Uvuthondaba ndilubona apho uGugulethu ala ukusayina iincwadi zorntshato nokwenza izifungo. Ngoku olu ngquzulwano belurnana luphetshwa, alunakubuya luphetshwe, unyana noyise bafike kwantlabaazahlukane.
Ingabula-zigcawu yiyo esithundezela ekubhekeni phambili, siqhube ukuufunda sinombuzo othi "Kwaza kwathini?"
Kwincwadi yakhe yesibini yesihobe ethi Iliso lesihobe (1986), uNgcangata uneesonethi ezilishumi elinesibhozo. Le nto ibonisa ukuba uyakukhuthaza ukubhalwa kweesonethi. Ezi sonethi zahIukile ngesimbo kweziya zikwincwadi Ukuphuma kwelanga (1976). Into ecaciIeyo ngazo kukuba umahluko phakathi kweokthevu nesestethi awuqaqambanga njeengakwincwadi yakhe yokuqala. Ezinye iisonethi zakhe ziphela ngekhaapIethi ethi ishwankathele oko bekuthethwa. UmzekeIo woko siwufumana kuIe mihobe "DIwam unxunguphalo " , nakothi "Hamba umke kum". Ngenxa yokuba' imvano-siphelo ingahoywanga ncam, ezi sonethi, naxa ziyelele kwezesiNgesi, azinazo iikhwatreni. Kukwakho neesonethi apho uNgcangata asebenzisa u "Ndi" khona ukuvakalisa uIwabelwano lwakhe nabafundi bakhe ngezo zinto. DIu IwabeIwano-velwano Iuchazwa ngolu hIobo nguAbrams (1971:48):
Imigaqo eqhelekileyo ye drama efana nongquzulwano, isakhiwo nokuuzotywa kwabalinganiswa iyasebenza nakumdlalo woonomathotholo. USaule uphumelele ekwakheni izakhiwo zemidlalo yakhe ngendlela efanelekileyo. Siyalubona unxibelelwano lukanobangela nesiphumo sesenzo ngasinye. Siza kukhe siqwalasele umdlalo wakhe othi "ULindithuba" sibone ukuba izigaba zomdlalo ziyabonakala kusini na.
UYise wentetho kaXhosa
3. Imixholo yesihobe sesiXhosa 59
Uyondelelwano
Ulwirni nesirnbo sornbhali ikwazizinto ezinenxaxheba enkulu ebalini.
The juxtaposition of naming eulogues in a series, in order to create a composite image, is widespread in Xhosa praise poetry. Everyone of the praises of Xhosa kings and princes is loaded with blocks or clusters of naming eulogues.
upeteni uthande kuzitsalela kule ndlela yobomi iingqondo zethu - ubuutshaba phakathi kwabaThembu namaHlubi, nto leyo efuzisele ukuusukuzana phakathi kwamaXhosa namaMfengu ngemihla yasendulo. Masikhe sizijongele kufutshane ezi zinto.
Isincoko sikaMadala esithi "Iintaka" naso sahlulwe ngolo hlobo:
Amavo la aziintlobo ezahlukileyo kwaye nababhali basebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela ekuwabhaleni. Sekuqhelekile kakhulu ukuba kwahlulwe phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zamavo. Lawo ke ngamavo adiza ukubhala kombhali ngegunya lokuba uyazi ngomba lowo awuhlahlayo (i.e. formal essay). Kwakhona kubekho amavo aludliwo-mbadu ngemibandela ethile (informal essay) apho umbhali achwikisha izinto zemihla ngemihla emnxulele kufutshane umfundi njengekholwane elizaziyo ezi zinto ahlomla kuzo.
Intshayelelo 
• UKhwane wayengumxhomi-bantu omkhulu kaTshiwo. Abantu abanuukiweyo baza bafunyanwa benetyala lobugqwirha babesisiwa kuye ukuba ababulale.
Iimpawu eziphambill zesihobe
Kwezinye iindawo imbongi uSatyo isebenzisa isihlonipho esifana noMnyepha xa ibhekisa kumLungu. Kwakhona sibona esebenzisa iziikweko neesimboli ezifana neli gama "imvana" elalatha ubuethe-ethe, nokungakwazi ukuba ndlongo-ndlongo. Le nto ibonisa kakuhle ukuba inzala yalo mama kusafuneka ikhuselwe ngumzali ukuze ingatshatyalaaliswa zezi meko iselula.
Abantu basetyhini, kulo lonke, basoloko bethathwa njengabantu abaxhoomekekileyo, ababuthathaka, abangakwaziyo ukuziqulunqela izinto, abaangaphantsi kwamadoda, abasoloko belulamele ukuphathwa. Basaacingelwa njalo ngamadoda kanti nangabanye abafazi nakwezi mini. Kuthiwa indawo yabo isekhitshini kuphela. Ezi ndlela zokubathatha zisenokuba zibangelwa ziimeko zeepolitiki, ezoqoqosho, ezenkcubeko nezentlalo kubantu ngabantu behlabathi. Ezo nkolelo zibachaphazele kakubi abasetyhini kuMzantsi Afrika ngakumbi kuba le meko yenziwe mandundu nayimibandela yobuhlanga neyenkcubeko.
Yaz'ithi kanti yinabulele
11. Isihobe sikaMtuze nesikaSatyo 92
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksz. N.A. Tyala, 1993.
Yena uStevick (1967:141) ungena nzulwana ngalo mbandela athi:
Kungatshona amalanga sizibala nganye ezi ncwadi kodwa masibethe koozelekazi sithi kwincwadi ethi UNolishwa uNdawo ubonisa ukuba iindlela zesithethe ezidelekileyo zengqeqesho ziluncedo olungaphezulu kwintlalo yobuKrestu kunobuqheleqhele bezinto ezitsala umntu ezi-
Xa sisondela kowona mxholo wethu, sinqwenela ukuhlalutya umbongo othi "Ntsikana" kwincwadi eyingqokelela yemibongo eqokelelwe nguSatyo ethi Elugayini. Lo ngumbongo-bungoma okhatshwa nguumngqungqo nesingqisho ngokwendlela yemveli. Ezo ziimpawu zemiboongo yomthonyama. Singangqina nokuba olu hlobo lwesihobe luyiblorho phakathi kwesihobe sakudala semveli nesale mihla. Uhambisa enjenje okaSatyo (1980:105):
OkaKwetana yena uthi bobabini uJolobe noMadala bagxeleshe imicimbi edla isizwe ngokuban;zi yaye umdla wabo usekuphuhlisweni kwesizwe samaXhosa. Iimpazamo zabefundisi bokuqala ngokuphathelele kwindlela ababajonge ngayo abantu abaNtsundu zenza ukuba ababhali bezincoko bavakalelwe ngeendlela ezahlukileyo.
Le nkeazo iehasene ngokumandla nemeko yale nkosana iselubhaeweni kujongwe ukuba ibe yiyo engena ezihlangwini zikayise ebukhosini bamaMpondomise. Ikhula phantsi kweempembelelo zentlalo yaseNtshona kanti nentokazi eneuma nayo nayo ikhulela kwezo mpembelelo.
11. Ukuqupha noqulungano kumabali 44
Le ntetho ikhokelela ekubeni uJolobe ajolise intetho yakhe esizweni ngeezinto eziwuchithayo umzi ezifana nokungatsali ngaxhatha linye nokungazi. Mve xa athi:
Kwelokugqiba ke andingelibali nokuzikhankanya ezinye iimbongi ezithe zaphumelela ukuluvakalisa uluvo lwazo lokukhalaza ngobugcisa obufiihlakeleyo. Kuzo ndingabalula uJ.J.R. Jolobe, S.E.K. Mqhayi, M.E.M. Nyoka kanti noD.L.P. Yali-Manisi nezinye eziliqela. Kuzo ndingathanda ukuphosa izwana ngalo kaJolobe. Unobugcisa obuncomekayo naye gqitha. Amandla akhe alele ekubeni uyimbongi ekwaziyo ukuhlongoza ingqondo ngenxa yezixhobo zokubonga athi azisebenzise. Ngumfo naye othi naxa selebongela ukungqiniba into ethile apha ebomini ayenze loo nto ngomoya obuncokola apha embongweni. Umzekelo omhle nanguya kulaa mbongo uthi "Ukwenziwa komkhonzi" kwincwadi ethi Umyezo.
Isihobe sezi mini singahlulwa sibe ziindidi ngeendidi ngokwemo yaso. Ezinye iindidi zisekelwe phezu kwemo yesi sihobe okanye oko sikuqulathileyo, kanti ezinye zisekelwe kwisakhiwo saso. Isihobe singaasahlula sibe zizintlu ezinkulu ezintathu ngokwamaxesha nendlela esivele ngayo, sithi kukho izibongo zemveli, isihobe sezi mini, nesihobe esidibaanisa esemveli nesezi mini.
Ingqongqotho ukumkani wamaXhosa Ndee zinzi-zinzi-zinzilili-i-i-i!!!
Nksk. G.N Mrubata
Kanti nochasaniso lukwasetyenzisiwe kolandelayo umqolo ukuqaqaambisa umfanekiso wobumnyama, kwathiwa "sisithunzi sokukhanya". Ukukhanya nesithunzi zizinto ezichaseneyo ngoko ke ukwayanyiswa kwala magama kuqaqambisa ubumnyama obu. Ilokishi le yabaMnyama sisithunzi nje salaa ndawo ikhanyisiweyo ihlala abakhanyayo ngebala. Umfanekiso-ngqondweni ngowokuba umntu oNtsundu akabonakali, ubeekwe ebumnyameni, sisithunzi salo ukhanyo.
(Mqhayi,Inzuzo, 1974:73)
Iintlobo neendlela zokubhala amavo
Namhlanje uJordan uphumle, uyiyekile imisebenzi ebekade eyenza emhlabeni, ngoku ke ubuqaqawuli bemisebenzi yakhe buhleli bumi, ude athi uQangule "ithe xazalala".
WazinikeJa uSithembile. Wangena emva koko kwirhaamente yamadodana namaqina abafana. Wayinyamekela inkonzo elilela ixesha aliehithe kwantshabaJaJo.
Nksz. NP. Ncoko
Umxholo kwimidlalwana kaMtuze ethi "Umsesane" nothi "Ityala" izunguleze imithetho yeli lizwe sihlala kulo. Kumdlalwana "Umsesane" sibona intlekele ebangelwa yile mithetho kwintlalo yamakhaya. Kothi "Ityala" sibona ukungalingani kwezobulungisa. limeko zobupolitika zibalulekile kule midlalwana.
Xa sithetha ngesonethi singathi iwa phantsi kodidi lwemihobe eziilirikhi. Ngemveli ke xa kuthethwa ngeelirikhi kubhekiswa kwimihobe elungiseelelwe ukuvunywa ngohlobo oluthile lwesikhaliswa. Ndibone ke ukuba kungeso sizathu okaSatyo noMtuze kwinkcazo yabo yesonethi besithi "eli gama lithi sonethi enyanisweni lithetha ingonyana" (1989:11).
(Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976:3)
Kulapho ke sityhilelwa eli lizwana liqingqwe ngumbhali. Umlinganiswa ongumqolo webali uvezwa apha. Umchasi naye udula apha. Izithole zeempixano zityalwa apha ngokuvezwa kwengxaki echaphazela umlingaaniswa oyintloko nexhala okanye unxunguphalo olunokubakho xa le ngxaaki ingasombululeki. Kumdlalo kaQangule othi Amaza uNamhla noLizo bavezwa bezakhele unomgogwana wezulwana lasemhlabeni ngobuunyangaza obenziwe nguLizo ngokuthi anyebelezele angene entangeni engabonwa mntu kwabekhaya. Ingxaki abakuyo idizwa nguLizo xa esithi:
Iindlela eziphambili zokudala le mifanekiso-ngqondweni zezi zilandeelayo: sisifaniso, sisikweko, isimntwiso, nesimbolizim okanye umelo.
Umqukumbelo
Sibathulela iminqwazi aba babhali babini, 10 kaMtuze nokaSatyo ngegalelo kwisihobe sesiXhosa. Sibathulela umnqwazi ngakumbi ngesihobe sabo sokhalazo.
Naxa iwonga labasetyhini libalulekile kule ncwadi, isidima samadoda sigcinakele njengokuba sibona ukuba apho kufuneka izwi lendoda khona, yindoda ethi ithethe okanye yenze into.
Sidlule kwaba balinganiswa babini besahlukene benjalo ngezimvo, khe siqwalasele uLanga noCikizwa. Kuyacaca ke phofu ukuba uCikizwa yena le ngqondo anayo imenza ambukule uLanga kuba esithi uyinkwenkwe uyifumene kumaqabane akhe uNzame noPhumi, naye, ngenxa yobuetheeethe bengqondo yakhe, wayithabathela phezulu.
Ilizwi elithethwayo linen dim a enkulu ekudalweni komdlalo. Incoko okanye ingxoxo le yenzeka phakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu. Umbhali womdlalo wenza abantu abahlukileyo ngezimvo nangeembono ngokusebenzisa incoko. Umsebenzi wayo ke kukuphuhlisa izimo zabaliinganiswa nokuqhubela phambili intshukumo yomdlalo.
(i) kuba zintathu, zinakho ukunika imizekelo emithathu yomcamango ophethweyo,
Uhloho lwemvano-siphelo olufanelekileyo 1010 luqhagamshela wonke umhongo. Ukuha isetyenziswe kakuhle, imvano-siphelo inokuwenza umhongo uhe hungomarha, imiqolo ikhumhuleke lula, yaye imiqolo ethwele udaha olufanayo inxihelelane. Zomhini ezi mhongi, uQangule noNgcangata, ziyizame kakuhle imvano-siphelo, ngakumhi leyo yenziwa zizandi ezikwilungu lokugqihela legama.
(iv) mayilandele umgaqo othile wemvano-siphelo nokuba yeyesi Taliyane okanye eyesiNgesi,
Nksk. G.N Mrubata
Ymtoni isihobe?
Iimpawu zesonethi
Xa ndiphetha ndinqwenela ukuthi naliphi na ibali okanye umdlalo uxhomekeke kwisakhiwo esenziwe ziziganeko ezithungeleneyo zaze zalandeliswa kakuhle ngendlela ephuhlisa injongo yombhali. Ezi ziganeko kufuneka zizalane, zinxibelelane, ziwutsho umdlalo undindeke.
Ngqang' enkul' umangangalanywa ... Ngonyam' enkulu yesixeko saseJudeya ... Gxalaba libanzi lokuthwal' izono zelizwe Khwezi eliqaqambileyo lokusa.
(i) imidlalo yezembali,
Abalinganiswa, njengoko besenditshilo, bayinzaliseko yenjongo yombhali yaye baqingqwa babekwe kwimeko ethile. Kufuneka ke ngoko bengqamene naloo meko bazotywe bekuyo ekufezekiseni kwabo iinjongo zombhali. Ngokwesiko lesiXhosa, usokhaya nguye iliso nomakhonya kusapho lwakhe. Kufuneka ke ngoko eyenzile loo ndima naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko, ukuze aphephe ingqumbo yeminyanya ekukholeka ukuba iyamxhasa kulawulo lwakhe. Uzimisele ke ukunyhasha nantoni na emphazamisayo kuloo msebenzi ajongene nawo. UZwilakhe ke ufuzisele
Nksk. P.N Sandi
3. Imidlalo yosasazo kaSaule 106
Kwesi sithuba ndibona kufanelekile ukuba ndithi gqaba-gqaba ndenze inkcazelo ngelivo. Njengokuba esitsho nokaSatyo (1983:190) ukuthi 'akukho ngcali ide ibe nabuganga bokulikhupha ithi ilivo yile nto ke qwaba', kuyacaca ukuba ilivo alinankcazelo itsolileyo koko amavo ahluke ngendlela yokubhalwa kwawo njengoko nababhali bahlukile. Ngokweenkcazelo ka-Abrams (1971:54) kuSatyo (1983:155):
Wongeza athi nangona uncwadi esiXhoseni ngokubanzi luselula, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukho inkqubela encomekayo kwinoveli, idrama nakwisihobe kanti kwizincoko inkqubela isacotha kakhulu. Ingaba le nto ibangelwa yintoni? Lowo ngumbuzo ekumele ukuba sizibuze wona.
Kwidrama kaNgani siphawula ukuba kukho umahluko ocacileyo kwiiziganeko ezenzekayo kuba ezi ziganeko sizibona sezihluziwe zalungiseleelwa umdlalo. Kuqala kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele ukuba uTshiwo uzootywe wangumntu oneenkolo. Okwesibini unengxaki yentombi yakhe engaphilanga. Le nto siyiva kwintetho yakhe noDumezweni:
Intetho eyenziwa ngabalinganiswa ngeziqu zabo
(i) Ingabula-zigcawu (ii) Uyondelelwano (iii) Uvuthondaba
(Sinxo, Isitiya, 1962:107)
Oku kulingana kwendoda nomfazi kubonakala kwasentloko kule ncwaadi. Umbuzo kaMakhwetshube malunga namadoda ashiya iintsapho ngasemva esandulukutshata ubonisa ukuba akumele kubakho kucalulwa ngokwesini phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Lilonke ebemele kuhamba nomyeni wakhe ukuya emsebenzini koomaKapa. Lo mbandela wabafazi ekunyanzeleka ukuba baye kusebenza kude namakhaya ukwaxutyushwa kwincwadi ethi Vukani makhosikazi apho ikhatywa ngamandla ingciingane yokuba xa indoda ilobole ithenge isicaka neyokuba xa unguumolokazana umele kujongana wedwa nayo yonke into enokwenziwa nangabanye abantu ekhayeni (uBarrel nabanye, 1985:102).
Umqukumbe 10
Ukubaluleka kwemifanekiso-ngqondweni kwisihobe Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksz. N.? Ncoko, 1994.
2. Imixholo yeedrama zesiXhosa 104
DIuhlobo ndiza kukhe ndithi gqaba-gqaba ngalo kuthiwa sisihobe sonkwintsho, abanye bathi lukrwintsho okanye ukhalazo (protest poetry]. Njengoko negama lichaza, kolu didi lwesihobe iimbongi zithi ziphakele uluntu ngezinto ezichaphazela intlalo yalo beluhlanga oluNtsundu. Zizinto ezidla umzi oMnyama ke ezo ezifana norhwaphilizo lwemihlaba amalungelo oluntu, ingcinezelo, ukuya kuma kwiirhafu nezinye ke izinto.
Nkqu noKoranti, umyeni kaNojayiti, uyalikhupha elithi uNojayiti yiingcungela yomshurnayeli mhla waphakamisa imixhelo yamalungu etyaalike awayetyhafiswe sisipho sikaMadondile esikumgangatho ophantsi. Uthi uKoranti ngaloo ntshumayelo:
Igama elithi umfanekiso-ngqondweni libaluleke kakhulu ekufundweni kwesihobe nesimbo sokubonga seembongi. Libandakanya imifanekisoongqondweni nezafobe zokuthetha. Uthi yen a uCohen (1973:51) xa achaza umfanekiso- ngqondweni:
Kwasentloko, umbhali kufuneka abonakalise ukunxibelelana nebali lakhe. Isiqalo sentshukumo yebali sithi yingabula-zigcawu okanye ukuutyhilwa kwezinto. Kulapho umbhali aehaza isimo sentlalo, oko kukuthi ilizwe abaphila kulo abalinganiswa kwakunye nemo egqubayo apha ebalini kufuneka siyifumane kwasentloko ukuze siqonde ukuba kubi okanye kumnandi na. Loo nto iya kumenza umfundi ayiqonde nemo yombhali ukuba injani na.
Imvelaphi yoncwadi IwesiXhosa
• Kuthe ngelo xesha kukubi kanye, gqi uKhwane nomkhosi owomeleleyo way a kuyihlangula inkosi yakhe. Emva koko waxela ukuba loo mkhosi wenzeke njani na waza uTshiwo wambeka wayinkosi yeso sizwe samaGqunukhwebe.
Ibali lixhomekeka kumbuzo othi kwenzeke ntoni? Kanti yona inoveli ityhalela enzulwini, sizibuze umbuzo othi kutheni kwenzeke loo nto nje? Isakhiwo senoveli ke sityhila loo nto. Isakhiwo naso silulandelelwano lweziganeko kodwa kuso kugxininiswa kwisizekabani okanye uno baangela. Kuzo zontathu ezi noveli sikho isakhiwo. Akukho nto ifumana yeenzeke nje ingenasi~athu.
Eli phulo likaMzamane lokubuyela ekhaya lalijoliswe ekuthibazeni umkhwa wokumka kwabantu ezilalini besiya ezidolophini ezinkulu kuba kwakukuphela kwendlela abayaziyo yokuxelengela inyama. Loo nto yaayiba buhlungu kuba babeshiya abatshakazi ngasemva bets ala nzima maxa wambi amadoda angaze enze nendlela yokuqhagamshelana neentsapho zawo akuba emkile. NoMaKhwetshube wazibona elixhoba laloo mkhwa:
Kule ncwadi isihloko sayo sithi Umdlanga, uNomthunzi uyisimboli yokhanyo nempucuko kuba uyazibona iinguqulelo ezintsha entlalweni yaye akazichasanga, Naye ifuthe lakhe liyabonakala kusapho lwakhe. Uyaluqonda noxanduva oluthwelwe lulutsha lwanamhlanje. Usapho lukaNomthunzi luyaphumla phantsi kwakhe. Uyafikeleleka ebantwaneni bakhe. Yiyo loo nto uLanga ethe akuba nengxaki kwaba lula ukuyiphalaza kunina kunakuyise. Ukwalikhonkco elidibanisa uyise nonyana. ULanga ngumntwana weli xesha. Ingxaki yakhe kukuba walukele esibhedlele, into ke leyo enxamnye nomthetho kayise.
Kubalulekile ukuba abo banakho, ngenxa yamathuba namalungelo, ukuwuwela umda webala, mabawasebeenzisele lawo mathuba ngokuncokola nabezizwe ezingemnyama baziphe ithuba lokumazi umntu oNtsundu ngokungaphezulu.
(Jongilanga, Apha naphaya, 1971:41)
(Mtuze noSatyo, Uyavuth' umlilo, 1990:52)
Isakhiwo nentshukumo
Masikhe siyisebenzise ezincwadini ezimbalwa
Phuma, mani, nanku ufrowu wakho. (Mzamane, lzinto zodidi, 1959:21)
Kwincwadi kaDikana ethi Impefumlelwano kukho umbongo othi "Ukufa" phantsi kornxholo wemiphanga. Umbhali uyachaza ukuba unduululwe sisimbonono esihlala sisenziwa ngoonomathotholo namaphephaandaba umhla nezolo besazisa ngabantu abathe bathiwa qhwi leli qegu likukufa. Ngenxa yobude balo mbongo, ndiza kugqwathula kuphela iindaawana ezithile .
Isincoko sikaJolobe esithi "Umsebenzi wabafazi kwisizwe esiNtsundu" siyavakala ukuba siphendula into. Kwesi sincoko uJolobe ufuna ukuba abasetyhini bafumane inkululeko njengamadoda:
Iimbongi zezi mini ziyafana nezomthonyama ngendlela ezisebenzisa ngayo le mifanekiso-ngqondweni naxa kukho ukwahluka apha naphaya.
Kwinewadi esihloko sithi Izinto zimana ukwenzeka kweli nqanaba umbhali ndiyamgxeka kuba indawo apho ibali liqhubeka khona siyifumaana kumboniso wesithathu ukuba kuseMthonyameni. Ixesha asilinikwaanga. Loo nto yenza ingqondo yomfundi ibhideke, ingabi nakuzinza. Uphumelele ngokusazisa ngabalinganiswa abaphambili kweli nqanaba.
Lo mbongo wakhiwe awabi nazitanza, ukubonisa ukuba imo yawo yeyoosizi kuba isizwe silahlekelwe ngumntu obenesiphiwo esizweni. Yiva le mbongi xa iphetha esi simbambazelo:
1959
Incoko ibaluleke kakhulu kwidrama. Ibali kwidrama liqhutyelwa phambili yincoko yabalinganiswa. Ude athi yena okaBoulton (1968:97) "a play is its dialogue". Utyatyadula athi idrama ingakwazi ukumelana nayo nantoni na kodwa ayinakuma ukuba incoko okanye ingxoxo yayo ifile. Kwidrama umcamango okanye ilizwi ngalinye elithethwa ngabalingaaniswa likhutshwa ngencoko. Umbhali wedrama uziveza iingcinga zakhe ngabalinganiswa. Yiyo loo nto sithi incoko kufuneka ibe nento eyisebeenzayo kuba inenjongo ethile yokuphakela abafundi urnxholo wencwadi. Loo nto siyayibona kumdlalo kaP.T. Mtuze othi Umdlanga apho abazali bakaLanga bancokola ngokufuna kwakhe umsebenzi. K wincoko yabo kuvela umbandela osenza sicinge siqonde nokuba ngowona mxholo womdlalo Iowa. Nantsi indlela eyandlalwa ngayo le nto:
Ngowe-1960 uMrnango ubuye weza nenewadi ethi Law' ilahle efanayo ngomxholo naleya ithi UDusha, nto leyo ethetha ukuthi ubesayibona njeengengxaki le nto. Lo mxholo weenkolo usuka kwakwirnidlalwana yokuqala eyayibhalwe nguSinxo kwinewadi ethi Imfene kaDebeza neminye imidlalwana ngowe-1925. Kule ngqokelela yemidlalwana kuuxutyushwa iingxaki eziliqela ezibandakanya ukuthakatha nokutyholwa kwabantu abamsulwa. Le ngxaki yobugqwirha ithi gqi kwakhona kwinewadi kaNgani evele ngowe-1959 ethi Umkhonto kaTshiwo. Sibona apha intlekele yokubulawa kwabantu eehaphazela isizwe sonke, kwakunye nokuvela kwesizwe samaGqunukhwebe.
Umfanekiso wengcinezelo uphuhla ncam ngala mabinzana angasentla apha. Igama "ziinzingo" lityhila inzima enkulu, kanti "umnyepha" sisihlonipho sabafazi esithetha umLungu. "Ukhokhotyiso" luthetha ukubekwa phantsi kwedyokhwe ude ugobe 10 gama "ukhobokiso" Iona lubonisa ukwenziwa ikhoboka. Lo mhobe xa uwonke usizobela gca inzima efunyanwa ngumama oNtsundu empangelweni ezamela abantwana bakhe. Siyayazi sonke impatho-mbi ethi ifunyanwe ngaba mama basebenza emakhitshini phantsi kwesandla somntu oMhlophe, umnyepha, ngabula Satyo.
7. Ukubaluleka kwencoko kwidrama 120
Kumdlalo kaNtloko othi UNgodongwana nazi izinto eziyinyaniso ngookwembali:
Ungquzulwano kwezenkeubeko lubonakala kwasekuqaleni kule newaadi, nto leyo etsho sizibuze imibuzo ethi azi kuya kuba nxa yiphi na mhla uZwelinzima wangena ezintanjeni zobukhosi? Indlela akhuliswe ngayo uZwelinzima noThembeka yenza ukuba ubani alindele ukuba kuza kuqhawuka unobathana.
Ukuba Rhadebe bekunokuthiwa mandibonele uGuugulethu umfazi, bendingeze ndakhomba ntombi yimbi ngaphandle kwentombi kaMcothama uThobeka.
Umqukumbelo
Xa ndidlulela kweyesiNgesi isonethi kaShakespeare yona ndingathi Yahlula-hlulwa ibe nemvano-siphelo apho kubakho iikhwatreni (imiqolo emine) ezintathu kunye nekhapleti (imiqolo emibini) egqibelayo. Xa sithetha ngekhwatreni ke sithetha ngesine semigca kanti yona ikhapleti yimigca emibini. Isethi nganye yemigca idityaniswa ngemvano-siphelo ethi ilandele le pateni abab cdcd efef gg. Iikhwatreni ezi ke zinokusebenza ngeendlela ezintathu ezilandelayo ekuveliseni ingxoxo:
Okwesithathu kukho amavo abalisayo ehlahla imbalana leyo isesithebeni (narrative). Umbhali apha usebenzisa amabalana amafutshane athi axhase ingcamango leyo ayiphuhlisayo. Nalo ke olu hlobo lwenziwa ukuze lube nalaa mtsalane usiphula ingqondo yomfundi. Nantso ke into eyenza ukuba ilivo lahluke kumabalana amafutshane. Umbhali angasebeenzisa incoko ukwenza ukuba umcamango anawo uphuhle. UJolobe uyisebenzisile le ndlela phaya kwisincoko esithi "Izinongo zobomi". UTamsanqa naye uyisebenzisile kwezi zincoko zilandelayo: "Inkumbulo", "Ukubetha ifleyithi", nakwesithi "Ukuthiya igama". Kanti yena uBudaza uyisebenzisile ku"Hay' inkohlakalo yomnt' emntwini", nakwesithi "Ubusuku".
Oku kungafani kwamasiko singakubona kwinto enjengale. Kuthi maXhosa akukho mini imnandi njengeyokuzalwa komntwana. Wonke umntu uyachwayita kuba luxolo nolonwabo emzini kodwa ke bona mhla la mntwana wasweleka, nditsho nokuba usweleka sele elibunga, kutshiwo ezikrakra, ezikrazula umxhelo zona izikhalo. Kubonakala nakuthathatha ukuba loo mzi uhlelwe lilifu elimnyama. Thelekisa le nkqubo nenkolo yezinye iintlanga ezikhalela ukuzibulala kwakuzalwa umntwana kuba zisithi uziswa ezimbandezelweni zehlabathi, zize zigcobe xa Iowa esishiiyile kuba ephunyuziwe kwezi mbandezelo.
Nksz. B.P. Ngcelwane
UScholes noKellog (1966:207) basichaza ngolu hlobo isakhiwo:
Abalinganiswa abangabantu basetyhini
Njengokuba uncwadi lungumhlaba obanzi kunene, 10 ngurnxabangelo kuphela onokuthi ube luncedo kwabo bakwizikolo zamabanga angasentla ukwandisa oko bakp.fundiswa ziititshala nabahlohli babo. Ngeso sizathu ke, le ncwadi imele kusetyenziswa kunye nezo zimiselwe ukusetyeenziswa. 
Inye kuphela impazamo eye yanyebelezela yangena ezingqondweni zabantu - le yokucinga ukuba ubudoda kukwaluka nje kuphela. UnotsheI Ukwaluka akudali budoda yaye kuliJize ukuba akuphumelelanga ekuuveliseni ubuntu obutsha kulowo walukileyo.
Komnye umbongo uQangule uthi "uncumo bubuso bentliziyo" (p. 3) kanti yen a uNgcangata uthi "sisipili esibonis' ukukhanya kwentliziyo" (p. 1).
Nakumdlalo othi Umdlanga obhalwe ngokaMtuze kwindima yokuqala siboniswa umlinganiswa oyintloko, uLanga, nomchasi, uNzame. Indelelo ebangwa kukukrokrela ubume bukaLanga iyadula kuNzame xa athi:
• UKhwane uyathamba akuva izicengo zabantu abagwetyelwe ukubuulawa, abasindise. Abantu bamenza inkosi yabo. Emva kwethuba kuungenelela kwesi sizwe amaGqunuqhwa.
Idrama kaNtloko ayiphindi nje kuphela iziganeko ezaziwayo ezimbalini. Wongeze izinto ezithile ukutyebisa umdlalo nokuwenza ube nomdla.
UBoulton (1960:25) ugqabaza enjenje ngomdlalo wosasazo:
Ecaphula kuShipley, okaJafta (1978:93) uthi xa echaza eli nqanaba:
Umbhali uvakala emazi ukusuka nokuhlala 10 mfo kaYantolo kuba emva kokumchaza, usichazela ngexesha lokubhubha kwakhe.
Masikhe siqwalasele indlela umbhali-mdlalo ayizoba ngayo le mbali nale meko.
Naxa ifuthe Iezinye iimbongi ezinjengooMqhayi, Jolobe, QanguIe livakala kuNgcangata, uphumeIeIe ekubhaleni imibongo ebonisa obakhe ubugcisa nesimbo. UmeIe kunconywa ngokuthi akwazi ukunxibelelanisa amaxesha ahIukeneyo kwisimbo sakhe. Umxholo nesimbo sakhe zizinto ezingaathandabuzekiyo ukuzibona. Naxa kunjalo, athi amaXhosa intaka yakha ngoboya benye.
