IMITSHATO YESINTU
KUNYE
NOMTHETHO WOKWABIWA KWELIFA ELINGENAMYOLELO
Ihlaziywe: Agasti 2005
IZIQULATHO
WOKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YESINTU ...1
B. UBUNDLALIFA OBUNGENAMYOLELO KUBANTU ABANTSUNDU ... 21
C. UKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI NGOKWEMIQATHANGO YOMQULU OWAMKELA IMITSHATO YAMA-SILAMSI ...31
IZIHLOMELO
INTSHAYELELO
Eli nqaku aliqulunqwanga ngenjongo yokuba libe lixwebhu eliqulethe yonke into nokuba lisetyenziswe njengelinegunya, kodwa lilumgiselelwe ukuba lisebenze njengesikhokelo kubantu abasebenza ngemitshato namafa.
Ngenxa yomthetho wocalulo eminye imitshato yabantu bomthonyama baseMzantsi Afrika yayingamkelwa okanye yaisuke ipheliswe phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Lo mthetho mtsha kuxoxwa ngawo kweli nqaku uthe wenza iinguqulelo ezinkulu kwizithethe, njengoko kuza kubonwa apha ngasezantsi.
Ngokunjalo indlela abephathwa ngayo amafa abantu abaNtsundu abafe bengenamiyolelo, ibingahambisani konke-konke nomgaqo-siseko yaye umthetho osekelwe phezu kwezigwebo ezithile kwakufuneka unyanzelise iSebe lezobuLungisa ukuba liguqule umthetho walo ukuba uhambelane nomGaqo-siseko.
Kusenokutshiwo ukuba lo mthetho mtsha kuxoxwa ngawo kweli nqaku nawo awuhambelani nezithethe zabantu bomthonyama boMzantsi Afrika, kodwa leyo ayiyonjongo yale ngxoxo. Wena ke zigqibele ngalo nto!
OKUSETYENZISIWEYO
IMITSHATO YESINTU
AMATYALA ASELE EGWETYIWE
1 SA 383 T
1 SA 377 A
2 SA 209 T
UmThetho wokwamkelwa kwemiTshato yeSintu
IsiKhokelo somSebenzisi-mthetho sokuKhuphela nomSebenzi wamaGunya, uHlelo lwesi-7 - West IsaHluko 40
IMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI
Amatyala asele egwetyiwe
UMabi weliFa likaSeedat echasene nomPhathi
 SA 690 (C)
Amanqaku
UBonthys: UmQulu wamaLungelo woMzantsi Afrika kunye nokuPhuhliswa komThetho woSapho
UChahalia - ubuMi, umThetho weeNtsapho zamaSilamsi kunye nomGaqo-siseko wexa elizayo woMzantsi Afrika - uphando lwangaphambili.
UBUNDLALIFA
Amatyala asele egwetyiwe
 SA 936 T
 SA 675 T
Umoseneke nabanye bechasene nomPhathi kunye nomnye
 SA 149
IMITHETHO
UmThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtsundu
UmThetho woLawulo lwamaFa
UmThetho wobuNdlalifa kungekho Myolelo
A. UMTHETHO 120 KA-1998 WOKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YESINTU
INTSHAYELELO
Phambi kokuxoxa nzulu ngomThetho wokwaMkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu (obizwa ngokuba "ngumThetho" apha ngasezantsi) kubalulekile ukunika amagqabantshintshi ngembono ebanzi malunga nemeko yomthetho ngokunxulumene nemitshato yakwamantyi kunye "nemitshato yesintu" ekwangenwa kuyo phambi kwe-15 Novemba 2000, (okt. umhla owaqala ngawo ukusebenza lo mThetho).
IMITSHATO YAKWAMANTYI NGOKOMTHETHO 38 KA-1927 WOKULAWULWA KWABANTU ABANTSUNDU
Ngokwecandelo 22 elicinyiweyo lomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabantu abaNtsundu. imitshato yakwamantyi yabantsu abantsundu yayihleli ingeyiyo eyokwabelana ngento yonke kwabo batshatileyo ngaphandle kwengeniso nelahleko kunye nokugcinwa kwegunya lomtshato ngumyeni (khangela kumthetho obhekiselele kuMphathiswa weeNdaba zabaNtu: kwityala likaMolefe echasene noMolefe 1946 AD 315 kunye noBopape echasene noMoloto 2000 1 SA 383 T). Ukuze kubekho ukwabelana ngento yonke kwabatshatileyo kunye nokwengeniso nelahleko apho kungekho sivumelwano senziweyo saphambi komtshato saza sabhaliswa, abantu abantsundu babenyanzelekile ukuba benze isibhengezo malunga nalo mba phambi kwegosa elitshatisayo, kwisithuba senyanga phambi kokuba bangene kumtshato.
Kodwa ke, oko kwabelana ngento yonke, njalonjalo, kwakusenzeka kuphela apho umyeni wayengeyonxalenye yomtshato wesintu kunye nomnye umlingane ngaphandle kwalo mlingane ajonge ukumtshata.
Ngomhla woku-1 Novemba 1984, umThetho 88 ka-1984 weMpahla yomTshato wathi wamiselwa, mthetho lowo owathi phakathi kwezinye izinto waphelisa igunya lomtshato ebenalo umyeni phezu komfazi kumtshato wakwamantyi, okanye ngomthetho wesintu. Isiphumo soku yaba kukuba, ukusuka ngonhla woku-1 Novemba 1984, igunya lomtshato ebenalo umyeni phezu komfazi ngokomtshato laphethwa ngokwe kwecandelo 22 elicinyiweyo, lathi lacinywa ukubuyela emva.
Ifuthe lomtshato wakwamantyi kumtshato wesintu osele ukho
Njengokuba abalingane kumtshato wesintu babengathathwa njengabatshatileyo ngokwasemthethweni, umlingane wayenokuba nakho nangaliphi na ixesha lokuhlala kwakhe kulo mtshato, ukungena kumtshato wakwamantyi nomnye umntu. Ifuthe laloo mtshato wakwamantyi kulo "mtshato wesintu", yayikukuba lo mtshato wesintu wawuvele upheliswe (khangela uNkambula echasene noLinda 1951 1 377 (A) kunye noMalaza echasene noMndaweni 1975 BAC (C) 45). Umfazi okulo mtshato wesintu wayesaziwa "njengomlingane olahliweyo". Umfazi okumtshato onjalo wesintu wayenakho ukungena kumtshato wakwamantyi nomnye umntu kuze ngokunjalo lo mtshato ukhoyo wesintu upheliswe. Ukuba le mitshato iyavuselelwa ngumThetho 120 ka-1998 (icandelo 2) wokwamKelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu ngumbuzo okuya kufuneka ukuba iinkundla zenze isiqibo ngawo.
Kodwa ke iCandelo 22 lomThetho 38 ka-1927, wokuLawulwa kwabantu abaNtsundu lathi lasindleka ngokhuselo oluthile kusapho olulahliweyo esakufa umyeni. Ngenjongo yelifa, umgangatho womhlolokazi otshatwe kwamantyi kunye nabantwana bakhe wawuthathwa njengokuba uyalingana nowabaya batshatwe ngesintu. Oku kuthetha ukuba, amabango okuqala anikwe umfazi womtshato wakwamantyi kunye nabantwana bakhe athi alahlwa, ze bathathwa ngokulinganayo nala mfazi (okanye abafazi) ulahliweyo womtshato wesintu wangaphambili kunye nabantwana bakhe.
Imeko ukusuka kumhla wesi-2 Disemba 1988
NgokomThetho wokuHlaziywa komThetho womTshato neMpahla yomTshato, umThetho 3 ka-1988, oqalise ukusebenza ngomhla wesi-2 Disemba 1988, umThetho ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabantu abaNtsundu wathi wahlenahlengiswa.
Lo mThetho woHlaziyo wazisa ezi nguqulelo zilandelayo:
Ukususwa kwecandelo 22 
Ifuthe loku yaba kukuba yonke imitshato eMzantsi Afrika yathi yenziwa yalingana yaye umThetho 88 ka-1984 weMpahla yomTshato wenziwa wasebenza nakwimitshato yabantu abantsundu ekungenwe kuyo emva komhla wesi-2 Disemba 1988. Imtshato ekungenwe kuyo emva komhla wesi-2 Disemba 1988 ngoko yayiba yileyo yokwabelana ngento yonke ngabo batshatileyo ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato sathi senziwa saza sabhaliswa kwisithuba seenyana ezintathu kumqulu wezigqibo.
Unyino kumtshato
Olunye uyilo olubalulekileyo kukuba "umtshato wesintu" awuzange usuke upheliswe ngulo wakwamantyi. Icandelo 221 lalimalela umyeni womtshato wesintu ukuba angene kumtshato wakwamantyi nomnye umfazi ngeli xesha kusekho lo mtshato wesintu khangela uThembisile echasene noThembisile 2002 2 SA 209 T noKwitshana echasene noMagalela 1999 4 SA 610 TK.
Ngelishwa akukho mvume yanikwayo kwimeko apho lo mtshato wakwamanti uthe wakho emva kwalowo wesintu. Kodwa ke, kuqinisekisiwe ukuba umtshato wakwamantyi onjalo unokulanjathiswa.
Imeko ukusuka ngomhla we-15 Novemba 2000
Icandelo 3 lomThetho 120 ka-1998 wokwaMkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu, walela umlingane oyinxalenye yomtshato wesintu osebenzayo ukuba angene kumtshato wakwamantyi ngomThetho 25 ka-1961 wemiTshato. Umsindleko ofana nalowo kuxoxwe ngawo kumhlathi 2.3.2 apha ngasentla, kodwa kungekho mvume apho imisindleko yalo mThetho ithe yanyhashwa.
Ngo-1978 umThetho 21 ka-1978 waseTranskei wawuvumela ukuba umyeni womtshato okhoyo wakwamantyi aphinde angene kweminye imitshato yesintu, ukuba lo mtshato wakwamantyi wawungenguwo owakwabelana ngento yonke. Ngokunjalo, umyeni okumtshato wesintu wayenganakho ukuthi ngeli xa uqhubekayo lo mtshato wesintu angene kumtshato wakwamantyi nomntu wesithathu, ukuba lo mtshato wakwamantyi yayingenguwo lowo wokwabelana ngento yonke.
UMTHETHO 120 KA-1998 WOKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YESINTU
Lo mThetho waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla we-15 Novemba 2000 wenza wazisa inyathelo elikhulu ukuba kwamkelwe yonke imitshato esemthehweni. Lo mthetho ungasetyenziswa phantsi ukubuyela umva yaye ngoku uza kujongwa ngokwamacandelo.
Ukusebenza kwalo mThetho
Lo mThetho usebenza kuyo yonke imitshato yesintu ekungenwe kuyo ngokomthetho wesintu, okt. izithethe kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokwemveli phakathi kwabantu bomthonyama boMzantsi Afrika ukwayinxalenye yenkcubeko yabo bantu.
Kucacile ke ngoko ukuba lo mThetho ngumThetho ongazani nabala, usebenza kuphela kubantu bomthonyama bomZantsi Afrika, ukuba lo mtshato wabanjwa ngokwezithethe nezinto ezisetyenziswa ngabantu bomthonyama boMzantsi Afrika.
UKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YESINTU
Icandelo 2 lalo mThetho lahlula phakathi kweendidi ezimbini zemitshato yesintu, ezizezi:
ImiTshato yamFazi-mnye neyesiThembu ekungenwe kuyo phambi komhla we-15 Novemba 2000
Imitshato ekungenwe kuyo phambi komhla we-15 Novemba 2000 yamkelwa kuphela ukuba isemthethweni ngokomthetho wesintu nokhoyo ngexesha lokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho. Imiqathango ekufuneka ifikelelwe yile mitshato yileyo ibekwe ngumthetho ongacaciswanga wesintu osebenza ngaphandle kwaKwaZulu-Natal nomthetho ocacisiweyo wesintu osebenza KwaZulu-Natal.
ImiTshato yamFazi-mnye neyesiThembu ekungenwe kuyo emva komhla we-15 Novemba 2000
Imitshato ekungenwe kuyo emva komhla we-15 Novemba 2000 iyahambelana neemfuno zalo mThetho. Imiqathango ekusindlekwe ngayo kulo mThetho ingqongqo yaye ukusilela ukuhambisana nale miqathango kuya kuba nefuthe lomtshato onokulanjathiswa.
Imiqathango yomtshato osemthethweni ekungenwe kuwo emva komhla we-15 Novemba 2000
Icandelo 3 lalo mThetho lisindleka ukuba le miqathango ilandelayo kufuneka ithotyelwe ngokubhekiselele kumtshato wesintu onomfazi omnye:
Bobabini abalingane abaza kutshata kufuneka babe ngaphezulu kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala okanye bathathwe njengabantu abadala.
