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Ukhula – lishwangusha kwimveliso yezityalo



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula

Byline: Ulwazi lufumaneka kwincwadi yoqeqesho yakwaGrain SA: eseyikwibanga eseliphambili

Photos: 

Photo 1: Le ntsimi yaseMpuma Koloni zange yatshizwa ngezitshabalalisi zokhula, nalo ke ukhula. 

Photo 2: Le ntsimi, nayo yeyaseMpuma Koloni, yatshizwa ngezitshabalalisi zokhula kwangoko emva kokutyala. 

Photo 3: Iqhina kule foto kukuchonga isityalo sombona! 

Photo 4: Isihluzi kwisitshizi sivaliwe. 

Photo 5: Imingxuma yokuphokoza yesitshizi ivalekile. 

Photo 6: Iziganeko zokuvaleka zinokwenzeka xa isitshizi singacocwanga kwaye singalondolozwanga. 



Iifoto 1 neyesi 2 zezentsimi enye eMpuma Koloni – enye indawo enokhula ayizange itshizwe ngaso nasiphi isitshabalalisi sokhula lo gama enye yatshizwa kwangoko emva kokutyalwa – umahluko ucacile! 



Yintoni ukhula?

Nasiphi isityalo esikhula apho singafuneki khona okanye apho besinganqweneleki khona sibizwa ngokuba “lukhula”. Ukhula luyingxaki kulimo lwezityalo eziziinkozo kuba lukhuphisana ngokufuma nangezondlo, lusenokubanga iingxaki ngethuba lokuvuna, kanti lusenokwenza ungcoliseko okanye lunike ibala elibi kwiinkozo, imbewu yazo isenokuba netyhefu kananjalo lunokugcina kulo izibulalii zezityalo nezifo ezinokuchaphazela isityalo ekujoliswe kuzo.



Ukhula lusasazeka lula kwaye lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Lukholisa ukuba nezixokelelwano zeengcambu ezomeleleyo eziphuhla kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye luyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezininzi kangangoko zemo elungqongileyo. Kunzima ukululawula, lulukhuni kwaye lukhuphisana ngokungayekeleli nesityalo ngokufuma nangezondlo zomhlaba. Ukhula luneendlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukileyo zokuziphinda-phinda kwaye zonke ezi zinto kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa kusenziwa isicwangciso sokutshabalalisa ukhula. Ukhula luyakwazi ukuphuhla imbewu (lukholisa ukukwenza oko ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuphinda-phinda rhoqo), olunye lunezikhondo eziphantsi kohlaba (rhizomes), olunye luneengcambu ezibhijela zibe kumphezulu womhlaba (stolns), olunye lunamagaqa luze olunye lube neengqakumbana. Kwiziganeko ezithile, njengengca elushica. Yona iphuhla imbewu, inamagaqana nezikhondo zaphantsi komhlaba – ukuze kube nzima kakhulu ukuyitshabalalisa. Imbewu yokhula ikholisa ukuhlala iphila kumathuba amade kakhulu – iyakwazi ukulinda emhlabeni de iimeko zibe zeziyilungeleyo ukuba intshule. Imbewu yokhula ngokunjalo ayintshuli ngaxeshanye – enye ithi intshula enye intshule kuphela kwibakala lakamva. Oku kuntshula kukholisa ukuphenjelelwa kukuhlakula umhlaba. 



Iingcambu zokhula zikholisa ukugqobhozela ezantsi nzulu ngokuthe chatha kwaye zinaba ngaphezu kwengcambu zezityalo ngoko ke zikwazi phucukileyo ukumelana neemeko lula ngaphezulu. Ukhula lonyaka wonke lukholisa ukuba nokutya okuninzi okulondolozwe kwizisele zalo eziphantsi komhlaba – kwakhona oko kwenza ukuba lulwazi ukumelana neemeko zokukhula ezinzima. 



Ukhula lunokugqiba umjikelo walo wobomi kwithuba elingaphantsi kunyaka omnye – okanye kwixesha nje elinye lonyaka (olu khula lubizwa ukuba lolonyaka), okanye lusenokuphila ixesha elingaphantsi konyaka kodwa ngaphantsi kwiminyaka emibini (olu lubizwa ngokuba lukhula lweminyaka emibini), okanye lusenokuphila ixesha elide luze luziphindaphinde qho ngonyaka ngamnye (olu lubizwa ngokuba lukhula olungatshitshiyo). 





Kutheni kubalulekile nje ukutshabalalisa ukhula kwizityalo?

Ukhula lukhuphisana nesityalo ngokufuma komhlaba, izondlo, isithuba nangokukhanya. Ukhutshiswano olu luthintela ukukhula kwesityalo kwaye ludodobalisa uphuhliso, ngokwenza njalo lunciphise isivuno sesityalo. Olu khutshiswano lunokubanga ungcoliseko lwembewu yesityalo, isivuno esinciphileyo okanye ukuncipha kumgangatho wesityalo sembewu. Ukhutsishwano olunikwa lukhula lwahluka ukusuka kwisityalo ukuya kwesinye kwaye ukusuka kukhula oluthile ukuya kolunye – lusenokubanga kancinci kangange 10% okanye kakhulu kangangama-98% okuncipha kwesiivuno sesityalo.