Imbali ibonisa ukuba izincoko ezi azifani, kuloko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ndiqwalasele nobume bamavo lawo. Ngamanye amazwi, ndiya kuqwalasela ukuba ngexesha elithile ababhali bamavo babejongene neziphi na iingxaki, iziziphi na izinto ezazibavuselela zibanga umdla entlalweni malunga namabakubhale. Ndiya kuqukumbela ngokuthi ndiijonge umgangatho wezi zincoko zaba babhali sele ndibakhankanyile.
Wabuya elulibo, umqulunqwa ingqondo, Intlahlela emsulwa yesifundisi kwaNtu. Wasikhonza isizwe ngenyameko nendili, Laqaqamba igama okwekhwezi lokusa.
(v) irnbonakalo yakhe isenokuthetha into.
Umbongo wesibini endiya kuthi ndiwuqwalasele ngulowo kaQangule uthi "UProfesa A.c. Jordan" kwincwadi Intshuntshe (1978:50). Kulo mbongo uQangule ubonga ngogxa wakhe ngokobizo kuba uJordan yingcali eyaziwayo yombhali kwaXhosa.
Masikhe siyikhangele le mizekelo kwenye yeencwadi zemidlalo eziphume phambili, incwadi kaTamsanqa ethi Buzani kubawo.
[Singashwankathela ngelithi imibongo yanamhlanje iye yatyetyiswa kanobom bubugcisa obuzekwe kwizibongo zomthonyama. Iimpawu zezo zibongo zomthonyama ziqaqambile kwimibongo yethu yale mihla yaye kuhle ukuba le mibongo yanamhlanje singayahluli kweziya zibongo zasendulo ngokungathi zizinto ezingahambelaniyo. Kutsho uMhleli.]
Ngokutsho kukaSwanepoel (1990:8) indlela yohlalutyo yovakalelo ixhomekeke kwindlela aphendula ngayo umhlalutyi kumbandela ophathelele "kwinto endiyithandileyo" okanye "into endingayithandaanga" ngento eth-ile. Le nto ithetha ukuthi le ndlela yohlalutyo izama ukwaneka ngamazwi indlela avakalelwa ngayo umntu ngesicatshulwa esithile okanye ngencwadi ethile.
Umfanekiso-ntelekelelo ungachazwa njengendibanisela yamagama okanye igama elisiphuhlisela uvakalelo ngendlela eqaqambileyo. Ungaba sisafobe, okanye ube yinto entsingiselo iphandle. Imifanekisoongqondweni eqhelekileyo emithathu singathi yile - sisifaniso, sisikweko, nesimntwiso. Isakhiwo nemifanekiso-ntelekelelo zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekubhalweni kwesihobe.
Ababhali besiXhosa ke, ngakumbi abemibongo, abakhange batyhafe tu ngenxa yaloo miqobo yathi yabekwa phambi kwabo. Bathutsu-thutsuzile bezama phantsi kwaloo matyathanga befuna ukuba nguwo umlomo wesizwe nje.
(Jolobe, Umyezo, 1965:37)
Akunakho ukusikhonza isizwe ukuba akukafundi ukuba kumgangatho omnye nesininzi sabantu besizwe umndilili ... ufunde ukukwazi ukuncokola nabantu besizwe bakowenu kuba kaloku incoko ityhila ukudleelana kwemimoya.
Le ndlela ihambelana kakhulu naleya ndlela yohlalutyo sithi yindlela yezembali nembali yobomi yaye Iowa uyisebenzisayo womana egqwathuula nakwinkqubo yendlela yesimo nefilosofi.
Sinornzekelo wornsebenzi onarnandla owathi wavela ngeli xesha. inewadi kaSiyongwana ethi Ubulumko bezinja. Le newadi iyelelene kwinewadi kaOrwell ethi Animal Farm naxa le ikhankanywe rnva ingeeyodrarna. Ngornnyaka we-1954 kwavela inewadi kaMbidlana ethi Zangen' iinkomo. Le ne wadi ityetyesha isiko lokulobola kwaGealeka. Naxa urnbhaali engavezi le ndlela siyaziyo. inewadi le iyayibonisa ingxaki eyayiselikho kurnaXhosa ngeli siko (Jafta, 1965:12).
Ymtoni umxholo?
Usathe gxada phezulu umphakathi wethu ... Uye kungena kuw' amasang' ezulu,
Into ecace gca kukuba siye safikelela kwingqondo ethi ibalana liqulathe ngaphezulu kunodweliso nje lweziganeko ezilandelelanayo, nokuba zingaba nomdla kangakanani na zona ngokwazo. Kambe xa sizama ukuuchaza ukuba yintoni na ibali kufuneka siqonde ukuba ibalana asinoveli equlunganisiweyo kuphela. Ibalana ngumsebenzi wobugcisa opheleleyo kwindawo yawo.
. . . ayinasihlava, ifanelekile ukuba ingenziwa umfazi nanguwuphi na umfana.
Umqukumbelo
Intshayelelo
Kuyacaca ukuba luyakhula ungquzulwano kule ngxelo ingasentla apha. UGrace (1965:164) wenjenje ukuthetha ngongquzulwano nokujiya kweezinto:
IPROWUZI
A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines expounding a single thought or feeling. It is written in iambic pentameter.
Kusesinaleni eDikeni. Kukho inkwenkwe engevayo yala macala angaseGcuwa.
Akukho bani unokuxubusha naziphi na iingxaki ezisingethwe kunewadi lwethu ukuba akayazi irnixholo epharnbili kulo. Irnixholo ebonakala kunewadi lwethu lwanarnhla isixelela lukhulu ngeengxaki ezigqubayo kwicala leepolitiki nelentlalo jikelele kuluntu lwethu.
Aba babhali bayisingethe kakuhle le micimbi bafuna ukuyandlala eluuntwini. Siyazibona iinjongo zabo kwimidlalo yabo. Impumelelo yabo ibaangelwe nakukuba babazobe abalinganiswa babo bayile nto siyilindeleyo nathi kubantu abakwezo meko bazichazayo. Ukomelela kwamacala amabiini anembambano kubangela umdla nongquzulwano emdlalweni.
UNomatshawe naye akazibandakanyi nengcinezelo yabafazi kuba unenxaxheba enkulu kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni enjengeWhayi. Umbhali umveza exakekile equlunqa intetho yakhe kuba yayiza kuba nguye isiithethi sembeko. UNomatshawe uphuhlisa ukuba oomama basukile kulaa mgangatho wokuba ngabantu basekhitshini.
Isonethi yesiTaliyane
Lunjani na ugqobhoko lwabanye abantu? Akwazi na, Sithandwa, ukuba inqambi yogqobhoko asikuko ukuuthanda abangakuqumbisiyo nabakuthandayo kupheJa kuba kaloku nababuthi berhafu bayabathanda abaabathandayo. Lugqithe njani na uthando lwakho, Tipha, kolwababhaJi nolwabaFarisi xa wenjenje ukuzikhetheJa kwezokhoJo?
Iisonethi zikaNgcangata, kwincwadi Ukuphuma kwelanga, zahlulwe zaba ziiokthevu (imiqolo esibhozo yokuqala) zilandelwe ziisestethi (emithandathu yokugqibela). Aziqapheleki ngendlela eyakhiwe ngayo imvano-siphelo yale miqolo njengoko kunjalo esiLungwini kodwa apha kwiisonethi zesiXhosa umbongo ukhangeleka ngathi yimibongo emibini ethetha ngemingxilo eyahlukileyo yomcamango omnye. Kumbongo othi "Ilitha nethunzi" umntu ufumana uthotho lwezi zinto: ilanga, iliso, impii10, imfundo, inkcubeko, iphupha, ukuchuIumacha neBhayibhile, nto ezo ezibonisa ubuhle nokubheka phambili ebomini kanti kwimiqolo emithandathu yokugqibela uyatyeka kwezi zinto asinike amagama akhabanayo nalawo. Nakumbongo wakhe othi "Uncumo" kwenzeka kwaloo nto.
UQangule ukwasebenzisa izafobe ezifana nesikweko. isimntwiso nesiifaniso kodwa kwezo zinto zonke. esona sixhobo asithandayo sisikweko. Kumbongo wakhe othi "Intombi yekhazi" kwincwadi Intshuntshe (1978:12) usebenzisa isikweko ukwakha isakhiwo sombongo wakhe nemiifanekiso-ntelekelelo. Ezi zikweko zisetyenziswe ukutyibela ngamazwi akhethiweyo lowo ambongayo. Le nto iwunika umbongo isingqisho esiibetha kamnandi. nto ke leyo ephathelele kwisakhiwo.
Umbhali ngamnye kwaba unazo izincoko ezingahlulwanga phakathi. Omnye umzekelo wezo zincoko sesiya sincoko sikaJolobe sithi "Umtshato" kanti nesiya sikaMadala sithi "Ulundi lokhahlamba" naxa uMadala esawuvelela macala omabini loo mbandela.
Malunga nabalinganiswa kwezi ncwadi zintathu ndingagqabaza ndenjenje. Uninzi lwabo bangqukuva. Sibabona beguquguquka phantsi kweemeko ezithile. UDingezweni, kwelinye icala, ngumlinganiswa osicaaba, ongaguqukiyo kwimo abekuyo ekuqaleni encwadini. Kambe isizathu soko sicacile, kukuba umbhali umzobe ngeenjongo zokuzalisekisa iqhalo elithi umthi ugotywa uselula. NabakaJordan abalinganiswa bakholise kuba ngqukuva kakuhle.
Y'mtoni isihobe?
Ndingowenu wemihla nezolo. UMhleli
IsimDtwiso
Ibali elifutshane
"Umgcini-mangcwaba ubonisele".
Ndibona ngathi ke mna enze njalo amaduna akowethu ukuqhusheka 10 mba wokhalazo. Ubugcisa obungaka bakha babonwa phi na? IsiXhosa asitolikwa, Lawundini.
Lo mcamango usentloko (central idea) olithungela lonke ibali, uye kuthungela abalinganiswa ngokuthi izinto abazenzayo okanye ezibahlelayo (ngenxa yokuba ubomi babo bungekho ezandleni zabo) zonke ezi zinto zisebeenzele ukuphuhlisa 10 mcamango uphambili lijikeleze kuwo ibali.
Eli gama lithi "Drama" lithatyathwe kwelesiGrike elithi "Dran" elithetha ukwenza okanye intshukumo. Lalibhekiswa kumatheko anomculo noomdaniso awayesenzelwa uDionysos, isithixo sewayini. Idrama namhla asiyiyo nayiphi na into njengoko bekusakwenziwa njalo kudala. Intetho yayiyenye nje yeempawu zedrama yakudala, ibali, impixano nesakhiwo bezibakho zingalindelekanga. Ngoku ezi zinto zinyanzelekile.
Kube lithamsanqa elikhulu ukuba zibe nokufumaneka ezi sonethi ziimbini zithe zazilandela twatsa ezi mvano-siphelo zimbini kuthethwa ngazo kuba, njengoko bendikhe ndatsho kwintshayelelo, abesiXhosa ababhali yingxaki enkulu into yemvano-siphelo kuba ulwimi IwesiXhosa alubavumeli ngokupheleleyo. Imigca elishumi elinesine yona kulula ukuyifumana. Ukuba ngethamsanqa uyizamile imvanoosiphelo, iba ziikhapleti nje zodwa, zingabikho iikhwatreni, kungenjalo, ufumanise ukuba umbhali akakhange aqalise ukuyihoya imvano10. Umzekelo: waloo nto singawufumana kulaa mbongo kaQangule uthi "Kwabathweswa izidanga". [Ingxaki enkulu kulwimi IwesiXhosa yithoni eyenza ukuba athi amagama ejongeka efana kodwa angabizwa ngokuufanayo, umzekelo: isithebe asibizwa ngokufanayo nendlebe. Kwakhona ababhali bathanda ukufanisa la malungu okugqibela kuphela kanti itsho kamnandi imvano-siphelo xa kuvana amalungu amabini okugqibela emagameni. Mhleli.]
The premises of the approach suit the basic aims of eduucation and ethics.
Ukuba kukhangelwa imiba ephambili ekubhalweni kwenoveli, inoveli kaJordan ethi Ingqumbo yeminyanya iyivelela yonke imiba efunekayo. • Singatsho ngelingenaxanasi sithi le noveli igqwesile. Njengokuba kusiitshiwo kuForster (1941:14) ukuthi "a novel is a fictional narrative in prose of a certain extent." Eyona nto ingundoqo kuyo kukubalisa, yaye ibali luludwe lweziganeko ezidweliswe ngokwamaxesha ezenzeke ngawo.
Xa ndiqwela, nesihloko sale newadi siqulathe lukhulu malunga nomxhoola nangona ungatsoliswanga, kodwa uya ngaphakathi usazi ukuba umciimbi ungobudoda, ukuba uyazi ukuba umdlanga ngumkhonto wokwalusa.
Akukho kubuya ngamva ke ngoku. UGugulethu ongazange aphendulane noyise uza kumnyola emehlweni ngokwala xa emthuma ngoku. Oku ukwenza ngokungazibopheleli ngeqhina lomtshato ecaweni phambi koomfundisi. Akasoyiki nokuhlaza uyise esidlangalaleni. UJafta (1978:103) ucaphula uLawson olichaza ngolu hlobo eH nqanaba:
Inkcubeko lukhanyo lwempucuko.
Nksz. NR. Mazwi
(Mqhayi,Inzuzo, 1974:70)
Masiyeke, TakaLanga, ngokuba sendibona ukuba ndeenze impazamo ngokukuxelela ngemeko yonyana wakho, ndizinqikele elinobugqwangu.
Ngale ncwadi ndizama ukubonakalisa umahluko weezimvo kubantu abadala nesizukulwana esitsha ngale nto ilisiko. Isiko eli liyabola lingasebenzi ngamanye am axeesha, uthi ke wena wakuvumbulula uhlakaze into eboolileyo kungalungi, izinto zonakale ... Enye into ndifuna ukubonakalisa amandla ale nto kuthiwa luthando ... Apho luthe lwawa lwafukama khona alungeze lwanceedwa.
Isigaba esilandelayo sisigaba senkqubela nokhanyo kuba kwenziwa imisebenzi yenkqubela emitsha kwasekwa nemibutho yokuphakamisa isizwe. Elo thuba lenkqubela laba lifutshane kakhulu kuba kwavuka ukuungavisisani phakathi kwabasebukhosini noluntu olwasuka lwadwelisa uthotho lwezikhalazo ngezi nguqulelo zingeneyo.
(Mtuze noSatyo, Uyavuth' umlilo, 1990:35-36)
Isiganeko ngasinye sizala esinye, kube yiloo ntuntanja ke kude kuye kuvutho-ndaba apho uGugulethu ala ukusayina irejista nokwenza izifungo zomtshato.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ngomdlalo wosasazo kukuba kufuneka ube ngesiganeko esithile endaweni yokuzoba ubomi bonke. Uthi akuuphumelela imali eninzi uLulamile agqibe ekubeni amshiye kwesiinomhlwa umkakhe uNeziswa. Yonke loo nto izungeleze eso siganeko sinye.
Luncinane unxibelelwano phakathi kukaGugulethu nabazali bakhe ngalo mcimbi.
If this is granted, we may say that the plot of any novel or drama is the particular synthesis effected by the writer of the elements of action, character and thought that constitute the matter of his invention ...
OkaCohen (1973:183) uxoxa enjenje ngalo mbandela:
(v) Isiphetho.
During the latter part of the century it was the very physsical and cultural survival of the Xhosa and neighbouring nations that became of primary importance. Given the crucial significance of both issues, it is understandable that the literate class should have devoted its newly acquired skills to religious, didactic and later political writing.
Itsho ke into kaMtuze, ithi amaxesha ngamanye, ukuba sibambelele esiikweni sixel' ooNgxabane bakudala, sakutshonelwa lilanga.
Ukuba urnntu uqaphela kakuhle, likhona isuntswana lalo mxholo naphaya kwintshayelelo yombhali xa athi:
Kwelinye icala" uD.M. Jongilanga usinika irnizekelo ecacileyo yoncwadi olufundisayo kwibalana lakhe elithi "UNqaba", apho asinika khona urnzekelo ornele kulandelwa ngabantu abafuna ukuphurnelela nokuuphakamisa isizwe:
Abanye abantu ekucaca ukuba bayangcungcutheka bubudoda bukaLanga nguNzame nomhlobo wakhe uPhumi, ngohlobo lokuba bade baphel' iintloni bayithetha kuye ezinkonkqeni le nto ngenye imini. Nakubo uLanga akazange azidube ngokube ebahlisa ebanyusa ngaphandle nje kokubanika iindaba zabo, baza bathi bakomelwa ngumqa ephinini, baphela bezinxilisa, beyithetha ke phofu eyokuba bahlangene nenyok' iphunga umhluzi. ULanga akacengi solalaphi ngobudoda bakhe.
The Owl Critic Cape Town: Nasou. Izinto zodidi
Uhlalutyo
12. Iidrama ezimbini kwiminyaka 1970-1990 139
OkaMtuze (1989:58) uyiphuhlisa athi le nto:
Ngarnanye arnaxesha umbhali usebenzisa ulwirni oluthethwa ngabo bantu abazobileyo. Kwintetho-ngqo yamkelekile le ntetho ilandelayo:
Inoveli isoloko inodaba oluthile lokuvula amehlo abafundi. UHeese noLawton (1968:101) bayicacisa ngale ndlela le nto:
7. Uthelekiso lwesihobe sikaQangule nesikaNgcangata 78
Aba babini, uPhumi noNzame, abazange banele kukuphoxwa nguLanga. Basala besangqawa ngobukhwenkwe nobudoda bukaLanga de baya kufikelela nakwinkonde uBaw' uMpinda, owabagqogq' iindlebe baphuma apho beziinkuku ezinethileyo.
UNomthunzi akatyhafanga, akazisingeli phantsi, akoyiki ukuvakalisa uluvo lwakhe kuFikele, kuba umthatha njengomlingane wakhe. UFikele uphila kumaxesha akudala, akayamkeli into yokuba umcimbi omkhulu kangaka ofuna indoda uphalazwe emfazini, aze yena akugqiba ukuba yiindoda axelelwe nguNomthunzi. Uthi:
Umqukumbelo
Kwidrama kukwakho nabalinganiswa abachasileyo. Sibona uNzame noPhumi abangamthandiyo uLanga yaye bezimisele ukulihlambela igama lakhe. Ekuqaleni, intetho yabo itsho simthandabuze uLanga kodwa uthi wakucombuluka ·umdlalo sibone ukuba asinakuyithemba yonke into abayithethayo ngaye.
Eli nqanaba likhothame undoqo wesakhiwo sebali. Undoqo nomqobo wesiyileli lulwabhici oluqanduselwa kweli nqanaba. Ukuze ibali lethu liqhubele phambili, kufuneka kubekho impixano. UTshabe, uMini noMkonto (1992:319) bathi:
Ngayo yonke intetho kaMpinda umbhali uyiphuhlisa icaee eyona njoongo yakhe ngenewqdi yakhe. Uthi amaxesha ngamanye ngoku, masizame siluluntu ukuhamba nokutshintsha kwezinto. Makangajongelwa phantsi umntu owalukele esibhedlele, naye yindoda njengalo uye ebhumeni, ngakumbi nangakumbi xa izenzo zakhe zimngqina, kuba zizo eziziiimpawu zobona budoda, hayi ukuba walukele phi.
Maxa wambi inguqulelo ebomini bomlinganiswa oyintloko ingqamana nokwamkela kwakhe inkolo yobuKrestu. Umzekelo waloo nto siyawufuumana kwinoveli kaMda ethi Ntengu-ntengu macetyana xa athi umbhali ngoSithembile:
A theme involves the real purpose for which a play is written, as well as the meaning pervading the whole.
NoGugulethu ngumlinganiswa ongqukuva. Unezinto azithandayo nangazithandiyo njengomntu wonke. Ukhe wazama ukumguqula uyise kwizimvo zakhe kodwa wawa phantsi kuba kakade ebengengomntu unaamandla. Ubulala uThobeka ngenxa yokuba engasenathemba limbi ebomini.
Bendingazi ukuba naseNkwankca naninombutho woomdaniso seningabaqeqeshi-badanisi nje, Langa.
Fikele:
(iv) into ayithethayo urnlinganiswa,
Umdlanga kaP.T. Mtuze (1976) uxovula umdmbi wobudoda nolwaaluko. ULanga owalukele esibhedlele uqaqambile kunabafana abalukele ebhumeni ngokwesiko elaziwayo lesiXhosa. Wayalukele esibhedlele, nto ke leyo eyayisonyanywa kakhulu nguyise uFikele, kodwa kuyo yonke loo nto. uLanga wayebagqwesile oontanga bakhe ngobulumko, ngenkathalo, ngemfundo nangokuziphatha. Loo nto yabatsho oogxa bakhe banekhwele, bazimisela ukuba barnahlule nesithandwa sakhe uCikizwa. Le nto isiboonisa ingxaki yamasiko kuluntu lwethu, kunjalonje isagquba kuba abakhwetha bafa mihla le ebhumeni apho kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezingaahambi ngokwemigaqo yempilo ngarnanye arnaxesha. Kuyo yonke loo nto. umntu owalukele esibhedlele kunzima ukuba amkeleke eluntwini.
Sesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo kwidrama. Imenzela lula umbhali ekwakheni abalinganiswa abangafaniyo, babe neembono ezingafaniyo kananjalo. Isesona sixhobo silungileyo kwidrama ngaphezu kwentetho yomntu oyedwa.
Kulapho uNgodongwana simbona esabela eHeshele kwelamaHlubi, athi akufika apho aziguqule igama athi unguDingiswayo. Uthe naxa unkosi uBhungane amnakanayo ukuba unegazi lobukhosi, wakhanyela walala ngomqolo. NokaNtloko uzisebenzise kakuhle iimpawu zomdlalo.
Nksz. NR. Mazwi
Theme is what a story means, what a story says to us, and it results from the interaction of plot, characters, emotion and symbolism. Theme is the sum total of everyything that takes place in a story plus the effect all this has on the mind of the reader.
• Ngelo xesha uTshiwo wayexakene neentshaba zakhe yaye efuna amancedo kakhulu.
1968
Kanti kukwabalulekile nokuba urnxholo 10, ngokungaphandle kokuuthungela abalinganiswa, uthungele nesimo sentlalo ngokuthi naso siqaqambise ngeyaso indlela 10 mcamango uphambili kwibali. Andiingelibali ukuchaphazela nesakhiwo sebali ukuba naso ukwakheka oku kwaso makuncedise ngeyaso indlela kwakulo mba mnye. Kanti ulwimi nesimbo sokubhala, ndibala ntoni na? Zonke ezo zinto mazithungelane, ziphuhlise, ziqaqambise 10 mcamango ungumxholo webali, ngabula Satyo (Uphengululo IwesiXhosa, 1985:79).
Ezithe wambu ngengubo yakhe yezingwe ... Wawugxumek' umkhonto wema utyityimba,
... kuba yilaa ntshumayeJo yakho ingummangaliso le yenze yonke le nguquko.
Isihobe sezi mini siphenjelelwe kakhulu sisihobe saseNtshona ngokweemo nokuqulathiweyo. Esi sihobe sinezinto ezibhaliweyo eziphathelele kwezo zinto zithandwa yimbongi, ezihambisana nesiqu sayo, kunakwiziibongo zomthonyama. Loo nto ithetha ukuba nabani na onesiphiwo angaasibhala isihobe esilolu hlobo IwaseNtshona. Kwaba babhali besihobe sezi mini sikwafumana neembongi ezininzi ezingamaXhosa ezibonakalisa ubugcisa bazo ngokuthi zibhale ngezinto-yinto zobomi ezahlukileyo. Kwesi sihobe kuxutyushwa imixholo ngemixholo.
(Qangule, Intshuntshe ,1976:2)
9. Indlela yohlalutyo yovakalelo 37
Idrama
1. Iimpawu eziphambili zenoveli 9
9. Imibongo engokufa 85
Zisuka siva izandi eziyiliweyo, ukukhala kweentsimbi zecawe nokweefowuni. Ezo zinto zisincedisa ekubeni siqonde ukuba eli bali lenzeka kwaPhumzile kusasa ngeCawe. Kwakhona siva ingxoxo phakathi kukaPhumzile noMandisa. Kwalapha sinikwa ingxaki ephambili ebalini. Siyazibona zintshula izithole zempixano.
Ukuzotywa kwabalinganiswa ababhinqileyo bekwizikhundla eziphezulu, umzekelo uMamNzotho, uMaKhwetshube noTshilemba kubonisa ukuba abasetyhini bayakwazi ukubamba izikhundla eziphakamileyo entlalweni, kanye njengamadoda. UMzamane ubonisa phandle ukuba abafazi bayaakwazi ukuyimela into abayifunayo, bayakwazi ukuba nemisebenzi esigxiina ebalulekileyo, yaye banayo ingqondo. Yonke le nto uyenza engqiyame ngokubaluleka kwenkcubeko yesiNtu nokuba abantu sebephucuke kaangakani na ngokwaseNtshona. Amadoda kufuneka asinikwe isidima esiiwafaneleyo ngokwesiNtu.
Ukubonga ibingeyonto yeembongi zakwaNtu kuphela. Amakhwenkwe, xa esalusa ezindle phaya, ebethanda ukubonga ngakumbi xa kuhlangene imihlambi yeenkomo. Nabazingeli ngokunjalo bebesaya kuzibonga izinja zabo, bezikhuthaza, benamabhongo nangobukroti bazo. Ukuxhasa oku ndikuthethileyo ngasentla apha, ndicaphula kuA.c. Jordan (1973:21) xa athi:
Kukwalapha apho umbhali kufuneka abaveze abalinganiswa bakhe.
Ingxoxo
Phambi kokuba ubani abe nokuthetha atyondyothele ngombandela othile, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqale ngokuwuchaza ukuze yonke into ayithethayo ingqamane naloo nkcazo ayinikileyo. Yiyo loo nto siza kumana sibetha sibuyelela kwinkcaza ecacisa inoveli phambi kokuba sizame ukubonisa ukuba ngabaphi na ababhali esicinga ukuba bagqwesile kuloo mba.
Isakhiwo
Phantsi kwesi sihloko sibala isihobe sezembali, esibalisayo nesichaza iziinto ezibonakalayo. Umzekelo, kumbongo kaJolobe (1964:40) othi "Ingqawule" sixelelwa ngentombi kaMhlakaza nezinto ezabulala ubuzwe bamaXhosa. Kumbongo kaHuna othi "Ulindipasi" sichazelwa, ngendlela eqaqambileyo nechukumisayo, ngomonakalo owenziwa sesi sifo semfuyo.
(ii) zinakho nokunika iziganeko ezithathu zoluvo oluthile, (iii) zisenakho nokubonisa iimbono ezintathu ngento enye.
Isimbolizim
Ziinzingo zobulawulwa Umnyeph' uyamxinzelela Ukhusa ngapha ukhokhotyiso Akhuse ngapha ukhobokiso.
Elokuqukumbela ndingathi njengoko sibona kuyahluka xa kubongwa ngokufa uqobo naxa kubongwa ngabathe basishiya. Xa kubongwa ngokufa uqobo kubhekiswa kubo njengomntu. Kuphakathi kokuba kube kuyakhahlelwa, kuhlonelwe, imbongi igobe ngamadolo icenga umhlekazi ukuba athobe isantya angaphali kangaka, okanye kube kanti imbongi iyakuxhokonxa ikungxolisa oku kufa kungenanceba kangaka.
(YaJi-Manisi, Izibongo zeenkosi zamaXhosa, 1952:42]
Iinoveli ezibonisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwemeko yanamhla neyasendulo Phantsi kwalo mba singabalula incwadi kaDyafta ethi Ikamva lethu apho kuboniswa khona ukugqwesa kwezokhanyo zisoyisa ezesithethe ngokuthi umfana aphumelele ekuzifuneleni undofanaye othandwe nguye. Eli dabi silibonile nakwincwadi kaJordan ethi Ingqumbo yeminyanya. Isiphelo nemfundiso yale ncwadi kambe ibange ingxoxo enkulu phakathi kwabahlalutyi bel 0 xesha abathi batyhola ngelithi uJordan wenze ukuba ubumnyama, ngabula bona, bukugqwese ukukhanya, njengoko uGerard (1971:86) esithi xa ecacisa izimvo zikaOldjohn omnye wabahlalutyi belo xesha:
Ukuhambisa olu daba lwakhe kuthi, urnbhali usebenzisa abalinganiswa ekufuneka ibe ngabantu abafana nabo sibaqhelileyo ekuhlaleni. Abo bantu sibazi ngeendlela ngeendlela ezifana nezi zilandelayo:
Ifuthe likaNobantu liyavakala kuwo omabini la maeala angadibaniyo, kuba udibanisa imihlambi eyalanayo. Uyayamkela indlela yolwaluko azikhethele yona uLanga, kuba naye ungomnye wabalinganiswa abaabalulekileyo abayamkelayo inguqu yeli xesha. UNobantu naye akanaadyudyu, uyaluvakalisa uluvo lwakhe. Unophawu olubonakalisa ukukhuululeka kwingeinezelo yabafazi ekudala igquba kwisithuba seenkuluungwane ezidlulileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamagama
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksz. K.P. Rungqu, 1990.
Ibali liphela ngesisombululo okanye isiphetho nokuba inkinge leyo ayisombululekanga yona. Kuxa zonke ezi zinto zinxibelelene kakuhle kude kuye kwisiphumo sebali apho sithi kukho unxibelelwano nomaanyano ebalini.
Kule ngxoxo ingasentla kuyabonakala ukuba kwimidlalo yezembali yesiXhosa kukho unxulumano phakathi kwezinto eziyinyaniso (fact) nomqwebo (fiction). Sibathulela umnqwazi aba babhali babini ngokuthi bangaminxwa ziziganeko zezembali. Siyabona ukuba kule midlalo mibini kukho izinto ezihlonyelweyo ukunika umdla kwezi mbali.
Kumbongo "Intlakohlaza" uQangule udala olunye uhlobo lwesakhiwo esibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kokuqulathiweyo nesihloko kwakunye nesakhiwo. Ukungalingani kwemiqolo eyenza izitanza kumbongo "Intlakohlaza" kwalatha umahluko phakathi kweNtwasahlobo noBusika. Sibona nemo yembongi kuba isitanza sokuqala sifutshane. kuba akukho mntu ubuvuyelayo uBusika. Sibona apha unxibelelwano phakathi kweesakhiwo nomfanekiso-ntelekelelo. Ukwahlula uBusika kwiNtwasahlobo usebenzisa isitanza esinemiqolo emide nengaphezulu. nto leyo ebonakalisa ukuba, unqwenela ukuba iNtwasahlobo itsale ithuba eliingaphezulu.
Uvuthondaba
Le yenye yeendlela zohlalutyo ezintsha. Sithi yindlela ephathelele kumbhali kuba unendima ebalulekileyo kule ndlela yohlalutyo. Izinto eziqaqambileyo ngale ndlela kukushumayela ngencwadi kusetyenziswa ezenkolo nefilosofi, oko kukuthi imfundiso ethile.
Xa sijonga isakhiwo somdlalo kaNgani othi Umkhonto kaTshiwo, siingatsho ukuthi uNgani uphumelele ekusebenziseni zonke izixhobo zokuubhala eziphathelele kwisakhiwo: ingabula-zigeawu, ukujiya kwezinta, uvuthondaba, isisombululo nesiphelo. Singaehaphazela kuphela uvuthondaba endithi likweliya thuba imikhosi kaKhwane ihlangula uTshiwo kuhlaselo lweentshaba zakhe.
Ukuzotywa kwabalinganiswa
Susa kuqala umqadi osesweni Jakho phambi kokuba ususe isibi esisesweni Jomnye umntu.
Iingqondo zethu zidlwengulwa ngumqolo wokuqala nje apho athetha ngorhatya olusondeleyo, umdla wethu uya ukhula yaye uthi gqolo ukuphembeleleka kude kuye kumqolo wokugqibela webali, apho kuthi qheke ukusa.
Indima yale mifanekiso-ngqondweni
USatyo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Igrama noncwadi (1983:193) ubeka ezi ngongoma zilandelayo njengeempawu ezibalulekileyo zedrama:
The dramatist, like the storyteller, must first of all idenntify the environment, the characters, and the general outtline of the situation in which they are placed. But in a play this must be done quickly, and always, as far as posssible, by action.
Ukungquzulana kweenkcubeko
A point at which the balance of forces is so strained that something cracks, thus causing a realignment of forces, a new pattern of relationships.