Bobabini abalingane abaza kutshata kufuneka bavume ukutshata ngokomthetho wesintu.
Makungabikho kwaba balingane oyinxalenye yawo namphi na omnye umtshato wesintu.
Lo mtshato kufuneka kuboniswene ngawo ze ungenwe okanye ugcotyelwe ngokomthetho wesintu.
Ukulungiselela ukuba semthethweni komtshato wesithembu ngokwesintu, ukongeza kulo mqathango kuthethwa ngawo apha ngasentla, kufuneka kwenziwe isivumelwano njengoko kusindlekiwe kwicandelo 7 (ukuze ufumane ingxoxo egcweleyo ngalo mba khangela umhlathi 5.2.2).
Ukubhaliswa kwemiTshato yesiNtu
Icandelo 4 lomThetho libeka uxanduva kubalingane ukuba babhalise umtshato wabo, kodwa ukusilela ukubhalisa umtshato akuchaphazeli ukuba semthethweni kwalo mtshato.
Ubhaliso lwenziwa ligosa elibhalisayo (iSebe lezeKhaya), ukuba nje ingcaciso edingekayo emiselweyo iyanikwa ze kuhlawulwe nomrhumo. Nabani na, nokuba ayingabo abo batshatileyo, angafaka isicelo sokubhaliswa komtshato, ukuba nje babonisa umdla owaneleyo kulo mcimbi.
Imiqathango yokubhalisa umtshato kunye namaxwebhu ekufuneka egcwalisiwe kunye nobungqina omabungeniswe kwigosa elibhalisayo ziqulethwe kwimigaqo emalunga nomThetho yaye akuyi kuxoxwa ngeenkcukacha zazo kweli xwebhu.
Ukufaka isicelo enkundleni
Icandelo 4 lomThetho lisindleka ukuba inkundla kungayiwa kuyo ngokufaka isicelo ukuze kubhaliswe umtshato wesintu. Eli candelwana linokusetyenziswa kuphela xa kukho imbambano malunga nokuba semthethweni komtshato, hayi kwiimeko apho igosa elibhalisayo lingaqinisekanga ngezithethe noko kusetyenziswayo.
ISIDIMA NEGUNYA ELILINGANAYO LABALINGANE
Phambi kokumiselwa kwalo mThetho, inkosikazi ekumtshato wesintu yayithathwa njengomntu omncinci naphakade abe yena umyeni ethathwa njengomlawuli welifa. Icandelo 6 ngoku lithe lasindleka bobabini abalingane ngegunya elilinganayo, ngokuxhomekeka ukuba lo mtshato ungowaliphi na ixesha malunga nokwabiwa kweempahla.
IZIPHUMO MALUNGA NEEMPAHLA KWIMITSHATO YESINTU
ImiTshato yesiNtu esemThethweni ekungenwe kuyo phambi komhla we-15 Novemba 2000
Iziphumo malunga nempahla kwimitshato enjalo zihlala zilawulwa ngumthetho wesintu, ngokuxhomekeka kwimisindleko yecandelo 6, ekuxoxwe ngayo apha ngasentla. Iziphumo ezinjalo okukakhulu zithathwa njengezingangeni kumtshato wolwabelwano ngento yonke ngaphandle kohlelo lwengeniso.
Kodwa ke icandelo 7 lomThetho, lisindleka ukuba abalingane abakumtshato ongenwe phambi kokuqalisa kwalo mThetho ukusebenza, bangathi ngokuhlangeneyo bafake isicelo enkundleni ukuze baguqule isimo sempahla kumtshato wabo, ukuba kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zalo nguqulelo, kunikwe ixesha elaneleyo kubantu ababatyalayo yaye kungabikho mntu wenzelwa ixanasi yile nguqulelo. Inkundla iya kugunyazisa eso sibini ukuba singene kwisivumelwano yaye umtshato uya kuthi kamva ulawulwe seso sivumelwano.
Imitshato esemthethweni ekungenwe kuyo emva komhla we-15 Novemba 2000
Imitshato yesintu emfazi mnye
Ukuba kubalingane akakho okomnye umtshato oqhubayo wesintu, umtshato ngulowo wokwabelana ngento yonke, ngaphandle kokuba abalingane bangena kwisiVumelwano sokungaBelani ngento yonke yaye eso sivumelwano sibhaliswe kumgcini wencwadi yezigqibo. Kule meko yokugibela, iziphumo ngokwempahla yalo mtshato ziya kulawulwa seso sivumelwano.
Imitshato yesithembu ngokwesintu
Umyeni onqwenela ukwenza isivumelwano somnye umtshato wesintu kufuneka afake isicelo enkundleni ukuze afumane umyalelo:-
wokulawula iziphumo zolwabiwo-mpahla yomtshato wakhe kulo mfazi mtsha;
ukuphelisa uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato lwalo mtshato ukhoyo; kunye nokwahlula ilifa nokuqinisekisa ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwempahla.
Inkundla iya kusalela isicelo esinjalo ukuba ngokwembono yayo nabani na kwaba bantu babandakanyekayo akakhuselwanga ngokwaneleyo sesi sivumelwano.
NgokwabaCebisi bomThetho kutsha nje imbono efunyenwe liSebe lezeKhaya, ukuphethwa kwesivumelwano kungqongqo yaye ukukubetha ngoyaba kunefuthe lomtshato onokulanjathiswa.
UKUCHITHWA KOMTSHATO WESINTU
Icandelo 8 likwathe lazisa inguqulelo kwimeko yangaphambili, apho umtshato wesintu ubuya kuchithwa ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla.
Yonke imitshato yesintu esemthethweni, nokuba ibhalisiwe okanye hayi kufuneka ichithwe yinkundla, (iNkundla ePhakamileyo, iNkundla yeeNtsapho okanye iNkundla yoQhawulo-mitshato ngokomThetho 9 ka-1929). Imisindleko yomThetho 24 ka-1987 woQhawulo-mitshato isebenza kumtshato wesintu yaye umtshato onjalo ungachithwa kuphela xa kukho ukwaphuka okungenakungcibeka kuloo mtshato.
Ukubuyiswa kwekhazi ebelikhutshiwe linqaku ekungekaqinisekwa ngalo okwangoku yaye lowo ulibambileyo kufuneka abe yinxalenye yeenkqubo, kulungiselelwa xa kunokwenzeka kufuneke libuyiswe ikhazi elo.
UKUGUQULWA KOHLELO LOMTSHATO
Icandelo 10 livumela ukuba abo bakumtshato wesintu omfazi-mnye benze isivumelwano sokutshatana ngokomThetho 25 ka-1961 womTshato.
Kodwa ke, umThetho awuvumi ukuba ubani okumtshato wakwamantyi angene kumtshato wesintu nalo mlingane khangela icandelo 104.
UmThetho ucatshulwe yaye ufundeka ngolu hlobo:
UMTHETHO 120 KA-1998 WOKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YESINTU
INJONGO
Ukwenza umsindleko wokamkelwa kwemitshato yesintu; ukumisela imiqathango yomtshato wesintu osemthethwen; ukulawula ukubhaliswa kwemitshato yesintu; ukusindleka ngewonga nesikhundla esilinganayo kwabo batshatileyo kwimitshato yesintu; ukulawula iziphumo zokwabiwa kwempahla kwimitshato yesintu kunye nesikhundla sabalingane abakumtshato onjalo; ukulawula ukuchithwa kwemitshato yesintu; ukusindleka ngokwenziwa kwemigaqo; ukuguzula imisindleko ethile yemithetho ethile; kunye nokusindlekela imiba ehlangene nako konke oko.
Iinkcazelo
Kulo mThetho, ngaphandle kokuba isimo salatha okunye-
inkundla' ithetha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoMzantsi Afrika, inkundla yeentsapho emiselwe phantsi kwawo nawuphi na umthetho okanye iNkundla yoQhawulo-mitshato emiselwe ngokwecandelo 10 lomThetho woHlhengahlengiso loLawulo, 1929 (umThetho ka-1929);
Umthetho wesintu' uthetha izithethe noko kusetyenziswayo ezigcinwa ngokwemveli phakathi kwabantu bomthonyama abangama-Africa boMzantsi Afrika zibe ziyinxalenye yenkcubeko yabo bantu;
umtshato wesintu' uthetha umtshato ekungenwe kuwo ngokwemiqathango yomthetho wesintu;
ikhazi' lithetha impahla ngokwemali okanye okunye, nokuba yaziwa njengekhazi, bogadi, bohali, xuma, lumalo, thaka, ilobola, magadi, emabeheka okanye nangaliphi na elinye igama, athi oza kuba ngumyeni okanye intloko yosapho lwakhe athembise ukuyinika intloko yekhaya lalowo uza kuba ngumtshakazi kujongwe kumtshato wesintu;
umPhathiswa' uthetha umPhathiswa wewSebe lezeKhaya;
okumiselweyo' kuthetha okumiselwe ngomgaqo owenziwe phantsi kwecandelo 11;
igosa elibhalisayo' lithetha nawuphi na umntu otyunjwe njengegosa elibhalisayo ngeenjongo zalo mThetho okanye igosa elibambeleyo phantsi kwegunya elibhaliweyo lomPhathiswa;
lo mThetho' uquka le migaqo; kanti inkokheli yemveli' nguye namphi na umntu onesikhundla kuluhlu lolawulo lwemveli, ngokomthetho wesintu okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho.
Ukwamkelwa kwemitshato yesintu
Umtshato ongumtshato osemthethweni kumthetho wesintu nosele ukho ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwalo mThetho wamkelwa njengomtshato phantsu kwazo naziphi na iimeko.
Umtshato wesintu ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa kwalo mThetho ukusebenza, ohambelana nemiqathango yalo mThetho, wamkelwa njengomtshato phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.
Ukuba umntu ungumlingane kwimitshato yesintu engaphezulu kwisinye, yonke imitshato yesintu esemthethweni ekungenwe kuyo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, iyamkelwa njengemitshato phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.
Ukuba umntu ungumlingane kwimitshato yesintu engaphezulu kwisinye, yonke imitshato enjalo ekungenwe kuyo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho,ibe ihambisana nemisindleko yalo mThetho, iyamkelwa njengemitshato phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.
Ukuze umtshato wesintu ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho ube semthethweni-
a abo baza kutshata kufuneka-
i bobabini babe ngaphezulu kobudala obuli-18 iminyaka; kunye nokuba ii bobabini bavume ukuba batshatiswe phantsi komthetho wesintu.
b lo mtshatho makuboniswane ukuze kungenwe kuwo okanye ugcotyelwe ngokomthetho wesintu.
Ngaphandle kokuba kusindlekiwe kwicandelo 101, akukho mlingane okumtshato wesintu uya kuba nakho ukungena kumtshato phantsi komThetho wemiTshato, 1961 (umThetho 25 ka-1961), ngeli xesha usaqhuba lo mtshato wesintu.
a Ukuba omnye kwabo baza kutshata uselula, bobabini abazali bakhe, okanye ukuba akanabazali, umondli wakhe osemthethwei, kufuneka anike imvume yokuba atshate.
b Ukuba imvume yomzali okanye umondli ayinakufumaneka, icandelo 25 lomThetho wemiTshato, 1961, liya kusebenza.
a Nangona kukho icandelwana 1 a i, umPhathiswa okanye naliphi na igosa eligunyaziswe nguye ngokubhala kwinkonzo karhulumente, linganika imvume ebhaliweyo kumntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala ukuba angene kumtshato wesintu ukuba umPhathiswa okanye elo gosa kuthethwa ngalo libona ukuba lo mtshato uyadingeka yaye ungumdla wabo bantu bangena kuwo.
b Loo mvume ayiyi kukhulula abo bangena kulo mtshato kwizibophelelo zokuba bathobele yonke eminye imiqathango emiselwe emthethweni.
c Ukuba umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala uthe wangena kumtshato wesintu ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo yomPhathiswa okanye yegosa elifanelekileyo, umPhathiswa okanye eli gosa lisenakho, ukuba linoluvo lokuba lo mtshato uyadingeka yaye ungumdla woosingaye, nokuba ukuba lo mtshato wawuhambelana nomThetho ngokweminye imiba, ukubhengeza ngokubhala ukuba lo mtshato ngumtshato wesintu osemthethwen.
Ngokuxhomekaka kwicandelwana 4, icandelo 24A lomThetho wemiTshato, 1961, lisebenza kumtshato wesintu apho umntu oselula engena kuwo ngaphandle kwemvume yomzali, umondli, umkomishinari wentlalo-ntle yabantwana okanye ijaji, kuxhomekeka kwimeko.
Ukwalelwa komtshato wesintu phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yokuhlobana ngegazi okanye ukuzalana kuxomekeka kumthetho wesintu.
