwenziwe ngombona nangeembotyi zesoya lwalathe ukuba ithuba elibalulekileyo lahluka ngokohlobo lomhlaba nangokwesixokelelwano sokulima  kanti isiphelo sethuba elibalulekileyo sinokolulwa kancinci emva koko kwimihlaba eludongwe okanye xa kungasetyenziswa isixokelelwano sokungahlakuli. 



Umbona 

Ithuba elibalulekileyo lisuka kwibakala lamagqabi lesi-3 ukuya kwelesi-8 (ibakala lokukhula lesi-4 ukuya kwele-10 lamagqabi anencam ebonakala kwisazinge, okanye kwi-V2 ukuya kwi-V6 zamabakala okukhula ngokuziphinda-phinda).  Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula okubalaseleyo makugcinwe kulo lonke eli thuba libalulekileyo. Umbona ogcinwe ngaphandle kokhula kwiintsuku ezimalunga nama-34 emva kokutyalwa (DAP) okanye de kube libakala lamagqabi (iincam zamagqabi ezisi-8 - 10) ube nelahleko yesivuno ye 0% - 5% phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo olukhulu lokhula. 



Imiqobo yoqoqosho

Imiqobo yoqoqosho lokhula inceda ekuboneni ukuba ingaba ukushinyana kokhula nokuphazamiseka kulingene na ukuba kusetyenziswe iindlela zokulutshabalalisa, o.k.t. ingaba ilahleko yesivuno ethintelwayo ingaphezulu na kuneendleko zokutshabalalisa ukhula. Ixesha lokuhluma kokhula xa kuthelekiswa nesityalo ngumalathi omkhulu welahleko yesivuno. Ukhula oluhluma kwangoko ngaxeshanye nesityalo lwenza ilahleko yesivuno ethe chatha kunokhula oluhluma emva kokusekeka kwesityalo. Umzekelo, iziganeko zophononongo ngemiqobo yoqoqosho eziqhutywe malunga notyuthu weengcambu ezibomvu (red root pigweed), i-ragweed nengca ye-barnyard zifumanise ukuba ixesha lokuhluma kokhula xa kuthelekiswa nebakala lesityalo kubaluleke kakhulu kunokushinyana kokhula xa kuvavanywa iindlela ekunokukhethwa kuzo zokutshabalalisa ukhula. Ilahleko yesivuno sesityalo ixhomekeke kwixesha elinokuthelekiswa nalo lokuhluma kwezithole zokhula. Itheyibhile 1 iqikelela isixa selahleko yesivuno enxulumene nokhula oluthile oluhluma emboneni nakwiimbotyi zesoya. 



Ilahleko eyipesenti yesivuno sombona iyenzeka ngenxa yamanani okhula olwaziwayo onyaka uphelele, ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu nathe ahluma nesityalo aze ashiywa engatshatyalaliswanga. (Luphando lwaseMelika kodwa lunokusetyenziswa naseMzantsi Afrika njengesalathisi seelahleko ezinokubakho. Chonga amagqabi abanzi ethuba lonyaka kwifama yakho kuludwe lokhula oluqhelekileyo eMzantsi Afrika).