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksz. B.P. Ngcelwane, 1992. Phambi kokuba singene emxholweni, mandikhe ndithi gqaba-gqaba ngeembono zeengcali malunga nokuba yintoni na isihobe sokhalazo okanye yintoni ukhalazo Iona ngokwalo. UVerschoor (1972:3) uluchaza ngolu hlobo yena unkwintsho:
UPickering (1988:55) ugxininisa ekubeni umdlalo omfutshane uxhomekeke kwimeko akuyo umlinganiswa oyintloko. Kufuneka ke ngoko izinto zigajaze ukuhamba ukuya kuvutho-ndaba, kulandele isisombululo kwakamsinya.
Kwisitanza sokuqala umbhali ubonisa ukuba ukufa oku kusisiqalekiso esihla kulo lonke ilizwe. Kuba buhlungu kwabo bathe bagutyungelwa leli lifu kuba ukufa oku akuqheleki. Umbhali usebenzise amazwi akhethiweyo ukuqaqambisa 10 mcamango. Usebenzise amagama amaninzi okuchaza isikhalo esenziwa ngabafelweyo kwilizwe jikelele. Usebenzise amagama azizithetha-ntonye anjengala: "kuzizijwili, kulilwa, kuntywizisw' iinyeembezi, bonke benz' isimbonono". Nanga amanye abonisa oku kunaba kolu sizi: "macala onke emhlabeni, kwiimbombo zone zomhlaba, kwiinkalo zonke".
Liyancomeka igalelo likaSaule kwimidlalo yoonomathotholo esanqoongophele kunene. Abalinganiswa bakhe bambalwa. Baqalela kwabathathu ukuya kwisihlanu. Kulula kubaphula-phuli ukuwahlula amazwi abo. Zonke iimpawu zomdlalo oqhelekileyo ziyabonakala nakule midlalo yakhe yosasazo.
Ezi zilandelayo iincwadi ziqulathe umcimbi wothando: UDike noCikiizwa, Buzani kubawo, UNcumisa noNqabayakhe, nezinye.
(Jolobe,1litha,1985:11)
Urnxholo walo mdlalo ucace gca. Eneneni uTamsanqa uwandlale kwaseentloko kule ncwadi apho athi khona "the old order changeth yielding place to new". Loo nto ibonisa ukuba kuyingozi ukutshela kumasiko apheIeIwe lixesha. Ubunyaniso bayo budandalazile kule ncwadi iyonke.
USiwisa ngomnye woovulindlela kumabalana esiXhosa. Uqale ukubhala amabalana kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokuqala siqalile ukuubhala iincwadi zesiXhosa. Amabalana akhe kwincwadi ethi Ndibuzen' amathongo ayindibanisela yamabalana nezincoko. Loo nto yenze ukuba la alandelayo awele kwicala lezincoko - "Mdala utat' omkhulu" , "Amaqal' afike", "Qash-qash kuphekwe ntoni namhlanje", "Iintwana ezincinane nazo zibalulekile", nelithi "Umzingisi akanashwa". Kweli lokugqibela ude azidize ngokwakhe xa athi 10 kaSiwisa:
Umfundi ulangazelela ukwazi ukuba uTshiwo uza kuthabatha waphi na amanyathelo ngenxa yale mpilo yentombi yakhe. Ubiza uMpondombini igqirha, emva koko uDubulegeqa. UNgani usebenzise ubuchule apha bokuyikhomba kwiinkolelo ingxaki yale mbali.
Indlela esiwandlalelwa ngayo 10 mxholo wokungqubana kweenkeubeko inika umdla kakhulu. Siva kwineoko kaNgxabane omnye wamakholwane nephakathi likamfi uNkosi uZanemvula elathi lasindisa ubomi bukaZwelinzima unyana kaZanemvula lowo, ukuba amanye amaMpondomise asatshele kwizithethe zawo nakwiinkolo. Usixelela ukuba la maMpondomise asakholelwe kwinyoka enguMajola, yaye iinkosi zakwaNgwanya namafanankosi zingewatywa emilanjeni enjengeThina neTsitsa. Kwalapha sibona ukuxatyiswa kwemfuyo ngokuthi siboniswe inkomo eyayithandwa kunene sisizwe uDangazele, kanti nendima yaamagqirha namaxhwele siyibona kwasentloko.
Pretoria: De Jager-HAUM.
Apha kwisestethi ke into elindelekileyo kukuba kubekho utshintsho, oko kukuthi laa ngxoxo ibivezwe kwiokthevu ngoku iyasonjululwa. Imbongi ngoku ithi ithande ukukhululeka mpela. Ithi ukuba ibithande ukuba ngqukuva phaya kwiokthevu, uyive ke ngoku ivela kweyona nto ingayo.
Kwelinye icala, babekhalazela uZwelinzima owayengenise iinguqulelo eziliqela ezifana nokutshitshiswa kweebhokhwe kuba kusithiwa zisetyeenziswa ngamagqirha ukulahlekisa abantu. UZwelinzima wayeyilwa loo nto, wada wavala naloo magqirha esithi abantu mabaye koogqirha baseNtshona. Le nto yaveza izikhalazo ezininzi eluntwini.
Isingqi
UHeese noLawton (1968:103) bayichaza benjenje inoveli:
Emva kokuba ebekiwe esihlalweni uZwelinzima, luyaqanduselwa olu ngquzulwano. Into yokuqala ekubanjwana ngayo yintombi amakayizeke. Yena ufuna uThembeka ukanti isithethe sobukhosi sikhomba enye indlela. UNgxabane utshele mpela kumyolelo kaZanemvula kwesi sithuba. Le nto isahlula kubini isizwe. Kukho abaxhasa uZwelinzima kanti bakho nabaakwicala likaNgxabane. Kubalulekile nokuqaphela ukuba iqela ngalinye kula maqela liqinile yaye lizimisele kuloo nto limi kuyo. Kuthi xa kulapho uJongilanga okwicala lezithethe aphakamise ukuba mazizekwe zombini ezi ntombi, eyakwaBhaca kunye noThembeka, inkosazana ibe ngumfazi omkhulu. UDabula uyibhebhetha ngelithi loo nto inkosi ifundile, ke ngoko ayinakho ukuzeka isithembu.
Kanti yen a uAbrams (1971:54) ubhala enjenje:
UTamsanqa uye wahlangabezana neembono zikaGrace (1965:163) ezithi:
Ziyaqapheleka na iimpawu zocaphulo? Kaloku imbongi le icaphula kumazwi omfi 10 uJoe Matyila kwingoma yakhe ethi "Kazi ndenzeni na emhlabeni". Sigqibele imbongi ikhalela ukushiywa nguJoe, siqabuka se lithe qhushe isikhalazo sokuthwal' ubunzima. Kwakule ngoma umbuzo othi "Ndenzeni na?" usinika umfanekiso wokungazi sizathu sokuthwal' ubunzima. [Ufana kanye nengoma yetoyi-toyi ethi "Hay' asiyaz' intw' efunwa ngamaBhulu", uMhleli.]
Umbhali usebenzise indlela yokubatyhila ngezenzo nangengxoxo abalinganiswa bakhe. Ulwimi nentetho yabalinganiswa luveza izimo zabo. USaule, maxa wambi, usebenzisa neengcinga zabalinganiswa ukubatyhila.
Ukwahlula-hlulwa kwesihobe sezi mini
Kweli nqanaba impixano ifikelele eneotsheni, ayikwazi kutwebeka, inguuIowa umlinganiswa ukhupha iimfihlo zakhe.
Into yokuqala ebalulekileyo ngomdlalo ondima-nye kukuqaphela ukuba 10 mdlalo ngumsebenzi wobugcisa opheleleyo esingathi unxuulumano lwawo nomdlalo om de ufana nje nonxulumano lwebalana nenooveli. Kunondima-nye kukho ingabula-zigcawu apho kwaziswa khona abalinganiswa abaphambili nemeko ekungayo. Kunondima-nye kubaalulekile ukuba yonke loo nto ibethe koozelekazi yaye ibe nomdla.
Imidlalo yosasazo kaSaule
Xa ndicaphula kule ncwadi ithi Isisele (1978:16) uQangule uthi xa achaza isihobe:
Ukubonga sisiphiwo esithi sivele kwasebuntwaneni emntwini. Izibongo zamandulo zazisenziwa ngomlomo, kukholiswa ukubonga iinkosi, izihandiba nezidwangube ezibalulekileyo. Xa imbongi idanduluka ibonga enkundleni ubesithi umntu ovakalelwayo azibone iinyembezi zisihla, kuba bekuba nzima ukuzibamba. Ngale ndlela yokubonga bezingumlomo wabantu enkosini ngokuthi zigxeke, zikwancoma inkosi leyo kanti ikakhulu zazithanda ukunyhasha umbuso welo xesha. Loo nto ibilungisa uhlanga kuba inkosi ibiye ilungise apho igqwidize khona.
Intetho eyenziwa ngabanye abalinganiswa
Usixelela oko kwisitanza sesihlanu. Simva esithi waphanda, wafumaanisa ukuba ukufa 10 wagxothwa emyezweni ngenxa yokungalungi kwakhe, edunga-dunga uxolo. Usilandela le mvelaphi yokufa kwisitanza sesiixhenxe nesesibhozo. Udlula apho akunukuneze ngamazwi akhethiweyo.
Isincoko
Wena sowude uthethe ngentombi ayiboniileyo kuxa wawumbona esalukela phi? Latshiswa ngubani ibhuma lakhe? Yayiingubani ingcibi? Lingubani ikhankatha?
Siyabona kolu hlalutyo lwemidlalo kaMtuze nekaSiwisa ukuba zininzi iindlela zokuvelela umdlalwana kodwa kuzo zonke kubalulekile ukuba kubekho unxibelelwano nondindano emdlalweni. Ingxoxo inendima enkulu eyidlalayo ekuvezeni izimo zabalinganiswa kanti kukwabalulekile nokuba umdlalwana ubethe koozelekazi.
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguMnu. M.A.M. Qomfo, 1990.
UNgcangata ngomnye wezi mbongi zakutshanje oye wanegaIeIo elincoomekayo kuIwimi IwesiXhosa. UbhaIe isihobe kwakunye nezinye iindidi zoncwadi ezifana namabaIana amafutshane, njalo njalo. Into ephawuulekayo ngesimbo sakhe sokubhaIa kukuba uzama kakhuIu ukuwuvala umsantsa phakathi kwezibongo zomthonyama nezala maxesha. Uzamile ukubhaIa iisonethi. Ifuthe likaMqhayi noJolobe liyavakala apha kuye kanti oyena mntu kurhaneleka ukuba ube nempembelelo enkuIu kuye nguQangule. Isimbo sakhe sokubhala sibonakalisa ukuba uvune lukhulu kula maqhawe, wasebenzisa ubuchule abugqwathule kuwo ukwakha esakhe isimbo sokubhaIa.
Nksk. f.N Nkowane
Xa siqwalasele umhobe kaJolobe othi "Inyibiba" sib ana le mifanekisoongqondweni - "tshawekazi", "nzwakazi", nto leyo etsho sibe nengqondo ethi la mbongo ubhekisela emntwini, awupheleli nje kule ntyatyambo. Kuyacaca ukuba inkosi le yalama nzwakazi ithile eyathi yayidlwengula urnxhelo ngobuhle nemfezeko yayo. Kuyacaca ke ukuba le nyibiba yeziihlambo yinyibiba ekwiinkumbulo zokaJolobe. Yonke loo nto uyifihle ngobugcisa kumsebenzi wobungcali wokuzoba ngamagama.
1. Iimpawu eziphambili zedrama 99
UHilliard (1976:366) ugxininisa ekubeni umlinganiswa yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwintshukumo yomdlalwana. Okwesibini, izimo zabaliinganiswa kufuneka zivezwe zizenzo zabo. Imo kamZima yokukholelwa kwizithethe zakwaXhosa siyiva apha entethweni yakhe.
Ubude abungako Kugcinwa umxholo
Isakhiwo sebali likaTamsanqa singahlulwa sibe ngala manqanaba alaandelayo:
Kuqala sibona umdudo wabafana neentombi. Kukweli theko apho bathi khona uTana noNgodongwana benze iyelenqe lokubulala utata wabo. Baviwa yintombi kaNodunge bebhunga ixelele uyise.
Kwinewadi kaSiphambo impixano iphakathi koLanga noNovusile inkosikazi yakhe owayesakuba nguNompumelelo. Izinto zijikile, uNovusile ushiywe nabazali ekhaya 10 gama uLanga axelenga eMonti, into ke leyo olungahambisani nayo ulutsha lwanamhlanje. Ueele ukuba andise imfundo yakhe kwezokonga, suka uLanga wema entla. Uzimele waya kwisibhedlele saseMthwaku ekuthe emva kwethuba wathandana noThemba kanti uzibethe ngenyheke etyeni kuba wafumanisa sekumva ukuba uthandana nomgulukudu, unqevu owaziwayo noyineutshe kwieala lokuba iimoto.
OkaMabuza (1988:136), kwithisisi yakhe ethi The Short Story in Zulu ucaaphula uSmith noHart abathi:
Apha singabalula inewadi kaMqhayi ethi Ityala lamawele apho kuunganzingwa imbambano phakathi kwamawele. Injongo kaMqhayi kukubonisa ukuba iindlela zesithethe zokusingatha amatyala azinasihlava nalugonyamelo lwankosi. Loo nto siyibona kwintshayelelo yakhe apho athi uMqhayi (1914:iii):
Abalinganiswa kulo mdlaIo bazotywe kakuhIe kakhulu. Sibazi ngezinto abazithethayo, abazenzayo, nezithethwa ngabanye abantu ngabo. Intetho kaZwilakhe ibonakalisa kakuhIe ukuba ungumntu osatsheIe kwisithethe yaye uneenkani. SicaceIwe nakukuba uphantsi kwempembelelo kaaMaGaba. Kuyabonakala nokuba ungumlinganiswa ongqukuva kuba uye waguquka ngokuhamba kwebali.
3. Umahluko phakathi kwebalana nesincoko 16
Isikweko
Intshayelelo
Elokugqiba ke leli lokuba kuyacaca ukuba le nto iyisonethi ngokuungaphandle kweshumi elinesine lemiqolo, yisonethi ngemvano-siphelo. Ithethe ukuthi ke loo nto imvano-siphelo le ngundoqo kwisonethi, kuba yiyo ethi idibanise amagama akwizivakalisi ezithi zinike iingcamango ezihamba kunye. Bayandingqinela mpela uHeese noLawton (1979:33) xa bathi:
Inguqulelo esithethe ngayo kwintshayelelo iyabonakala kweli bali kanye ngokolo hlobo athi ngalo uPannwitt (1964:25):
Amava akhe ngeembambano phakathi kweendlela ezingafaniyo zezi mini nezamandulo amnika isakhiwo sale ncwadi yakhe ukanti into yokuuba wayewazi ngokupheleleyo amaMpondomise nentlalo yawo yamnceda ekuzobeni isimo sentlalo esisisiseko sale ncwadi.
Nksz. KP. Rungqu
Njengoko ndikhe ndatsho kwizinto endithe ziimpawu zesonethi, isonethi ilandela isakhiwo esineendlela ezimbini zemvano-siphelo ezizezi -eyesiTaliyane nyesiNgesi. Ndiza kuthi gqaba-gqaba nje ngezi ndlela zesonethi.
Kwintlanganiso eyayibizelwe ukuxovula umcimbi wokubulawa kukaMajola kwabakho ukungavisisani okwada kwadala ukuba umzi wahluke phakathi, kubekho amaMpondomise namaMfengu. Eli qela lamva elalililo elixhase uZwelinzima layishiya intlanganiso limshiya uZwelinzima esentendeni yezandla zamaMpondomise omthonyama lawa ayefuna ukumbulala.
(ii) ambeke esichengeni sokubekelwa imiqathango yamaxesha okuhamba nokungahambi edolophini.
• AmaGqunuqhwa. la ayemi kwisithili saseMngazi.
Amagqabaza ngamabali amafutshane kaBurns Ncamasbe
(Yako, Ikhwezi, 1967:1)
Emva kokuzoba. yonke loo mifanekiso mibi baphila phantsi kwayo abantu, uphinda kwayena abanike ithemba lokuba boza bakhululeke ngenye imini. Iyamkhathaza kakhulu uJolobe into yokuxhomekeka kwethu kumaveza-ndlebe angabantu abaMhlophe. Uthi masiziphilele sifunde ukuzenzela izinto zethu. Kambe uyayithetha nento ethi akukho nto ifumaneka lula kwaye abantu abaMnyama mabafunde ukunyamezela idyokhwe esemagxeni abo.
Xa sijonga uNobantu simbona eyintombi eehubekileyo nengakwaziyo ukuvala umlomo xa ibona ukuba kuyonakala. Ifuthe lakhe libonakala kakuhle kuCikizwa nakuNzame noPhumi. Usoloko ebanqwanqwada kwizenzo zabo eziphuthileyo. Wayibona uNobantu kwasekuqaleni into yokuba uNzame noPhumi baseyelenqeni lokuehitha-ehitha uthando lukaCikizwa. UNobantu uzibona izinto zisekude ngenxa yobukrele-krele bengqondo yakhe. Uyamvusa uCikizwa ngenye imini, uthi makangalali ubuthongo, uza konakalelwa. Uyimazi ephala kunye neenkabi kuba unobuehopho bokuyibona into eza kuba nesiphelo esibi. Uyambona uPhumi ukuba ulahlekiswa nguNzame kuba efuna ukufezekisa imiinqweno yakhe.
Nksz. P.B. Sonjica
Zombini ezi mbongi zinengqokelela enkulu yeesonethi nee-eleji apho siye sicace mpela ukuyelelana isimbo sazo. Kuqala siphawula ukuba zoombini ezi mbongi zithanda ukusebenzisa amagama amathathu kumqolo ngamnye kunjalonje loo magama athande kuba zizigaba zentetho eziifanayo. Kwakhona zifaniselene kakhulu ngezafobe ezizisebenzisileyo kwimibongo yazo. Ukuba uQangule uthi kumbongo othi "Indoda endiyithandayo" (1970:4):
Xa ndicaphula uE.M. Forster (1964:93) uthi:
Nksk. G.N Mrubata
Omnye umntu obenegalelo ekuphuhliseni iinjongo zombhali ngale newadi Umdlanga nguNobantu. Oko simana ukugqwathula kwiintetho ezi zakhe. Kha umve ngenye irnini xa wayeeebisa uCikizwa olahla uLanga kuba esiva arnahum-hum okuba uyinkwenkwe:
Umvile uDlangisa elilisela ngezirhoxo zamabobosi ezindlu, ummamele xa esithi, andithethi ngezi zinunzaanunza zabameli benu ... ?
Umdlalo unamanqanaba ohamba ngawo ashiyana ngokukhula komdla nokuba mandundu kwezinto ebalini. Ababhali bemidlalo yesiXhosa batyekele kakhulu kwindlela yaseNtshona ekwakheni imidlalo yabo. Kudla ngokubalulwa la manqanaba:
UJolobe yena uyibona ingxaki isekubeni abazali abaNtsundu baxhomeekeka kakhulu ebantwaneni babo. Balindele ukuba abantwana babo baza kubabonelela ngezinto eziyimfuneko ebomini babo kanti abaMhlophe babafundisa abantwana ngeenjongo zokuba babe nokuzimela.
DIu hlobo lombongo luyabonakala nakumbongo kaBurns-Ncamashe othi "Urngoduko woKurnkanikazi", nakokaMtuze othi "Untingil' uJoe" nothi "UCanon James Arthur Calata" kwincwadi ethi Uyavuth' umlilo.
UBoulton (1982:4) yena kwelakhe icala ubalula imo yesihobe. Le nzwakazi ibonisa ukuba kukho isingqi esitsho kamnandi yaye ukulaandelelana kweengcinga kukhokelela kuvutho-ndaba, nokuthi imfanoozandi yenza ipatroni ebonelela ngophinda-phindo olutsho kamnandi ernxhelweni.
1990
Kulo rnbongo, u Yako usinika umfanekiso ocacileyo ngoMqhayi eligorha lenene. lnjongo yalo mbongo kukuthuthuzela isizwe siphela xa sasilila eziirnathontsi ngokusweleka kwale ndwalutho. Yiyo loo nto athetha athi :
Kumdlalo wakhe othi "Liduduma lidlule" usebenzise izandi ezifana nokukhala kweenyamakazi neentaka, nto leyo enika umphulaphuli umfanekiso wesimo sentlalo esilihlathi. USaule ukwaphumelele ekusebenziseni izandi eziyiliweyo kwiidrama zakhe. Ezi zandi azaneli kubonisa kuphela, indawo koko zinenxaxheba ekuqhubeleni phambili umdlalo. Wenze lukhulu uSaule ukuguqula okubonwayo kube kokuviwa ngeendlebe, nto leyo enika umphulaphuli umfanekiso ocacileyo wokuba kwenzeka ntoni na.
1. Iimpawu eziphambili zesihobe 53
Imbongi isebenzisa amagama akhethiweyo asizobela umfanekiso wookwenyeliswa, ukugculelwa nokutyhalelwa kude ngokuthi isebenzise la magama: "Abakuthi bayandibukula bandalatha ngezithupha", "kuvuth' isigculelo, lirhanuga", "liveza-ndlebe".
Iprowuzi
UNgodongwana, incwadi ebhalwe nguP.M. Ntloko, Umkhonto kaTshiwo, incwadi ebhalwe nguM.A.P. Ngani. UNgodongwana uxovula umbandela wokuvukelwa kwenkosi ngoonyana bayo kuba besithi yaluphele. Naxa urnxholo wayo unomdla, le mbali yoniwa yindlela oqhutywe ngayo 10 mcimbi, ndlela leyo engabonakalisi nkathalo kubenzi beyelenqe. Uthi wena umcimbi onje ukuba nzima ungathini ukuthethelwa esisuseni sikaawonke-wonke?
Ukuba singaqwalasela iincwadi zemibongo yesiXhosa, singafumanisa ukuba imibongo emalunga nokufa iziintlobo ezimbini. Kukho le ichaza okanye ibonga ukufa njengesiganeko ukanti kukwakho nale ibonga abantu abathe basutywa kukufa beshiya ngasemva imisebenzi yabo eqaqambileyo. Kweli nqaku ndiza kuthatha umbongo omnye othetha ngokufa kuzimele geqe, ndize ndathathe ibe mibini ebonga abafileyo.
UMtuze ukhangeleka ephumelele ekuqinisekiseni olu qulungano kuumabalana amafutshane akhe, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Umphehlulu. Oku kubetha koozelekazi ukwenze ngaphandle kokuthi amabalana akhe aziigwengule iimfuneko zamabali amafutshane. Masikhe sihlalutye amabaalana ambalwa akhe sikhangele ukuba uzivelela njani ezi mpawu ziyimfuuneko.
Ufundile, uyintombi evuthiweyo kwaye akazihoyanga iintlebendwane zangaphandle ezingafuni yena. Siyalibona ifuthe lakhe ngokuthi akudibana noLanga, akhuthazeke uLanga azigqibe izifundo zakhe zangaasese. Akaphelelanga apho; akakhange yena amtyhafise malunga nendlela aluke ngayo uLanga. Okwesithathu, akakhange abe nenqala kwiintshaba zikaLanga, kuba ngemini uCikizwa awayehambele uLanga emzini wakhe, akazange athi akufika elapho abe nalusu lubi. Wasuka wambungezelela, wamenzela ububele. Impumelelo kaLanga yenzeka ngenxa yeempembelee10 zakhe.
Baninzi ababhali bethu bangaphambili abaphenjelelwa yile ndlela yokuubhala. Ukuba ubani ufunda iincwadi zababhali bokuqala uya kufumana lukhulu ngale ndlela yokubhala kuba kaloku iincwadi zokuqala zaziijoliswe ekufundiseni, ekuphuculeni izimo zabantu.
... Sebesaluka njalo kulo lonke eJi Jizwe.
Njengoko kubonakala kule nkcazo ingasentla, sihlatyelwe ifolo malunga nento ekubanjwene ngayo, indawo ekukuyo, nabalinganiswa abaphambili kule ncwadi. Lilonke isimo sentlalo sisinikiwe. Abazali bakaGugulethu ngabantu abasadla ngendeb' endala. Basakholelwa ekuthini banokuumkhethela umfazi unyana wabo uGugulethu. Siyawufumana umoya weli bali ukuba unjani na kuba sesibona ukuba akukho luqhagamshelwano yaye kukho ukubetha-bethana kwezimvo phakathi kwala maqela mabini. Le nto ifukama imeko esisiseko eziza kwenzeka kuyo ezi ziganeko zicoombuluka ngasentla apha kuba into yokuba uGugulethu athande uNomaampondomise kanti bona abazali bakhe bathanda uThobeka kunyanzelekile ukuba ikhokelele kungquzulwano.
Enye incwadi elubonakalisa kakuhle olu ngquzulwano yileya kaJongilanga ithi Ukuqhawuka kwembeleko apho umzali ongafundanga abambene nentombi yakhe eneembono zezi mini malunga nokuzikhethela isoka.
Nksz. NP. Ncoko
Vmbongo olandelayo ngothi "EzikaZwelidumile Sigeawu" obhalwe nguD.L.P. Yali-Manisi. UZwelidumile Sigeawu yikumkani yamaXhosa jikelele. Ngunyana kaGwebinkumbi ophetheyo kwaGealeka ngeli xa lokubhala kwethu. Uthe akubhubha uNgangomhlaba engenamntwana kwafakwa yena ebukl;lmkanini bakwaPhalo. Ithi ngaye imbongi:
"Opening formulas often serve to attract attention." Imbongi uMqhayi ibisakutsho ngendanduluko ukutsala umdla ebantwini, ithi ngoBennie:
UMzamane kwincwadi yakhe ethi Izinto zodidi ukulwela ngempuumelelo ukulingana ngokwesini phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Le ncwadi iyabonisa ukuba, ukuba abafazi bayalinikwa ithuba, banakho ukuzenza zonke izinto ezenziwa ngamadoda. Impumelelo kaMzamane kule ncwadi ikwabangelwa nakukuba uzijonga ngeliso elingenaxanasi izinto ezibangela abafazi okanye amadoda abambelele kwimithetho engabhalwanga yenkcubeko nentlalo.
Iimbalo zaba babhali babini zibonakalisa iimpawu ezifanayo apha naphaya. Kuqala, bobabini baxubusha iingxaki zesizwe bezama ukuvusa
Swanepoel, C.F.
(Tamsanqa, Buzani kubawo, 1975:20)
UPorter (1979:296) uthi xa ethetha ngomdlalo:
Isonethi yesiNgesi
Lo kaBoulton uyahlula phakathi kwemo ebonakalayo yesihobe nemo esengqondweni yomfundi xa efunda isihobe. Imo ebonakalayo yileyo siiyibona ephepheni. Ibandakanya izandi, isingqisho, imfano-zandi, imvakaalo-zwi nophinda-phindo oluziindidi ngeendidi. Imo esengqondweni siingathi ngumbandela oqulathwe ngumbongo lowo. Sibandakanya apha isakhiwo somhobe ngokwegrama nemigaqo yolwimi, ukulandelelana kweengcinga, imifanekiso-ngqondweni njalo njalo. Zonke ezi zinto ziye zihlangane ziwunike umbongo ifuthe (Boulton, 1982:7).
UGugulethu ufikelele exabisweni lokuba makatshate.
Umbandela wokuqala endifuna ukuwubethelela kwasentloko ngowokuba la ngamalingana abafundi abebesenza isidanga seRA. (Hons) phantsi kwam kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Kuthe emva kwethuba ndaphawula ukuba akusizi lutho ukusengela ethungeni elivuzayo, ndibaabhalise izincoko kuze kuthi emva kwethuba zilahlwe phaya, kuvele elinye iqela lenze kwaloo nto. Akukho nto ilunyukelwe ngabeLungu njengokubiila sisoma siqala ekuqaleni ukuyila ivili elayilwa kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. 
Okwesine, kukho izincoko zocamngco apho umbhali adla amathamb' engqondo ngemiba ethile ngezinto azibonayo apha ebomini (reflective essays). Olu hlobo aluniki zisombululo nazimpendulo zigqibeleleyo kwimibuzo okanye kwimibandela ethile koko umbhali uyishiya kumfundi inyewe ukuba azenzele isigqibo. UMadala ulusebenzisile olu hlobo kwiizincoko eziliqela ezinjengezi: "Iintaba ezikude ngamasithela", "Amagqabi asecaleni lendlela", "Amahla-ndinyuka esheleni abaliswa kwayiyo", nezinye. UBudaza naye ukhe wahlomela kolu hlobo kwilivo lakhe elithi "Ukufa" kunye nelinye elithi "Ukuya akufani nokufika".
Ziyathungelana iziganeko kuba uNodunge uxelela inkosi uJobe ethi yona iyalele ukuba oonyana bayo mababulawe. Ukufeza oko, uNodunge uphembelela iindlavini ukuba zibulale uTana noNgodongwana. Useebenzisa onke amaqhinga okubathelekisa neendlavini. Uthi akuthi uTana uthi uza kuzibeka endaweni yazo akuphatha, zivume ukumgwinta.
Phakathi kweendidi ezikhoyo zemixholo la kaMtuze uzikhethele eli cala lentlalo (social theme). Umxholo wakhe ungobudoda kwaXhosa. Ukuwuphuhlisa kwakhe 10 mxholo uye wanyanzelisa ukuba adale ungquzulwano phakathi kwabantu abasadla ngendebe endala nabantu abaphila kula maxesha empucuko yaseNtshona. Uzamile kangangoko anako ngabalinganiswa bakhe ukuba kubonakale ukuba awukho tu umahluko phakathi komntu owalukele ehlathini nomntu owalukele esiibhedlele. Ubudoda bomntu abuxhomekekanga ekubeni ubani walukele phi, ngaphezu kokuba ubani abonakale ngezenzo zakhe zengqiqo.
Amazwi akhe abangela uloyiko yaye aya eqola kule ngxelo ilandelayo:
Le ncwadi ikwabonisa nokuba amakhosikazi ayakwazi ukucinga izinto ezibalulekileyo nezakhayo. Simbona apha uMaKhwetshube ecebisa umyeni wakhe ukuba mababuyele ekhaya naxa yena uDeyi enamathandaabuzo ukwenjenjalo. UCock (1980:246) ubeka umnwe ekubeni amakhosikazi aNtsundu akakwazi ukuyikhetha ngokwawo indawo afuna ukuya kusebenza kuyo. Makube sesinye sezizathu ezabangela ukuba uMaKhwetshube akhethe ukubuyela ekhaya, ashiye elo gunjana limxinwa wayehlala kulo kungekho nto anokuyenza.
Intshayelelo
Bakho nabanye ababhali abakhe bawuehaphazela 10 mbandela wokungqubana kweenkcubeko. Kubo singabalula aba balandelayo banjeengoW.K. Tamsanqa, kuBuzani kubawo, uD.M. Jongilanga kwinewadi Ukuqhawuka kwembeleko, nabanye abaninzi. UJordan ukhangeleka ebagqwese bonke ngokuzoba le ntlekele yokungqubana kwenkeubeko yesithethe neyaseNtshona.
UJolobe usinika urnzekelo ornhle woku kurnbongo wakhe othetha ngoDengana kwincwadi ethi Ilitha apho sibona khona isimo esihlekisayo sobudenge bukaDengana esitishini. Ufuze kanye bonke abantu abaneeengqondo eziphilileyo kodwa bengazisebenzisi. Kurnbongo othi "UBaw' uDlula" uJolobe uphoxisa ngabantu abasukela izinto zaseNtshona bengaziqondi.
Impixano iya ithatha amanye amanyathelo, iya isuka amadlu ukubondeka nokufezeka.
Abalinganiswa bambalwa, nto ke leyo emnika ithuba umbhali lokuba agxininise ngokufanelekileyo kwiziganeko zebalana lakhe. Uphumelele ekusiboniseni iziganeko ngabalinganiswa bakhe. Simbona uNdabakazi kwizenzeko ezithile eziphuhlisa imo yakhe. Khangela indlela ahomba ngayo abe sisigcodolo esifake isuti entsha nempahla entsha kuba elungiselela ukuya kuzitsholololo kuNokapa owayenqenwa kakhulu ngaamakhwenkwe. Uyibeka ngolu hlobo umbhali le nto:
Ndibhala kamnandi ngexesha abasemagunyeni besenza unako-nako ukuphakamisa umgangatho weelwimi zethu, nto ke leyo ethetha ukuthi nathi kufuneka sibe negalelo ekuphakamiseni umgangatho wolwimi lwethu oluqulathe intetho, inkeubeko nonewadi lwethu. Ndihlaba ikhwee10 ke kubo bonke abathandi bonewadi nolwimi lwethu ukuba benze konke abanakho ukukwenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba 10 mngeni uyasatyelwa.