Ukubhaliswa kwemitshato yesintu
Abalingane abakumtshato wesintu banoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba umtshato wabo ubhalisiwe.
Namphi na umlingane angafaka isicelo kwigosa elibhalisayo ngokugcwalisa ifom emiselweyo ukuze abhalise umtshato wakhe wesintu yaye kufuneka anike igosa elibhalisayo ulwazi olumiselweyo kunye nalo naluphi na ulwazi olongezelelekileyo olunokufunwa ligosa elibhalisayo ukuze lizanelise ngobukho baloo mtshato.
Umtshato wesintu-
a ekungenwe kuwo ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, ube ungabhaliswanga ngokwawo nawuphi na omnye umthetho, kufuneka ubhaliswe kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-12 emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho okanye kwixesha elidana njengoko umPhathiswa angathi amaxesha ngamaxesha amisele isaziso kwiGazethi; okanye b ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, kufuneka ubhaliswe kwisthuba seenyanga ezintathu emva kokuphethwa kwawo loo mtshato okanye kwixesha elidana njengoko umPhathiswa angathi amaxesha ngamaxesha amisele isaziso kwiGazethi.
a Igosa elibhalisayo, ukuba lanelisekile ukuba abalingane bangene kumtshato osemthethweni, kufuneka liwubhalise lo mtshato ngokubhala amagama abalingane, umhla walo mtshato, ikhazi ekuvunyelwene ngalo nazo naziphi na iinkcukacha ezimiselweyo.
c Igosa elibhalisayo kufuneka linike aba balingane isiqiniselo sobhaliso lomtshato, esineenkcukacha ezimiselweyo.
a Ukuba ngaso nasiphi na isizathu, umtshato wesintu awubhaliswanga, nabani na othi anelise igosa elibhalisayo ukuba unomdla owaneleyo kulo mba angafaka isicelo kwigosa elibhalisayo ngala ndlela imiselweyo ukuze liphande ngobukho baloo mtshato.
b Ukuba igosa elibhalisayo lanelisekile ukuba ukho okanye wakha wakho umtshato wesintu osemthethweni phakathi kwabo balingane, kufuneka awubhalise lo mtshato ze akhuphe isiqiniselo sobhaliso njengoko kuveziwe kwicandelwana .
Ukuba igosa elibhalisayo alaneliseki ukuba kwangenwa kumtshato wesintu osemthethweni ngaba balingane, kufuneka ale ukuwubhalisa lo mtshato.
Inkundla inokuthi, xa kufakwe isicelo nasemva kophando olumiselwe yinkundla, iyalele-
a ukubhaliswa kwawo nawuphi na umtshato wesintu; okanye b ukucinywa okanye ukulungiswa kwalo naluphi na ubhaliso lomtshato wesintu olwenziwe ligosa elibhalisayo.
Isiqiniselo sobhaliso lomtshato wesintu esikhutshwe phantsi kweli candelo okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho onika umsindleko wokubhaliswa kwemitshato yesintu siba nobungqina obamkelweyo bobukho balo mtshato wesintu nobeenkcukacha eziqulethwe kweso siqiniselo.
Ukusilela ukubhalisa umtshato wesintu akuchaphazeli ukuba semthethweni kwalo mtshato.
Ukuqinisekiswa kobudala bomntu oselula
Igosa elibhalisayo, malunga nomntu ekuthiwa uselula, linokwamkela isiqinisekiso sokuzalwa, incwadi yesazizsi, ingxelo efungelweyo okanye umzali nokuba sisizalwana salo mntu uselula okanye nobunye ubungqina elibona bufanelekile eli gosa libhalisayo njengobungqina bobudala baloo mntu uselula.
Ukuba ubudala bomntu ekuthiwa uselula abuqiniseki okanye kuyaphikiswana ngabo, bube ubudala balo mntu bubalulekile ngenjongo yalo mThetho, igosa elibhalisayo linokuthi ngala ndlela imiselweyo lingenise lo mba kwinkundla kamantyi emiselwe ngokomThetho weeNkundla zikaMantyi, 1944 (umThetho 32 ka-1944), ekufuneka yona inkundla iqinisekise ubudala balo mntu ze ikhuphe isiqiniselo esimiselweyo malunga nalo mcimbi, siqiniselo eso siqulethe ubungqina bobudala balo mntu.
Umfazi okumtshato wesintu, ngokokulingana nomyeni wakhe nangokuxhomekeka kuhlelo lokwabiwa kweempahla olulawula lo mtshato, unesidima nesikhundla esipheleleyo, kuquka nesikhundla sokufumana iimphla nokuzichitha, ukungena kwisivumelwano kunye nokumangala, ngaphezu kwawo nawaphi na amalungelo namagunya anokuba nawo ngokomthetho wesintu.
Iziphumo zokwabiwa kwempahla kumtshato wesintu kunye namandla esivumelwano kubalingane
Iziphumo zokwabiwa kwempahla kumtshato wesintu ekungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho ziyaqhubeka ukulawulwa ngumthetho wesintu.
Umtshato wesintu ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, apho umlingane angeyonxalenye yawo nawuphi na omnye umtshato wesintu okhoyo, ngumtshato apho kwabelwana ngento yonke, nengeniso nelahleko phakathi kwabalingane, ngaphandle kokuba ezo ziphumo zibe zithe ngokucacileyo azafakwa ngabalingane kwisivumelwano somtshato esilawula uhlelo sempahla yomtshato wabo.
somThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 (umThetho 88 ka-1984), zisebenza kuwo nawuphi na umtshato wesintu ongowokwabelana ngento yonke njengoko kuvezwe kwicandelwana .
a Abalingane abakumtshato wesintu ekungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho bangathi ngokuhlangeneyo bafake isicelo enkundleni ukuze bavunyelwe ukuguqula uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato olusebenza kumtshato okanye imitshato yabo yaye inkundla ingathi ikhuphe umyalelo wokuba uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato olusebenza kulo mtshato okanye kuloo mitshato alusayi kuqhubeka lusebenza ize igunyazise abo bachaphazelekayo kulo mtshato okanye kuloo mitshato ukuba bangene kwisivumelwano esibhaliweyo apho uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato okanye yemitshato yabo luya kuthi lulawulwe ngokwemiqathango emiselwe yinkundla. Oku kuya kwenzeka ukuba inkundla yanelisekile kukuba-
i kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zale nguqulelo icetywayo;
ii kuye kwanikwa isaziso esibhaliweyo nesanelisayo sale nguqulelo icetywayo kubo bonke abatyalwa izambuku ezingaphezu kwama- R500 ngaba balingane njengoko kunokugqitywa ngumPhathiswa wezobuLungisa ngesaziso kwiGazethi; nokuba iii akukho mntu ungomnye uya kwenzelwa ixanasi yile nguqulelo icetywayo.
b Kwimeko apho umyeni eyinxalenye yemitshato yesintu engaphezu kwsinye, bonke abantu abanomdla owaneleyo kulo mcimbi, ngokukodwa umlingane okanye abalingane balowo ufaka isicelo, kufuneka bafakwe kwiinkqubo.
) Icandelo 21 lomThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 (umThetho 88 ka-
lisebenza kumtshato wesintu ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho apho umyeni engenabalingane badlulileyo kwisinye.
Umyeni okumtshato wesintu onqwenela ukungena komnye umtshato wesintu nomnye umfazi emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho kufuneka afake isicelo enkundleni ukuba iphumeze isivumelwano esibhaliweyo esiya kulawula ikamva lohlelo lokwabiwa kwempahla kulo mtshato wakhe.
Xa kuqwalaselwa isicelo ngokwecandelo 6-
a inkundla kufuneka-
i kwimeko yomtshato wokwabelana ngento yonke okanye oxhomekeke kuhlelo lwengeniso-
aa iluphelise uhlelo lokwabelana ngempahla yomtshato olusebenza kulo mtshato; ze bb iphumeze isahlulo sempahla yomtshato;
ii iqinisekise ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwempahla; ze iii iqwalasele zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo zezo ntsapho ziya kuchaphazeleka ukuba isicelo samkelwe;
b inkundla inokuthi-
i ivumele ezinye iinguqulelo kwimiqathango yesivumelwano;
ii inike umyalelo ngokuxhomekeka kuyo nayiphi na imiqathango eyibona inobulungisa; okanye iii isalele isicelo ukuba ngokokubona kwayo imidla yalo naliphi na icala elibandakanyekayo ayiyikukhuseleka ngokwaneleyo kwesi sivumelwano sicetywayo.
Bonke abantu abanomdla owaneleyo kulo mcimbi, ngokukodwa umlingane okanye abalingane balowo ufaka isicelo kunye nalowo useza kuba ngumlingane wakhe, kufuneka bafakwe kwiinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokwecandelwana .
Ukuba inkundla iyasiphumeza isicelo ekuthethwe ngaso kwicandelwana okanye 6, umgcini zincwadi okanye unobhala wenkundla, ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko, kufuneka anike umlingane ngamnye umyalelo wenkundla kuquka isikhutshelo esiqinisekisiweyo seso sivumelwano yaye kufuneka abone ukuba lo myalelo kunye nesikhutshelo esiqinisekisiweyo seso sivumelwano sithunyelwa kumgcini zincwadi wezivumelwano ngamnye walo mmandla ikuwo inkundla.
Ukuchithwa kwemitshato yesintu
Umtshato wesintu ungachithwa kuphela yinkundla ngommiselo woqhawulo-mitshato phantsi kwemihlaba yokuba lo mtshato uqhekekileyo awusenakungcibeka.
Inkundla ingakhupha ummiselo woqhawulo-mtshato phantsi komhlaba wokuba umtshato oqhekekileyo awusenakungcibeka ukuba yanelisekile ukuba ubudlelane bomtshato phakathi kweso sibini sisemtshatweni sebufikelele kwimeko yokuphasalaka yaye akusekho themba libonakalayo lokubuyisela uzinzo kubudlelane bomtshato phakathi kwabo.
UmThetho wokuLamla kwimiCimbi eThile yoQhawulo-mitshato, 1987
umThetho 24 ka-1987 necandelo 6 lomThetho woQhawulo-mitshato, 1979 umThetho 70 ka-1979, ziyasebenza ekuchithweni komtshato wesintu.
Inkundla enika isimiselo sokuchitha umtshato wesintu-
a inala magunya kuthethwe ngawo kumacandelo 7, 8, 9nele-10
omThetho woQhawulo-mitshato, 1979, kunye necandelo 24 lomThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 (umThetho 88 ka-1984);
b kufuneka, kwimeko yomyeni ongumlingane kwimitshato yesintu engaphezu kwesinye, ithathele ingqalelo zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo kuquka naso nasiphi na isibophelelo, isivumelwano, okanye umyalelo owenziwa ngokwamacandelo 7 4, 5, 6 okanye 7 yaye kufuneka yenze umyalelo onokulingana ebona ukuba unobulungisa;
c ingayalela ukuba nabani na othe ngokwembono yenkundla wanomdla owaneleyo kulo mcimbi afakwe kwiinkqubo;
d ingenza umyalelo malunga nokuba ngubani na omakagcine namphi na umntwana oselula walo mtshato; yaye e ingathi xa isenza umyalelo wokuhlawulwa kwesondlo, ithathele ingqalelo yawo nawuphi na umsindleko okanye ulungiselelo oluthe lwenziwa ngokomthetho wesintu.
Kweli candelo akukho nto inokuguqulwa njengenika imida kwindima, evunywe kumthetho wesintu, yakhe namphi na umntu, kuquka nayiphi na inkokheli yemveli, ekulamleni, ngokomthetho wesintu, kuyo nayiphi na imbambano okanye umba ovela phambi kokuba kuchithwe umtshato wesintu yinkundla.
Ubudala obusemthethweni
Nangona kukho imigaqo yomthetho wesintu, ubudala obusemthethweni bakhe nabani na bugqitywa ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wobuDala obusemThethweni, 1972 (umThetho 57 ka-1972).
Ukuguqulwa kohlelo lomtshato
Indoda nomfazi abakumtshato wesintu banakho ukungena kwisivumelwano somtshato phantsi komThetho wemiTshato, 1981 (umThetho 25 ka-1961), ukuba phakathi kwabo akakho ongumlingane komnye umtshato oqhubayo nomnye umntu.
Xa kungenwa emtsharweni njengoko kuvezwe kwicandelwana 1 lo mtshato ngowokwabelana ngento yonke kunye nengeniso nelahleko ngaphandle kokuba ezo ziphumo zithe ngokucacileyo azafakwa kwisivumelwano somtshato esilawula uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato wabo.