Ukhula luqalisa ukukhuphisana nesityalo nje lakuba luphuhle isixokelelwano seengcambu esisigxina – nje sakuba sigqithile kwibakala lezithole. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula malujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukhutshiswano nesityalo, ngokunjalo nokuthintela ukhutshiswano nesityalo, kanti nokuthintela ukuba ukhula luphuhle imbewu kuba ngokwenza njalo luba kwimo yokukhuphisana nesityalo kwixesha lakamva. 



Umfama ngamnye ozidubayo ngemveliso yezityalo eziziinkozo ubasedabini lokulwa nokhula – kaloku lona lulutshaba lokuqala lomfama. Xa kuthethwa gabalala ukhula lutshatyalaliswa ngokusebenzisa umatshini okanye ngokusebenzisa imichiza ebulala ukhula – okanye kunokusetyenziswa umdibaniso wezi ndlela zombini. Ukutshatyalaliswa okuncomekayo kokhula kufanele ukuba nesiphumo sentsimi apho kusisityalo esilinyiweyo kuphela esikhula kuyo – kungabikho lukhula kwaphela. Naxa kunjalo, enyanisweni, izinto zisenokungahambi kakuhle ze ukhula lungatshatyalaliswa kakuhle. 



Yintoni eyenza ukuba ukhula lungatshatyalaliswa kakuhle? 

Zithathu izizathu ezisisiseko sokutshatyalaliswa kokhula okungancomekiyo – esinye sinxulumene nezixhobo zokuhlakula, ukuze esinye sinxulumane nezixhobo zokutshiza kanti esokugqibela kuzo yimozulu. 



Izixhobo zokulima

Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula kunokubakho ukuba:

Izikere zokuhlakula azinikwanga izithuba ezifanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuwo wonke umhlaba ophakathi kwemiqolo yezityalo (zisenokuba ziphele ngendlela yokuba azisakwazi kushiyashiyana).

Umsebenzi wokuhlakula awenziwa kubunzulu obuchanekileyo – iingcambu zokhula olusisigxina zisenokushiyekela emhlabeni ofumileyo nto leyo eya kuvumela ukuba ziphinde ziphuhle kwakhona. 

Umsebenzi wokuhlakula xa ungenziwa ngesantya esichanekileyo – kubalulekile ukuhlakula msinyane xa kuthelikiswa nakwezinye iimeko ukuze kuphazamiseke umhlaba ngokwaneleyo.

Umhlaba umanzi kakhulu ngoko ke ukhula olutonculweyo lusadibene nomhlaba ofumileyo ukuze ukwazi ukuqhuba ngokukhula. 



Izixhobo zokutshiza

Ukutshatyalaliiswa kokhula okungaphucukanga kunokwenziwa:

Ngamaqondo emilinganiselo yesitshizi angachanekanga.

Lixesha lokutshabalalisa ukhula elingamiselwanga ngokuchanekileyo.

Isitshabalalisi sokhula esisetyenzisiweyo asifanelekanga ngokunxulumene nohlobo lokhula entsimini. 

Sisihluzi esivalekileyo kwisitshizi (photo 4). 

Imingxuma ephokozayo yesitshizi ivalekile (photo 5). 

Kusetyenziswe uhlobo olungachanekanga lwemingxuma (khumbula ukusebenzisa imingxuma yeekhowuni ukwenzela ukutshiza kwizityalo, nemingxuma yokuphokoza enjengefeni yokutshiza emhlabeni).

Ukuba isitshizi asicocwanga kakuhle kwaye asilondolozwanga kakuhle emva kwexesha lonyaka langaphambili - kusenokwenzeka iintlobo ezahlukahlukileyo zokuvaleka, ngokunjalo nokudleka ngenxa yemichiza esala kwisitshizi. 



Imozulu

Imichiza ethile ifuna imvula emva kokufakwa ukuze isebenze kakuhle –ukuba akubangakho mvula ngoko ke ayisayi kuvuseleleka. 

Ithuba elishushu nelome kakhulu nalo linokubanga ukuba imichiza ingasebenzi kakuhle. 

Iimvula ezinkulu ezina emva kokuba intsimi ibihlakulwe zisenokwenza ukuba ukhula luphinde ‘lutyaleke kwakhona’.



Ukubaluleka kokutshatyalaliswa kokhula akunakugxininiswa ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwako – ngaphandle kokutshatyalaliswa kokhula okufanelekileyo, izivuno ezinqwenelekayo azinakuphunyezwa. Nangona kukhankanywe izizathu ezininzi kwinqaku elingentla ngezizathu zokuba kutheni ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula kusenokunagqibeleleki, inkoliso yemiba inxulumene nolawulo – mhlawumbi sekusemva kwethuba ngokunxulumene neli xesha lonyaka, kodwa izifundo ezifundwe kweli xesha lonyaka ziya kuba nexabiso elibaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lonyaka elizayo. Kufuneka sizabalazele ukwenza iimpazamo ‘ezintsha’ kuphela ngokufunda kwiimpazamo zethu kananjalo sithathe inyathelo lokulungisa ukwenzela ixesha elizayo. 