Nksz. A.N Tyala
Kwakhona apha kukhokela uLaetitia Kakaza ngenovelana yakhe ethi Intyatyambo yomzi apho azoba ubomi bentwazana elwa neenzingo nezilingo ide iyokusutywa kukufa. Incwadi kaSinxo ethi Umzali wolahleko ixubusha umbandela wokufadalala kwengqeqesho emakhaya neziphumo zaloo nto. NekaTamsanqa ethi Inzala kaMlungisi iwa phantsi kwaloo mngxilo.
Ngokuphathelele kwindlela yezembali nobomi bomntu singatsho ukuthi uJordan unolwazi olunzulu nolungummangaliso lwamasiko neziithethe zamaMpondomise.
Mfundise umntwana ngendlela efanele umntwana naxa athe wamkhulu akasayi kumka kuyo.
Apha imbongi inika into engaphiliyo iimpawu zobuntu, ithethe nayo okanye ngayo ngathi yinto engumntu. Siyabona xa athi uJolobe kwintlaakohlaza, "siyakubulisa", "uyancuma", "uyahleka" njalo njalo (p. 23).
Ingxaki nokubawela isikhundla nemali ngumxholo obonakala kakuhle kwinewadi kaSiwisa ethi Uyinkulu kabani? (1979) kanti nakwinewadi kaMbulawa ethi Mamfene (1962) nekaNtloko ethi UNgodongwana (1961). Yona ekaMtingane ethi Inene nasi isibhozo (1965) ibonisa iingozi zesithembu.
Umzekelo wenkolo yethu yale mihla ngokufa singawufumana kuumbongo kaYako othi "Ixilongo lokugqibela". La mbongo uchaza gca ngale nkolo yethu intsha yobuKrestu ihamba ingqubana naleya yethu yamanduula yezinyanya. Kude kube namhlanje nje abantu bantlu-mbini. Kusekho abanamatheleyo kwinkolo yookhokho babo, ukanti kukho abo bathi bagqobhokile okanye bafundisiwe, ngoko ke bamkele le nkolo yobuKrestu.
Aba ban tu abakafikeleli kumgangatho wokuba banikwe izikhundla zokuthenjwa.
Uninzi lwemidlalwana kaSiwisa, kwincwadi ethi Imidlalo yokulingaaniswa, luzele buburharha kodwa ngaphaya kobo burharha kukho udaba olubalulekileyo eza nalo kumfundi. Nakule midlalwana yakhe kunqabile ukufumana ngaphezu kwabalinganiswa abahlanu. Kumdlalwana othi "UMaphelo" bane kuphela. Kothi "USonqwelo" bangaphezu kwesihlanu kodwa abanye banendima engephi apha emdlalweni.
Naxa ifuthe lesihobe saseNtshona libonakala kwisihobe sesiXhosa sezi mini, asinakho ukusimilisela ngokupheleleyo isihobe sesiXhosa kuthende IwaseNtshona. Ukuba senza loo nto siya kuba siyasibulala isihobe sethu kuba kukho izinto ezikuso ezingafaniyo nezikwisihobe saseNtshona. Nangani sisitsho, kuyafuneka kona ukuba iimbongi zethu ziyiqwalasele imigqalisela ebanzi yokubhalwa kwesihobe sanamhla ukuba zifuna ukuphakamisa umgangatho wesihobe sethu.
Ibalana ngumsebenzi obhaliweyo wobugcisa onokuthi ufundwe ngexeeshana elingephi ugqitywe. Naxa ibali elifutshane kufuneka libethe koozeelekazi, umfundi kufuneka akuve ukuchukumiseka kornxhelo wakhe lelo bali. Kufuneka libe naso isimo sentlalo, uthende lokubalisa, isakhiwo, ithoni, abalinganiswa, umelo okanye isimbolizim, ungquzulwano nomxholo. Ingxoxo ikwabalulekile kumabalana. Uninzi lwezi mpawu kufuneka lubonakale kusekutsha ebalini. Loo nto ithetha ukuthi ukuqupha noqulungano zizinto ezibaluleke ngokukodwa kumabalana amafutshane.
Kwinewadi Izinto zimana ukwenzeka uvuthondaba silufumana apho uNovusile aye wathi ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi ethandana nesela bathi beseseluyolweni bebethwa ngumoya, suka imoto abebekhwele kuyo yangqubana nenye kuhola wendlela ophakathi kweRhini neNgqushwa. Waphantsa waphulukana nobomi bakhe apho uNovusile.
Xa ndikhangele ngathi ubomi bomntu ngamnye buthiwe thekenee entendeni endiyifanisa neli eangea kuthiwa ngesiNgesi yidraftboard ukuze iziganeko ezihamba nobom bomntu zimane ukuhlengahlengiswa nguJowo wasidaJayo kanye oku komdJali waJo mdJaJo, emana ukuehwetha-ehwetha ezi ngqaJumbana zide ziye kuyo. Icangea nezi ngqalumbana ngumntu neziganeko zobomi bakhe ukuze umdlaJi ibe nguMdali wethu yena ulaziyo ikamva Jethu.
EkaMtuze incwadi ethi Itsili yenye yeencwadi zemidlalo ezivele mva kweli thuba. Enye yezinto esibonisa zona kukungabi naxabiso komtshato kule mihla kwabo baphethe intlalo yabantu abaMnyama. Imithetho yamapasi ezidolophini izele iidivosi eziliqela nentlungu engathethekiyo emakhayeni. Mininzi neminye imixholo exutyushwa ngulo kaMtuze kule ncwadi, mixholo leyo ejongene nemeko yomntu oMnyama kweli lizwe.
Njengokuba besekutshiwo, kuyabonakala ukuba eli "bali" lithi "AmaRarabe agxwala emswaneni ngonina" sisincoko esibalisayo; asiloobali lifutshane ngokolu hlobo silazi ngalo ibali elifutshane. Zisuka nje, umbhali usebenzisa ingxoxo, nto ke leyo eluphawu lwesincoko. Yonke loo nto uyilungiselela ngentetho ethi "imbula-mbethe enje imfanele uNina wamaRarabe jikelele".
Xa zibhala ngobuhle, iirnbongi ezininzi zisebenzisa intyatyambo ngakurnbi inyibiba. Kulo mba ziye zifane noWordsworth othanda ukuboonga ngeentyatyambo. lmizekelo esinayo yekaManyase kurnbongo wakhe othi "Phakathi kweenyibiba" apho asixelela ngephupha lakhe phakathi kweenyibiba, nto leyo ecacileyo ukuba uthetha ngamagqiyazana athile. Loo nto sikwayibona ngokusuka acishe enye yezo nzwakazi athethe nayo ngorntshato. Kuwo wonke 10 rnbongo usebenzisa irnifanekiso-ntelekelelo etyibela loo ntornbi. Le ndlela yokuthetha ngentyatyambo sikwayifurnana nakuJolobe apho athi:
USatyo (1981:98) uwuchaza ngale ndlela ilandelayo umxholo:
UCohen (1973:69) ut hi uvuthondaba "is the highest and most important point toward which the chain of events in the rising action have been movving".
Kwisitanza sesibini ubonisa ukuba ilizwe lonke lilahlekelwe kukushiiywa kwethu yile ncutshe. Uyaziwa eMelika, andithethi eAfrika zizingqala, ukanti kowabo kuTsolo bazilile kukushiywa kwabo ngumntwana welizwe. Esi sithonga sizibethe zanxuba, zaxubayela ezinye iingcaphephe neeProfesa kuba kaloku akukudala sivakele esinye isithonga ngokuwa kukaJili, ukanti yen a uMatthews usazingile ukubonakala emehlweni, akavumi kusithela.
Heese, M. & Lawton, R.
Umsehenzi ogqityiweyo wohugcisa ungachazwa njengesakhiwo esinxiiheleleneyo, into ethetha ukuthi izithako eziwakhayo zithungelene zenza into enye endindeneyo. Zonke ezo zithako ziyadihana zihamhise naziphi na izimvo neengcinga ezithwelwe ngaloo magama. Loo magama anol<.uudweliswa ahe yimiqolo nto ke leyo eyenza isakhiwo esithile somhongo esinezitanza, isingqi okanye isingqisho, imifanekiso-ntelekelelo nemvanoosiphelo. Kusetyenziswa iindlela ngeendlela zophinda-phindo, imfanoozandi nokuhekwa kwamagama kwiindawo ezithile apha emhongweni ukwenza isakhiwo. Ezo ke ziimpawu ezithi zalathe ukuha imo yombongo injani na yaye zidihanisa isihohe sehlahathi liphela nokuha sesaseNtshona okanye esaseMpuma okanye esaseAfrika.
Ndingatyibela ndithi Ingqumbo yeminyanya yinoveli equlunqwe ngoobugcisa. Isakhiwo sayo sithe gca yaye akukho masolotya angangeni ndawo ebalini njengoko unokufumanisa kunjalo kwiincwadi ezifana neTyala lamawele likaMqhayi.
Idlule kuye le ndebe, baphel' ubunzima, 'Azi ndenzeni na emhlabeni, ndithwel' ubunzima? Mayidlule le ndebe, Thixo Somandla'.
Njengokuba senditshilo, incwadi kaPeteni ethi Kwazidenge yincwadi emo iyodwa. Kwasentloko siboniswa intombi enguZuziwe iyeyona nzwakazi yakha yaba ntle kwilali yakowayo kwaZidenge. Sifumanisa nokuba kukho ubutshaba obugqubayo phakathi kwesizwe samaHlubi nesabaThembu. Loo nto siyiva ngomlomo kaDiliza, inkwenkwe yesizwe samaHlubi.
Isitanza
Xa uqwalasela umbongo kaNqakula othi "Inyibiba enyathelweyo" wofumanisa ukuba laa mvano-siphelo yeokthevu ifumaneka ngqo yaye kulaa mba wengxoxo ekufuneka uveziwe kuyo, ndibona 10 kaNqakula ebonakalisa intlungu akuyo kuba ebonene nale nzwakazi abonga ngayo seyiphelelwe bubuhle bayo ngenxa yezimanga zalo mhlaba, atsho esithi ukuba yena ebeyibone ithuba liselihle ngebenakho ukuyiphatha kakuhle. Nesestethi nayo ivele yaphuma nje kakuhle kuyo. Simbona umbhali etshiintsha ngoku ebuzixolisa ngeliqalekisayo kodwa. Yindlela anokuthi adambise ngayo intlungu akuyo ngokuthi aqalekise 10 mntu wonakalise le nzwakazi. Imele ukuba ngolo hlobo ke eyesiTaliyane isonethi xa athe umbhali wayilandela ngobunjalo bayo.
Kwintetho yakhe uBaw' uMpinda la uyayidulisa mpela into yokuba ubudoda asiyonto yokuba ube ubumbonile ubani esaluka phi xa bekutheni, okanye makahambe ezibhengeza ukuba ngoku uyindoda koko yimisebenzi yakhe emchazayo. Ude athi, "Indoda kwaXhosa ayibhalwaanga magxeni okanye ebunzi ukuba iyindoda, koko ibonwa ngezenzo, isimo ke ukutsho" (Mtuze, 1976:47).
Uroqukumbelo
UNobantu wamgqogqa iindlebe kakhulu uCikizwa ngobu buyatha bakhe bokuhamba emamela yonke into. Kwalo Nobantu nguye oququzelela itheko lomfana wakowabo ofuna ukuzazisa koogxa bakhe ukuba uyindooda. Kwelo theko uNobantu ucinge ngenkonde uMpinda ukuba enziwe is iithethi sembeko, athethe ngobudoda. UNobantu ukhetha eli xhego kuba esazi ukuba linengqondo eehubekileyo, liza kubasila bonke abantlakaantlaka batsho baeoleke.
Ifuthe labahambisi-lizwi laya lavakala kwabo bathi bahlangana nabo njeengoko ezinye zezi nc~adi sizikhankanyileyo zibonisa. UH.M. Ndawo waabhala incwadi ethi Uhambo lukaGqobhoka elandela ekhondweni lencwaadi kaJohn Bunyan ethi Pilgrim's Progress. Nayo le ncwadi kaNdawo izoba ukuphuma komntu kwintlalo yobuhedeni esiya kweyobuKrestu. Nale ayibhale mva uNdawo incwadi ithi UNomathamsanqa noSigebenga ikwaxubusha umbandela wezenkolo - ukulahlekiswa komntu yimimoya engendawo.
Esithi, "Vulan' iingcango mazul' imbong' ingene ... " (Yako,Ikhwezi, 1967:33)
Ukulungiselela esi sincoko, ndithabathe ababhali abane, ndaphonononga, ndahlalutya iincwadi zabo ezahlukeneyo zamavo. Aba babhali ke nguJ.J.R. Jolobe kwincwadi yakhe ethi Amavo, uA. Madala kwincwadi Amavo amafutshane, uW.K. Tamsanqa kwincwadi Imitha yelanga, noG.S. Budaza kwincwadi yakhe ethi Khawufan' ucinge. Kodwa ke phambi kokuba ndiijongane nezi ncwadi ndothanda ukukhe ndibe buphambuka kancinane phofu injongo ephambili ikukuzingela umnombo ngobhalo lwamavo, ndiqwalasele nobungakanani bawo ukususela ekuzalweni kwawo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Kunjalonje kuphawuleka nokuba ababhali basebeenzisa iindlela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ekubhaleni izincoko zabo.
10. Isakhiwo sedrama 132
Mandibuye ndilitsolise elithi naxa ndizame ngangoko ndinakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba izimvo ezivakaliswe apha zezabafundi ngokwenene, kusenakho ukwenzeka ukuba kukho iindawo apho baphenjelelwe ziinewadi ezithile abangandazisanga ngazo. Ubutyala ngaloo nto ndibuphosa kwakubo njengokuba nezimvo ezivakaliswa apha izezabo, ingezizo ezam mna mhleli. Ukuba loo ngxaki yenzekile, ndiyicelela uxolo yaye ndiya kuthanda ukuyaziswa ukuze ndibe nokuzixela izimvo ezizezaabanye abantu. Xa nditshoyo ndithetha apho kucatshulwe ngokungqalileyo kumsebenzi womnye umntu kwaza akwabikho nto icacisayo.
(iv) Isisombululo
Ke kaloku nento eseyize kundindulula Gubevu yinkohla ngonyana lowo wethu kuba okoko wathi kuthi, Phuthumani umfazi wam uza ekhayeni waba uyayolela. Akabhali, akathumeli mali, akathini. Yaye ikwayiloo nto nakumninawa wakhe.
(Mqhayi,Inzuzo, 1974:71)
Isitanza
Drama, like the novel and the short story, is an art of connflict. The key character or characters must find themmselves involved in difficulties which they want to bend to their wjJl.
Isihobe esichazayo
Unomathotholo uneempawu ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ezimahlula kumdlalo weqonga, mpawu ezo eziluncedo ekuyileni olunye uhlobo lomdlalo. Ngenxa yokuba umdlalo woonomathotholo ungaboni, ulungiseelelo lwamazwi kunye nezandi zizinto ezibalulekileyo ukulola ingqikelelo yomphulaphuli. USaule uzivelele kakuhle kakhulu ezo nkalo kwimidlalo yakhe.
Umdla kweli nqanaba usekubeni umlinganiswa oyintloko okanye onguumchasi, kanti nabanye, kwenzeka ntoni kubo. Abanye ababhali abafana noQangule, kumdlalo othi Amaza, basishiya sisathe manga ukuba kude kwathini na. K wincwadi kaMtuze siziva sanelisekile ukubona uNzame evuma ngomlomo wakhe ubukhulu bukaLanga, ade naye azicelele uxolo. UZwilakhe kwincwadi kaTamsanqa ethi Buzani kubawo simbona eshiyeeka elikheswa, uGugulethu emshiye emxolele engamkhalazeli nganto.
Malunga nobungakanani bobhalo lwamavo, okaKwetana (1987:36) usichazela ngokuphandle ukuba kusafuneka ababhali besiXhosa babe ngathi babhinqela phezulu:
Ebalini sifurnana urnlinganiswa oyintloko ozama-zamana neerneko zoborni ezirndobelelayo. Isirno sentlalo sinempernbelelo naso kwizinto ezenzekayo ebalini. Ukuba ibali lenzeka kumrnandla weedolophu, siya kuhlangana nolwaphulo-rnthetho nezinye izinto ezihamba naloo ntlalo kanti uborni basezilalini siya kububona ngokukhwelwa kwamahashe, ulirno nezinye izinto ezizoba intlalo yasernaphandleni.
Into ephambili eqaphelekayo kumabalana kaNeamashe kukuba kukho ukuzakuzelelana okukhulu phakathi kokubalisa nokuxoxa kumabali akhe. Uninzi lwezi mbali sithi ngamabalana sifumanisa ukuba eneneni zizineoko ezibalisayo, asingomabalana ngokolu hlobo siwazi ngalo. Umzekelo ophambili waloo nto ngulo: "AmaRarabe agxwala emswaneni ngonina", nelithi "USosobose". OkaMtuze (1986:30) uxoxa athi ngalo mbandela:
Okokuqala ivakala iyeyabantu abaqhelekileyo yaye ibafanele abantu bayo. Le nto siyibona nakwindlela uXolani abizana ngayo nomkakhe. Babizana ngamagama, nto ke leyo engangenwanga ngumZima of una ukuba bahloniphane ngokwesiXhosa. Okwesibini, kunika umdla ukubona umahluko phakathi kwabo malunga nokutshata nokwenda.
Udalanco lwemixholo
Nksz. NR. Mazwi
Ithoni lolunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lombongo kuba isibonisa ukuba imbongi ibhala ikwimeko enjani na, icinga ntoni na ngaloo nto ibhala ngayo. Eli gama singatsho ukuthi sisikweko, kuba lisusela kwithoni yelizwi lomntu kwiimeko ngeemeko akuzo (Brooks noWarren 1976:112-115).
UloThixo oMkhulu ngosezulwini Unguwena-wena,Khakalenyan~o Unguwena-wena, Nqaba yenyaniso Unguwena-wena, Hlathi lenyaniso Unguwena-wena, uhlel' enyangwaneni.
Fikele:
(Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976:15)
Ndingowaphi mna kanye kanye? Ndixeleleni. Abakuthi bayandibukula bandalatha ngezithupha, 'Lirhanuga' bade batsho ngelo gama libuthuka, Ezintilini, emimangweni kuvuth' isigculelo ...
Umqukumbelo
Zininzi kakhulu iinoveli zesiXhosa, andinakuzibala zonke apha kodwa ndizamile ukubonisa ukuba zixubusha imixholo ngemixholo endinetheemba lokuba umfundi uya kuziphandela ezo ndingabanga nalo ithuba lokugqabaza ngazo.
Le nto ibonisa ukuba uFikele apha emzini wakhe uphala emva. Izinto ziqala kwinkosikazi yakhe, nto leyo ephuhlisa ifuthe namandla kaNomthunzi.
8. Umxholo womdlalo kaMtuze othi Umdlanga 123
UQangule uzamile nokubhala iisonethi. Kambe amalinge akhe akakhangeleki ephumelele kuba iisonethi zakhe azihambi ngokwemimisee10 yeesonethi zesiTaliyane okanye ezesiNgesi.
Incoko en de phakathi kukaCikizwa noLanga ibonisa ukuba uLanga akanadyudyu ngobudoda bakhe, kangangokuba xa kucaca ukuba uCikizwa unokungamthembi unokusuka ahambe ngayibonayo. Akanaxhala, uyayiithetha nakuye Cikizwa into yokuba walukele esibhedlele. Iyamxaka ke ngoku yena Langa into yokusuka kucace ukuba uyathandabuzeka. Abe ke phofu engenanto angayenzayo xa uCikizwa enguTomas, yena akazithaandabuzi ngobudoda bakhe.
(Tamsanqa, Buzani kuBawo, 1975:21)
Abazali bakaGugulethu bayibona iyimfanelo yabo ukuba bagqibe ukuba uGugulethu makatshate nabani na.
Apho kukho inguqulelo eluntwini kunyanzelekile ukuba kubekho ungquzulwano lweembono malunga nemibandela ethile. Le nguqulelo kuxoxwa ngayo kule ncwadi ibonakala kakhulu kule mihla ngakumbi kukho ingxaki enkulu yokusweleka kwabakhwetha esuthwini. Yiyo loo nto ibangela ukuba abantu abanjengoLanga bacinge ngezinye iindlela zookwenza eli siko. Kubalulekile nokuba uluntu luhambe namaxesha njengoLanga 10 naxa aye waphatheka kakubi elixhoba loluntu lwakhe olungafuni kuguquka.
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksk. G.N. Mrubata, 1993.
Imibandela edla umzi yezentlalo neepolitiki
Okwesibini, kukho izincoko ezichaza nje izinto, iziganeko okanye iziimvo (descriptive essays). UMadala uyayithanda le ndlela yokubhala, umzekelo: "Ubuhle", "Ulundi lokhahlamba", "UMzimvubu", "Nguwo ngumtshato", nezinye. UJolobe yena usichazela ngevenkile yangaphandle.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kwezafobe 57
Xa sihlalutya uCikizwa kwakule ne wadi Umdlanga, umbhali ubaveze noLanga uthando lwabo luvutha kwaye selukwinqanaba eliphezulu. ULanga sele eyithe thsuphe kunina into yokuba kukho intombi eseyiimphandlile eSada. Umbhali umzobe wamhle kakhulu uCikizwa yaye wazithanda nezolonwabo. Seso sizathu kanye esamenza ukuba imatriki angayiphumeleli. Uyintombi esisisweli-kuqonda kuba ulukuhleka msinyane yintlebendwane engakhange afumane bungqina bupheleleyo obuxhasa isigqibo afikelele kuso. Ifuthe lakhe liza ngendlela embi kuba akuva ukuba uLanga yinkwenkwe wabhebhetha akabi safuna nokumbona. Simbona ezibandakanya neentshaba zikaLanga, nazo zatsho zafumana amandla okumtyabeka ngento angeyiyo. Ubonakala elibhetye-bhetye, exhomekeke kwabanye abantu ukuba bamthathele isigqibo. Uzenza isisuulu sooNzame, walahla uLanga ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Intshayelelo
Nksz. L-o. N Ngceke
UMtuze ugxininise kuqulungano nokuthi gca kwezinto ekubaliseni amabali akhe. NgokukaPretorius noSwart (1984:12) ukubetha koozelekazi kuthetha inkcazd nengxoxo esetyenziswe ngobungcathu 10 gama kwangee10 xesha kugxininiswa kwezo ziganeko okanye izenzo ezibalulekileyo. UMtuze ukwenza oku ngokunxulumene nezinye iimfuneko zebali elifuutshane. Ibali elithi "Abahlobo ababini" lisekelwe ngaseNoupoort. Naxa kunganatywanga kuyaphi ngesi simo sentlalo, sinendima esiyenzileyo ekunabiseni intsingiselo yeli bali. Ikhephu libonakalisa ubudlelane obuulicongco phakathi kwabantu kwelinye icala, kanti likwamele nobunyulu obufihlakeleyo. Esebenzisa iziganeko (Cohen, 1973:18), uMtuze ubonisa indlela abathe abalinganiswa ababini bezizwe ezibini ezahlukileyo bahlangana benza ubuhlobo obutsha baguqula neendlela ebebejongene ngazo ngaphambili. Kweli bali 10 kaMtuze ukwaphumelele ekuzobeni abalinganiswa bakhe kuba siyabona ukuba ibali liphela 10 mfo uMhlophe ebonakalisa inguqulelo esimeni sakhe kanye njengoko esitsho uPerrine (1976:9).
UBrooks noWarren (1976:1) basibona isihobe njengendlela yokuthetha eyodwa, ndlela leyo abathi abaninzi abangekayiqheli bayithathe njeengendlela yokuthetha engaqhelekanga. Loo nto ibangelwa kukuba isingqi, imvano-siphelo nezafobe zizinto ezinokukhangeleka zingaqhelekanga okanye eziphazamisayo kwabanye abantu abafuna ibali elithe tse bona. Ezi ngcali zisichaza isihobe njengesingqisho esivakala ezindlebeni. Isandi ke sibalulekile kwisihobe yaye isingqi ngumgqalisela obalulekileyo ebomini nakuyo nayiphi na intshukumo.
Oku kufaniselana kuqaqamba ngakumbi kule mibongo yabo ilandelayo:
Kwicala lesakhiwo singatsho ukuthi inoveli kaJordan yakhiwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo ehamba ngolu hlobo. Kuqala ingabula-zigcawu, kulandele ukujiya kwezinto, kuye kuvutho-ndaba, kugqibele isiphetho. Le noveli kaJordan iqulunqwe ngendlela eyenza ukuba nawuphi na umntu ongqondo iphaphileyo angabi nabunzima ukuzibona ezo zigaba.
Uyaya emzini 10 gama engafunwa nguloo myeni. Okwesibini, usa abaantwana abangengabo abale ndoda kuyo eMthatha. Kanye njengexhwane phambi kwabaxheli balo, uphetha esithi, "Mayenzek' intando yakho" UGugulethu liqhayiya lewabo. Naye ubonakalisa ukubathobela abazali bakhe, nto leyo esiyibona ngokusuka aphinda-phinde amazwi athi "Buzani kubawo" akubuzwa into. Oku kuthobeka kwakhe kungqinwa nanguyise ngale mini acela ukuba ijaji igwebe yena endaweni yonyana wakhe.
(Mtuze noSatyo, Uyavuth' umlilo, 1990:28)
Ucela amawenu ukuba angakutshatisi noSidima Kodwa sekunjalo
(i) iintaka eziluncedo,
Into ethethwa ngabalinganiswa ngabanye nayo iveza isimo saloo mlingaaniswa kuthethwa ngaye. UThobeka akangqinwa nje kuphela nguMaGaba nanguZwilakhe ukuba unesimilo esihle, koko ungqinwa nanguSicelo, omnye wolutsha:
Inewadi kaD.M. Jongilanga ethi Ndiyekeni (1975) isingethe enye ingxaki yezentlalo - ubundlamanzi kwiititshala ngarnaxesha esikolo kanti nokunyotywa kwamalungu eekomiti zesikolo ndawonye neengxaki ezizalwa kukufuduka kwabantu ezilalini baye kwirnimandla yeedoloophu .
Ngokweembono zikaSatyo (1983:194) ingabula-zigcawu ityhila ezi zinto zilandelayo kwincwadi ethi Buzani kubawo:
(i) ukuchazwa ngurnbhali ngokwakhe, (ii) indlela urnlinganiswa acinga ngayo, (iii) into ayenzayo urnlinganiswa,
Ukuhlela okubhaliweyo asikuko ukukhuphela nje into koko maxa wambi umhleli uyanyanzeleka ukuba aguzule iindawo ezithile ngenxa yokonga isithuba. Nalapha loo nto yenzekile apho ndibone kuyimfuneko khona. Lilonke ezi zineoko zilungiselelwe le njongo intsha ngoku yokuba zifundwe nguye wonke ubani, hayi iingeali kuphela.
Kungumdla ukuphawula ukuba umxholo wokwaphuka nokuqhwalela kwengqeqesho ebesihlangene nawo ngaphambili ubuya uvuke nakubaabhali bamva. Umzekelo woko yincwadi kaMtuze ethi UDingezweni apho sifumana ukwenzakaliswa kwenkwenkwana luyekelelo olukhoyo kwingqeqesho yomnye wabazali bayo. Iziphumo ezi zenguqulelo ziyaabonakala nakwincwadi kaBongela ethi Alitshoni lingenandaba apho sifuumana khan a ukonakala kwezimo zabantu.
Ungquzulwano olukulo mdlalo luqhutyelwa phambili yincoko yabaliinganiswa. Glu ngquzulwano kwincwadi ethi Umdlanga silubona phakathi kukaLanga noyise okholelwe mpela ukuba inye indlela eya ebudodeni, kukwalukela ebhumeni. Siyayibona inguqulelo kwiimbono zikayise njeengokuba umdlalo ucombuluka.
Naxa abalinganiswa abathabatha inxaxheba emdlalweni banokuba ngaabantu ngokwendlela yabo, basenakho nokuba bayimifuziselo nje kuphela. Bazizixhobo ezibonakalisa izinto abanokuba zizo abantu.
UQangule (1974:9) ueaphula amazwi kaSeheub (1970:81) athi ngalo mbandela:
Masenze umzekelo ngalo mbongo kaMtuze uthi "Uyandazi wena":
UMaKhwetshube noMamNzotho kule ncwadi yimizekelo emihle yabantu abangaminxwanga sisini sabo, oko kukuthi ubufazi babo. Sibona kubo kukho iimpawu ezidibanisa imisebenzi yobufazi neyobudoda kungekho lucalu-calulo (Craig, 1976:140). Ngamakhosikazi akwaziyo ukuyimela into ayifunayo, anemisebenzi ethile ayenzayo, ayakwazi ukuthatha izigqibo kanti kuyo yonke loo nto anobubele nobuntu.
Ngenxa yokuba uQangule eyimbongi yezi mini, nambongi eyasesikoolweni, uzisebenzise kanobom ezi ndlela zimbini njengoko sibona kwincwadi yakhe ethi Intshuntshe. Usebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela zookwenza isakhiwo sesihobe sakhe. Ngenxa yaloo nto, isihobe sakhe siingasahlula sibe zizintlu ezintathu. Kuluhlu lokuqala, usebenzisa izitanza apho asebenzisa inani lamalungu elilinganayo kwimiqolo yakhe, abuye asebenzise inani elilinganayo lemiqolo kwizitanza, njengoko sibona kuumbongo othi "Ukubonga". Uluhlu lunemiqolo engalinganiyo ngenani kwisitanza ngasinye, umzekelo "Intlakohlaza". Okwesithathu, usizamile nesakhiwo sesonethi. UQangule ubonakalisa unxibelelwano olukhulu phakathi kokuqulathwe sisihobe sakhe nesakhiwo saso ngokuthi asebeenzise amagama akhethiweyo.
Imfene kaDebeza neminye imidlalwana kaG.B. Sinxo yingqokelela yemidlalwana emifutshane. Umbhali uxubusha imibandela ngemibandela kuyo.
Ukujiya kwezinto
Kwinewadi Inzonzobila uvuthondaba silufumana xeshikweni uDlangisa enze iyelenqe laphumelela lokuba kutshiswe ivenkile eyayiza kunikezeelwa kuZinzo. Kwesi senzo watyhola uZinzo ukuba nguye umenzi wobubi. Wenza nezinye izinto ezikhohlakeleyo kuZinzo.
Kungatshona amalanga sicubungula ukuyelelana nokwahluka phakathi kwezi mbongi zimbini. Abanye bade baphukaneke bathi le ikope kuleya kanti thina sibona ukuba kufuthelwene apha, into ke leyo eqhelekileyo kubhalo-ncwadi. Into entle ngezi mbongi zimbini kukuba zombini ziphumelele, asingooxam bephaxulana. Akatsho na amaXhosa ukuthi intaka yakha ngoboya benye?
Kwizinto ezininzi endizichaphazele ekuqaleni, ndikhe ndayichaaphazela into yokuba umxholo encwadini uthi uqaqanjiswe ngokuthi ubathungele abalinganiswa. Kule ncwadi ithi Vmdlanga sivula nje umbhali usivulela 'ngoFikele, utata wekhaya, omele icala elisadla ngeendebe endala, ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe uNomthunzi ekuvele kwacaca zibekwa nje ukuba yona ayitshayi tu ngaloo nqawa kaFikele, yona iphila kumaxesha okhanyo. Kha uve indlela ezahluke ngayo izimvo zabo apha kwiintetho zabo:
Ndinqwenela ukuyivavanya le ndlela ngokusebenzisa incwadi kaJordan ethi Ingqumbo yeminyanya ndibonise izinto endizithandayo nezinto endingaziginyi kakuhle kuyo.
Ingxoxo
Ukunaba kwebali
Kwakulo mhobe imbongi ivakalisa umyalezo wokuba ubutyebi beli lizwe mabuxhanyulwe ziindidi zonke zabantu ezincedisileyo ekubuuveliseni. Ayithethwa poqo le nto, iyakwekwa. Yiva xa imbongi isithi:
Ngokutsho kukaMarie Heese noLawton (1988:126-127), urnxholo nguumbandela ongundoqo ajongene nawo umbhali womdlalo nathi ahambise udaba lwakhe ngawo ngebali lakhe nesakhiwo salo. Ingxoxo malunga nomxholo ke ixubusha imicimbi eyandlalwa ngumbhali, iqwalasele nendlela eyanekwe ngayo loo micimbi.