IsaHluko III kunye namacandelo 18, 19, 20 nelama-24 esaHluko I
omThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 (umThetho 88 ka-1984), zisebenza malunga nawo nawuphi na umtshato ongowohlelo lokwabelana ngento yonke njengoko kuveziwe kwicandelwana .
Nangona kukho icandelwana 1, akukho mlingane okumtshato ekungenwe kuwo phantsi komThetho wemiTshato, 1961, unakho ukuthi, ngeli xesha lomtshato usaqhubekayo, angene kuwo nawuphi na omnye umtshato.
Imigaqo
UmPhathiswa wezobuLungisa, ebonisana nomPhathiswa, angenza imigaqo-
a ebhekiselele-
i kwimiqathango ekufuneka ithotyelwe kunye nengcaciso ekufuneka inikwe igosa elibhalisayo ngokubhekiselele kubhaliso lomtshato wesintu;
ii kwindlela ekufuneka igosa elibhalisayo lizanelise ngayo malunga nokuba kho okanye ukuba semthethweni komtshato wesintu;
iii kwindlela athi ubani, kuquka nenkokheli yemveli, anokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ekunikeni ubungqina bobukho okanye ekubhalisweni kwawo nawuphi na umtshato wesintu;
iv kubume nobuthumbu beziqiniselo, izaziszo, iziqiniselo ezifungelweyo kunye nezibhengezo ezifunekayo ngenxa yalo mThetho;
v kugcino, uqiniselo, ukuphunyezwa, ukulungiswa, ukukhutshwa kwakhona kunye nokulahlwa kwalo naliphi na ixwebhu elunxulumene nokubhaliswa kwemitshato yesintu okanye nalo naliphi na ixwebhu elimiselweyo ngokwale migaqo;
vi ngawo nawuphi na umcimbi ofunekayo okanye ovunyelweyo ukuba umiselwe ngokwalo mThetho; kunye vii nawo nawuphi na omnye umcimbi odingekayo okanye ongxamisekileyo ukuba kusindlekwa ubhaliso oluchanekileyo lwemitshato yesintu okanye ulawulo olwenziwe kakuhle lwalo mThetho; kunye b nokumisela imirhumo ehlawulwayo malunga nokubhaliswa komtshato wesintu kunye nokukhutshwa kwaso nasiphi na isiqiniselo malunga noko.
Nawo nawuphi na umgaqo omiselwe phantsi kwecandelwana 1 kufuneka ungeniswe ePalamente, phambi kokuba upapashwe kwiGazethi.
Nawuphi na umgaqo omiselwe phantsi kwecandelwana 1 onokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwemali nguRhulumente okanye imigaqo emiselwe phantsi kwecandelwana 1 b kufuneka yenziwe ngokubonisana nomPhathiswa wezeziMali.
Nawuphi na umgaqo omiselwe phantsi kwecandelwana 1 ungasindleka ukuba nawuphi na umntu othi ophule umsindleko wawo okanye asilele ukuhambisana nawo abe uya kubekwa ityala aze esakugwetywa kufuneke ukaba ahlawule umdliwo okanye avalelwe isithuba esingadlulanga kunyaka omnye.
Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwemithetho
Icandelo 17 lomThetho woGcino lweziVumelwano, 1937 umThetho 47 ka-1937, uyahlengahlengiswa ngokuthi kuguqulwe umhlathi b wecandelwana 2 lalo mhlathi ulandelayo:
b apho umtshato ekujongenwe nawo ulawulwa ngumthetho osebenza kwiRiphabhliki okanye nayiphi na inxalenye yawo, icacisa ukuba ngaba lo mtshato waba nesivumelwano sokungabelani ngento yonke okanye ngaba uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato lulawulwa ngumthetho wesintu ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wokwamkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu, 1998;'
Icandelo 45bis lomThetho woGcino lweziVumelwano, 1937, liyahlengahlengiswa a ngokuthi kufakwe okunye endaweni yomhlathi b wecandelwana 1 lalo mhlathi ulandelayo:
b uyinxalenye okanye wawuyinxalenye yempahla kwilifa elihlangeneyo, yaye inkundla ithe yakhupha umyalelo, okanye ithe yakhupha umyalelo yaza yanika isigunyaziso, phantsi kwecandelo 20 okanye 21 1 lomThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 umThetho 88 ka-1984, okanye phantsi kwecandelo 7 lomThetho wokwamkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu, 1988, ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko, apho impahla, okuqeshiweyo okanye ityala linikwa omnye wabalingane,'; kunye b ngokuthi kfakwe okunye endaweni yomhlathi b wecandelwana 1A lalo mhlathi ulandelayo:
b uyinxalenye okanye wawuyinxalenye yempahla kwilifa elihlangeneyo, yaye inkundla ithe yakhupha umyalelo, okanye ithe yakhupha umyalelo yaza yanika isigunyaziso, phantsi kwecandelo 20 okanye 21 1 lomThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 umThetho 88 ka-1984, okanye phantsi kwecandelo 7 lomThetho wokwamkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu, 1988, ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko, apho impahla, okuqeshiweyo okanye ityala linikwa omnye wabalingane kwizabelo ezingahlulwanga.'.
Ukuguzulwa kwemithetho
Le mithetho ikhankanywe kwesi siCwangciso iyaguzulwa kangangoko kubekiwe kuluhlu lwesithathu lwesiCwangciso.
Isihloko esifutshane nokuqalisa
Lo mThetho ubizwa ngokuba ngumThetho wokwaMkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu, 19898, yaye uqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla omiselwe nguMongameli ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi, okt. 15 Novemba 2000.
Isicwangciso
UKUGUZULWA KWEMITHETHO
Icandelo 12
Inani nonyaka Isihlokwana umgama woguzulo womthetho
UmThetho 21 ka-1978 UmThetho wemiTshato Amacandelo 3, 29, 37, 38
neNgqokelela yemiThetho yakwa-
Zulu, 1987"
B. ULWABIWO LIFA OLUNGENAMYOLELO LWABANTU ABANTSUNDU
INTSHAYELELO
Kwixesha elidlulileyo uMzantsi Afrika wawusamkela iintlelo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zobundlalifa ubuncinane: umthetho ongabhalwanga (kunye nemimiselo ewuhlengahlengisayo) kunye nemithetho yesintu. Uninzi lwemigaqo yesintu eyayisetyentyiswa kwixa elingaphambili yayingapheleli nje ekungquzulaneni nomqathango wempatho elinganayo, kodwa yayingahambisani nomgaqo-siseko.
Ingxoxo emayela nongquzulwano phakathi kwenkcubeko kunye nokulingana (khangela amacandelo 9 no- 30 omGaqo-siseko) ibe kho kakhulu, ngakumbi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.
Umzekelo ophathekayo wolu ngquzulwano uthe wabonakala kwityala lokuqala likaMthembu uMthembu echasene noLetsela 1997 2 SA 9 36 T kunye netyala lesibini likaMthembu uMthembu echasene noLetsela 1998 2 SA 675 T elaya kwisibheno. Kuba oku sekuyimbali, kweli nqaku siza kujongana kuphela nemeko njengoko injalo namhlanje.
Icandelo 23 lomThetho 38 ka-1927 wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu wasindleka ngokuba apho umntu ontsundu athe wafa, enomyolelo ongarhoxiswanga, elo lifa kwakufuneka lilawulwe ngumPhathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo icandelo 239.
Kodwa ke, ukuba umntu ontsuntu wafa, engashiyi myolelo usemthethweni, elo lifa lingenamyolelo kwakufuneka lilawulwe nguMantyi wesithili awayehlala kuso loo mntu untsundu icandelo 237. Umgaqo R200 womhla wesi-6 Febhuwari 1987, owathi wabhengezwa phantsi kwecandelo 2310 lomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu, wathi wasetyenziswa ukuba uncede ekulawulweni kwabantu abaNtsuntu.
Isiphumo setyala likaMoseneke- isigqibo yaba kukuba ilifa lomntu ontsundu elingenamyolelo lingaxelwa kumPhathi ukuze lilawulwe ngokwemiqathango yomthetho ongabhalwanga okanye kwi-Ofisi kaMantyi ukuze lilawulwe nguMantyi ngokwemiqathango yomthetho wesintu. Oku yayiluxanduva lwaloo mntu unika ingxelo ngelifa. Ukuba elo lifa lalilawulwe ngumantyi, kwakuya kusetyenziswa inkqubo engaqulunqwanga ka- R200 ka-1987 njengoko kuthethwe ngayo apha ngasentla. Ukuba elo lifa lalixelwe kumPhathi, kwakusetyenziswa umthetho ongabhalwanga ukulawula elo lifa.
Esi senzo singasentla sasivunyelwa kuphela kangangeminyaka emibini ukusuka ekuthathweni kwesigqibo kwityala likaMoseneke. ISebe lezobuLungisa kwafuneka limisele umthetho ojongene nolawulo lwawo onke amafa kwiRiphabhliki yoMzantsi Afrika. Kodwa ngelishwa zange kubekho mgaqo wenziwayo. Umgaqo okhoyo wexesha localulo wasuka nje wahlengahlengiswa.
Ilifa elinomyolelo ongarhoxiswanga
Njengoko kukhe kwaboniswa kwisigqibo setyala likaMoseneke, imisindleko yecandelo 23 lomThetho wokukuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu, kwakuvunyelwa ukuba lilandelwe iminyaka emibini kuphela. Eli thuba leminyaka emibini lafikelela esiphelweni ngomhla wesi-5 Disemba 2002. Ukusukela kumhla wesi-6 Disemba, umPhathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo wathi waxhotyiselwa ukusebenza ngawo onke amafa alawulwa ngumthetho ongabhalwanga. Ukuba umntu wayefile libe ixabiso lelifa lingaphantsi kwe- R125 000, 00, elo lifa kwakusetyenzwa ngalo kwiiNdawo zoNcedo kwii-Ofisi zikaMantyi endaweni yomPhathi kukwalandelwa isikhokelo sakhe (la mafa awaphelelanga kumafa abantu abantsundu kuphela).
Onke amafa anemiyolelo engarhoxiswanga anexabiso elingaphezulu kwe- R125 000, 00, kwakufuneka nawo axelwe kumPhathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuze alawulwe.
Uxanduva lomPhathi
Ukususela kumhla wesi-6 Disemba 2002 ukuya kutsho kowe-15 Okthobha 2004 uxanduva lokongamela ulawulo lwala mafa alandelayo lwathi lwasuswa kuMantuyi yaye kwakunokusetyenzwa ngawo kuphela ngumPhathi ngokwemiqathango yomthetho wesintu, okt. umThetho 66 ka-1965 wokuLawulwa kwamaFa, okukoku:-
Ilifa lomntu ontsundu, othe ngexesha esaphila, wafaka isicelo sokukhululwa phantsi kolawulo lwemithetho yakwaZulu.
Ilifa lomntu ontsundu ongengomhlali woMzantsi Afrika (owelinye ilizwe).
Ilifa lomntu ontsundu othe, ngomhla wokufa kwakhe waba liqabane kumtshato wakwamantyi.
Umntu ofileyo, owayengumhlolokazi, umhlolo okanye eqhawule umtshato (wakwamantyi) ngomhla wokufa kwakhe abe engashiyi mlingane womtshato wesintu ekwangenwa kuwo phambi kokuchithwa kwalo mtshato (wakwamantyi).
Xa umPhathiswa wezobuLungisa enika isikhokelo sokuba ilifa malilawulwe ngokwemiqathango yomthetho ongabhalwanga.
Phambi kokuba umPhathi abe nokulawula eli lifa kuthethwa ngalo apha ngasentla, kwakufuneka kungeniswe ubunqina obubhaliweyo bokuba elo lifa lingena kula akhankanywe apha ngasentla.
Uxanduva lukaMantyi
Apho umntu ontsuntu efe engenamyolelo uMantyi okweso sithili agqibele kuso ukuhlala lowo ufileyo wayenegunya lokulawula ilifa lakhe:
Nabani na onomlingane kumtshato wesintu
La mafa angasentla ayesaqhubeka esabiwa phantsi komthetho wesintu njengoko kusindlekwe phantsi komThetho wokuLawulwa kwabantu abaNtsundu kunye nemigaqo ebhengezwe phantsi kwawo.
Yonke into ekuxoxwe ngayo kumhlathi 1 ukuya kutsho kowesi-3 apha ngasentla ngoku ithe yaguqulwa lityala likaBhe nabaNye bechasene noMantyi, iKhayelitsha nabaNye 2005 SA 580 CC.