4. Abalinganiswa abangabantu basetyhini 109
DIu uhlobo lwesonethi lunemvano-siphelo ethi iyahlula-hlule isonethi ibe ziziqendu ezibini zemiqolo esibhozo nemithandathu. Imiqolo yokuqala esibhozo ibizwa ngokuba yiokthevu yaye ithoni yona idityaniswe ndaweninye yimvano-siphelo eyile: abba abba. Into ebalulekileyo ke ngale mvano-siphelo kwiokthevu kukuba kulapho sithi sityhilelwe ngengxoxo yombongo. Imigca elandelayo emithandathu yona ibizwa ngokuba yiseestethi ize ibe nale mvano-siphelo ede ede okanye cdc dcd kungenjalo kuthiwe ede dee.
Nksk. P.N Sandi
Nksk. J.N Nkowane
(Tamsanqa, Buzani kubawo, 1957: unnumbered]
Emva kokufunda isincoko esibhalwe ngesiNgesi nguMnu. Baerhom sisithi "Ukubuyela esikolweni", ndiifikelwe zezi ngcinga .,.
Y'mtoni urnxholo?
(Sinxo,Isitiya, 1962:77)
Isimo sentlalo sikwabalulekile emdlalweni kuba sisibonisa indawo elenzeka kuyo ibali, ndawo leyo ethi iphembelele nezimo zabalinganiswa. Siyabona kulo mdlalwana uthi "Umsesane" ukuba umZima waphenjeleelwa ziimeko zikaphum' aphele ukuba angahlali nosapho lwakhe, nto ke leyo eyazala ukuba aluthi tya ekugqibeleni. UXolani ufumana kwale ngxaaki, emva kweminyaka yahlela uyise, kodwa yena ugqiba ekubeni ayilwe, angahlulwa nomkakhe.
Intshayelelo
(ii) Ukubalisa
Kunyanzelekile ukuba ndigxininise ekubalulekeni kokuba ibali elifuutshane libethe koozelekazi, nto leyo ethetha ukuthi umbhali kufuneka aquphe. Okw~sibini, loo nto ithetha ukuthi kufuneka azikhethe izinto aza kuthetha ngazo, azilandelelanise ngendlela ethile eya kwenza umdla. Isigama sakhe kufuneka ke ngoko siehan' uewethe ukuze ibali lakhe lingqamane nengeaciso kaDlamini enikwe nguMtuze (1986:9) ethi, "Ibali elifutshane yimbali equphayo ebhalwe ngeprowuzi."
Kubalulekile ukuba siqale ngolu phawu kuba lunxulumene nesingqi soombongo. Le mfano-zandi ihamba nonxulumaniso lwezandi ezithile. Ezinye ziphakathi emqolweni kanti ezinye zisekupheleni kwemiqolo. Imvano-siphelo ayiqaqambanga kuyaphi kuninzi lwemibongo yesiXhosa naxa zikho iimbongi eziyisebenzisileyo. Ingxaki ibangelwa kukuba isiXhosa sixhomekeke kwimvakalo-zwi, into ethetha ukuthi usenokuba namagama aphela ngokufanayo xa ebhaliwe kanti akabizeki ngokufanayo.
Imfano-zandi isenokuba luphinda-phindo lwamaqabane okanye uphindaaphindo lwezikhamiso, ngakumbi kumalungu anogxininiso.
Imifanekiso-ngqondweni
Eyakhe ifilosofi yoborni uKS. Bongela uyandlala enjenje:
Isimbolizim
(ii) iintaka ezenza umonakalo eluntwini.
Kwakwesi sigaba sifumana uninzi lwabalinganiswa: uZwilakhe, uMaGaba, uNomampondomise nabanye.
Kumele ukuba kucacile kule ngxoxo ukuba le ndlela yohlalutyo ifumaneeka kakhulu kubafundi kuba iyinxalenye yesigaba sokuvuthwa kwamandla ohlalutyo-ncwadi. Ihamba nokuzama komntu ukuthungulula nokuqingqa izimvo zakhe ngemibandela ethile yoncwadi. Abahlalutyi bayayithanda kuba ixhomekeke kuphela ekubeni umntu uthanda okanye akathandi ntoni na kwincwadi ethile. Le ndlela iqhelekile kakhulu kwimibuzo yeemviwo nakumanqaku okuhlalutya iincwadi nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe luncedo kubantu abaninzi abajongene noko.
Kwibalana elithi "UBabini noSilwanyana" sibona uqulungano olukhuulu apho zonke ezi mpawu zisebenzisana kakuhle nokuzotywa kwabaliinganiswa. Naxa indawo elenzeka kuyo ibali iseSomerset West, uBabini ngumntu onyuka esihla ezitalatweni efuna uSilwanyana. UCohen (1973:29) uya.yingqina into yokuba ukuguqu-guquka kwesimo sentlalo kunokubonakalisa imo yengqondo yomlinganiswa. Le nto iyabonakala kuBabini. Iziganeko zindululwa kukubulawa komkakhe. Emva koko unyuuka esihla esithi ufuna loo mbulali. Ibali lifikelela kuvutho-ndaba ngokuthi uBabini ade amfumane loo mbulali ekuthe kanti nguye buqu. Wonke 10 gama sibona umlinganiswa onongquzulwano kuye ngaphakathi. Le nto isisa kwiimbono zikaFreud ezibonakalisa ukuba kukho izinto ezingaaphakathi emntwini ezimqhubela kwiimeko ngeemeko (Craig, 1983:44). Le mbono sikwayibona nalapha kwigama lalo mlinganiswa kuba umele amacala amabini emo yomntu, elihle nelibi.
Izinto ziyajiya. Umlinganiswa oyintloko ujongana nomchasi wakhe. UCikizwa ohluthi intlebendwane yooNzame uzimisele ukumala uLanga, yaye aye kunika ingxelo ngaye kubachasi bakhe abazakuzelelayo.
Le ngxelo yezono yenzeka xa urnlinganiswa evurna ityala lakhe kubaphuulaphuli okanye ababukeli-rndlalo. Urnzekelo waloo nto siwufumana ekupheleni kwencwadi uBuzani kubawo apho uZwilakhe avurna ukuba nguye obangele yonke le ntlekele.
Umbhali uphambili
Kungentsuku zatywala kwagaleleka enye incwadi ethi Imibengo ngokubhalwa nguBennie. Ngomnyaka ka-1940 uJolobe wawunyusa umgangatho wobhalo lwamavo ngokuthi abhale incwadi yakhe exhome kakhulu ngomgangatho ethi Amavo. Yahlahleka ke indlela kuba ukususela ngoko yaba ngumtyangampo zithontelana iincwadi ziphuma nkalo zonke.
The story "UZizi uzuzwe nguZulu" is a typical example of a peculiar hybrid form consisting of three and a half pages descriptive commentary and two and a half pages narrative. "USozizwe kwaRarabe" is another clear example of a narrative essay describing events connectted with the arrival of King George VI in the Eastern Cape in 1947.
Ngokutsho kweengeali. ithuba lonewadi elalekela unyaka we-1950 lithathwa njengethuba lokudubula konewadi lwethu. Kulapha apho sathi isigqubuthelo sabaharnbisi-lizwi sahlutywa salahlwa phantsi. ukuba asizange sisuswe urnphelo. Kukweli thuba esibona ifuthe elidala lenkonzo lilahlelwa phaya. nto leyo eyatsho arnandla okudala izinto ababhali abonakala. Njengokuba sesitshilo, iidrarna ezininzi zisingethe irnicirnbi yentlalo ngaphezu kweyeepolitiki kuba eli thuba yayilithuba lokugqugqisa kwernpatho yabaMhlophe, nto leyo eyayitsho kwanzirna kubabhali ukwaneka izirnvo zabo.
Kwincwadi ethi Kwazidenge ndicinga ukuba uvutho-ndaba luphaya kulaa ndawo uthando lukaZuziwe noBhuqa lwaphula izikeyi, kude kuthi gqi isisu. UZuziwe uzame ngako konke ukuyifihla le nto kuNtabeni, wenza amacebo alusizi ekhupha eso sisu, waphetha esweleka.
Mnu. M.A.M. Qomfo
Indlela ayibona ngayo uNtloko le nto
Ilanga sisibane semini
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksz. K.P. Rungqu, 1990.
(Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976)
Ukuzotywa kwabalinganiswa
Zikho iziqhulo ezibizwa ngasese ekufuneka umhlekazi engazivanga kuba kaloku zitolika indlela angene ngayo esihlalweni sobukhosi. Iimbongi zomthonyama zikwanayo indlela ezithi zivule ngayo, umzekelo "A-a Gweb' inkundla". Beziqala ngesikhahlelo ukutsala umdla nokukhonkxa iingqondo zabaphula-phuli kanti naxa zigqibezela ukuboonga zenjenje:
Isihobe
Hay' kodw' iBhilitan' enkulu Yeza' nebhotile nebhayibhile Yeza nomfundis' exhak' ijoni Yeza nerhuluwa nesinandile Yeza nenkanunu nemfakadolo.
Johannesburg: Educum publishers. African Literature: Approaches and Application
Ukumkani wamaXhosa, YingqindiliJi yinzindilili
ULaetitia Kakaza waba ngumntu wasetyhini wokuqala ukubhala inoveli ngenoveli yakhe ethi UThandiwe wakwaGealeka. Walandelwa nguLiziwe Tsotsi ngenoveli ethi UNtabaziyaduma no V. Swartbooi ngethi UMandisa. Omnye waba babhali bokuqala nguS. Mlotywa ngencwadi yakhe UNozipho. Abalinganiswa baba babhali abaphambili ngabantu abafunda bade babe ziititshala noomabhalana. K wincwadi kaSinxo ethi UNomsa sib ana injongo ebanzi neyanelisa kunene. La mlinganiswa wayo up haambili ngumntu ozimiseleyo kwiinjongo zakhe.
Ukuba uqaphela kakuhle kwakulo mbongo wofumanisa ukuba ukuseetyenziswa kwesiyaleli "Thetha" kubonakalisa ukuba akukho kucenga, kuyayalelwa qha. Ngolo hlobo ke kukhula laa mfanekiso wokudikwa nokukruquka. Isimntwiso asisebenzisileyo umbhali siqaqambisa umfaneekiso wokuba imbongi ayisazimisele konke ukuba ngusithubeni. Imntwisa iAfrika, ithi mayithethe, ithi, "Thetha, Afrika".
Phambi kokuba siqwalasele imibongo ephuma kwincwadi kaNgcangata ethi Ukuphuma' kwelanga (1976), ndifuna ukwalatha into ethi into yokuqala etsala ingqondo ngaye kukuba le ncwadi isungulwa ngemibongo elishumi elinesithandathu eziisonethi. Isonethi ke yinto entsha kuthi maXhosa. Siyabonakala nesimbo sikaQangule kwesi sihobe. Naxa kunjalo, akukho kurhanela kuthi uNgcangata unyibe umsebenzi womnye umbhali. Ezinye iisonethi zityhutyhumeza zibandakanya umbandela omnye othile kanye ngokohlobo oluxelwa nguRowse (1963:428). Ezi sonethi zinezi zihIoko: "Isikolo", "Izifundo", "Ukubhala", "Incwadi", "Ukufunda" , "Ulwimi", "Inkqubela " , "Umhlobo wabantwana. IWAMBA" , njaIo njalo. DIu landelelwano luxeIwa nguRowse luyabonakala kule mibongo yaye luhamba ngokokukhula komntwana.
11. Imibandela edla umzi yezentlalo neepolitiki 136
Ezi zilo nezilwanyana zisetyenziswe njengesimboli ethile ukuqaqambisa gqibi imeko ethile enobungozi. Emva kokusebenzisa izagwelo nezangotshe zokuthetha, imbongi iyaphuhla kule miqolo ilandelayo:
Umahluko phakathi kwebalana nesincoko
Kumbongo kaNgcangata othi "Izifundo" zibonakala njengoko kufuneeka zinjalo iikhwatreni ezintathu nekhapleti enye. Kwikhwatreni yokuqala umbhali ubonakalisa ubunzima bokufunda kodwa uphinda uzive ukhululekile xa sowunalo ulwazi. Kweyesibini usixelela ngendlela ekubi ngayo xa umntu ebonakala ukuba akukho nto anayo tu entloko, akanalwazi lwanto. Kweyesithathu uzame ukuvusa abafundi ebabonisa eli dabi libajongileyo lokungazi. Ikhapleti yakhe ke ngoku ishwankathela yonke laa nto ingentla ngesiyalo kubafundi malunga nendlela eyiyo enokuthi ibaphumeze.
Nksz. KP. Rungqu
(BongeJa, Alitshoni lingenendaba, 1971 :29)
K wakhona ke kukho iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngababhali ukubhala amavo. Okokuqala umbhali angasebenzisa agxininise ekuxoxeni xa abhaala ilivo lakhe (argumentative essay). OkaScholes (1969:11) ecatshulwa nguKwetana (1987:12) ugxininisa athi, 'embindini wazo zonke izincoko, kukho ingxoxo edlwengula iingqondo zabafundi.' Umbhali uxoxa abhekise ngqo kumfundi emnxulele kufutshane. Nangona ethetha ngento eyaziwayo neqheleke ngohlobo oluthile, uyakwazi ukujika iingqondo zabafundi zilandele ezo zimvo zakhe ngombandela lowo. Uthanda nokuuzihlakulela izimvo zakhe ngokudibanisa amabalana anxulumene naxhasa oko sukuba ekuxoxa. UJolobe ulusebenzise kakhulu olu hlobo kumavo akhe. Imizekelo: "Ukuzingca ngebandla", "Abantwana ben dIu enye " , "Ukukhalipha", nezinye. Ezinye izincoko ezilolu hlobo zibhalwe nguMadala, umzekelo: "Luqeqesho 010". Yena okaTamsanqa uthi "Ukuxoka" kanti yena uBudaza uthi "Ukuhleka nokuzihleka".
Isilokazi esikhulu seziziba, kanti NguloMakhanda-mahlanu - unyok' enkulu eza ngesivuthe-vuthe.
Umhlaba wokuntshula kwembewu yempixano ulungisiwe nakule inewadi kuba siva kwintetho kaMaThiyane ukuba kukho ungquzulwano lwezimvo olungathi lungabakho. Umbhali kwakhona usazisa ngoNompumelelo ongumongikazi kwisibhedlele saseThafalofefe. ULanga uxela izinyo liqaqamba ufuna ukuzekelwa le ntombi.
Uninzi lwernibongo yesiXhosa luwa phantsi kolu hlobo lwesihobe sithi ziilirikhi. Iirnbongi zethu zinobuchule kulo rnba wesihobe. Zidandalazisa izirnvo zazo ngerniba ngemiba yobomi efana nothando, ukholo, ubuhle, inyaniso nokulunga. Ezo zizinto ezihlala zihleli ebornini babantu.
• UTshiwo uthi ubulawa ngamagqwirha. UBhambatha namanye amaphaakathi bathi bona inkosazana inomkhuhlane, umfulawenja.
Isiphelo
Masikhe siqwalasele ukuba iimbongi zethu zisebenzise bugcisa buni na ekuqaqambiseni 10 mxholo wokukhalazela ingcinezelo yoNtsundu. Masizekelise ngalo mhobe wento kaMtuze uthi "Uyandazi wena".
UTshiwo ukwazotywe njengomntu obawela inzuzo. Into ebangela ukuba nditsho kukuba wayezithimba iinkomo zaba bantu bagwetyelwe ukubulawa.
Le miqolo nesingqisho zisetyenziswe ukuvakalisa iimhono zemhongi ngengoma. NoNgcangata usehenzisa uphinda-phindo enjenje:
UForster wahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi kwebali nesakhiwo sebali. Uthi xa achaza isakhiwo " ... also a narrative of events, the emphasis falling on causality" (Forster, 1954:86).
Amagama athi "lulibo" nelithi "intlahlela" achaza iziqhamo zokuqala, ke ngoko azizafobe. Athwele intsingiselo yento eyodwa nokuba nguvul' indlela kukaSoga kwicala labafundisi abaMnyama. Isifaniso "okwekhwezi lokusa" sibonisa indlela awayesaziwa ngayo uSoga luluntu jikelele.
Iindlela abathe bazisebenzisa
Ngenxa yokuba isihobe sezi mini kuye kwafuneka sibhalwe phantsi, ingxaki yolwimi iye yawachaphazela amandla embongi okuthetha nabaantu bayo yabelane nabo ngamava ayo. Ngokungafani nakwizibongo zomthonyama zama-Afrika apho imbongi inenkululeko yokuthetha nje loo nto iyicingayo, ulwimi lwesihobe sezi mini luthande kuminxwa yimigaqo yokubhalwa kwesihobe. Ngenxa yokuba iimbongi zezi mini zamaXhosa zingakwazi ukuthetha nabantu bazo, ziye zagqiba ekubeni zibathethele ngokuphathelele kwizinto ezidla umzi.
Kwimidlalo yezembali yesiXhosa siphawula ukuba kukho unxulumano phakathi kwenyaniso nomqwebo njengoko siza kubona kwezi ncwadi zemidlalo zimbini zilandelayo. Eyokuqala ithi Umkhonto kaTshiwo, ibhalwe nguM.A.P. Ngani, eyesibini ithi UNgodongwana ibhalwe nguP.M. Ntloko.
• UKhwane wabasindisa aba bantu ethubeni, waqokelela ngaloo ndlela umkhosi omkhulu.
Nksz. K.P. Rungqu
Nksz. L-O. N Ngceke
Omnye wemibandela exutyushwa kule ncwadi ziimpembelelo zobuugcisa kwezoshishino kubantu basetyhini ebekunyanzelekile bashiyeke emakhaya 10 gama abayeni baye kuphangela ezidolophini. Kule ncwadi sibabona kakuhle abafazi besenza amatile-tile okuphumelela kule meko ingaginyisi mathe.
Kwincwadi UDingezweni sixelelwa ukuba uNyubatyha uyamona 10 mntwana ngokumfekethisa ngenxa yokuba bamfumana sele bebadala, beengasenathemba lakufumana mntwana. UMaMfene umyale izihlandlo ngezihlandlo ngale ngqeqesho yakhe imbi emntwaneni.
Umdlalo kaSiwisa othi "UMaphelo" uzama ukubonisa izimo ezahlukiileyo zabantu. Njengokuba besikhe satsho, umdlalwana uyakwazi ukuba ziimo ngeemo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuwo kukuba kubekho undindano nengxoxo eyondeleleneyo, yaye kungantyuntywa ngabalinganiswa. Njengokuba ibali ficombuluka siya sisibona isimo sikaMaphelo.
(v) isitanza sisonke masiqulathe umcamango omnye.
Ababhali bazamile ukukhupha imbilini yabo bezityanda igila ngesizwe sabo nangona ndiqinisekile ukuthi bekunzima. Esinye sezizathu zokuba izincoko zinqongophale esiXhoseni yinto yokuba aziphumeleli kuvavanyo lwazo lokuba zipapashwe. Kaloku isincoko kulapho umbhali athi avuumeleke abhale ngqo oko sukuba kumchukumisile ngoko asigwegwelezi koko singena emxholweni. Ngoko ke ngokubona kweziphatha-mandla zaangaphambili kwakukho nje izinto ekungenakuvunyelwa ukuba zipapaswe.
Xa sijonga indima yabantu ababhinqileyo kwezi ncwadi zintathu zilandeelayo, Umdlanga, Buzani kubawo, nethi Inzonzobila, sifumanisa ukuba ifuthe labo liyavakala.
(Tamsanqa, Buzani kubawo, 1975:20)
Isigaba sesibini ngokweembono zikaFenson noKritzer (1966:9) kulapho umbhali kufuneka eewangcisile ukuba esona senzeko sakhe siingundoqo, le nto sithi kukujiya kwezinto sisiphi na kuba siso esikhokelela kuvutho-ndaba, elona qondo liphakamileyo kuthungelwano lweezinto. Kufuneka kubekho uthungelwano lweziganeko ezinonobangela nesiphumo sakhe.
(Mqhayi,Inzuzo, 1974:59)
Indlela ayibona ngayo le mbali uNgani
Andazi nto ngokwaluka kwakhe. Mhla wafiika ndiyamalusa qha ke. Walukela phi ndiphi mna yise? Ziintloni zantoni ezi andifaka kuzo? Kungatshiwo nokuthi waziba ngokweesiko lesiXhosa koko kuthiwe walukela esiibhedlele! Yindoda ke leyo? Uyaya ebhumeni
Ungquzulwano
10. Ababhali-noveli abanegalelo elincomekayo 40
Izafobe ziyimifanekiso-ngqondweni entsingiselo ingathanga ngqo.
Characterisation refers to the manner in which a dramaatist has symbolised his ideas through people who imitate them.
Uyibhalile imibongo emiqolo ilishumi elinesine apho asebenzise kuphela uchasaniso. Loo nto siyayibona kumhobe othi "Okungaaqatshelwayo" apho uQangule asebenzise ngendlela echubekileyo utheleekiso oluchukumisa ingqondo ukuba isebenze. Obo buchule bukaQangule ekubhaleni isihobe buyabonakala nakumbongo othi "Amanqaku". Kulowo umbongo sibona ukunxibelelana kwezinto. Uqala ngegama abuye agqibele ngalo ekupheleni komqolo olandelayo. kanti ubuya aqale ngelo ebegqibele ngalo kumqolo ongaphambili. nto ke leyo ebonisa uthungelwano lwemiicamango yakhe. Ngamanye amaxesha le nto uyenza ngokusebenzisa amagama azizithetha-ntonye, umzekelo. ulwazi nobulumko.
Kwakumqolo wokuqala siyeva ukuba imbongi ichukumisekile, inoomsindo, idiniwe kukugculelwa. Ikhalela umhlaba owathatyathwa kubo ngendlela embi; nokuba ithathwe njengentangantwa engenandawo kwilizwe lokuzalwa kwayo.
10. Isihobe sikaQangule 89
Le ndlela yokuthetha inento eyivezayo ngornlinganiswa lowo uthethayo, umzekelo, ungurnntu wasedolophini.
(ii) enornxholo ongothando, (iii) engentlalo yabantu.
Nksz. NR. Mazwi
Izinto eziyinyaniso kwincwadi Umkhonto kaTshiwo
Le ndlela yokuphela, xa igqibezela umbongo imbongi, luphawu lweeembongi zomthonyama.
Zwelinzima and Thembeka have been cut off from their roots for a long time, and are more completely products of the new world than of the old.
Okwesibini, abalinganiswa apha bahlulwe bazizintlu ezimbini. Uluhlu lokuqala lolwabo bafuna uZwelinzima bona bengabecala lenkcubeko yaseNtshona njengaye. Mnye nje umntu okunye nabo kodwa engahaambisani nezo mbono. NguNgxabane osatshila ngesidanga sezithethe namasiko. Abo baxhasa uNkosi uDingindawo bona basatshele kwizithethe namasiko obuMpondomise.
(i) kungalula ukuphumelela kuvoto lolawulo lwesininzi, (ii) abaNtsundu bangakwazi ukuqesha abanye abaNtsundu .
Kumdlalo othi Umdlanga isikrokro sikaPhumi noNzame sibanika isibindi sokufuna ukujongana noLanga, bambuze ngobudoda bakhe bade bagroogrise ngokumthintela efuna ukuhamba. Olu ngquzulwano lubashiya ooPhumi noNzame bengenabhongo.
Amagqabaza ngamabali kaSiwisa
Nksz. NA. Tya!a
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksk. P.N. Sandi, 1994.
Kucace ke ngoko ukuba umntu xa eyihlalutya le nkcazo kaMabuza ingornxholo angazuza izinto eziliqela eziphathekayo ezifana nokuba urnxholo webali ngulo mcamango usentloko (central idea]. Lo mcamango ke umbhali unokuthi awuphuhlise ngabalinganiswa ngokuthi izinto abazenzayo okanye ezibahlelayo zenzelwe ukuphuhlisa 10 mcamango uphambili lijekeleze kuwo ibali.
Umqukumbelo
Eyona nto ndiphuma nayo apha kule ncwadi kaJordan sisakhiwo sebali lakhe. Isicwangciso sakhe sihamba ngolu hlobo. Kuqala ingabula-zigcawu, kulandele ukucombuluka kwebali, kuze amanqam, kulandele ukuthotha kwezinto, kugqibele intlekele. Eneneni naxa ibali lahlulwe laziingcandelo, kunzima ukuthi icandelo ngalinye liqala apha liye kuphela phaya. Le nto singayifanisa nokwindla, ubusika, intwasahlobo nehlobo. Icandelo ngalinye linegalelo elilenzayo kulo mcamango mnye okanye inqontsonqa ekujoliswe kuyo, nto leyo eqingqa eyona ntsingiselo yale noveli.
Xa umfundisi acinga ngabantu abaza kumela ulutsha ucinga ngoDlangisa noNomatshawe, akakhethanga indoda yodwa, into ebonaakalisa ukuba uzotywe wakwinqanaba elinye nomyeni wakhe.
Enye ingcali ewandlala kakuhle 10 mbandela womxholo nguStyan (1971:71) xa athi:
Kukho ukuthotha kwezinto ekugqibeleni apho sibona khona isiphumo songquzulwano obeluqhubeka. Kulo mdlalo ungquzulwano luyasombuululeka ngokuthi lJ.Nomhle akhumbuze uPhumzile ngesiganeko esenzeka kwisithuba seminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, mhla yena Phumzile wasindisa ubomi bukaNomhle engozini. UNomhle uyamvuza ngeso senzo.
Nksz. NR. Mazwi
Hamba mfo kaBawo Njengel' enkulu yakwaThixo Ncincilili- Bham- Dovalele.
Intshayelelo
Ukuphucuka kukaTiyo Saga engqondweni, emphefumlweni nasesiimeni kuzotywa kuvokotheke ngala mazwi alandelayo:
Kufuneka kubekho izinto ezitsala iingqondo zabantu nezidala umdla. Kufuneka iziganeko ezi zebali zibonise imbangi yesenzo esithile nesiqhamo sesenzo eso. Ibali lithungelane, kungabikho ziganeko zifane zagxunyekwa nje, zingentmjongo.
Ibhibliyografi
Ndiyababulela abafundi bam ngokundithemba nokundinika la maanqaku ukuba ndiwahlele, ndiwalungisele upapasho. Kambe kunyanisiwe xa kuthiwa ukwanda kwaliwa ngumthakathi. Ndiyathemba ukuba sisiqaa10 esi, asisosiphelo, yaye nabo baya kuwuqhubela phambili 10 msebenzi nokuba mna sendiphelelwe kuba isiXhosa nolwimi lwethu lufuna ukukhathalelwa ukuba asifuni ludake.
Wa! Nzwakazi yezixhobo, Tshawekazi lasezindle, Gbo buhle bakho bulubisi, Ndithabathekile bubo Wa! Nyibiba umhle!
Ziindlela ngeendlela ke ezisetyenziswa ngababhali ekuveliseni urnxholo wencwadi. Xa ethanda, unako ukusixelela ngokunokwakhe iinjongo zokuyibhala kwakhe incwadi okanye kungenjalo, uninzi lwababhali abaNtsundu boMzantsi Afrika lukholisa ukuwuveza kwalapha egameni lencwadi. Zombini ke ezi ndlela sele ndizichaphazele ziyawubulala kakhulu umdla womfundi. Kanti oompondo-zihlanjiwe ke bona lowo
Bobabini aba babhali basebenzisa uthelekiso ukugxininisa udaba lwabo. Kwilivo lakhe elithi "Luqeqesho 010", uMadala uthelekisa umntu oNtsundu noMhlophe abonise indlela abathi aba baNtsundu bamtefise ngayo umntwana ade abe liathalala elingakwazi ukuzimela ngokwalo, liixhomekeke kumzali seliyingqandasi endala. Usinika esi siyalo:
Udaba lukaJordan lucace kangangokuba ibali lakhe lifikelela esipheelweni ngendlela eyanelisayo. Akukho nemfuneko yokuba azikroboze ukhakhayi ezama ukudala iimeko ezizodwa zokuphetha ibali lakhe. Akafani nababhali abaliqela besiXhosa abaziphetha iincwadi zabo benoodaba olumbaxa noluzibhidayo iingqondo zabafundi. Okwesibini, uyekela kumfundi ukuba azibonele ukuba uthini na ngebali lakhe, nto leyo entaanywa ziziganeko azizobileyo kwinoveli yakhe. Ukuludiza udaba oluqulathwe yincwadi kuyawubulala umdla womfundi.
12. Umxholo nesimbo kwisihobe sikaNgcangata 94
Ukudlula apho masikhe sithathe okaSatyo umhobe othi "Umama oNtsundu".
Enqunq' amabatha namakhwiniba Angangqina okaCingo nokaNdawo.
Le ncoko isinika kwangoko ingqondo ethi kuza kwenzeka ntoni na kulo mdlalo okanye urnxholo ungantoni na. Incoko ithethwa ngabalinganiswa ngokusebenzisa ulwimi. Kubalulekile ukuba ubani aluqonde ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngumbhali ukuze abe nokuwuqonda umxholo womdlalo. Izimo neengcamango zabalinganiswa zivezwa yincoko.
Kwinewadi Inzonzobila ekugqibeleni iimfihlo ziyavezwa. Umlinganiswa oyintloko uZinzo wayengazi ukuba kanti ukhulisa ithole likaDlangisa uBhongo. Kule ithi Izinto zimana ukwenzeka sibona uNovusile ecela uxolo kumyeni wakhe, ezaneka phambi kwakhe. ULanga uyarnxolela naxa wayesazi ukuba oyena mntu unobutyala ngesi simo somfazi wakhe nguye buqu.
Le nto siyiva kwingxoxo phakathi kukaMaGaba noNozipho. Le ngxoxo ivuswa ngumtshato wabanye abantu ababini.
(Yali-Manisi, Izibongo zeenkosi zamaXhosa, 1952:46]
UTshiwo: Umzi kabawo namhla uvelelwe. Ziinkuntsela zitsibe nelikaPhungela. Endothatha ndidiibanise nayo andiyazi, ngentomb' esomi, ibhoongo lam, ihobe lam, iqhayiya lam - uNonkosi. (Ngani, Umkhonto kaTshiwo, 1959:1]
4. Imibongo evakalisa inkcaso okanye eyonkwintsho 63
Amazwi akhe athi "Ndiyazikhupha ... ndizikhupha ngenxa yakho" (Tamsanqa, p. 29) abonisa isigqibo esikhulu nesibalulekileyo esithathwe nguNomampondomise. Amazwi akhe okugqibela kuGugulethu ambeka phantsi kwengxaki enkulu yokuba kunyanzeleke ukuba angamdanisi. Ukusukela apha kwenzeka amanqam ukuya kuvuthondaba. Siphenana ndisibonayo sinye, sesokuba uGugulethu, njengamntwana womXhosa okhuliswe ngokuhlonipha abazali, asuke awethise umoya webali ngokuunikezela kwasentloko kolu ngquzulwano.
Singaliphetha eH nqaku ngelithi ezi rnpawu sithethe ngazo ngasentla apha kuthi ukuze kulunge zithungelane, zisebenzisane ukuphurneza injongo yornbhali wenoveli. Makucace kurnfundi ukuba zininzi ezinye iindlela zokuqwalasela ibali ezixhornekeke kwezinye iindlela zohlalutyo kodwa ezi sizikhankanye ngasentla ziirnpawu eziqhelekileyo kuhlalutyo lwesithethe.
Lo ukhwazwayo ke selegoso negxalaba lasekhohlo isandla sekhohlo sisengxoweni yebh ulukh we, esokuunene siphethe ungcaphephe. Lo ngcaphephe ke yiqhiya emhlophe ... Umlomo awusahlangani kuba oosibali bakhe bamncoma "iiwalks" zakhe "ezisimati". (Burns-Ncamashe, Masibaliselane, 1961 :111-112)
Ulwazi lufukame ubudenge, Ubudenge yitrone yobulumko Iinyembezi ngumthombo wenkathalo.