Eli tyala kuthethwa ngalo sisicelo sokuqinsekiswa komyalelo wokungabikho mthethweni ngokomgaqo-siseko esifakwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKapa. Le Nkundla yafumanisa amacandelo 23 (a), (c) no(e) omThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu kunye nomgaqo 2(e) wemiGaqo yokuLawulwa nokwaBiwa kwamaFa abantu abaNtsundu abaFileyo kungahambi ngokomgaqo-siseko yaye kungekho mthethweni. Icandelo 1 (b) lomThetho wamaFa angenamYolelo nalo labhengezwa njengelingahambi ngokomgaqo-siseko njengoko likhupha naliphi na ilifa okanye inxalenye yalo naliphi na ilifa ngokusebenza kwecandelo 1 lalo mThetho, apho icandelo 23 lomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu lisebenzayo.
ULanga DCJ, ebhalela uninzi lweeNkundla, unoluvo lokuba, xa licaciswa ngokwembali yalo, icandelo 23 lomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu lisuntsu lomthetho elingasahambi namaxesha anamhlanje elithi lenze lukhuni umthetho wesintu "osesikweni" laza ladala ukunyhashwa okumandla kwamalungelo abantu abantsundu base-Afrika. Eli candelo ladala uhlelo olunxusileyo lokwabiwa kwelifa kuma-Afrika antsundu, lingahoyanga minqweno nameko zawo. Icandelo 23 kunye nemigaqo yalo zibonakala zinocalulo yaye zisaphula amalungelo okulingana akwicandelo 9 kunye nesidima kwicandelo 10 lomGaqo-siseko wethu, yaye kufuneka likhutshwe ke ngoko. Ifuthe lalo myalelo kukuba akupheleli nje ukuba imithetho ezimeleyo elawula ilifa kweli candelo, ibe yengangqinelaniyo nomGaqo-siseko, kodwa kwanenkqubo ekuthi kuphathwe ngayo amafa abantu abaNtsundu ngokwahlukileyo kumafa abantu abamhlophe nayo ibonakala ingahambisani nomGaqo-siseko.
ULanga DCJ ukwabona umthetho wesintu wama-Afrika omalunga nobuzibulo bomntu oliduna, ngokwendlela othe wasetyenziswa ngayo mayela nokufumana ilifa lempahla. Unoluvo lokuba ucalula ngokungafanelekanga kubafazi kunye nabantwana abazelwe ngokungekho sikweni. Uthi ngoko awubhengeze njengongahambisaniyo nomgaqo-siseko yaye ungekho mthethweni.
Uvakalisa ukuba lo gama bekuya kuthi ngokwesiqhelo kunqweneleke ukuba iinkundla ziphuhlise imigaqo emitsha yomthetho wesintu wama-Afrika ukuba ubonise umthetho wesintu ophilayo nokuze kuhlanganiswe umthetho wesintu nomgaqo-siseko, isisombululo asinakuba kho kulo mcimbi, xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba umthetho wobuzibulo bendoda usisiseko kumthetho wesintu yaye kungenakufakwa omnye endaweni yawo, ngokweemeko zamatyala awohlukeneyo. Kodwa ke, ukwabeka ukuba ulawulo lwethutyana lokulawula ulwabiwo lwamafa abantu abantsundu angenamiyolelo luyadingeka de indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwazi ukuza nesisombululo esizinzileyo. Ngoko, iNkundla iyalela ukuba amafa abeya kuba ngachithiweyo ngaphambili ngokwemigaqo yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu kunye nomgaqo womthetho wesintu wobuzibula bomntu oyindoda kufuneka ichithwe ngoku ngokwemigaqo efunyanwa kumThetho wokwaBiwa kwamaFa angenamiYolelo. Umsindleko owodwa uyenziwa malunga nemitshato yesithembu.
Umyalelo wale Nkundla mayela nemigaqo yokufumana ilifa iyenziwa ukubuya umva kuye kumhla wama-27 Epreli 1994, kodwa ayiyi kusebenza kwizikhutshelo ezigqityiweyo zobunini, ngaphandle kwalapho indlalifa ingenise isaziso sokufaka umngeni ngokuba semthethweni kwemisindleko yezimiselo kunye nomgaqo womthetho wesintu wobuzibula bomntu oyindoda.
Ngokunxulumene nokulawulwa kwamafa, iNkundla iyalela ukuba kwixa elizayo amafa abantu abafileyo abeya kuthi ngaphambili alawulwe ngumantyi ngokwemigaqo yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu, kufuneka ngoku alawulwe ngumPhathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokwemigaqo yomThetho 66 ka-1965 wokuLawulwa kwamaFa. Kodwa ke umyalelo wenkundla mayela nokulawulwa kwamafa awenziwanga ukuba uquke nexesha elidlulileyo, ngoko ke amafa alawulwa ngoomantyi ngokwemigaqo yecandelo 23 lomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu ngoku aza kuqhubeka elawulwa ngabo mantyi. Ukususela kumhla wesi sigqibo, amafa amatsha aza kulawulwa ngumPhathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wokuLawulwa kwamaFa.
Ngokwesishwankathelo kuphethwe ukuba:
Icandelo 23 lomThetho 38 ka-1927 liyaguzulwa ukubuya umva kuyo kutsho kumhla wama-27 Epreli 1994.
Oomantyi abasayi kuqhubeka benegunya lokulawula amafa abantu abantsundu angenamiyolelo.
Onke amafa, kungajongwanga buhlanga, bala okanye nkolo, aza kulawulwa ngumPhathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokwemiqathango yomThetho 66 ka-1965 wokuLawulwa kwamaFa.
Umyalelo wenkundla mayela nokulawulwa kwamafa awubuyiselwa kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngoko ke amafa alawulwa ngumantyi ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 23 lomThetho wokuLawulwa kwabaNtu abaNtsundu ngoku aza kuqhubekeka elawulwa ngabo mantyi. Kodwa ke, imigqaqo yesintu yokwabiwa kwelifa elinganamyolelo ayiyikulandelwa yaye umantyi kuya kufuneka ukuba asebenzise imisindleko yomThetho 81 ka-1987 wokwaBiwa kwamafa angenamYolelo.
Nagona imisindleko yecandelo 23 ithe yaguzulwa ukuqala kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa ayiyi kusebenza kwizikhutshelo ezigqityiweyo zobunini, ngaphandle kwalapho indlalifa ingenise isaziso sokufaka umngeni ngokuba semthethweni kwemisindleko yezimiselo kunye nomgaqo womthetho wesintu wobuzibula bomntu oyindoda. Ukuba umngeni uya kuphunyezwa njani na yinkundla eya kugqiba kuya kuxhomekeka nakwixesha elizayo.
Kwimitshato yesithembu, umlingane ngamnye uya kuba nelungelo lokufumana i- R125 000 okanye isabelo somntwana.
Ngokufutshane ityala likaBhe liza kuba neli futhe lilandelayo kukhutshelo lwelifa:
Onke amafa alawulwe aza agqitywa ngaphambi komhla we-15 Okthobha 2004, asenokubhekisa kumgaqo 4 - ukugunyaziswa kukaMantyi, ngaphandle kokuba semthethweni koko kufakelwa umngeni. Phantsi komsindleko wokuba loo mitshato ibe ibilawulwa nguMantyi ngokwemiqathango yesiBhengezo R200 sika-1987.
Onke amafa apho umnikazi wafa emva komhla we-15 Okthobha 2004, okanye ukuba ilifa lalikwinkqubo yokulawulwa, kodwa lingagqitywanga ngalo mhla, kufuneka lilawulwe ngokwemiqathango yomThetho 81 ka-1987 wokwaBiwa kwamaFa angenamiYolelo. Lo unesizathu sokukhutshelwa kwelifa kufuneka aqwalasele icandelo 1 (a) ukuya ku- (e) lalo mThetho kuthethwa ngawo.
Ukuba abagcini bemiqulu yezivumelwano baza kufumanisa njani na ukuba elo lifa lalisele liqoshelisiwe okanye lalisekwinkqubo yokulawulwa, ngumbuzo ovulekileyo. Kodwa ke, kuyavunywa ukuba abaGcini maxwebhu bafanele ukuxhomekeka kubulungisa bukamantyi kulo mba baze balandele umgaqo 4 - ugunyaziso.
UMTHETHO OMTSHA OSACETYWAYO
IKhomishoni yomTetho yoMzantsi Afrika kungoku nje ihlola ikwayila umthetho omtsha oza kulawula onke amafa abantu abfileyo, ngaphandle kokwahlula ngokobuhlanga, isini nesithethe.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba lo mthetho usacetywayo nekubhekiswa kuwo apha ngasentla ngumpoposho nje yaye awukaphunyezwa yiPalamente.
Lo mthetho ucetywayo ufundeka ngolu hlobo:
UMQULU OYILWAYO WOKUHLENGAHLENGISWA KOMTHETHO WESINTU MALUNGA NOKWABIWA KWELIFA
Iinkcazelo zamagama
Kulo mThetho, ngaphandle kokuba imeko yalatha okunye.
umthetho wesintu'kuthetha imithetho nezithethe ebezigcinwa ngokwemveli ngabantu bomthonyama baseMzantsi Afrika abangama-Afrika oyinxalenye yenkcubeko yabo bantu, nokuba loo mithetho ibhaliwe okanye hayi;
UmPhathiswa' uthetha umPhathiswa wezobuLungisa;
izinto zomntu othile' zithetha izinto zokunxiba, ebezisetyenziswa ngongasekhoyo, izihombo, iifenitshala nezinye izinto zendlu, izixhobo zokulima nokuzingela, iincwadi, izithuthi okanye iindidi zothutho; eli gama aliquki imali okanye ukhuselo lwemali okanye izinto ebezisetyenziswa ngongasekhoyo ngeenjongo zoshishino;
inkokheli yemveli' ithethwa namphi na umntu othi ngokwemiqathango yomthetho wesintu okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho abe nesikhundla kuluhlu lolawulo.
Ubundlalifa
 Ngaphandle kokuba kukho nawuphi na umthetho ochasene noku, ilifa lomntu kufuneka esakufa umninilo labiwe ngokomyolelo walo mntu okanye, xa kungekho bungqina busemthethweni, mhlawumbi ngokupheleleyo okanye inxalenye, ngokomthetho wokwabiwa kwelifa elingenamyolelo omiselwe ngumThetho wokwaBiwa kwamaFa angenaMyolelo, 1987 (umThettho Nomb. 81 ka-1987).
UmThetho wokwaBiwa kwamaFa angenaMyolelo, 1987 umThettho Nomb. 81 ka-1987, usebenza ngeenguqulelo ezidingwa yimeko yelifa elingenamyolelo lomntu othe phambi kokuba usebenze lo mThetho, wangena kumtshato wesintu osemthethweni obusaqhubeka ngexesha lokufa kwalo mntu.
a Ngaphandle kokuba kukho nawuphi na umthetho ochasene noku, nokuxhomekeka kumhlathi (b) apha ngasezantsi, umlingane uthi afumane indlu nezinto zikamfi njengelifa.
c Ukuba umfi ebenezindlu ezingaphezulu kwisinye, umlingane oseleyo unokufumana indlu enye kuphela kuzo njengelifa, phantsi komqathango wokuba lo mlingane abe unelungelo lokukhetha nayiphi na indlu.
Lo mThetho awusebenzi kwimiba emalunga nokusiwa kwelifa kwisikhundla senkokheli yemveli.
a ngokuthi kufakwe okunye endaweni yomhlathi a wecandelwana 1 lalo mhlathi ulandelayo:
a ushiye ngasemva umlingane omnye, kodwa kungekho nzala, loo mlingane uya kufumana elo lifa lingenamyolelo;
ii abalingane abangaphezulu kwisinye, kodwa kungekho nzala, abo balingane kuya kufumana elo lifa lingenamyolelo labiwe ngokulinganayo;"
b ngokufaka okunye endaweni yomhlathi c wecandelwana 1 kumagama andulela umhlathana (i) kula mazwi alandelayo:
ushiya [ngasemva umlingane kunye nomntwana]-
c ngokufakela okunye endaweni yomhlathana i womhlathi c wecandelwana kulo mhlathana ulandelayo:
umntwana kunye-
aa nomlingane omnye, loo mlingane uya kufumana isabelo somntwana selo lifa lingenamyolelo okanye kangangomlinganiselo welo lifa lingenamyolelo oxabiso lawo lingadluliyo kwisixa esimiselwe ngumPhathiswa ngesaziso kwiGazethi, nakuphi na okukhulu kunokunye; okanye bb nabalingane abangaphezulu kwisinye, ab balingane baya kufumana isabelo somntwana selo lifa lingenamyolelo okanye inxalenye yelifa elingenamyolelo ngezabelo ezilinganayo ezingadludliyo kwisixa esimiselwe ngokwemiqathango yomhlathana (aa), nakuphi na okukhulu kunokunye; kunye"
cc ngokufaka okunye endaweni yomhlathi b wecandelwana 4 kulo mhlathi ulandelayo:
b ' ilifa elingenamyolelo' liquka nayiphi na inxalenye yalo naliphi na ilifa elingadluliselwayo ngenxa yomyolelo okanye ngokumayela nokungasebenzi kwecandelo 23 lomThetho wokuLawulwa kabantu abaNtsundu, 1927 umThetho Nomb. 38 ka-1927;" kunye dd ngokufaka okunye endaweni yecandelwana 6 leli candelwana lilandelayo:
ukuba umntwana kamfi, ngaphandle komntwana oselula okanye umntwana ogula ngengqondo, othe, kunye na[bo]mlingane kamfi osele ngasemva, unelungelo kwinxaxheba yelifa elingenamyolelo uthi alahle ilungelo lakhe lokufumana lo nxaxheba, lo nxaxheba iya kuba yeyomlingane osele ngasemva ongumzali waloo mntwana kuthethwa ngaye."