Phambi kokuba ndingene kowona mxholo, ndifuna ukuqala ngokuzama ukuxovula imiba emibini ngalo mbuzo, eyile: ngaba yintoni ibali elifuutshane, yaye lahluka njani kwezinye iimbalo eziqwetyiweyo ngakumbi isincoko? Le mibandela kuyafuneka ukuba icaciswe kuba ithande kuba mfiliba nakwiingqondo zabanye ababhali ndawonye nabafundi. Yiyo loo nto uMtuze (1986:6) ecaphula kumazwi ooStone, Packer noHoopes athi:
Kufanelekile ukuba siqale siqwalasele ubugcisa bokubhalwa kwebali eliifutshane, iimpawu eziphambili zalo neendlela zokwenza ibali elifutshane eliqulunqwe kakuhle ezifana nabalinganiswa, intshukumo, umxholo naangaphezulu uqulungano nokubetha kwalo koozelekazi. Kukwabalulekile nokuba sithi xa siqwalasele ibali elifutshane sikhumbule ukuba kufuneka silijonge ibali njengendibanisela evanayo yamalungu alo ahlukeneyo kodwa naxa kunjalo kufanele ukuba loo malungu siwaqwalasele naxa emi odwa (Pannwitt, 1964). Asingawo onke amabali amafutshane angezinto eziqwetyiweyo kuba amanye awo angezinto zembali ezakha zehla. Kunjalo ke nalapha kula mabali kaBurns-Neamashe.
Wena uyadlokovisa, Wena uyagcobisa, Wena uyathuthuzela, Wena uyalalisa.
Ingqumbo yeminyanya isixelela ngongquzulwano phakathi kweendlela zokwenza izinto zeli xesha nezamandulo kwakunye nefuthe lezi meko kubomi babantu. UDingezweni yinoveli ezoba ubomi bomntwaana oqeqeshwe kakubi nguyise, hayi umama kwesi sihlandlo. Le nto isenza sicinge kuba siqhele ingoomama abona abantwana ngokubafekethisa, njengoko sibona kwincwadi kaSinxo ethi Umzali wolahleko apho umntwana oniwe kukungaqeqeshwa ngunina. UKwazidenge yinoveli efana yodwa ebeka elubala iziqhamo zobutshaba phakathi kwezizwe, oko kukuthi ubuhlanga neziphumo zabo kubantu abamsulwa abanjengaabathandanayo. Uthando alunamida. EsiXhoseni sithi uthando aluboni.
Wavela uMadala nencwadi ethi Amavo amafutshane, u W.K Tamsanqa neyakhe ethi Imitha yelanga, uMtuze uvele nethi Ingqaqaba kanti kwakho udibene noMjamba ngencwadi ethi Ugeme. Emva koko kulandele uKS.
UNontando, ongumfazi kaLanga, wahlukile mpela kuCikizwa.
(Sinxo, Isitiya, 1962:111)
Ngokungafaniyo nebali lakhe lokuqala, apha akanangcaciso ngesimo sentlalo, abalinganiswa abavezwa ngokwanelisayo yaye engekho non dooqo webali elicombulukayo. Umbhali uxoxa nje kuphela ngezinto ezathi zenzeka emva kokusutywa kukufa kukaNobantu, unina kaNkosi uSandile.
Iinoveli eziphathelele entlalweni
Nksk. P.N Sandi
Imbali ngobhalo lwezincoko
lincwadi ezininzi zide zibe ziintshurnayelo eziphandle. UG.B. Sinxo uye ashurnayele phandle kwiincwadi zakhe. Mve ukuba uthini na ukupheendula uNojayiti mhla uKoranti othuswe kukufumana inkosikazi yakhe ihleli notshaba lwakhe:
Nksz. NA. Tyala
Uthelekiso lwesibobe sikaQangule nesikaNgcangata njalo njalo kanti eminye imibongo inesitanza esinye kuphela. UQangule noNgcangata banezitanza eziyeleleneyo kuninzi lwemibongo yabo. Into ebalulekileyo ngezitanza zabo kukuba zithwele udaba olubalulekileyo, azihombisanga nje kuphela.
• Iinkomo zaloo magqwirha zazithinjwa.
Isihobe sezi mini singasahlula sibe zezi zintlu zilandelayo:
UMzamane ukwabonisa ukuba onke amadoda aphumeleleyo axhaswe ngamakhosikazi yaye le nto uyigxininisa ngakurnbi ngokuthi abafazi baalwele arnalungelo abo kwiindibano zabo. Ukwabonakalisa kakuhle ukuba irnfundo efanelekileyo yethi phakarnisa nabanye xa uphakama. UMaaNzotho akazimisele ukubuyela edolophini kuba eqonda ukuba uncedo lwakhe luyafuneka nasernaphandleni:
Intshayelelo
Ibali elithi "Isaqhwithi" lindindene kakuhle ukwenzela ukuba lithathe ixesha elingephi naxa uMtuze exubusha ingxabano ethabathe iminyaka kwibandla likaMfundisi uMzananda. Isimo sentlalo sisebenzelana kakuuhIe nezinye iimfuneko zebali elifutshane. Isimo sikaMfundisi uMzananda sisiva ngeentetho zakhe ezibonakalisa ukungabi namonde kwakhe, ukuba lukhuni kwakhe, nokuwasebenzisa kakubi amagunya akhe. Iintetho ezivakala kweli balana zinendima ebalulekileyo ekugxininiseni intsingiselo yebali ngalinye. Umzekelo, intetho ethi "Sifuna ukubona uYesu" ethethwe kubushushu bengxoxo nembambano ibonakalisa ukuba iimbambano ziyayisitha indima kaKrestu ezityalikeni. Endaweni yokubona yena njeengentloko yetyalike, sibona ububi beembambano zabantu.
ULusinga-singa ngumdaka kaBhene UVelel' iimbombo zomhlaba
6. Izincoko zikaJolobe nezikaMadala 26
Uhambisa enjenje ke 10 kaVerschoor (1972:3):
Nksk. G.N Mrubata
Isihobe sale mihla sesiXhosa asisabonakalisi mava ahlanganyelweyo oluntu luphela, yiyo loo nto athi uKillam (1973:96) ngaso "modern African poetry became an experiment in self-exorcism".
Ukuphetha ndingatsho ukuthi le mixholo yale midlalo iyangqamana namazwi engcali ethi ukuba ababhali bayaziphepha izinto ezidla uluntu kwezentlalo, ezenkcubeko neepolitiki, baya kuba ngabangaphiliyo kolo luntu balubhalelayo. Yonke le midlalo ndiyikhankanyileyo izama ukuusombulula iingxaki ezikuloo mingxilo yobomi.
"Yakhany' okwenkwenkwezi" (Ilitha, 1985:10).
Uvuthondaba
Bobabini aba babhali bezincoko bazahlula ezinye izincoko zabo zibe zizigaba ezibini. Isincoko sikaJolobe esithi "Amanani" sahlulwe saba zizigaba ezibini. Kwesokuqala siboniswa ingxaki ethi ibangwe ngala maanani makhulu abaNtsundu ngokuthi enze oku kulandelayo:
UMaGaba akasiso isimumu somfazi, uvakalisa izimvo zakhe ngokukhuululekileyo. OkaTamsanqa siyamvuma ngokumzoba uMaGaba ngolu hlobo. UZwilakhe ungumlomo kaMaGaba. Umbhali uyiphuhlisa ngokucacileyo into yokuba uZwilakhe akasasebenzisi eyakhe ingqondo koko ugqithisa uluvo lwenkosikazi yakhe kwamanye amadoda. 010 luvo lolu:
Nobaqonda ngeziqhamo zabo. Kukhe kukhiwe iidiliya emithaneni enameva namakhiwane ezinkunzaneni yhini na? NgokunjaJo yonke imithi elungiJeyo ivelisa iziqhamo ezihJe, ke wona umthi ongenguwo uvelisa iziqhamo ezibi.
Kambe ayimininzi imibongo elolu hlobo kuba kaloku ibifudula ingavumelekanga ncam kwabasemagunyeni. Ndithetha ukungamkeleki ke ngohlobo lokuba amaziko asembusweni afana neNational Language Board avela anemithetho engqingqwa kakhulu ethintela ukupapashwa kwayo nayiphi na into engathi inophawu lwepolitika phakathi kuyo. Yiyo le nto okaMtuze (1991:14) evakala eyibeka kalusizi le nto xa athi:
Xa silandela intetho kaZwilakhe kulo mdlalo, iphinda kanye la mazwi kaMaGaba. UZwilakhe uma kwanongxi ngeempondo kwindibano yamawabo kuba engafuni kushenxa kwiminqweno kaMaGaba, kanti sibuya simbone esayinela uGugulethu kuba engafuni nakancinane ukuuphazamisa iimbono zikaMaGaba. Nentlekele yaseMthatha izalwa kwayile mpembelelo kaMaGaba kuba uthe akoyiswa ngumthwalo wokondla uZwilakhe uMaGaba wacebisa ukuba umfazana makathunyelwe emyeniinL lfuthe likaMaGaba lingamandla. Kuyo yonke incwadi le nguye oyiintloko,
UmbhaIi angawuveza njani umxholo kubafundi?
Indlela abaziveza ngayo abalinganiswa Abalinganiswa abangumfuziselo
(v) isimo sentlalo.
Isimboli okanye umelo njengokuba abanye besitsho yinto emele enye into. Loo nto ithetha ukuthi inentsingiselo eyenye ngaphandle kwale iboonakalayo. Iisimboli azifani, ezinye zezaloo mntu uzisebenzisileyo kanti ezinye zezikawonke-wonke. Le nto ifana neziteketiso. Abazali banezabo iziteketiso abambiza ngazo umntwana wabo kanti zikho ezibizwa ngoogxa bakhe phaya ngaphandle kwekhaya. Ilifu elimnyama limele udandatheko nokufa, kanti indwe ernhlophe imele uxolo. Iintyatyambo zimele uthando kanti kumaXhosa isikhova simele ububi, naxa kubeLungu simele ubulumko.
Mandigqibezele ngokaSatyo umbongo othi "Isixeko iRhawuti". Kulo ke umhobe imbongi isizobela umfanekiso wentlalo yamatyotyombe esihlala kuwo thina bantu baNtsundu. Umqolo ngamnye kulo mhobe usinika umfaniso ongathandabuzekiyo wendawo ekuhlala kuyo abantu abaMnyama eRhawutini. Ukuphela kwezibane zedolophu yabaMhlophe kukuqala kwethunzi lobumnyama besixeko sabaMnyama. Ibinza elithi "indlu emnyama" ndilifumana linentsingiselo embaxa. Indlu emnyama yindawo yabantu abaMnyama kanti ikwayindawo engakhanyiswanga. Obunje bona ubuchule bokutyhila ubumnyama bendawo nabantu bayo!
[Mna Mhleli ndinqwenela ukuhlornela le nto sithi ngesiLungu yisolilooquy kwalapha. Yona yenzeka ngokuthi umlinganiswa athethe yedwa, aveze imbilini yakhe ethi isivezele izinto ebesingenakuzazi ukuba bezingavezwanga ngolo hlobo. Ukuba uqwalasela intetho kaGugulethu uya kurnfumana ethetha yedwa iintetho ezibuhlungu ngamanye amaxeesha. Le nto isityhilela intlungu nernbilini yakhe.]
Elokuphetha lelithi uninzi lwala manqaku belubhalwe ngesiNgesi, kodwa ndabona kufanelekile ukuba ndiwaguqulele esiXhoseni onke nanjengoko injongo ikukuba afundwe ngabafundi abantetho isisiXhosa, ukuqalela kwiMatriki ukuya e Yunivesithi. Naxa kunjalo, ndizamile ukungaziguquli izimvo zababhali bawo. Omnye umntu uya kothuka ukuba nditshatise amabanga abesakuhanjiswa ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphambili, iMatriki neMfundo ye Yunivesithi. Ngokwezam iimbono, 10 mahluko awumele kuba kho kuba umfundi okwiMatriki selenkqonkqoza e Yunivesithi, ke ngoko akamele kufika khona kusarhidiwe ngezinto ezeenziwa khona.
Umqukumbelo
Siphetha ngelithi okaQangule uchubekile ekubhaleni isihobe. Ubhale ngemibandela ngemibandela yaye ubuchule bakhe bubonakaliswa kukuba umbongo wakhe ngamnye wakhiwe kakuhle. Kusoloko kukho unxibeleelwano phakathi kwesihloko sakhe. ubuthumbu nesakhiwo sombongo wakhe. Kuyo yonke loo nto isihobe sakhe sifuna ukuba umntu acinge. angafundi nje amagama.
(iv) urnxholo,
Ngenxa yoko kuyimfanelo yododana olukhulayo ukuba luzimisele ukuyithula ngokupheleleyo le mithwalo ingaaka yabafazi.
Isiphene esinye endisibonayo mna kweli balana kukuba umbhali uthande kuntyuntya kakhulu. Yingxaki endinayo kuninzi lwala mabali kaBurnssNcamashe le yokunaba kakhulu la gama sithi ibali elifutshane malibethe koozelekazi, liwanxweme amasolotya angangeni ndawo kowona mxholo webali.
12. Ukulingana kwendoda nomfazi kulzinto zodidi 47
Mzamane, G.I.M.
UDeyi sirnboniswa kuqala elitshipha kanti unkosikazi wakhe uhlangana naye selekwiqela lerniguvela eyenza intlondi kanti uphetha seleguqukile kuyo yonke loo rno. Singatsho ke ukuthi ungurnlinganiswa ongqukuva.
Isihobe bubushushu bezimbo obuxhentsisa isiciko seengqondo ethi iziphozise ngokubhexesha ngolwimi, naangokuzamisa ngosiba, okanye isihobe kukudubuleka nokuphuphuma kweengcamango ngamandla angeenakuchazwa.
Incwadi kaMinazana Dana ethi Kufundwa ngamava inaba ngaphezulu kunezi sezikhankanywe ngasentla yaye iziganeko ezixutyushwa kuyo zichukumisa umxhelo kuba zingqiyame ngobomi esibuqhelileyo. Umbandela ophambili wezi ncwadi ngulowo wokuba ubulungisa buyasamela, inkohlakalo iphelela eluhayini. Ingcali kwezoncwadi uGerard (1971:50) ubhala athi ngezi ncwadi zeli xesha: dolophini. Yena uMqhayi kwincwadi yakhe ethi UDon Jadu ujolise ekukhuthazeni ukulingana okupheleleyo kwezizwe kwicala lezentlalo, ezoqoqosho nezepolitiki; kubekho imfundo elunyanzelo, iCawe noMbuso kusondelelwane.
Sib ana umdlalo ucombuluka ukusuka apha. UBrooks noWarren (1964:22) bakuchaza ngolu hlobo oku kucombuluka:
Uburharha buyabonakala kwizincoko zaba babhali bobabini naxa nje bethande kuxubusha imicimbi engahambi naluvuyo.
"Kwavela baso limbi" (Ilitha, 1985:10) apho kuthiwa imfundo nengqobhoko luhlobo oluthile lwesikhanyiso.
Kwisigaba sesibini, sibona la mancedo alandelayo amanani:
Le nto ingqinelana twatsa nentetho kaSwanepoel (1990:7) ethi:
Oku kulingana kwendoda nomfazi sikubona xa uMamNzotho anika impendulo ehlabaniselayo xa esalelwa iimfanelo zakhe zomtshato esithi "kungokuba ibingahlawuli yodwa ... " Le mpendulo izalwa kukuba amakhosikazi ebesoloko engenalungelo lokuzimela emthethweni wesiNtu, asoloko ephantsi kolawulo lwamadoda (Cock, 1980:240).
Imidlalo yesiXhosa ingahlulwa ibe yile mixholo ilandelayo:
Le ngcaciso ingentla isikhokelela ekubeni sithi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule ndlela yohlalutyo luvakalelo lwaloo mntu uhlalutyayo nento ayithandayo yena. Kufuneka ke ngoko ubani abe nokuphendula imibuzo efana nokuthi uyithanda njani na incwadi ethile okanye zithini na iimboono zakhe ngesicatshulwa esithile.
Imbali ngokubhalwa kwezincoko esiXhoseni, ngokutsho kukaJordan (1973:39), isuka kude phaya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo apho ababhali babonisa ubungcali kwiziqwengana ezazipapashwa ukuvela kwamaphepha-ndaba okuqala. Ngoko ke uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuvela kwephepha-ndaba Izwi labantu kunye neSigidimi kwaba lilinge lokuqala lokupapasha amavo amafutshane. Inkqubela phambili ibonakele ngokuthi kuvele incwadi ethi Zemk' inkomo magwalandini edibanisa ingqokelela yamavo ababhali ngababhali eyathi yapapashwa ngowe-1906. Yayibhalwe nguW.B. Rubusana. Laliselivakala ngoku ifuthe nobushushu bokubhala.
Intlekele
Eminye imibongo yanamhlanje igudle iipolitiki kuba inukuneza ukuxhaatshazwa nokucinezelwa kwabantu. Kwincwadi kaMtuze noSatyo ethi Uyavuth' umlilo simbona 10 kaMtuze ekhalela ukucalu-calulwa kwabantu abaNtsundu eSoshanguve kanti bona abeLungu bahleli kunye ePitoli njeengesizwe esinye esimhlophe. ESoshanguve kuhleli iintlanga ezintsundu ngokwahlukeneyo kuba kukho imimandla yabeSotho, eyamaShangana, eyabaNguni neyamaVenda. NoQangule unayo imibongo enjalo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Intshuntshe, umzekelo "Inkabi kabawo" kanti noJolobe unawo umbongo onjalo othi "Isililo sikaNdlebende' kwincwadi yakhe ethi Umyezo.
• Isizwe samaKhoi, uhlanga IwabeBala, sasingabamelwane namaXhosa ngexesha likaTshiwo.
Lo mdlalo uzibonakalisa kakuhle ezi mpawu. OkaTamsanqa uyihlabe kakuhle ifolo, wabonisa ukuba ezi mpawu zomdlalo zithungelana njani ukuphumeza injongo yombhali.
Ndigqibe ekubeni ndenze umzekelo ngalo kaSiwisa kuba phantse yabe iqala apha kuye le ngxaki yokubhidaniswa kwezincoko namabalana, ngxaki leyo ebe yintuntanja, yathungela iincwadi eziliqela zesiXhosa. Naxa kunjalo ndiyathemba ukuba 10 mqela ndiwenze ngasentla apha malunga nomahluko phakathi kwezi ndidi zimbini zobhalo uya kuyigaabula inkungu kubafundi.
Kumdlalwana othi "Umsesane", kwincwadi kaMtuze ethi Itsili, sifuumana ingabula-zigcawu equphayo. Sibona uXolani nomZima, abasinqe sasiseQonce, beseKapa. Kwangoko simva umZima ecela unyana wakhe ukuba amthumele emaXhoseni umolokazana, aye kuhlala khona kuba engavunyelwa eKapa ngumthetho wamapasi.
Iinoveli ezingesikolo nobomi emva kwesikolo
5. Umdlalo ondima-nye esiXhoseni 113
Imo yezincoko zikaJolobe nezikaMadala
Ingxoxo kuIo mdlaIo ayihombisanga nje kupheIa koko inento eyenzayo. Iqhubela phambili ibali yaye iphuhlisa abalinganiswa. Eyona nto intle ngayo kukuba ibafanele abalinganiswa bakaTamsanqa. Nditsho mna neezimema zikaGugulethu ekhala esimantshiyane esithi limkile ilanga, ziirnfaneIe kuIoo meko akuyo.
Le ncoko yaba babini izidulisa gca iinjongo zombhali. Uva kwaukubetha oku kweelwimi zabo ukuba inene azibonisani phakathi kukaFikele noNomthunzi inkosikazi yakhe. UFikele umile kwinto yokuba usaza kuyalusa yena inkwenkwe yakhe kuba xa ingakhange yaya ebhumeni ifana nengalukanga kuye, abe yena uNomthunzi engaboni sikhwasilima kuloo nto, ukusuka apho uyalitsolisa elokuba makabe usadla ngendebe endala owakwakhe xa asenezo ngqondo.
Siyazi ukuba iimbongi zethu ezimbini, uMtuze noSatyo, ziimbongi zale mihla ezibonga ngezinto ezingqonge intlalo yabantu kule mihla. Nazo ke, kuba zip hila kule ntlalo, ziyachaphazeleka. Yiyo loo nto zithe azabi nakuuzibamba, zangumlomo wesizwe. Intuthumbo yengcinezelo ziyazi ncam ezi mbongi, kungoko ke imihobe emininzi kwincwadi yazo ethi Uyavuth' umlilo iyeyokukhalaza. Urnxholo wokukhalaza ngowona uqaqambileyo kwesi sihobe xa sisonke. Azikhalazi pahaha ezi mbongi, koko zinobuchule bokuthi zibonga ngokuthile zisuke zithi qhushe ezi zikhalazo zibhongisa umzi oNtsundu kweli lizwe.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeelirikhi
Mandiphethe ngelithi la ngamagqabaza nje kuphela. Ubani akanakho ukuthetha atyalusele ngezi ncwadi zintathu kumaphetshana ambalwa afana nala.
Xa imbongi isenza isihobe, isenza isiqu somsebenzi wayo wobugcisa ngokuthi ihlomele ilahla. Esi siqu saziwa nangegama elithi isakhiwo. Esi sakhiwo sibonakala kwizinto ezifana nesingqi, imvano-siphelo, nezinye izinto eziphathelele kwisakhiwo. Isakhiwo yinto ebalulekileyo kwisihobe sezi mini. Naxa kunjalo, asinakho ukusebenza sona sodwa kuba ukuba kwenzeke aka, ~iya kuba ngumhombiso nje kuphela. Isakhiwo kunye nokuqulathiweyo zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kuba ziyazakuzelelana. Okuqulathiweyo kufuneka kube nokuveza kuphuhlise umfanekisoontelekelelo othile engqondweni yomfundi.
• Amagqirha amabini uMpondombini noDubulegeqa bancedakele, basebenzisa eli thuba ukuhlohla ezabo izisu. UDubulegeqa utyhola abantu abamsulwa ngokuthakatha. Inkitha yabantu neentsapho zabo bathi babulawa nguKhwane noMagwaza eMngaza.
Iingxaki zentlalo-politiki ziyabonaka kwinewadi kaJolobe ethi Amathunzi obomi (1957) apho ubuhlwempu nobukhwabakazi obuzalwa kukuswelekelwa yindoda kwabafazi ezidolophini ndawonye nokuswela imisebenzi kubaqhubela ekuthengiseni utywala. Le meko ichana nornntu obesele engene enkonzweni. igqithele nakubantwana bakhe abaya babe ngamaxhoba.
Nomthunzi: TakaLanga, uLanga usifumene esiya sithuba sokuba ngumabhalana ... Ndisiva ngeeempukane eziluhlaza nje ukuthi la mntwana waluka, wakha wayiva loo nto?
(ii) ukuzotywa kwabalinganiswa, (iii) ingxoxo,
Umqukumbelo
Nomthunzi: Usadla ngendeb' endala ukuba uphelele apho.
Umqukumbelo
Fikele: Walukela phi na, Nomthunzi? Walukele embilinini okwembila? Sisimanga sani eso? (Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976:1)
A-a ZweJiyazuza. ITshawe laseBhiJitani. NguMzimb' uyaqhuma elokubuJiswa NguMzimb' uyavutha elokuteketiswa NguZweJiyazuza eJibizwa ngasemva NguTshawuz' imibane eJibizwa yimbongi.
Ngaphezulu koko okaMtuze uzama ukubonisa ukuba kula siphila kuwo amaxesha ulutsha alusenalo ixesha lokuya hlathini ukuze umntu abe uyindoda. Eli siko ke, ukutsho, ngokuhamba kwamaxesha liza kuhamba lihambe liphelelwe.
OkaMtuze uvula ngombuzo-buciko onamandla ophuhlisa ukudinwa nokudikwa kwembongi kukungabi nakhaya inalo, ithi "Ndingowaphi mna kanye-kanye? Ndixeleleni". Isimelabizo esingu-"mna" siso kanye esiboonisa ukuba imbongi ayisacengi kakhulu ngoku. Kanti ukuphindwa kukaa"kanye" kuthiwe "kanye kanye" nako kuyongeza kulo mfanekiso wokudiikwa nokucaphuka.
Uvuthondaba
Nksk. J.N Nkowane
Icebiso lam linye kuphela lelokuba kufuneka amehlo siwavule xa sifuunda iincwadi, singalandeli nje kuba kusithiwa incwadi iludidi oluthile.
J(usetyenziswe kakhulu uehasaniso apha, kwanikwa nemifanekisoontelekelelo eeacileyo. Ibhotile neBhayibhile zizinto ezingadibaniyo, kanti nomfundisi nejoni, ikwazezinye izinto ezingahambelaniyo phantsi kwengxam yalo mbongo. Glu ehasaniso lubonakalisa imbidano eze neTshawe laseBritane.
Indima licandelo elibalulekileyo kumsebenzi wedrama. Eli candelo lenziiwa ngokuhlenga-hlengisa iziganeko okanye izenzeko kwidrama ukuze zibe ziindima eziliqela ezahlulwe zaba yimiboniso. Idrama le ingene kade apha esiXhoseni. Eyokuqala yaba yimidlalwana kaSinxo ngowe-19Z5 kanti wona umdlalo opheleleyo wokuqala esinawo ngulowo kaMbidlana uthi Zangen' iin~omo. Wapapashwa ngowe-1954.
Dibanisa ke kule ndlela yokukhula kukaZwelinzima ifuthe leCawe, abeFundisi neeBhishopu. UBhishopu ungumfuziselo wentlalo yaseNtshona. Kuyo yonke loo nto, 10 mntu unguZwelinzima ulungiseleelwa ukukhokela abantu abangengabo abasesikolweni. Kuyacaca ke ngoko ukuba uZwelinzima ngumntu omnyama ominxwe ziindlela ezimbini zokuhlala.
Lilonke abalinganiswa baxonxwe ngumbhali othi ngabo avakalise imiinqweno namava akhe kanye njengoko uTamsanqa esenza kwincwadi ethi Buzani kubawo:
An image is generally a recognizable sense appeal in words. Such an appeal should present a description so graphic or clear that the reader can relate it to his own senses or his own experience.
2. Amagqabaza ngamabali amafutshane kaBurns-Ncamashe 12
Eli bakala lixhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini ukuze liphumelele, isiseko sebali nokuzotywa kwabalinganiswa. OkaMkonto umenze uDlangisa akangqinelana ngezenzo nesihlalo esiphezulu anikwe sona ecaweni, igosa ukutsho aka. Unentaphane yamashishini kodwa ukwakwiqela elithengisa intsangu.
Kwincoko yabazali bakhe ngaye siphawula ukuba bayazingca ngonyana wabo 10, yaye ufundile uza kufumana umsebenzi njengomabhalana eSada.
Umzekelo waloo nto singawubona kumb~ngo - kaQmgule-othi "Isixhobo esiyingxaki" (p. 26) apho athi "Umlambo lucango lwengqondo, umlambo yintunja yovakalelo".
(Qangule,lntshuntshe, 1970:23)
Ngunyaka wonke iinyembezi eziphalaza,
UThobeka uthobeke ngokwenene, yigusha kude kuse ekupheleni.
Incwadi kaNgani ethi Umkhonto kaTshiwo ixubusha umbandela wokubulawa kwabantu ekwakusithiwa ngamagqwirha nguTshiwo ikumkani yamaXhosa. Luninzi kakhulu uvakalelo kulo mdlalo.
UTamsanqa yena uchaza ngokusela umoya, aze yena uBudaza asichazele ngonqulo, esikhululweni seebhasi nezinye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba naxa kuyinto ebalulekileyo kwezobuungcali ukukwazi ukuzidwelisa nokuzidalanca izinto, le nto inobunzima ngamanye amaxesha. Yiyo loo nto ezinye iincwadi ziwa kwizintlu ezahl ukeneyo.
Nksk. G.N Mrubata
Uvutho-ndaba kwincwadi Ingqumbo yeminyanya silubona lutshayeleelwa kukutshata kukaZwelinzima uThembeka sibe isizwe sona sifuna inkosazana yakwaBhaca. Lufika xa uNobantu obesoloko exakeke kwizinto zenkqubela nomyeni wakhe abulala inkwakhwa, uMajola. Konakala ukuhlala, samvukela sonke isizwe ngaphandle nje kwegcudwana elaliikwicala labo.
Umxholo
P.T. Mtuze
Umqukumbelo
Yin din dilili yindishilili Yingangalala yengangamsha.
Iimbongi zakwaNtu zazinesinxibo sazo esisodwa. Zazisebenzisa ikakhulu iimfele zezilo ezithile ezaziwa ngobukroti nobukrele-krele bengqondo, nto ke leyo engumfuziselo wokuba lowo ubongwayo ufanele ukuba nezo mpawu. Zazithwala izidlokolo, ziphatha umkhonto, igqudu nekhaka. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kolu didi lweembongi ibisisingqisho nomngqungqo. Izibongo ezi bezingabhalwa, imbongi ibichukumiseka ngelo xesha, ngaloo mzuzu, kube sekuphuma into ngomlomo. Zonke iimbongi zixhamla amalungelo okusebenzisa izixwexwe zamagama, mhlawumbi zidibanise nezithuko kwalapho. Loo nto ibiyitsho inkosi ingonwabi ngaphakathi entliziyweni.
Siqaphela ukuba uGugulethu uncwase uNomampondomise la gama abazali bakhe befuna uThobeka.
Isakhiwo ngumqokozo wonxibelelwano nokuphefumlelana kweziiganeko ebalini, esinye sizala esinye. Isiyileli ukutsho oko sahlulwa sibe ngamabakala amahlanu. Kwingabula-zigeawu kuye kwaziswe ixesha neendawo apho ibali liqhubeka khona. Umbhali uye aphinde asazise ngaabalinganiswa nendawo abazibambileyo ekuhlaleni kunye namagqaabantshintshi ngezimo zabo. Ukulungiswa komhlaba wokuntshula kweembewu yolwabhici ngokuthi kudalwe umingi-mingi kufumaneka kwaakweli nqanaba.
• Xa siqwalasela 10 mbandela, siya kusebenzisa imbali eyinyaniso esiyiifumana kwincwadi kaSoga ethi South Eastern Bantu (1930:116-119). Nasi isishwankathelo sezinto athi 10 kaSoga zenzeka kwimbali yamaGqunukhwebe noTshiwo:
Kwinewadi Inzonzobila kaB.B. Mkonto kwakwiphepha lokuqala usinikile ixesha nendawo apho ibali lenzeka khona, eKapa kwilokishi yaseNyanga kwaye kungongewalazi ngoMvulo umhla we-15 kuTshaazimpuzi ngowe-1985. Umlinganiswa oyintloko, uZinzo, nomxhasi wakhe, uMamNtakwende, saziswa ngabo kwakumboniso wokuqala, siphinde kumboniso wesibini sifumane umchasi onguDlangisa nenkosikazi yakhe uNomatshawe. Kulo mboniso wokuqala umbhali usikrobisile ukuba impixano isavele ngeempondo. Oku sikufumana kwingxoxo kaZinzo noMamNtakwende ukuba likho apho lifukanyiswe khona iqanda eliboolileyo kuba uthi:
Isisombululo
Inkosi ibiluha'yile uhlanga ngaphezu kwesiqu sayo. Iimbongi bezidla ngokugxininisa kweli cala lihle, ziye kancinci kwiziphoso neziphene. Izibongo ikwaziziqhulo ekuqhulwa ngazo Iowa sukuba ebongwa, ukuboonisa imbeko nendlela athandwa ngayo Iowa uqhulwayo. Inkosi ethaandwayo ngabantu bayo ibiba neziqhulo ezininzi. Isikhahlelo lelona gama laziwayo nebuliswa ngalo ngabantu, njengoko bekusakutshiwo kuNkosi D. Mavuso ukuthi "A-a Heshangophondo". Phantse zonke iinkosi zakwaNtu zibe nezikhahlelo zazo. Iimbongi bezingaphelelanga ekuboongeni inkosi yodwa, bezikwabonga nezilwanyana, imithi, iintyatyambo, njalo njalo.
Nomthunzi:
Ungquzulwano ngundoqo kuwo nawuphi na urndlalo. Lusenokuba ngaphakathi okanye lube ngaphandle. Ungquzulwano lwangaphandle lwenzeka xa izirnvo zomlinganiswa zingqubana nezabanye abalinganiswa. Ukungavisisani kukaGugulethu noZwilakhe lungquzulwano olungaphaandle. Olwangaphakathi lwenzeka xa urnlinganiswa ajika-jikana nengqoondo yakhe ezama ukude agqibe ukuba rnakenze ntoni na. Loo nto siyayiibona ngalaa mhla tiGugulethu acinga ngokubulala ornnye wabantwana bomkakhe.
Naxa ezi ndidi zimbini ziyelelene, ukho umahluko phakathi kwazo. Lo mahluko wenza ukuba sibe nakho ukukrwela umgca owahlulayo phakathi kwazo naxa singenakuyikhanyela into ethi ziindidi ezizalanayo. Ukusiibonisa oku okaMtuze (1986:9) usenzele udweliso lwezimvo zikaDlamini athe wazishwankathela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Xa siqwalasela isincoko, kwelinye icala, siya kuphawula ukuba sona ikakhulu sityekele engxoxweni nasekuguquleni izimvo zomntu. Umbhali uphambili kuso, usinika iindlela azibona ngayo izinto, nto ke leyo esingamele kuba nayo kwibali elifutshane.