Ukuhlengahlengiswa komThetho wokoNdliwa kwabaLingane abaSele Ngasemva (27 ka-1990)
Icandelo 1 lomThetho wokoNdliwa kwabaLingane abaSele Ngasemva (27 ka-1990), liyahlengahlengiswa ngokongezwa kwala magama alandelayo kwinkcazelo 'yomntu osele ngasemva'- kunye namphi na umntwana okanye omnye umntu ohlobeneyo nomfi obesaya kuxhomekeka kumfi ngenkxaso phambi kokukfa kukamfi".
Ukuguzulwa kwemithetho
c Nayiphi na imithetho yesintu enyanzelisa indlalifa ukuba yondle abantwana bakamfi nokuhlawula amatyala enziwe ngumfi iyaguzulwa.
Isihloko esifutshane nokuqalisa ukusebenza
Lo mThetho ubizwa ngokuba ngumThetho wokuHlengahlengiswa komThetho wesiNtu wokwaBiwa kweliFa, 2000, yaye uya kuqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla omiselwe nguMongameli ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi."
C. UKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI NGOKWEMIQATHANGO YOMQULU OWAMKELA IMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI
INTSHAYELELO
Xa kujongwa umGaqo-siseko weRiphabhliki yoMzantsi Afrika, owamkela izithethe nezinto ezisetyenziswa ngabo bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika, indlu yowiso-mthetho kwafuneka isindleke ngomthetho wokwamkelwa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi esemthethweni, nemisindleko yeziphumo zalo mitshato.
UmQulu uthe waphunyezwa ngenjongo yokwamkelwa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi.
Kweli nqaku akujongwanga ukuxoxa ngalo mQulu ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kujongwe ukugqalisela kuloo macandelo alo mQulu anokusetyenziswa ngabomthetho kunye nekhondo lomthetho.
Inkcazelo yamagama
Kuphela ziinkcazelo ezifanelene nengxoxo yeli nqaku ekuya kubhekiswa kuzo.
Inkundla
INkundla ePhakamileyo yoMzantsi Afrika
INkundla yoQhawulo-miTshato emiselwe phantsi kwecandelo 10 lomThetho 9 ka-1929.
Le nkcazelo ibalulekile kwinjongo yoqhawulo-mitshato, ukuguqulwa kolawulo lwempahla yomtshato kunye nomyalelo wenkundla wesicelo semitshato yesithembu.
Umtshato okhoyo wakwaMantyi
Lo ngumtshato wamaSilamsi okwabhaliswe waza wangcwaliswa ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wemitshato ka-1961, phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, umtshato ekungenwe kuwo ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wamaSilamsi kunye nomThetho ongaBhalwanga.
Khangela isiHlomelo A ukuze ubone itshathi.
Igosa eliTshatisayo
Nguye namphi na umntu ochongelwe oko ngumPhathiswa.
UKUSEBENZA KWALO MTHETHO
Imitshato ekungenwe kuyo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mthetho
Abalingane abangena kumTshato wamaSilamsi emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho kufuneka bakhethe ukubotshelelwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho 21.
Ngokwecandelo 6 (b) lalo mThetho, apho abo batshatileyo bathe bakhetha ukubotshelelwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho, loo mtshato wamaSilamsi kufuneka ubhaliswe emva kokungena kuloo mtshato, okanye kwixesha elidana njengoko kusindlekiweyo.
Kodwa ke, ukusilela ukubhalisa lo mtshato akuchaphazeli ukuba semthethweni kwalo mtshato (khangela icandelo 6 apha ngasezantsi).
Imitshato ekungenwe kuyo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mthetho
Yonke imitshato ekungenwe kuyo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, iya kulawulwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho ngaphandle kokuba abo batshatileyo, lingadlulanga ixesha elingangeenyanga ezili-12 okanye ithuba elidana eliseza kumiselwa, bakhethe ukuba umtshato wabo ube phantsi kwemisindleko yalo mThetho icandelo 22.
Iziphumo zemitshato engalawulwa ngulo mThetho
Apho abo batshatileyo bakhetha ukuba bangabotshelelwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho, umthetho njengoko wawunjalo ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mthetho uya kuthatha indawo icandelo 23. Oku kuya kuba nefuthe lokuba imitshato enjalo ingamkeleki yaye indima yomthetho ongabhalwanga njengoko kubhekiswe kuwo kwintshayelelo iya kusebenza.
Iziphumo zemiTshato ekhoyo yakwaMantyi
Imisindleko yalo mThetho iya kusebenza kuwo nawuphi na umtshato wamaSilamsi ekungenwe kuwo ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wamaSlamsi waza wangcwaliswa wabhaliswa ngokwemiqathango yomThetho ka- 1961 wemiTshato icandelo 24, ukuba nje abo batshatileyo bakhetha ukuba imisindleko yalo mThetho isetyenziswe kuloo mtshato. Kodwa ke, lo mThetho usenokungachaphazeli iziphumo zelifa lendoda zomtshato osele ukho, yaye ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo amacandelo 5, 6. 7. no-10 alo mThetho awasayi kusebenza kuloo mtshato.
Lo mThetho awusebenzi kwimitshato yakwamantyi okanye imitshato yesintu, elawulwa ngumThetho 120 ka-1998 wokwaMkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu.
Khangela isiHlomelo B ukuze ubone iTshathi
UKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI
Kuphela yimitshato yamaSilamsi ekusebenza kuyo lo mThetho naleyo ihambelana nayo yonke imiqathango yalo mThetho, eya kuthathwa njengemitshato esemthethweni icandelo 25.
UKULINGANA
Abalngane abakumtshato wamaSilamsi banelungelo elipheleleyo lokwenza izivumelwano, ukumangala, njalonjalo.
IMIQATHANGO YOKUBA SEMTHETHWENI KWEMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI
Bobabini abalingane mabavume ukutshata
Igosa elitshatisayo kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba kuvunyelwene na
Amangqina kufuneka ekho xa kungenwa kulo mtshato
Bobabini abo batshatileyo mababe bafikelele kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala
Amacandelo 6 no-7 alo mThetho kufuneka ethotyelwe icandelo 51
UKWALELWA KOMNYE UMTSHATO
Akukho mlingane womtshato wamaSilamsi unokungena komnye umtshato phantsi komThetho wemiTshato okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho, ngeli xesha usaqhubekayo umtshato walo icandelo 52. Nawuphi na umtshato ekungenwe kuwo ngolo hlobo uya kuba ngongasebenziyo icandelo 53. Nangelinye icala kusenjalo. Abalingane bomtshato wamaSilamsi, apho kungekho misindleko isebenzayo yalo mThetho, nawo awanakungena kumtshato wamalungelo akwamantyi.
UKUBHALISWA KWEMITSHATO YAMASILAMSI
Umtshato ekungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho
Umtshato onjalo kufuneka ubhaliswe ingaphelanga iminyaka emibini emva kokuqalisa kwalo mThetho ukusebenza okanye ixesha elidana njengoko kunokuvunyelwa icandelo 61a. Nangona eli candelo lingqongqo nje, ukusilela ukubhalisa loo mtshato akuchaphazeli ukuba semthethweni kwaloo mtshato.
Imitshato ekungenwe kuyo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho
Apho abo batshatileyo baye bakhetha ukubotshelelwa ngulo mThetho, umtshato wabo kufuneka ubhaliswe kusakungenwa kuwo okanye kwixesha elidana njengoko kuvunyelwe icandelo 61b. Khangela le ngxoxo ingasentla malunga nokusilela ukubhalisa umtshato.
UBUNGQINA BOMTSHATO
Ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 6 (d), igosa elitshatisayo kufuneka linike abalingane isiqiniselo sokubhalisa, esiya kuthi sibe bubungqina bobukho balo mtshato wamaSilamsi.
Igosa elitshatisayo lisenokwala ukubhalisa umtshato, kanti inkundla yona, xa kufakwe isicelo, isenokuwubhalisa loo mtshato icandelo 65 nele 66.
Ukusilela ukubhalisa umtshato wamaSilamsi akuchaphazeli ukuba semthethweni kwaloo mtshato icandelo 610.
IZIPHUMO ZEMPAHLA YOMTSHATO WAMASILAMSI
Umtshato ekungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho
Umtshato onjalo asinguwo owakwabelana ngento yonke, kungaquki uhlelo lwengeniso, ngaphandle kokuba abo batshatileyo bathi babhalise isivumelwano saphambi kokutshata kugcino lwezivumelwano zingadlulanga iinyanga ezili-12 ukususela kumhla wokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho icandelo 81a.
Umtshato ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho
Umtshato onjalo uya kuba ngowokungabelani ngento yonke, kungaquki uhlelo lwengeniso, ngaphandle kokuba abo batshatileyo bathi babhalise isivumelwano saphambi kokutshata zingadlulanga iinyanga ezintathu ukususeka kumhla wokuqalisa walo mtshato icandelo 81b.
UKUGUQULWA KOHLELO LWEMPAHLA YOMTSHATO
Abalingane abakumtshato wamaSilamsi, apho lo mThetho usebenzayo, bangathi ngokuhlangeneyo bafake isicelo enkundleni ukuze bavunyelwe ukuba baguqule uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato icandelo 83. Akukho mda waxesha ubekelwe oko kuguqula.
IMIQATHANGO YOKUNGENA KOMNYE UMTSHATO WESITHEMBU WAMASILAMSI
Umyeni okumtshato wamaSilamsi, apho lo mThetho usebenzayo, onqwenela ukungena komnye umtshato, kufuneka afake isicelo eNkundleni ukuze:
Kuvunyelwe loo mtshato; nokuze
Kuvunyelwe isivumelwano esilawula uhlelo lwempahla yalo mtshato kwixesha elizayo icandelo 89.
Ukuba inkundla iyasamkela eso sicelo, isikhutshelo esiqinisekisiweyo seso sivumelwano kufuneka sigcinwe ngumgcini wezivumelwano icandelo 89.
UKUBHALISWA KWEMITSHATO YESITHEMBU
Akukho gosa litshatisayo linokubhalisa umtshato wesithembu ngaphandle kokuba linikwe isikhutshelo somyalelo wenkundla icandelo 810.
Icandel 9 linika umsindleko wokupheliswa komtshato wamaSilamsi yinkundla yomthetho kwimihlaba evunywe ngumthetho wamaSilamsi (khangela isiHlomelo C ukuze ubone inkqubo ekufuneka ilandelwe xa kupheliswa lo mtshato).
Apho umlingane okumtshato wakwamantyi okhoyo efaka uqhawulo-mtshato ngokwemiqathango yomThetho woQhawlo-mitshato, iNkundla ayiyi kuwuchitha lo mtshato wakwamantyi de kube kanti inkundla yanelisekile kukuba lo mtshato wamaSilamsi uthe wachithwa (icandelo 10).
UKWAMKELWA KWEMITSHATO YANGAPHANDLE YAMASILAMSI
Kuphela yinkundla yomthetho enokuthi yamkele umtshato onjalo apho kukho imbambano phakathi kwabo batshatileyo okanye igosa elitshatisayo.
UKUSONJULULWA KWEMBAMBANO
Amacandelo 13, 14 nele-15 alo mThetho asindleka ngenkqubo ekufuneka ilandelwe apho kukho imbambano mayela nokuchithwa kwemitshato (khangela isiHlomelo D ukuze ufumane umzobo weenkqubo ekufuneka zilandelwe).
UmQulu osacetywayo ufundeka ngolu hlobo:
Ukunika umsindleko wokwamkelwa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi; ukuchaka imiqathango yomtshato osemthethweni wamaSilamsi; ukulawula ukubhaliswa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi; ukwamkela ubume nokmgangatho wabalingane abakwimitshato yamaSilamsi; ukulawula iziphumo zobunini kwimitshato yamaSilamsi; ukulawula ukupheliswa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi kunye neziphumo zoko; ukusindlekela ukwenziwa kwemigaqo; kunye nokusindlekela imiba enxulumene noko.
Iinkcazelo zamagama nokucaciswa komThetho
Kulo mThetho, ngaphandle kokuba imeko yalatha okunye-
i "inkundla" ithetha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoMzantsi Afrika, okanye inkundla yeentsapho emiselwe phantsi kwawo nawuphi na umthetho, yaye iquka inkundla yoqhawulo-mitshato emiselwe phantsi kwecandelo 10 lomThetho wokuHlengahlengiswa koLawulo, 1929 umThetho 9 ka-1929, ibe isekwe njengoko kumiselwe kwicandelo 15;
ii "ikhazi elimiselweyo" lithetha ikhazi okanye inxalenye yalo elithi likhutshwe ngomhla osezayo ekuvunyelwene ngawo kodwa elithi naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko lithi likhutshwe xa kuchithwa umtshato ngokuthi uqhawulwe okanye ngokufa;
iii "imbambano" ithetha imbambano okanye impikiswano ekuthiwa ikho enxulumene nokucaciswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwawo nawuphi na umsindleko walo mThetho okanye nawuphi na umthetho osebenzayo;
iv "umThetho woQhawulo-mitshato" uthetha umThetho woQhawulo-mitshato, 1979 umThetho 70 ka-1979;
v "ikhazi" mahr lithetha imali, impahla okanye nantoni na eyeyexabiso, kuquka neenzuzo ekufuneka zihlawulwe ngumyeni kumfazi njengesiphumo somtshato ngokwawo ukuze kwakheke usapho nokuba kubekwe iziseko zothando kunye nokuhlala kunye;
vi "umtshato wakwamantyi okhoyo" uthetha umtshato okhoyo ekungenwe kuwo ngokomthetho wamaSilamsi othe wakwabhaliswa wangcwaliswa ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wemiTshato phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho;
viii "umThetheleli woSapho" uthetha umThetheleli woSapho otyunjwe phantsi kwecandelo 21 lomThetho wokuLamla kwimiCimbi eThile yoqhawulo-mitshato, 1987 umThetho 24 ka-1987;
ix "iFaskh" ithetha ummiselo wokuchithwa komtshato omiselwe yinkundla, xa umyeni okanye inkosikazi ifaka isicelo, kuwo nawuphi na umhlaba okanye isiseko esivunyelwe ngumthetho wamaSilamsi, kuquka nemeko apho inkosikazi, kuso nasiphi na isizathu okanye ezingaphezulu kwisinye sezi zizathu zilandelayo, ukutsho apho-
c umyeni athe wagwetyelwa ukuvalelwa ithuba leminyaka emithathu okanye ngaphezulu, phantsi komqathango wokuba inosikazi ibe inelungelo lokufaka isicelo sommiselo wokuchithwa komtshato lingadlulanga ithuba lonyaka omnye ukusuka kumhla wesigwebo;
d umyeni egula ngengqondo, okanye abe ekwimo yokuqhubeka ukungabikho zingqondweni njengoko kufumaneka kwicandelo 5 lomThetho woQhawulo-mitshato, apho imisindleko iya kusebenza ngeenguqulelo ezifunekayo ngenxa yemeko Junun;
e umyeni engenamandla obudoda okanye isifo esimandundu esenza ukuba ukuhlala kunye kunganyamezeleki 'Ayib';
f umyeni ephatha inkosikazi yakhe ngenkohlakalo nangaluphi na uhlobo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuhlala kunye kunganyamezeleki Dharar;
g umyeni ethe wasilela, kungekho sizathu sivakalayo, ukuphumeza izibophelelo zakhe zomtshato kangangexesha elide kakhulu Dharar;
i umyeni ethe wonzakalisa inkosikazi yakhe, njengoko kuvunywa ngumthetho wamaSilamsi Dharar; okanye j isiphithiphithi phakathi kwabalingane sithe sanyhasha iinjongo zomtshato, kuquka iinqobo ezisisiseko zothando lwababini, ukubungezelelana, ukuba kunye kunye nokuqondana, okukhokelela ekubeni kube ngcono ukupheliswa komtshato phantsi kwezo meko Shiqaq;
x "'I-Iddah"' ithetha ixesha lokulinda eligunyazisiweyo, elisisiphumo sokuchithwa komtshato ngeTalaq, iFaskh okanye ukufa apho inkosikazi iya kuthi ngelo xesha ingatshati kwakhona. I-Idda yomfazi owaliweyo othi-
a ahlambe, kukuhlamba izihlandlo ezithathu;
b angahlambi nangasiphi na isizathu, ziinyanga ezintathu;
c amithe, yandiswa ukuya kwixesha lokuzala;
xii "'I-Khula"' ithetha ukuchithwa kweqhina lomtshato kwimeko yenkosikazi ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano sokukhuphela impahla okanye enye ingqalelo eyamkelekileyo phakathi kwabalingane ngokomthetho wamaSilamsi;
xiv "igosa elitshatisayo" lithetha namphi na umntu ongumSilamsi onolwazi lomthetho wamaSilamsi nothe watyunjwa ngumPhathiswa njengegosa elitshatisayo ngeenjongo zalo mThetho okanye igosa elisebenza phantsi kwesigunyaziso esibhaliweyo somPhathiswa;
xv "umPhathiswa" uthetha umPhathiswa wemiCimbi yezeKhaya;
xvii "umtshato wamaSilamsi" uthetha umtshato ophakathi kwendoda nomfazi abahlanganiswe ngokomthetho wamaSilamsi kuphela;
xviii "omiselweyo" uthetha oko kumiselwe ngumgaqo owenziwe phantsi kwecandelo 18;
xix "ikhazi elikhawulezileyo" lithetha ikhazi okanye inxalenye yalo elithi likhutshwe ngexesha lokungena emtshatweni okanye msinyane nje emva koko xa inkosikazi inyanzelisa njalo;
xxi "'iTfwid al- Talaq"' ithetha ukuba umyeni anikele ilungelo lakhe leTalaq kumfazi okanye naye namphi na umntu, mhlawumbi ngexesha lokungena emtshatweni okanye ngexesha lokuqhubeka komtshato, ukuze umfazi okanye umntu otyunjiweyo abe nakho ukuphelisa lo mtshato ngokubhengeza iTalaq ngokulandela ngqongqo imiqathango yeso sinikezelo;
xxii "'iTalaq"' ithetha ukuchithwa komtshato wamaSilamsi, ngoko nangoko okanye kamva, ngumyeni okanye inkosikazi yakhe okanye i-arhente egunyaziswe nguye ukuba yenze njalo, isebenzisa igama elinguTalaq okanye isithethantonye okanye igama elakhiwe kulo naluphi na ulwimi, yaye oko kuquka isibhengezo seTalaq elandela iTafwid al- Talaq; yaye xxiii "'lo mThetho"' uquka imigaqo.
Ukusebenza kwalo mThetho
 Imisindleko yalo mThetho iya kusebenza kumtshato wamaSilamsi ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho apho abo batshatileyo bathi ngendlela emiselweyo bakhethe ukubopheleleka kwimisindleko yalomThetho.
Imisindleko yalo mThetho iya kusebenza kumtshato wamaSilamsi ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho: Phantsi komqathango wokuba abo batshatileyo baya kuba nelungelo lokuba, lingaphelanga ithuba leenyanga ezili-12 okanye ixesha elidana njengoko kunokumiselwa, ukususela kumhla wokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, bathi ngokuhlangeneyo bakhethe ngendlela emiselweyo ukuba bangabopheleleki yimisindleko yalo mThetho, apho kuya kuthi imisindleko yalo mthetho ingasebenzi kuloo mtshato.
Umthetho osebenza kumtshato wamaSilamsi abathe abo batshatileyo bakhetha ukuba bangabotshelelwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho, uya kuba ngumthetho njengoko ubunjalo phambi kokuba lo mThetho uqalise ukusebenza.
Imisindleko yalo mThetho-
a isebenza kumtshato okhoyo njengoko amaqabane akuwo athe akhetha ngendlela emiselweyo ukwenza ukuba imisindleko yalo mThetho isebenze, ngaphandle kwamacandelo 5, 6, 7 nele-10: Phantsi komqathango wokuba amalungelo obunini asisiphumo somtshato ongowokwabelana ngento yonke okanye umtshato oxhomekeke kuhlelo lwengeniso, okanye ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato, aya kuhlala engachaphazeleki;
b ayisebenzi kumtshato wakwamantyi ongcwaliswe phantsi komThetho wemiTshato emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho; yaye c ayisebenzi kumtshato wesintu obhaliswe phantsi komThetho wokwaMkelwa kwemiTshato yesiNtu, 1998 umThetho 120 ka-1998.
Umtshato wamaSilamsi apho lo mThetho usebenzayo nomalunga nokuba kuye kwathotyelwa yonke imiqathango yalo mThetho, uya kuthi ngazo zonke iinjongo wamkelwe njengomtshato osemthethweni.
Iwonga namandla alinganayo abalingane
Unkosikazi nomyeni kumtshato wamaSilamsi bayalingana ngesidima sobuntu yaye bobabini, ngenxa yokulingana, banewonga, amandla nokukhululeka okupheleleyo ngokwasezimalini, kuquka namandla obunini nokufumana iimpahla nokuzichitha, ukwenza izivumelwano nokumangala.
Iimbambano
 Nayiphi na imbambano esukela kumtshato wamaSilamsi ekwangenwa kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, kuya kusetyenzwa ngayo ngokwemiqathango yalo mThetho: Phantsi komqathango wokuba abo batshatileyo banokuthi ngokuvumelana mgala ndlela imiselweyo bakhethe ukuba le mbambano isetyenzwe ngaphandle kwemisindleko yalo mThetho.
a Apho imbambano ivela phakathi komyeni okumtshato wesithembu, kunye nomnye okanye ngaphezulu kubalingane akhe, ibe le mbambano iphethwe yinkundla yolawulo elinesakhono, kungakhathalekile nokuba imbambano inxulumene nomtshato olawulwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho okanye hayi, bonke abalingane atshate nabo lo myeni kufuneka banikwe isaziso saloo mbambano.
b Xa inika umyalelo olandela le misindleko yomhlathi a, inkundla kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo amalungelo abo bonke abo bachaphazelekayo.
Imiqathango yokuba semthethweni kwemitshato yamaSilamsi
 Ukuze umtshato wamaSilamsi ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho ube semthethweni-
a abo baza kutshata kufuneka bavume bobabini ukuba bayatshatana;
b igosa elitshatisayo kufuneka liqinisekise kummeli, ukuba ukho, ukuba abo baza kungena kulo mtshato bavumelene na ngoko;
c amangqina kufuneka abe kho njengoko kufuneka ngokomthetho wamaSilamsi;
d lo uza kuba ngutshakazi nomyeni mababe bafikelele kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala; kwaye e kufuneka kube kho ukuthotyelwa kwemisindleko yeli candelo kunye namacandelo 6 nele-7.
Akukho mlingane ukumtshato wamaSilamsi, ekusebenza kuwo lo mThetho, unokuthi emva koko angene komnye umtshato phantsi komThetho wemiTshato okanye nawo nawuphi na omnye umthetho ngeli xesha lo mtshato wamaSilamsi usaqhubekayo.
Kwimeko apho umtshato kuthe kwangenwa kuwo ngokwaphula imisindleko yecandelwana 2, lo mtshato ucetywayo uya kuba ngowelize.
ukuba omnye kubalingane uselula, bobabini abazali bakhe, okanye ukuba akanabazali, umondli wakhe, kufuneka anike imvume yokuba atshate.
ukuba ayinakufunyanwa imvume yomzali kanye umondli, njengoko kuveziwe kwicandelwana 4, imisindleko yecandelo 25 yomThetho wemiTshato iya kusebenza.
nangona kukho imiqathango yecandelwana 1d, umPhathiswa okanye namphi na umntu ongumSilamsi okanye iqumrhu lamaSilamsi eligunyazisiwe nguye ngokubhala, linganika imvume ebhaliweyo kumntu ongaphantsi kubudala obufunekayo ukuba angene kumtshato wamaSilamsi, ukuba umPhathiswa okanye loo mntu okanye iqumrhu elo libona ukuba lo mtshato uyadingeka yaye ubalulekile kwabo bafuna ukutshata.
Imvume enikwe ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 6 ayiyi kukhulula abo bangena kulo mtshato ucetywayo kwisibophelelo sokuthobela nawuphi umqathango omiselwe ngumthetho.
ukuba umntu ongaphantsi kubudala obufunekayo uthe wangena kumtshato wamaSilamsi ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo yomPhathiswa okanye umntu okanye iqumrhu eligunyazisiwe nguye, umPhathiswa okanye loo mntu okanye iqumrhu elo lingathi, ukuba libona ukuba lo mtshato uyadingeka yaye ubalulekile kwabo babandakanyekayo, nokuba ukuba lo mtshato uhambisana nalo mThetho ngayo yonke eminye imiba, libheneze lo mtshato ngokubhala ukuba ngazo zonke iinjongo ube ngumtshato wamaSilamso osemthethweni.