OkaKwetana (1987) ubagocagocile ababhali abaliqela bezincoko esiXhoseni, wathetha wophela ngokuncomekayo kunye neemposiso aziibonileyo kubo apha. Umncome kakhulu uJolobe obonakalisa ulwazi oluphangaleleyo kunye nemvakalelo engathethekiyo ngesizwe sakhe kunye nezinye izizwe jikelele. Ubonakele engumntu othanda ukulanda imbali ukuze kuphuhle umcamango wakhe. OkaMadala naye indima yakhe yencomeka kakhulu. Yena ugqwesile ngezincoko ezimalunga neendalo. Naye njengoJolobe ube negalelo elincomekayo kubhalo lwezincoko esiXhoseni ukunyusa umgangatho wazo. UTamsanqa yena uzibalule ekuucaphuleni kwezinye iincwadi, ezabaMhlophe nabaMnyama, kanti nakwiziBhalo eziNgcwele. Ubonakalise ukuba uzinika inkxamleko phaambi kokuba abhale yokuba akhe aphendla-phendle iincwadi zabanye abantu malunga noko asukuba efuna ukubhala ngako.
Igama elithi "ubudoda" lisetyenziswe izihlandlo ngezihlandlo, nto ke leyo ethetha ukuthi lowo ngowona mbandela uyintloko kumxholo wale ncwadi yaye abalinganiswa akufuneki bashenxe kuwo.
(i) mayibe nemigca elishumi elinesine, (ii) le migca mayibe sisitanza esinye, (iii) mayibe bulingana imigca ngobude,
Umntu akanakwahlulwa egameni lakhe. Isithethe sesiXhosa sithi umntu ngamnye makabe negama elibonakalisa iimpawu ezinokulandelwa nangaabantwana bakhe. Lilonke, igama libonakalisa iimpawu ezithile emntwini. UZwilakhe ulilandele igama lakhe. Uneenkani.
Abalinganiswa banokuba ziindidi ngeendidi. Kukho abasicaba nabangquukuva. UMaNyelenzi uvezwe njengornlinganiswa osicaba. Sibona kala elinye lakhe kuphela. Ulungile ukuqalela ekuqaleni encwadini ukuya esiphelweni sebali, nto leyo ke engafani nornntu oyinyarna negazi.
Namhlanje phofu umhobe oyilirikhi awusalungiselelwanga kuvunywa koko ubonakalisa iingcamango zemvakalelo yembongi ngaphezulu kunokuchaza nje iziganeko.
Isikweko:
Dialogue is a vital form of action related to plot, it is also a basic source of the study of characters and of an author's style.
Iziganeko ezifumaneka kule noveli zimele ubomi esibuqhelileyo.
Le nto iqaqambisa ukuba umbongo ugqityiwe. Kukho nemibongo engababhubhileyo ekubongwa amaqhawe asele esandulele. Le mibongo inezi zikhahlelo nezikweko kunye namabinzana okuvula umlomo nokuuvala. Ndicaphula kwincwadi kaOpland (1983:243) apho ithi le ngcali:
Into yesibini ebonakalayo ngale midlalwana kaMtuze kukuba kunqaabile ukufumana abalinganiswa abangaphezu kwesine nesihlanu. Kumdlalwana othi "Umsesane" bane xa simshiya uBhewuzana. Kumdlalo "ltyala" babini abalinganiswa abaphambili okanye ababambeneyo.
Sibona ukukhula kokungadibani kweminqweno kaGugulethu neyabazali bakhe. Impembelelo kaMaGaba malunga nomtshato kaGugulethu icaciswa gca yile ntetho ilandelayo:
Isitanza lolona.phawu lubonakala nakuthathatha kwisihobe. Ezi zitanza zahlukile. Kukho ezinemiqolo emibini, thathu, ne, ntlanu njalo njalo kanti kule mihla sekungenelela nezinemiqolo engalinganiyo ngokwenani. Into ebalulekileyo ngesitanza kukuba sidla ngokuqulatha udaba oluthile oluye ludluliselwe kwesilandelayo, ibe yiloo ntunta-nja ke ukuya esiphelweni. Ezinye zezi zitanza zinempinda-mqolo emana ivula okanye ivala isitanza ngasinye, itsho ngemvakalo ebungoma kamnandi, igxininisa owona mongo wombongo.
Ilivo sisiqanaqwana sokubhaliweyo ngeprozi apho umbhali axoxa okanye avakalisa izimvo zakhe, okanye ex()xela ukuba ubani abone ngokumfaninye naye malunga nentloko okanye umbandela othile. Ilivo ke liibhalwa kungalandelwa mgaqo uthile, koko umbhali ugqabisa kakhulu ngeembalana zokuxhasa izimvo zakhe, amacetyana okungqina ngokubonakalisa kunye noyoliso okanye uburharha bokwenza ukuba oko abhaala ngako kube nombizane.
• Intombi kaTshiwo, uNonkosi, uyafa sisifo esingaziwayo.
Cazululeka golide yaseRhawutini, Cazululeka ngqothwana zakho zonke, Umbiwe zizandl' ezibini, golide yeRhawuti Kuzo zozibini, fumbatheka.
Xa abalinganiswa besenza umdlalo eqongeni okanye kwenye indawo efanelekileyo, basebenzisa ingxoxo, intshukumo neengcinga ezithi zisiityhilele ubunzulu ngenye yeengxaki zobomi, sithi ke loo nto yidrama. Xa uza kukhangela ubuchuphathi nobudlophatyaba bombhali kufanelekile ukuba sizichaphazele izithako ezibalulekileyo kwidrama, ezizezi zilandelayo:
Eli nqanaba kukwathiwa kukuyondelelana kwebali. UCohen (1973:69) uthi ngesi isigaba:
Ngokutsho kweengcali, okaJordan wavela wathi qabavu kubabhali beenoveli bexesha lakhe kanye njengoko kwaba njalo kuShakespeare kwaabelakhe ixesha.
(Mtuze noSatyo, Uyavuth' umlilo, 1990:48)
• UMagwaza uyoyisakala koku kubulawa kungaka kwabantu, akhethe ukuzibulala. UTshiwo uyalela ukuba kubulawe lonke usapho lwakhe.
Ibali alinakuphela esithubeni, lijinga. Kuyanyanzeleka ukuba amasolotya aqosheliswe. Impixano ebikade ibophene iyasonjululwa. Sibona uCikizwa kumdlalo othi Umdlanga esiya kucela uxolo kuLanga, evuma ukuphakaama kwengqondo yakhe kuba ethe ebabona ukuba benza izinto ezimthoba emgangathweni akuwo, yena wasuka akabonakalisa ngqumbo.
Isizathu esingundoqo sokuba iingqondo zibethabethane malunga noomahluko phakathi kwezi ndidi zimbini zobhalo kukuba zombini ziwa phantsi kweprowuzi. EsiXhoseni apha umahluko phakathi kwazo awucaci kakuhle. Yiyo loo J;lto ade athi uMtuze (1986) loo mahluko ukwiiintelekelelo zethu kuphela. Kukho ukuthungelana okukhulu phakathi kwebalana nesincoko esiXhoseni. UMtuze (1986:7) ucaphula ooStone, Packer noHoopes xa bazama ukubonisa izinto eziqaqambisa ibalana:
Le rnifanekiso-ngqondweni siyayibona nakurnbongo kaJolobe kwincwadi ethi Umyezo apho siva la rnazwi: "Bahlafun' iintsizi" ukubonakalisa intlupheko engathethekiyo. Le ntlupheko yongezeleleka ngakurnbi akuva ubani kuthethwa "ngesonka seenyernbezi" ukubonisa irneko ernbi ababekuyo aba bantu. "Utshongo" esixelelwa ngalo apha lujiika lube kukuphila noborni kuba aba bantu babexhornekeke kulo lodwa kwezo hambo zibuhlungu zokuphaca.
Asiva nto ukuba wathi akuba emlahlile wamfumana umntu onothando olusulungekileyo njengaye. Kulapho simbona ubuethe-ethe bengqondo nobutyhakala bakhe. IkwanguCikizwa owaya kueela uxolo kuLanga ngenxa yemposiso awayenzayo. Esi ibe sisenzo sobugorha esintama ukuba akoyisakali neam. Ungumzekelo omhle womntu osengxakini azifake kuyo ngokwakhe, ongafuniyo igama lakhe libe libi. Uye wazikhupha kumayeelenqe ooNzame nooPhumi.
UJafta (1978:61) uthi xa exhasa ukubaluleka kwala manqanaba:
Zomhini ezi mhongi ziyaluthanda uphinda-phindo lwezandi oluphakathi emqolweni. Le mfano-zandi siyihona kwiqela lemihongo yazo.
Nksz. B.P. Ngcelwane
Umfundi ke kufuneka eqaphele ukuba ezi ntlobo zingafumaneka zixuutyiwe kwisincoko esithile ngoko akulula ukuba ubone ukuba luluphi na kanye uhlobo lwesincoko. Kodwa naxa kunjalo, lukhona 010 hlobo luya kuthi luzigqwese zonke ezinye.
Indlela owakhiwe ngayo la mbongo ifana kanye nezibongo zomthonyama. Awunazivesi okanye izitanza, usisibhukubhuku nje. Loo nto iphuhlisa ukuba umcamango okule mbongi mnye, ngowokushumayela ngoThixo ophilayo. Kumgca wesibini ukuya kutsho kowesithathu usebenzise imfano-siqalo ethi "Unguwena-wena" kunye nemfano-siphelo ethi " ... nyaniso" ukunxulumanisa iingcamango ezikule migca. Obu buchule buthi budale isingqisho esikhatshwa yintshukumo. Kukho amagama awasebenzisileyo anjengala: Khaka, Nqaba, Hlathi njalo njalo. La magama aphantse ukuthetha into enye. Yimifanekiso-ntelekelelo esiyinikwa ngumbhali leyo. Ngamanye amazwi singathi zizikweko eziphuhlisa intsingiselo yoko kuzotywa ngumbhali okanye imbongi. Omathathu la magama abhalwe ngoonobumba abakhulu ukubonisa ukuba abhekiswa kumntu ohldlli)lbUileyo yaye zizikweko eziphuhlisa ukhuseleko nga.
Ngokweemhono zikaCohen (1973:50) isihohe senza oku kulandelayo:
(Tamsanqa, Buzani kubawo, 1957:67]
Xa ndieaphula kuKuse (1978:2) uthi:
Isakhiwo sesonethi
Umfanekiso-ngqondweni ligama eliqhelekileyo kwisihobe yaye kutheethwa yonke into ethi ifike engqondweni xa sifunda umbongo. Ikakhulu kujoliswe kwizafobe ezisetyenzisiweyo, ingakumbi izithwali-zikweko nezifaniso, umzekelo yingcuka okanye ufana nodyakalashe. Isikweko sithi into ethile iyinto ethile endaweni yokuthi ifana nento ethile kanti sona isiifaniso siyafanisa. Sinale mizekelo mibini siyithathe kuJolobe:
Nobantu:
Ukusetyenziswa kwentshukumo, izenzo
Ingabula-zigcawu
Iingcali zithi umdlalo wezembali awuyonto inye nembali ngokwayo.
Umqukumbelo
9. Abalinganiswa nongquzulwano kuBuzani kubawo 128
Ndiqinisekile ukuba le migqwathulo yenziwe ngabafundi apha iya kufana nomhlabelo ohlupheza abathandi bonewadi ukuba bafunde ngokubanzi ngale mibandela. Siluhlomele noludwe lweenewadi eziseetyenziswe apha kwanezinye ezinokuba luneedo kumfundi ukuneeda abo banomdla wokuzifundela ngakumbi. 
Umgwenye woyisiwe kulo mbandela, wabhenela ekubeni ukwaye umtshato kaThembeka ngokuthi wale ukukhupha ikhazi. Emva kwaloo ngxuba kaxaka nongquzulwano, wad a waqhuba wona umtshato. Wawuqhutywa ngokwendlela yaseNtshona. UThembeka wanikwa igama lenkosikazi yomXhosa lokuba nguNobantu. Abantu babelindele lukhulu kuye ngakumbi engumntu omnyama.
Incwadi kaPeteni ibetha koozelekazi. Intiyo iya ikhula ibheka phambili emva kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba uZuziwe ube encokola nenkwenkwe yomThembu enguBhuqa ngasemlanjeni. UNtombi Dakada nezinye iintoombi ziyamlwa kuba zisithi lihule. Ubuhle bakhe babungunozala wokuthiywa kwakhe zezinye iintombi, ngoku zifumana ikhusi lokusithela kuba ucelwa nguNtabeni Mlilo ozalana noNtombi. Le nto yenziwa nzima nakukuba uBhuqa wayeseyinkwenkwe, engenakho ke ukubambelana neendoda ntombini inye.
Isizathu sesibini esibangele ukuba senze la malinge kukuba amaxesha eza neenguqulelo. Siya sishenxa kule ndlela yokuqwalasela uncwadi, kuungena iindlela ezintsha, njengokuba umfundi eya kuqaphela nalapha. Ngelishwa lethu ke, njengakwizinto ezininzi, asinamkhondo ucacayo ukuba besigqusha sisithini na. Kuhle ukuba la manqaku siwabhale, siwagcine ukuze kwixa elizayo sithi sibuyela kule nkqubo sibe sisazi ukuba sahamba ngale ndlela, saya kuthi xhaxhe kwindawo ethile, singabuyi siyile ivili sesinalo, ngabula beLungu. 
Ingxoxo Kuncinci
Imibongo ephathelele kwiipolitiki
UDingezweni wenza ezi zinto azenzayo ngenxa yokuba ekhuliswe kakubi nguyise. UZwelinzima nomkakhe benza izinto eziqhelekileyo, naaxa maxa wambi ikhangeleka inganelisi into yokuba umfazi abulale inyoka ehlonitshwe kangaka luluntu okanye ngabantu bomzi wakhe emaMpondomiseni. UZuziwe usengxakini enkulu. Ufuna ukutshata uBhuqa kanti noBhuqa ufuna ukutshata uZuziwe. Bobabini baneengxaki abanazo kule minqweno yabo - abazali babo abantiyo yabaThembu okanye amaHlubi ide yaneengcambu, yazala eli dabikazi ligqubayo.
Isifaniso
UPretorius noSwart (1988:19) bacacisa benjenje ngalo mbandela:
Xa ndixhasa olu luvo lungentla ndingathi la ubongwayo imbongi imtyiibela ngeziqhulo ezibonisa uthando. La magama "yindishi-ndishi" akwaaehaza ubukhulu bomzimba nemilo yeNkosi le. Ikwayimifanekisoongqondweni yeliso ebonisa ukuba umfo la wondlekile, uyasadula ukuhamba oku.
Nangona kukho oku kufana sikukhankanye ngasentla, ukuyelelana kwezimho zezi mhongi zimhini kuhonakala ngakumhi xa siqwalasele
(Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976:3)
Akukho sakhiwo siqingqiweyo
(Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976:9)
Le ncwadi kaJordan ithi Ingqumbo yeminyanya ibalasele. Ibali lilonke, isakhiwo salo nokuzotywa kwabalinganiswa zicwangciswe kakuhle zadalancwa ngempumelelo. Umbhali unobugcisa bokukwazi ukugcina umdla womfundi kwizinto ezenzekayo. Ungquzulwano lweenkcubeko lucace gca kuba la macala mabini aphuhlile. Ulwazi lwakhe lwentlalo yamaMpondomise luyitsho le ncwadi ibe nomtsalane kumfundi.
Umqukumbelo
Kweyakhe incwadi ethi Izinto zodidi uMzamane usikrobisa kwizinto ngezinto ndawonye nokonakala kwezimo zabantu. Omnye weyona miixholo iphambili yale ncwadi yakhe kukulingana phakathi kwabantu baseetyhini namadoda. Kule ncwadi abasetyhini bazotywe ngendlela ebonakalisa ukuba awukho tu umahluko phakathi kwabasetyhini namadooda kwicala lez,iphiwo zengqondo nokusebenza.
Yiva esi sisombululo xa uMpinda egqogqa iindlebe zooFikele nooNzame banamhlanje kwincwadi ethi Umdlanga:
Nksk. G.N Mrubata
UVerschoor (1972:2) ubeka umnwe kumbandela othi kwesi sihobe injongo yombhali kukuvuselela umoya wokungayithandi into, ukuyinyemba, nokuyicaphukela loo meko igqubayo. Uzama nokubeka umnwe ekubeni yintoni na engalunganga entlalweni. Lilonke, le mbongi izama ukuveza iimeko ezingaginyisi mathe entlalweni naselizweni layo, nto ke ezo ekunzima ukuzamkela. Yonke imibongo yokhalazo ivakalisa ukwaphuka komxhelo wembongi ngenxa yamanyundululu aqhubekayo. Umzekelo wale. nto ngumbongo kaSatyo okhalazela ukubulawa kweemveku ezingenatyala, zibulawa ngendlela ekhohlakeleyo ngabachasiinkululeko. Usebenzise nesifanekisozwi esithi 'khaxa' ukubonisa indlela abalahlwa ngayo engcwabeni elinye aba bantwana. Ukongeza kuloo nkohlakalo, aba bantwana babengcwatywa ngobusuku kungekho mntu ubonayo. Ixesha lasebusuku limele ububi. USatyo ubuye abuveze obu bubi bebuqhubeka kumbongo wakhe othi "Mfazi, ulilela ni na?" nakothi
Yiyo loo nto athi yena uCohen (1973:68) ngeli nqanaba:
Kukho intetho evamileyo ethi "imizi ayifani ifana ngeentlanti kuphela". Le Rtetho xa siyithetha siyijolise elizweni ngokubanzi sifumana ukuba izizwe ezi azifani ngokwenkqubo yazo, ngamasiko nezithethe. Ukuba siyaqwalasela, kulula ukujonga intlalo yabantu abathile (culture) uthi xa uyithelekisa nale yakho, ugqibe ekubeni ayikho mgaqweni okanye ayikho mgangathweni.
7. Amabal' engwe ngezincoko zesiXhosa 29
Kuyahonakala kwesi sicatshulwa singentla ukuha ezona mpawu zahlula isihohe kwezinye iindidi zobhalo sisingqi nemifanekiso-ntelekelelo. Ngaphamhili phaya, isihohe sasiyindlela athi ngayo umntu avakalise ezona mvakalelo zakhe zinzulu, nto leyo eyayisakwenziwa ngomlomo nangamathuba athile afana namasiko nemihhiyozo emikhulu, kanti esesiXhosa sasiphathelele ikakhulu ezinkosini nezinye izikhakhamela zesizwe. Yiyo loo nto kuthiwa isihohe lulwimi lwesiqhelo lwentliziyo. Kuthe ekuhamheni kwethuha umntu waphucuka, wafunda uhugcisa hokuhhala saza isihobe somlomo sakhwelela isihohe esihhaliweyo. UQangule noNgc8.?gata ziimhongi eziphumeleleyo ezisihhalayo isihohe sazo.
Iinyembezi zakho ziwa phantsi njengamanzi entlabathiim.
Isingqi sihhekisela kwindlela ezithi ngayo izandi zinxulunyaniswe ngoohuchule ohutsho zivakale kamnandi endleheni. Ngenxa yokuha izandi zethu zingalandelelani totse ngokwezandi zeelwimi zaseNtshona, siye sikhangele isingqisho kwisihohe sethu. Eso singqisho siye sivezwe nakukuphinda-phindwa kwamagama okanye izandi ezithile. Yiva ukutsho kamnandi kwaso kulo mhongo ulandelayo kaQangule:
Untsonkothe ngenene kulo mbongo uthi "Isililo sikandlebende", nto ke leyo eyenza ukuba ungatolikeki ngendlela enye, phofu ke yabe iziinjongo zakhe ezo. Kodwa ke konobuchule bokutolika isiXhosa iyavela mpela into yokuba uJolobe usebenzisa isimeli (symbolism] esiyidonki phaya ukubonakalisa isililo esenziwa ngabo bacinezelweyo. Umbongo uvula ubonisa ubuhlungu bentliziyo yembongi oko kubangwa sesi sikhalo siluusizi sikandlebende, abantu abacinezelweyo.
Uphuhliso lomlinganiswa lufuna uqulungano nondindano olubangwa yimo yebali elifutshane ebetha koozelekazi. Yiyo loo nto kwaigama 100mlinganiswa lisenokubaluleka kakhulu ekusivezeleni isimo sakhe. Ngaphandle kwegama, imbonakalo yangaphandle yomlinganiswa isenokuehazwa ngumbhali, nto ke leyo esenokuba negalelo ekusiqoondiseni loo mlinganiswa. Le nto yonke ithetha ukuthi umbhali webalana kufuneka ehluzile kakhulu xa athatha isigqibo sokuba ziziphi na izinto aza kuzifaka ebalini iziziphi na aza kuzishiya.
[Ndifuna ukuhlomela nje elithi ugxininise kumbandela oye ubabhide abanye abafundi, la womxholo walo mdlalo. Bakho abawuphosayo bathi urnxholo apha ungokwaluka, batsho besithi ndithi pahaha izinto zaakwarnkhozi kanti ukuba ubani uyifundisisile inewadi, njengawe la, uya kuphawula ukuba akukho nesuntswana lenyaniso kuloo nto. Inewadi ithetha ngobudoda, into ke leyo engaphaya kolwaluko. Okwesibini, eli gama lithi umdlanga, alinqangazi nto ifihlwayo kwabathile, koko lisisihlonipho se;nto engabizwayo ngarnadoda, umkhonto. Mhleli.]
Isimo somlinganiswa sisenokubonakaliswa nangentshukumo. Indlela uNomampondomise amthanda ngayo uGugulethu ibonakaliswa ngokuucacileyo yindlela athi phithi thwanga ngayo akuva ukuba uGugulethu utshatile. Nokuzila kukaGugulethu, alinxweme newabo, kubonakalisa indlela awayemthanda ngayo uNomampondomise.
Kumqukurnbelo sibona iziphurno ezisisaqhwithi esikhulu apho athi khona uGugulethu abulale uThobeka nabantwana bakhe naye agwetyelwe intambo.
Ubuya anike iingcebiso ezakhayo zokuphuculwa kwesizwe nokukhululwa kwaso kwiimbophelelo zezobupolitiki:
Umthetho wasemaXhoseni awahluke nakancinane kowezizwe ezikhanyiselweyo. Iintlanga eziMhlope zithe zakufika kweli lizwe zafumana ukuba abantu beli lizwe baphantse ukuba ziincutshe zomthetho bonke, namasiko abo asekwe phezu kwezibakala, baza ke bacuntsula nabo kanobom kuloo masiko, nakuloo mithetho yesiXhosa.
Kwincwadi kaTamsanqa ethi Buzani kubawo, kweli nqanaba, sibona uZwilakhe nentlanganiso yamaHlubi exelela uGugulethu ukuba uza kuumbonela umfazi kuba naye wabathobela abazali, wabonelwa. UGugulethu uyabongoza ukuba ayekwe azikhethele athi esakwalelwa nguyise "Buzani kubawo".
4. Imixholo yeenoveli zesiXhosa ezimbalwa 19
NoMadala uyamthundeza umntu oNtsundu ukuba azame ayiphucule imeko yakhe kwilivo elithi "Lugcineni ucango luvulekile", apho athi ngeezimvo zabaMhlophe malunga nohlanga oluNtsundu:
Ndiza kusungula ngebali likaNeamashe endilithatha njengebali elifanaleekileyo ngandlela zonke, elithi "Inxila lakwaNtselamanzi". Kweli bali, 10 kaNeamashe uyabonakalisa ukuba unabo ubugcisa bokubhala ibalana. Sifumana ingabula-zigeawu kwasekuqaleni kwebali apho sinikwa khona isimo sentlalo:
Kula manqaku linye kuphela elilelam inqaku, nalo ndalibhala oko ndandisengumfundi weli banga phantsi kwento ka8atyo kwiYunivesithi yoMzantsi Afrika.
Zininzi iindlela zokuchaza inoveli njengoko le ngcali ibonisa ukuba kubekho iinguqulelo ezininzi kwindlela ebhalwe ngayo ekuhambeni kweminyaka. Ndiza kwenza imizekelo ngababhali abathathu beenoveli endicinga ukuba baphakathi kwabaphumeleleyo kulo mba. Abo babhali nguR.L. Peteni kwincwadi yakhe ethi Kwazidenge, noP. T. Mtuze kwincwadi yakhe ethi UDingezweni, kunye noA.C. Jordan kwincwadi yakhe ethi Ingqumbo yeminyanya.
Xa bendizama ukuhluza kwezi nkcazo ndithe ndahlangana nazo, ndiye ndazibhaqa ndibalula ezi mpawu zesonethi:
Enye into eyenza ingxaki kule ncwadi liqela lemibongo kwakule ncwaadi kuthiwa yeyamabalana amafutshane. Kwezinye iindawo imbongi iliphetha ibali layo ngokuthi "ncincilili" kanye okwembongi esimazi eyiyo uNcamashe okanye okomntu obencokolela omnye iindaba. Le nto ithetha ukuba kule ncwadi sifumana ingxubevange yezinto ezinjengezi: amabalana, izincoko nezibongo. Kwezinye zazo umbhali ubonakala engomnye wabathathi-nxaxheba oko kukuthi ungomnye wabalinganiswa endaweni yokuba yen a abe ngaphandle kwezi zinto zenzekayo.
Umhobe kaSatyo othi "Umama oNtsundu", kwakule ncwadi ithi Uyavuth' umlilo (1990:48) ubhekisele kubomi bomama oNtsundu. Kwimiqolo emibini yokuqala imbongi ibonisa ukuba umama oNtsundu uzelwe ekhululekile. Kwimiqolo emibini elandelayo sibona ebanjwe malakatha ngamakhamandela engcinezelo emhlutha inkululeko yakhe.
OkaJafta (1978:106) uyicacisa enjenje le nto:
Ngamanye amaxesha namagama abalinganiswa anento ayithethayo ngezimo zabo. ULanga uthetha ukhanyo yaye isimo salo mlinganiswa siqaqambile. Uzisa ukhanyo eluntwini ahlala kulo. Lilonke ulilandele igama lakhe. Loo nto iphuhliswa yincoko okanye ingxoxo.
(iv) Kugcinwa umxholo (v) Isakhiwo siqingqiwe (vi) Intshukumo ngabalinganiswa (vii) Umbhali ungasemva
Xa siqwalasela ukujiya kwezinto, siza kuqala kwakhona kwincwadi ethi Ingqumbo yeminyanya. Umbhali uthe esi sigaba kukuqina kwemini. Sibona apha uZwelinzima elungiselelwa ukubuyiselwa kwelaamaMpondomise. UMthunzini ngumlinganiswa obencwase uThembeka kodwa wawa phantsi. Ngoku siva ukuba ufumana ithuba lokuba aziphiindezele kuZwelinzima ngokuthi adube onke la malungiselelo okubuyiseelwa kwakhe ebukhosini. Koloku uMthunzini wabhaqa zonke iincwadi ezibhalelwa uMphuthumi noZwelinzima, wazisa kuDingindawo owayeyinkosi ebambileyo nowayenonyana ongu Vukuzumbethe ancwase ukuba ibe nguye ongena ebukhosini.
Xa siphinda siqwalasela ubuchule bale mbongi ekuqhushekeni umloomo wokukhalaza singakhe sithathe ngoku 10 uthi "Untingil' uJoe". Iyavela le ngoma yokrwintsho xa uqaphela amabinzana anjengala:
(i) isakhiwo nentshukumo,
Kwincwadi. kaMtuze ethi Ugadla (1976:67) kukho umbongo othi "Isimbambazelo ngokusweleka kukaGideon, uZwelinzima Yantolo". Apha kulo mbongo umbhali ubopha usapho lwakwaYantolo ngokushiywa ngumntwana walo. Ulubopha ngelithi izembe libekiwe kwabadala nakwaabatsha ngoko ke mabaxole. Kwayena uthuthuzela ngokuthi imihla yomntu emhlabeni ibaliwe, ufana nokudubula kwentyatyambo kwakunye nokubuna kwayo. Uyicacisa mhlophe ukuba alikhethi bani eli zembe, ligeeca isithandwa, intandane, inqolonci yekhaya, konke nje, nanjengoko lenzile kwa Yantolo.
Umqukumbelo
Mhla uTawuse, udadeboNojayiti, wayenganeliswa yinkqubo yeetitshala endaweni yokuqeqesha urnntwana wakhe, 10 rnshurnayelikazi uvakala esithi:
Ikhapleti le ke yona owayo umsebenzi isenokuba ngowesishwankathelo kungenjalo isolulo sengxoxo ekwiikhwatreni. Loo nto ithetha ukuba nayo yenza umsebenzi ofanayo nalowa wesestethi kweyesiTaliyane isonethi.
Umqukumbelo
Ngelinye ixesha iimbongi zisebenzisa uphoxiso ukuvakalisa izimvo zazo. Loo nto singayibona kumbongo kaMtuze othi "Uyandazi wena". Kulo mbongo okaMtuze uphoxisa ngabantu ababamkelayo abo babo baya kusebenza ezidolophini kodwa yena uyise utyatyekwa ngegama elibi lokuuba lirhanuga kuba eye kufuna umsebenzi ezifama. Yiyo loo nto athetha ngabaphangeli kanti yena uyise lirhanuga ngokutsho kwabo. K wakulo mbongo siva imbongi ikhalazela ukungamkelwa kwayo phantsi kombuso owawuphethe wamaGwangqa kanti kwelinye icala nabakuyo bayiinukuneza ngelithi lirhanuga.
Libhalwe ngesiNgesi nguNksz. K.P. Rungqu, 1990.
Iliso kukukhanya komzimba Impilo lilitha lobomi
Exposition, which comes at the beginning, provides the necessary background material for a reader. It establishhes setting, creates the basic atmosphere, provides information about the pasts of characters, and to delinneate vital contexts for the events which wjlJ soon begin to unfold ...
Isakhiwo
DIu hlalutyo lumele ukuba lubonakalisile ukuba kwimidlalo yethu ababhali bazamile ukwenza ilinge elikhulu lokubeka umnwe kwiingxaki ezidla umzi ngeli xesha lethu. Babonakalisile ukuba bafuna inguqu kwezentlalo ngokuthi bazitsalele iingqondo zoluntu kwiingxaki ezilolo hlobo.
Imibongo egxekayo nenoburharha
Libhalwe nguNksk. P.N. Sandi, 1994.
Iinkcukacha esizifumana kumdlalo wezembali zibonakalisa iimbono zombhali womdlalo malunga nokwenzekayo ezimbalini. Yiyo loo nta iingeali zithi umdlalo wezembali uqukanisa inyaniso nomqwebo. Yonke loo nto ithetha ukuba kufuneka umdlalo wezembali siwujonge ngelisa lombhali wedrama endaweni yokuwujonga ngeliso lombhali weembali.
Nksk. f.N Nkowane
Kukwabalulekile kwibali elifutshane ukuqaphela ukuba umbhali kufuneka asoloko engasemva ebalini lakhe kuba abona bantu sifuna ukuubabona, sive nokuba bathini na, ngabalinganiswa bakhe.
Kwisitanza sesibini ucukuceza, esanyelisa le nt' ikukufa njengento engento. Yimvula yemibuzo eyakhe esi sitanza, mibuzo leyo endicinga ukuba iya kuphenduleka njengoko sisiya siwufunda 10 mbongo.
Apha kulo mdlalo akulandeli sisombululo, endaweni yaso kukho iintlekele. Ezi ntlekele zenza ukuba kube nzima nokuthi uvuthondaba lulapha okanye phaya. ZiqaIeIa ekufundeni kukaNomampondomise ngomtshato kaGuguIethu, ziyokuphelela ekubulaweni kukaThobeka nguGuguIethu seIe kwafa iqeIa Iabantu ndawonye noNomampondomise Iowo. Ngokwezam iimbono, zonke ezi zinto seziziziphumo eziyintlekele zokunyanzeliswa komfana ukuba atshate nentombi angayifuniyo.
Isifaniso:
Eli bali liphela ngentlekele kuba la mac ala omabini akazange afune ukujika kwiimbono zawo, amkele ezelinye icala. Le noveli izama ukusiibonisa ukuba kufuneka unyamezelo ukuba sifuna abantu abahlukileyo ngezimvo nezithethe babe nokuhlala kunye. Kwakhona, iyasibonisa nokuuba kufuneka singangxami xa singenisa iinguqulelo ebantwini.
Nksk. P.N Sandi
Kwincwadi Izinto zimana ukwenzeka simbona uLanga, umlinganiswa oyintloko, elibhetye-bhetye. Nokutshintsha kwesimo sakhe emva kokuutshata kwabo akuqondakali. UNovusile yen a uzotywe wayinkosikazi yala maxesha. Ngumongikazi opheleleyo. Uthando lwakhe ulubonakalisile kumyeni wakhe ekuthe kwakungabikho mdla kwicala lomyeni wakhe, waxoza mphini wumbi.
6. Umdlalo wezembali esiXhoseni 116
Iziganeko ezaziwayo embalini kaNgodongwana
Kwisitanza sokuqala umbhali uhlaba ikhwelo kwabanye ababhali abashiyekileyo. Ucebisa ukuba babhinqele phezulu njengoko kuwe umthi omkhulu, hleze kuthi kanti 10 mthi uwele bhuma phezu kwaleyo isakhuulayo, ngoko uthi makungasweleki mlandeli weli khondo kuba kukho intetho ethi yakufa intaka enkulu amaqanda ayabola. Le nto ke ifuna ukuba badibanise iintloko kuba usemkhulu umsebenzi obameleyo.
Ornnye urnbhali usenokukhetha ulwirni olutekezelayo kukuhonjiswa oku ngarnaqhalo namagama anqabileyo kanti ornnye uya kukhetha ukusebeenzisa ulwirni olulula.
6. Iimpawu zezibongo zomthonyama kwisihobe sanamhla 72
Xa athi walukile ukhathazwa yintoni ke wena kuloo nto? Akuyongcibi yaye akunguye nomlolongi-masiko amaXhosa. Wena waamkela le nto uyixelelwayo ngumfana woomXhosa qha ke.
Kwisitanza sesithathu ucela umngeni esithi abantu mabakhaliphe, baaxhobe bazokulwa noKufandini. Nalapha ubonisa indelelo nokudikwa ngokuthi kufandini. Kwakhona usebenzise isikweko ngokuthi ukufa kuyinyokakazi ehlelele ukugqibana nobomi bomntu.
Mininzi irnibongo ewa phantsi kolu luhlu. Urnxholo usenokuba yinkosi, sisizwe, ngumntu, sisilwanyana okanye nantoni na engaphefuurnliyo. Singanika le mizekelo ilandelayo irnbalwa: "Iinkosi zaseAfrika" kaaA.Z. Ngani, "Phantsi komthi wornqwashu" kaYako nothi "Sizwe" kaMtuze. Kuyo yonke le rnibongo, irnbongi ichaza isiganeko esadlulayo okanye into okanye irneko ngaloo ndlela iyibona ngayo. Kunzirna ke ukuungavakalisi eyayo imbilini ngaloo nto kuba kakade imbongi ibhalela ukuuvakalisa izimvo zayo. lye isebenzise narnazwi okugxwala emswaneni nokuthuthuzela usapho okanye isizwe siphela ngokulahlekelwa ngulowo ebethandwa. Khangela urnbongo ka Yako ongoMqhayi kwincwadi ethi Ikhwezi.
Ibali kufuneka libe neziganeko ezinentsingiselo ezidweliswe kakuhle yaye zinxibelelane ngokwesenzeko. Izinto ziyenzeka ebalini yaye azihaambi nje iyileyo eyayo indlela koko zenzeka kuba kukho isizekabani esiifanelekileyo sokuba zenzeke yaye yonke loo nto inenjongo. Naliphi na ke ibali linentshukumo yaye intshukumo ithetha ukuba kukho inguqulelo eza kwenzeka nesiganeko esikhoyo. Ukuze izizathu zokwenzeka kweziinto nemo yenguqulelo zieaee, umbhali ulibeka kumanqanaba ngamaanqanaba ibali lakhe hjengoko besitsho uFenson noKritzer (1966:9).
Enye incwadi ekolu didi nguNdiyekeni kaD.M. Jongilanga. Ngumdlalo wezentlalo osingethe amahla-ndinyuka obomi abangelwa kukusuka kwaabantu kwintlalo yesithethe baye kweyaseNtshona.
Imfano-zandi
Kuqala babekhalazela indlela aziphethe ngayo uNobantu, indlela anxiiba ngayo, ukuqhogana kwakhe neentombi ezigendanga, ukudlalisa ngenkomo yakomkhulu, nokwala kwakhe ukuba unyana wabo enziwe ingqithi ngokwesiko. Eyona nto yakha yambi awakha wayenza yaba kukubulala kwakhe uMajola, nto ke leyo eyakhokelela kwintlekele engaathethekiyo yokuqumba kweminyanya.
Besenditshilo ukuthi le ndlela yohlalutyo ibandakanya uvakaliso lweembono zomhlalutyi zihamba kunye nendlela yesimo nefilosofi. Masiqwalasele ingcamango kaJordan ethi ukwala ukwaphulela kuzala intshabalalo. Ndicinga ukuba yeyona mfundiso ayigxulushileyo leyo ngakumbi kwabo basakholelwayo kwizithethe namasiko nenkcubeko yabo.
Vuyisanani noHombani kuba woyisile. Vuyisanani noHombani kuba wongamele. Vuyisanani noHombani kuba utshatshele;
Iirnbongi zamaXhosa ziluxabise kakhulu unqulo kodwa ngelishwa abafuundi abaNtsundu abazidubi yaye ababonakalisi mdla kwisihobe esigxininisa kwizinto ezingabonwayo ngeliso. Ukuba silubekela bucala unqulo siya kuba silahlela bucala into ebalulekileyo kuborni bethu. Mininzi irnibongo kaJolobe engezinto ezinjalo, urnzekelo "lkholwa", "lphupha", nothi "Akukho hlelo apho". Lo rnbongo wokugqibela ubonisa ukuba naxa uJolobe angurnfundisi weLizwi, akarninxwanga lihlelo lakhe ukuba angaboni nto yirnbi ngaphandle kwalo. Kwirnibongo yakhe ethi "Urnthandazo wangokuhlwa" nothi "Urnnqamlezo" kwincwadi ethi Urnyezo sibona irnifanekiso-ngqondweni ekhethwe ngobuchule ukuveza urnoya ornnandi wezonqulo. NoYako kumbongo wakhe othi "UYesu waseNazarethe", kwincwadi yakhe ethi Ikhwezi, usebenzisa irnifanekisoontelekelelo echanekileyo nedandalazisa ubungangarnsha nesidirna sika Yesu athi:
Singatsho nokuthi umfanekiso-ngqondweni ngumzobo ethi imbongi iwuuzobe ngamagama ayo ukuze umfundi acacelwe ukuba imbongi ithetha ngantoni na abe nokuyinxulumanisa loo nto nawakhe amava obomi. Imifanekiso-ngqondweni iqulathe ukusetyenziswa kwezafobe ukudala imifanekiso-ngqondweni enomtsalane kuvakalelo lomfundi ngeendlela ezintlanu: olokuva, olokubona, olokusezela, olokungcamla nolokuphatha ngesandla. Kuthi kwakudalwa imifanekiso-ngqondweni enjalo, kutsho kucace nemicamango ebingathanga gca.
(iii) Ubude abungako
Ungquzulwano kumdlalo othi "ULindithuba" luthatha unyawo xa uNomhle afowunela emzini kaPhumzile, nto leyo ezala ukungaqondani phakathi kukaPhumzile noMandisa. Kwakulo mdlalo sifumana uvuthondaba apho sifika kwantlaba-zahlukane. Ukungaqondani kufike kwelo nqanaba liphezulu. Abalinganiswa abasetyenziswe ngumbhali baambalwa, nto leyo encomekayo ngakumbi kumdlalo woonomathotholo. Loo nto yenza ukuba kube lula ukwahlula amazwi abo.
Imbongi isenokusebenzisa imifanekiso-ngqondweni elobolelanayo ukubonakalisa izinto ezifanayo okanye isenokusebenzisa umfanekisoongqondweni ngendlela ebangela ukuba usoloko unxulunyaniswa nento ethile. Loo mfanekiso-ngqondweni ke sithi ukuwubiza yisimboli. limbongi zomthonyama zisoloko zisebenzisa izilwanyana njengezi simboli. Ingonyama yisimboli yobugorha, ukomelela, kanti ihobe yisimboli yoxolo.
Enye impazamo kubefundisi kukucinga ukuba abantu abaMnyama yayingabahedeni abahamba ebumnyameni. Isincoko sikaJolobe esithi "Isiko" nesithi "Ukuzingca ngebandla" ziphendula loo nto.
(Mkonto, Inzonzobila, 1992:1)
Inewadi kaMrnango ethi UDusha ikwangurndlalo owavela ngowe-1956 oxubusha ingxaki yeenkolo kumaXhosa. Le nkolo inobungozi yaye ibe neziqharno ezibi kunene. Ukususela kowe-1957 sibabona ababhali bemiidlalo bexubusha ngokuphandle imibandela ethile yezentlalo. Umzekelo waloo mibandela kukubonelwa kwabantwana ngabazali, mxholo lowo obe pharnbili kakhulu kwimidlalo emininzi ngeli thuba. Singabala kuphela ezi newadi zilandelayo: UBuzani kubawo kaTamsanqa (1958), uDike noCikizwa kaMmango (1958), uNcumisa noNqabayakhe kaMtywaku (1972), Amaza kaQangule (1974). Nenewadi kaMtywaku ethi Iincwadi ezaye zibhaliwe (1979) ikwawa kolu luhlu. Zonke ezi ne wadi zibonisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwabantu abasabambe amasiko nesizukulwana sanarnhlanje. Yiyo le nto okaPretorius noSwart (1988:19) besithi:
Kwisitanza sesine ubonisa ubuntu bakhe eluntwini, kungoko ethe makamdize ukufa 10 ukuba ungubani na, eyintoni na, khon' ukuze abantu bazikhusele, bangabi lixhoba lokufa. Emgoca-goca, empela phandle nje ukufa uyabona ukuba iingwatyu ziyabethana emadodeni kwakuthethwa ngako.
(Ngcangata, Ukuphuma kwelanga, 1976:37)
Phantsi kwemidlalo yezembali singabalula ezi drama zilandelayo:
Ngxakana siyibonayo ngale ndlela yohlalutyo kukuba Iowa uyisebeenzisayo wenza iintetho nezigqibo ekunzima ukuziqinisekisa ubunyaniso bazo. Naxa kunjalo, umhlalutyi ovuthiweyo noneliso elibukhali lokugqala izinto utsho kuvokotheke ngale ndlela.
Ndiza kuthatha abambalwa ukonga isithuba. Kwincwadi Inzonzobila umlinganiswa oyintloko, uZinzo, uzotywe wangumntu ophila kukuzeenzela, akanabuqhetseba, yonke into uyayibilela phambi kokuba ayifuumane. UMamNtakwenda inkosikazi yakhe yinkonkxa enetha. Uyambona umyeni wakhe engcungcuthekiswa nguDlangisa kodwa akamhlebeli noko kunjalo ukuba isizekabani yintoni na. UDlangisa kwelakhe icala yingcuka eyambethe ufele lwegusha.
Akubonakali kukho mahl uko kwindlela yokusetyenziswa kwale mifaneekiso-ngqondweni ziimbongi zomthonyama nezanamhlanje. Umahluko kukuba iimbongi zomthonyama bezisakubonga iinkosi, iinkomo, izilwaanyana nezinye izinto eziphathekayo ukanti ezanamhla iimbongi zikholisa ukubonga izinto ezingaphathekiyo ezifana nobukhwele, uthando, nekraatshi njalo njalo. Into ebalulekileyo ngomfanekiso-ngqondweni kukuba uyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yombongo, awuhambi nje wodwa. Yiyo loo nto kufuneka uthungelane nombongo, ube nentsingiselo ehambelanayo noombongo. Eyona nto uluncedo ngayo kukuba usizobela ngoko nangoko umfanekiso obonwa nanguthathatha ukuba uthini na. Uyavuselela yaye wonga namazwi.
UW.K. Tamsanqa, kwincwadi ethi Buzani kubawo, uyivula kuphethwe umcimbi wokuba uGugulethu makafune umfazL Iindibano ezinje zisoloko zikhokelwa yingxoxo ephakathi koZwilakhe noMaGaba. Nangona uMaGaba engabikho xa kudibene imilowo, kodwa ifuthe lakhe liyavakala kuba uZwilakhe uye azikhuphele njengoko zinjalo iintetho zikaMaGaba xa bexovula 10 mcimbi bodwa.
Xa ndisithi ukubheka phambili ndifunda ndifumanisa ukuba iinkcazo ngeenkcazo zeengcali azikhabani konke-konke ngomba wenkcazo yesonethi koko nje zisengela thungeni linye. Nangona ke ezi ngcali zingqinelana yona ekaFletcher noSceales inkcazo ndiyithande ndophela kuba bona bananto bagxininise kuyo ethande ukwahluka kwezinye. Bona bayichaza isonethi bade bafake nendawo yokuba isonethi le ngokuungaphandle kwale miqolo ilishumi elinesine ichazwayo, ithi iqulathe umcamango omnye vo. Ndiyibona ibaluleke gqitha loo ngongoma kwinkcazo yesoIJ.ethi. Bayibeka (n.d. 159) ngolu hlobo le nto:
Kumbongo wakhe othi "Ukubonga" kwincwadi Intshuntshe (1978:1) uQangule usebenzisa amagama amalungu mathathu ukwenza umqolo ngamnye, abe nemiqolo emine kwisitanza ngasinye. Le ndlela inceda kakhulu ekudaleni isingqisho yaye ikwawunika umbongo isakhiwo sawo, Kambe uQangule akasenzi isakhiwo sombongo wakhe sibe yinto ezihaambelayo okanye eyongezelelweyo embongweni. Imifanekiso-ngqondweni yakhe ivezwa koko kuqulathwe embongweni. Ukhethe amagama afaneleekileyo awandlala ngendlela ebangela ukuba ancedisane ukuphuhlisa intsingiselo, njengoko sib ana kumbongo othi "Ukubonga". Nanga loo mazwi: "izimvo, amavo, iinkene-nkene ezingenakuzibamba". Nendlela yokusebenzisa izifanokuthi ukugxininisa nokudibanisa imicamango iseetyenziswe ngobuchule. Amazwi athi "iinkenenkene ezingenakuzibamba" abonakalisa kakuhle ukuba iimbongi zixhomekeke ikakhulu kuvakalelo yaye loo nto iyazenzekela. Umbongo uwonke unaloo mifanekisoongqondweni injalo ukuchaza ukubonga.
Imvano-siphelo
Ukuba kuninzi lweenoveli isakhiwo sebali esinxulunyanisiweyo (subplot, umzekelo indima kaMthunzini) siye siyitsalele ingqondo koomnye umbandela, nto leyo etsho umfundi abe buphulukana nowona mongo uyintloko webali, loo ngxaki ayikho apha kule ncwadi kaJordan ithi Ingqumbo yeminyanya. Lo mxholo unxulunyanisiweyo uyinxalenye edibeneyo yesakhiwo esiyintloko yaye unenxaxheba enkulu oyithaabathayo ekusifezekiseni.
Kwincwadi kaB.B. Mkonto ethi Inzonzobila, abalinganiswa bakhe ubazobe banenxaxheba enkulu abayidlalayo. UNomafa wenziwa nzima sisinhanha saseKapa, sakugqiba samthi tya, emva koko wacholwa lelinye isoka. UZinzo umtshate enosana olubomvu unkosikazi wakhe. UNomafa ngumlinganiswa owomeleleyo nonesibindi kuba akazange aluxele usana olu ukuba uyise ngubani na. UNomafa naye ifuthe neempembelelo zakhe ziyabonakala kuba uDlangisa uhlala ahlale amcinge nangona naye etshatile. Unomqolo, akoyiki ukuvakalisa uluvo lwakhe. UDlangisa onaamaqhinga umbizela kwihotele yakhe efuna ukuba baxoxe ngekamva losana lwabo. Silindele ukuba uNomafa angayi kuba akazange amhoye, uqala ngoku ukuqhagamshelana naye unyana wakhe sele enamashumi amabini eminyaka ezelwe kwaye engugqirha opheleleyo.
Ukuhamba imigama emide kukhwelwe amahashe ukusuka emaMpoondweni yayiyinto eyenzeka mihla le yaye ingabathinteli abantu ukuba bangaham belani.
(i) amenze umntu oMnyama abe sisisulu sokucalulwa kwizinto zikaawonke-wonke,
Ingxoxo kwakhiwa ngayo abalinganiswa kuphuhliswe nomxholo. Kuzo zombini ezi ncwadi esi sixhobo sisetyenziswe kakuhle kakhulu. Aba baabhali, uB.B. Mkonto noS.D. Siphambo baphumelele ekubhaleni iincwadi zabo nasekubumbeni abalinganiswa. Okwesibini, bazifezekisile iimfuno zedrama kuba ikho impixano, babunjwe kakuhle nabalinganiswa, nengxoxo ngokunjalo yaye ikho nentshukumo ukuphuhlisa iingcamango zabalinganiswa.
Iimpawu eziphambili zenoveli
8. Indlela yohlalutyo yesimo nefilosofi 34
Nksz. KP. Rungqu
Enye ye zona njongo ziphambili zebali elifutshane kukuphuhlisa isizwe (Kwetana, 1987:118). UMtuze ukhangeleka enazo ezo njongo ngemixholo yamabalana akhe. Naxa la mabali emafutshane, umxholo wakhe usoloko uqaqambile.
Isitanza liqela lemiqolo elithwele ingcinga okanye uluvo oluthile. Zininzi ke iindidi zezitanza ukuqalela kwezinemiqolo emihini, emithathu, nemine okuqulathwe yimibongo yazo. Zibonga izinto eziyeleleneyo yaye neengcinga zazo ziyelelene ngokuphathelele kwizinto ezifana nothando, inkolo, iipolitiki, indalo, imfundo yaye ziyathanda ukubonga abantu abathile ababalulekileyo. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa. UQangule uthi "Uthando lwethu" kanti yena uNgcangata uthi "Le nt' uthando". Bobabini banemibongo engendalo ngakumbi iinyamakazi nezilwanyana ezithile, iintaka nemilambo njalo njalo. Banayo nemibongo-mbaliso ebonakalisa oku kuyelelana kwezimbo zabo.
UFikele, njengomntu osatshila ngezasendulo, akayiboni into yokuba uLanga angayi esuthwini. Livakele kanye kweso sithuba ifuthe likaNomthunzi kuba nguye othibaza impixano ephakathi kuLanga ngaphezu komyeni wakhe kuba usondele ebantwaneni bakhe. Uthi xa ebona ukuba umyeni wakhe akayamkeli le nto:
Umntu othi esakuphucuka alahle nje ngasekhaya kuba esithi kusebumnyameni akahambi ngendlela eyiyo. (Mzamane, lzinto zodidi, 1959: 110)
Injongo yale ntshayelelo ingasentla ibikukwaneka iimpawu eziphaambili zebali elifutshane esiza kuthi sisebenzise zona ukuhlalutya amabali kaBurns-Neamashe kwinewadi yakhe ethi Masibaliselane.
KuBuzani kubawo izithole zernpixano zihlwayelwa kwingabulagcawu. Sikrokriswa kwayingoma eculwa nguNozipho ethi "Dilika thando". Incoko kaMaGaba noNozipho yandlalela ungquzulwano phaakathi kwabantu abasabambe isithethe nabantu abaneernbono zanamhlanje.
Ingxoxo kwimidlalo kaMtuze ethi Itsili inendima ebaluleke kunene.
Mna zinkosi andikhathali nokuba umntu uchasa ade alale ngomqolo phantsi, ndifuna intombi kaMcothama ize kurhuqa amaJalimane kule nkundla nokuba sekuumnyam' entia ...
Senziwa ngokuthi kufakelwe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo into endaweni yen ye. Glu tshintshiswano lukhokelela ekubeni sifumane intsingiselo ngokunxulumanisa izinto (Cohen, 1973:52). Kanti bona uHeese noLawton (1968:60) bayicacisa kakuhle le nto ngokuthi:
Ibhibliyografi
Plot can be defined as the dynamic, sequential element in narrative literature.
Senza uthelekiso oluthe ngqo phakathi kwezinto ezikwizintlu ezahlukiileyo. EsiXhoseni isifaniso sikhokelwa ngala mabinzana - njenga, ngokwa, ngathi, njalo njalo. Umzekelo waso singawufumana kumbongo kaQangule othi "Indoda endiyithandayo" athi "izole njengezulu ehlotyeni" (p. 4).
Ininzi gqitha into oyaziyo, ndiyakubona. Uze ulumke ungachatshazelwa ligazi. Xa 10 mcimbi seniwuqhube wagabadela nisandifakela ni mva?
Isizathu sesithathu sokuba ndilikhuthaze eli nyathelo kukuba zinqabile iincwadi ezihlaba ifolo, zinike abafundi imizekelo yokuhlalutya kwakuunye nethiyori ndawonye. Iincwadi ezininzi zethiyori ziyakhumsha, nto ke leyo eyenza umtha we dolo kwabo banqwenela iincwadi ezingolwimi lwabo. Naxa ndisitsho, ndifuna ukubakhuthaza abafundi ukuba bazifunde iinewadi ezibhalwe ngezinye iilwimi kuba kaloku sisengela thungeni linye yaye ubukhulu bee ala la mabandla akwaNonibe kudala ayihambayo le ndlela. Inyathi ke ibuzwa kwabaphambili yaye intaka yakha ngoboya benye. 
Emva kokufunda incwadi kaMtuze ethi Umphehlulu siye siqonde ngokuphandle ukuba ibali elifutshane lahlukile kwinoveli. Kulula ukubonakalisa imixholo ngemixholo kulo, nto leyo esinika imifanekiso ngemifanekiso ngobomi. Ngaloo ndlela nathi sifunda ukuqwalasela izintooyinto ezidla uluntu. Kumabalana akhe kucacile ukuba ukubetha koozelekazi kulobolelana kakuhle nezinye iimfuneko zebali elifutshane.
Siphinda siyifumane le mifanekiso-ngqondweni kwincwadi kaJolobe ethi Ilitha apho athetha enjenje: "kwavela baso limbi " , "yotha ngakwelo ziko", "yakhany' okwenkwenkwezi". Kucacile ukuba elo baso yimfundo, nto ke leyo echan' ucwethe kuba imfundo sisikhanyiso sokwenene engqondweni yomntu.
Ixhomekeka ekubeni uyibandakanya nantoni na, aka kukuthi kusoloko kufuneka izinto ezimbini onokuzibandakanya. Phakathi kwento eninzi yemifanekiso-ngqondweni, kukho emihlanu eluncedo kakhulu xa siqwalasele isimbo sokubonga. Leyo yile : lubhekiselo (allusion], sisiikweko (metaphor], sisifaniso (simile], lumelo okanye isimboli (symbol] nesimntwiso (personification].
Umzekelo wale nto singawubona kwincwadi kaMzamane ethi Izinto zodidi apho sifumana khona iziganeko ezisingisele kwezona zinto zibaluulekileyo ebomini esithi singaziqapheli. Ukusuka kukaMaKhwetshube ashiye ikhaya lakhe ezilalini aye kwilizwe angalaziyo lasedolophini ngeenjongo zokuphuthuma owakwakhe ukuze babe nokucwangcisela ikamva bekunye ekhaya, kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yesithethe kufuneka ihayelelwe apho kukho imfuneko yenguqulelo efanelekileyo.
Ginya iintliziyo zabantu osebenza nabo ukuze impumeleJo ibe sentendeni yesandJa sakho.
(Mtuze, Umdlanga, 1976:3)
Incoko nganye kufuneka ingaphumi emxholweni webali okanye womdlalo. Loo nto siyayibona ngokuya uCikizwa abuza uLanga ukuba uyindoda na okanye uyinkwenkwe. Siyazi ukuba uPhumi noNzame baangasemva kwayo yonke le nto. Basebenzisa uCikizwa ukuba enze umseebenzi wabo omdaka ukuze kuzokungqineka intetho yabo ethi uLanga yinkwenkwe.
Isiqulatho
Ithoni
Kanti yen a uNgcangata uhambisa enjenje:
Uthe akwaluphala uJobe inkulu yakhe uTana wanqwenela ukubuthaabathela kuye ubukhosi. Vena nomntakwabo uNgodongwana benza iyeleenqe lokumbulala. Uthe uJobe akuyiva le nto wakhupha umyalelo wokuba babulawe. UTana wabulawa waza uNgodongwana wabhungea. Wabhaea apha esithubeni. Kurhaneleka ukuba wabona amajoni abaPhuthukezi eziqeqesha eDelq.goa Bay, waza wanikwa ngumntu oMhlophe ihashe nompu. Wazisebenzisa ezo zinto ukubonisa ubuqili bakhe akufika kowabo. Uthe akubuyela kowabo ngelo hashe wafika isihlalo sobukhosi sithathwe ngumntakwabo, wagqiba kwelokuba ambulale, wangena esihlaalweni sobukhosi.
Zontathu ezi noveli singatsho ukuthi zixubusha imibandela ebalulekiileyo. Zontathu zithwele udaba oluthile oluya eluntwini. Zontathu ziyaziphembelela ziziguqule iingcinga zethu. Zontathu zisinika umfaneekiso ocingisisiweyo ofundisayo ngenxalenye yobomi boluntu.
Umxholo kumdlalo Umdlanga
Kwisitanza sesithathu siyayibona inkolo yombhali yokuba abafileyo bayiminyanya, bap hila kwilizwe lemimoya. Ude athi kwelo zwe kufunwa abantu abamisebenzi mihle nabaluncedo kuba kaloku akukho ndawo yoongantweni apho.
Uncwadi lwesiXhosa lwavela ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane yamashumi amabini luvathe izinxibo zeendlela zokubhala zaseNtshona. Iincwadi zaziibhalelwa iinjongo ezithile. Uncwadi oluqwetyiweyo kwakufuneka lube nemfundiso engqalileyo yokusasaza ubuKrestu. Ama Wesile, amaTshetshi, amaRhabe namaLuthere athi aseka amaziko okuhambisa ilizwi ayekuqoonda ukubaluleka kwemfundo. Kungezi zizathu ke iincwadi zokuqala zaziizele yimfundiso nokushumayela kwababhali okuphandle.
Iinoveli ezinemixholo yezonqulo
Ikwakho nemidlalo enemixholo yezentlalo. Kuyo singabalula le: Inene nasi isibhozo ka-A. Mtingane, Mamfene kaL.M. Mbulawa, Amathunz' obomi kaJ.J.R. Jolobe, Imfene kaDebeza kaSinxo, UDusha noLaw' ilahle kaMmango.
UDingezweni utsiba ilitye likaPhungela akusweleka unina. Nankuya ngenye imini enyanzelisa ngetshova ukuba uya kutheza izulu lisizisa. Eso senzo sakhokelela ekufeni komntwana wabamelwana babo, nto leyo eyaatsho ubomi banzima kuNyubatyha. Yaya iba mbi imeko kaDingezweni kangangokuba waphatheka kakubi bebethwa ngamadoda awayemtyhola ngelithi nguye 10 uhlwayela umoya ombi. Wasaba waya kuhlala entabeni. Amanye amakhwenkwe asabela emigodini.
Glu lungiso-zimo silufumana kakhulu kwincwadi kaMadala ethi Amavo amafutshane, kwinqaku elithi "Luqeqesho 010" apho simbona eegxininisa kwirnfuneko yokuqeqeshwa kwengqondo ecaphula eziBhalweni kuLuka 6:43-45:
Nize niwuphathe ngobunono, xa ungasebenzi uhlale kwikhohlombe lawo ukuze ungabi namhlwa. Mbangi yokuba ungabi yiyo laa ntsimbi niyiqhelileyo yamanduu10 kukuguquka kwamaxesha nomthetho osalelayo ukuba sibe nezixhobo ezinganobungozi. Kungoku nje neembongi zethu seziphatha oosingamkhonto bomthi! Zijikile izinto bantwana benkos' en tIe. Amaxesha ngaamanye, unokuba uyangqina noNgxabane apho akhoyo.
Isigqebelo esikulo mbongo siyamangalisa. Sivezwa ngesikweko nguJolobe esebenzisa inkatyana yenkomo phantsi kwedyokhwe into ke leyo ebuveza mpela ububi obathi benziwa ngabaMhlophe ukuhlutha onke amalungelo abaMnyama.
UTamsanqa uphumelela ngendlela encomekayo ekuvuseleleni umdla wethu kwesi sigaba sesakhiwo sebali lakhe, kuba la gama ungquzulwano lusiya lukhula, sibona ukubhidana kwezinto kwelinye icala. UGugulethu uvunywa nguNomampondomise kanti kwelinye icala uZwilakhe unyaanzelisa ukuba azeke uThobeka. Ingxaki yesibini kukuba kwauuNomampondomise sele ebonwe lelinye isoka, nto leyo eza kunyanzelisa ukuba azikhuphe iinkomo zalo.
Iinoveli eziqulathe intlalo neepolitiki
Ukusetyenziswa kwezajobe
Incoko yabadlali ibonakalisa imeko yentlalo yabo. La mdlalo Umdlanga uzoba umfanekiso woluntu oluphantsi kwenguqulelo ebonakaliswa sisigqibo sikaLanga sokuba angayi ebhumeni koko aye kwalukela esibhedlele. Le nto ibonisa ukuba abanye abantu apha entlaalweni bayamkele loo nguqulelo kweli siko ukanti abanye abayamkeli nje tu kwaphela.
OkaCohen (1973:15) uyichaza ngale ndlela ilandelayo inoveli:
Bongela, uG.S. Budaza noL.L. Sebe nezinye iincwadi ezisentsha.
Ukutyhilwa kwezinto okanye Ingabula-zigcawu. UCohen (l973:68ff) usicacisa enjenje esi isigaba:
(Mda, Ntengu-ntengu macetyana, 1990:177)
• Ezi zizwe zibini ziyahlangana ziye kuncedisa uTshiwo. UKhwane uyaaxela ukuba bangoobani na, enziwe inkosi yes 0 sizwe samaGqunukhwebe.
Ukwalichule la mfo kaBurns-Ncamashe ekusinikeni ingcaciso ngeembonakalo yomlinganiswa, nto ke leyo esitsho sibe nomfanekisondweni wenkangeleko yakhe. Loo nto ibonakala xa achaza uNdabakazi noNokapa.
(Mqhayi,Inzuzo, 1974:58)
Xa kubongwa ngabafileyo, akusekho mfuneko yokuba sibe sigxwala emswaneni sikhalela ukufa komntu. Yiyo loo nto iimbongi wofika zichaza imisebenzi emihle yomntu. Yindlela yokubopha amanxeba ukuba sibone ukuba 10 mntu usebenzile emhlabeni, ufanele ukuba aphumle nangona zisopha zona iintliziyo. Yiyo le nto bajika bajolise kuthi baseleyo ukuba sizililele thina.
Ndiza kuhlalutya iincwadi ezimbini ezizezi: Inzonzobila ngokubhalwa nguB.B. Mkonto, nethi Izinto zimana ukwenzeka ngokubhalwa nguS.D. Siphambo.
5. Ukungquzulana kweenkcubeko 23
. .. bendingeze ndabona ntombi yimbi ngaphandle kaMcothama, uThobeka.
Phambi kokuba ndingene nzulu ekunabeni ngale ntloko ingasentla, ndothanda ukukhe ndenze amagqabantshintshi malunga nesi sihloko sikukufa. Ndikubona kubalulekile kuba ukufa kuyinxenye yobomi bethu, kuphakathi kokuba umntu abe uyaphila okanye abe ufile, qwaba ke.
Ezi mpawu ziyathungelana, ke ngoko akufuneki ubani akhangele into ibe nye, angazinanzi ezinye. Intsingiselo yomhobe izalwa kukusebenzisana kwezi mpawu, kudaleke ifuthe eliphuhlisa injongo yombongo lowo.
Nksz. K.P. Rungqu
5. Isonethi kwisihobe sesiXhosa 68
Igama elithi imifanekiso-ngqondweni libaluleke kakhulu kwisimbo sokubonga yaye libandakanya izafobe kunye nemifanekiso-ngqondweni esithi sibe nayo ezingcingeni zethu. Umfanekiso-ngqondweni yinto esithi siyicinge xa sisiva amazwi athile. Kuye kudaleke umfanekiso ocace gca athi umfundi awubhekisele kwawakhe amava nolwazi lwezinto.
(Ngcangata, Ukuphuma kwelanga, 1976:1)
8. Ukubaluleka kwemifanekiso-ngqondweni kwisihobe 82