Ngokuxhomekeka kwimisindleko yamacandelo 6 nele-7, icandelo 24A lomThetho wemiTshato liyasebenza kumtshato wamaSilamsi womntu oselula ongenwe ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali, umondli, umkhomishona wentlalo-ntle yabantwana okanye ijaji, ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko.
Ukwalelwa komtshato wamaSilamsi phakathi kwabantu ngesizathu sokuhlobana kwabo ngegazi okanye ukuzalana okanye ukondliwa, okanye nasiphi na esinye isizathu, kuqinisekiswa ngumthetho wamaSilamsi.
Ukubhaliswa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi
 Umtshato wamaSilamsi -
a ekungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, ngaphandle kokuba abo batshatileyo bakhethe ukuba abayi kubotshelelwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho njengoko kuveziwe kwicandelo 2 , kufuneka ubhaliswe ngendlela emiselweyo lingaphelanga ithuba leminyaka emibini emva koko kuqalisa ukusebenza okanye lingaphelanga ithuba elidana njengoko umPhathiswa enokuthi amaxesha ngamaxesha amisele ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi; okanye b ekungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, apho abo batshatileyo bakhethe ukubotshelelwa yimisindleko yalo mThetho njengoko kuveziwe kwicandelo 2 , kufuneka ubhaliswe njengoko kumiselweyo ngexesha lokungena kulo mtshato okanye lingaphelanga ithuba elidana njengoko umPhathiswa enokuthi amaxesha ngamaxesha amisele ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi;
Akukho gosa litshatisayo liya kubhalisa nawuphi na umtshato ngaphandle kokuba -
a) umntu ngamnye kwaba bachaphazelekayo uthi abonise igosa elitshatisayo incwadi yakhe yesazisi ekhutshwe phantsi kwemisindleko yomThetho wokuzaZisa, 19986 (umThetho Nomb. 71 ka- 1986; okanye b apho kungekho ncwadi yasazisi, lowo uchaphazelekayo uthi abonise igosa elitshatisayo ubungqiba obufungelweyo njengoko kumiselweyo; okanye c omnye wabo batshatayo ubonisa igosa elitshatisayo incwadi yakhe yesazisi ekubhekiswa kuyo kumhlathi (a) aze omnye anike igosa elitshatisayo oba bungqina bufungelweyo kubhekiswa kubo kumhlathi (b).
Igosa eilitshatisayo kufuneka -
a lazise abo batshatayo ukuba banelungelo lokungena kwisivumelwano esikhethwe ngabo malunga nolawulo lomtshato wabo, okanye ukuba bangangena kwisivumelwani esiqhelekileyo lize libabonise imizekelo yeso sivumelwano, njengoko kumiselweyo, ukuze abo batshatayo bakhethe benolwazi;
b liqinisekise ukuba aba balingane bayaziqonda iinkqubo zokubhalisa;.
c ukuba lanelisekile kukuba aba balingane bangena kumtshato osemthethweni wamaSilamsi, libhale izazisi zaba balingane, umhla womtshato, ikhazi ekuvunyelwene ngalo, nokuba lihlawulwa ngoko nangoko okanye lirhoxiswe ngokupheleleyo okanye inxalenye yalo, nazo naziphi na ezinye iinkcukacha ezimiselweyo, yaye kufuneka libhalise lo mtshato ngkuhambelana nalo mThetho kunye nemigaqo njengoko kumiselweyo;
d linike aba balingane isiqiniselo sokubhalisa, esinezi nkcukacha zimiselweyo; ze e lithi ngoko nangoko lidlulisele amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kummeli wesithili okanye ingingqi oneso sikhundla phantsi kwecandelo 211 lomThetho wokuZazisa, 1986.
Ukuba igosa elitshatisayo alaneliseki kukuba lo mtshato wamaSilamsi kwangenwa kuwo ngabalingane usemthethweni, kufuneka lale ukuwubhalisa loo mtshato.
Inkundla isenokuthi, xa kufakwe isicelo ngokuhlangeneyo ngabalingane kulo nkundla, iyalele-
a ukubhaliswa kwawo nawuphi na umtshato wamaSilamsi; okanye b ukucinywa okanye ukulungiswa kwako nakuphi na ukubhaliswa komtshato wamaSilamsi okwenziwe ligosa elitshatisayo.
Isiqiniselo sokubhaliswa komtshato wamaSilamsi esikhutshwe phatsi kweli candelo okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho osindleka ngokubhaliswa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi siba nobungqina boluvo lokuqala bobukho baloo mtshato wamaSilamsi kunye nobeenkcukacha eziqulethwe kweso siqiniselo.
a namphi na umntu oququzelela ukuba kungenwe kumtshato wamaSilamsi, kungakhathelekile nokuba loo mntu ligosa elitshatisayo, kufuneka azise abo baza kutshata ukuba bangakhetha ukuba babotshelelwe yimisindleko yalo mThetho okanye hayi.
b Ukuba abo baza kungena kumtshato osacetywayo bakhetha ukubotshelelwa yimiqathango yalo mThetho njengoko kuveziwe kwicandelo 2 , lo mntu uququzelela lo mtshato kuthethwa ngawo kumhlathi (a) kufuneka athumele abo batshatayo kwigosa elitshatisayo ngenjongo yokubhaliswa kwaloo mtshato wamaSilamsi uququzelelwayo.
c Loo mntu uququzelela lo mtshato kuthethwa ngawo kumhlathi (a) ukuba uthi asilele ukuthobela imisindleko yomhlathi (b), uya kubekwa ityala aze esakugwentywa kufuneke ukuba ahlawule umdliwo ongadlulanga kwi- R 5 000.
Ubungqina bobudala babantu abangena kumtshato ocetywayo
Ukuba abo batshatayo beza kwigosa elitshatisayo ngenjongo yokungena kumtshato wamaSilamsi, libe elo gosa litshatisayo linomrhano obambekayo wokuba omnye wabo unobudala obumxabayo ukuba angene kumtshato wamaSilamsi osemthethweni kube kungekho mvume yomnye umntu, elo gosa litshatisayo lisenokwala ukubhalisa umtshato phakathi kwabo ngaphandle kokuba abe unikwe imvume ebhaliweyo, okanye ubungqina obanelisayo obubonisa uku lo mntu uchaphazelekayo unelungelo lokungena kumtshato ngaphandle kwalo mvume.
Iziphumo zobunini kumtshato wamaSilamsi namandla abalingane okwenza izivumelwano
 Umtshato wamaSilamsi ekungenwe kuwo phambi okanye emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho uya kuthathwa njengomtshato wokungabelani ngento yonke, kunganquki uhlelo lwengeniso, ngaphandle kokuba iziphumo zobunini ezilawula loo mtshato zilawulwa, nesivumelwano sabo batshatileyo bobabini, kwisivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato esiya kubhaliswa kuGcino lweziVumelwano-
a kwimeko apho lo mtshato kungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, nokuba ukuba ngexesha lokungena kulo mtshato isivumelwano esibhaliweyo esilawula iziphumo zobunini kulo mtshato besikho phakathi kwabalingane, kungadlulanga iinyanga ezili-12 ukusukela kumhla wokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mTheth; nokuba b kwimeko apho lo mtshato kungenwe kuwo emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho, kungadlulanga iinyanga ezintathu ukusukela kumhla wokwenziwa kwesivumelwano okanye lingadlulanga ithuba elongeziweyo njengoko inkundla inokuvuma xa kufakwe isicelo.
Naphandle kokuba kukho nawuphi na umsindleko ochasene noko oqulelthwe kuwo nawuphi na omnye umthetho, isivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato ekubhekiswa kuso kumhlathi akudingeki ukuba singqinelwe ngumntu onamagunya.
Abalingane abakumtshato wamaSilamsi ekungenwe kuwo phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho bangathi ngokuhlangeneyo bafake isicelo enkundleni sokuvunyelwa ukuba baguqule uhlelo lwempahla yomtshato, olusebenza kumtshato okanye imitshato yabo yaye inkundla isenokuthi, ukuba yanelisekile kukuba-
a kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zale nguqulelo icetywayo;
b isibhengezo esibhaliweyo nesanelisayo sale nguqulelo icetywayo siye sanikwa kubo bonke abatyalwa ngaba balingane iimali ezingadlulileyo kuma- R500 okanye eso sambuku sinokumiselwa ngumPhathiswa wezobuLungisa ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi; nokuba c akukho mntu ungomnye uya kuphatheka kakubi yile nguqulelo icetywayo, inike umyalelo wokuba uhlelo lweimpahla yomtshato lalo mtshato okanye imitshato alusayi kuba sasebenza ize igunyazise abo bakulo mtshato okanye imitshato ukuba bangene kwisivumelwano esibhaliweyo eliya kuthi ikamva lohlelo lwempahla yomtshato okanye imitshato yabo lulawulwe ngokwemiqathango emiselwe yinkundla.
Kwimeko apho umyeni ongumlingane kwimitshato yamaSilamsi engaphezulu kwisinye, bonke abantu abanomdla owanelisayo kulo mcimbi, yaye ngokukodwa umlingane okanye abalingane abaphilayo balo myeni, kufuneka bafakwe kwiinkqubo.
Apho umyeni engumlingane kumtshato okhoyo wakwamantyi, kunye nakumtshato wamaSilamsi, bonke abalingane bakhe abaphilayo kufuneka bafakwe kwezo nkqubo.
Umyeni okumtshato wamaSilamsi, apho usebenza khona lo mThetho, onqwenela ukungena komnye umtshato wamaSilamsi nomnye umfazi emva kokuqalisa kwalo mThetho ukusebenza kufuneka afake isicelo enkundleni ukuze kuphunyezwe eso sicelo ngokwemiqathango yecandelwana , nokuze kuphunyezwe isivumelwano esibhaliweyo esiya kulawula uhlelo lwempahla yemitshato yakhe kwixesha elizayo.
Xa iqwalasela eso sielo ngokwemigaqo yecandelwana 6, inkundla-
a Kufuneka inike isiphumezo ukuba yanelisekile kukuba lo myeni unakho ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kwabalingane bakhe njengoko kumiselwe yiQur'an eNgcwele;
b inokuthi, kwimeko yomtshato okhoyo ongowakwabelana ngento yonke okanye oxhomekeke kuhlelo lwengeniso okanye olunye ulungiselelo lwesivumelwano-
i iphelise olo hlelo lwempahla yomtshato lusebenza kuloo mtshato; nokuba ii iyalele ukwahlulwa ngoko nangoko kwelo lifa lihlangeneyo libe zizabelo ezilinganayo, okanye kusetyenziswe esinye isiseko esiya kubonwa sinobulungisa yinkundla;
iii iyalele ukwahlulwa ngoko nangoko kwengeniso echaphazelekayo ngokuhambelana nemisindleko yesahluko 1 somThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 (umThetho 88 ka-1984), okanye kusetyenziswe esinye isiseko esiya kubonwa sinobulungisa yinkundla;
c inike loo myalelo ngokunxulumene nelifa eliza kuba kho labo balingane bachaphazelekayo njengoko kuvunyelwene, okanye, xa kusilela nasiphi na isivumelwano, loo mtshato uya kuthathwa njengongengowakwabelana ngento yonke, ngaphandle kokuba inkundla, ngenxa yezizathu ezinyanzelisayo, igqibe ngenye indlela.
Bonke abantu abanomdla owaneleyo kulo mcimbi, yaye
Ngokungakumbi abalingane abaphilayo balowo ufaka isicelo kunye nabo basenokuba ngabalingane bakhe, kufuneka bafakwe kwiinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokwemqathango yecandelwana .
Ukuba inkundla iyasamkela isicelo ekubhekiswa kuso kwicandelwana okanye , umbhalisi okanye unobhala wenkundla, nokuba ngomphi na kubo, kufuneka anike umlingane ngamnye umyalelo wenkundla kuquka nesikhutshelo esiqinisekisiweyo seso sivumelwano yaye kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba loo myalelo nesikhutshelo esiqinisekisiweyo seso sivumelwano sithunyelwa kumgcini wezivumelwano ngamnye wommandla apho le nkundla ikhonyo ukuze sibhaliswe.
Akukho gosa litshatisayo liya kubhalisa umtshato wesibini okanye olandelayo wamaSilamsi, ngaphandle kokuba umyeni uthi anike igosa elitshatisayo umyalelo wenkundla onika isiphumezo sesicelo ngokwemiqathango yecandelwana .
Umyeni ongena komnye umtshato wamaSilamsi, ngeli xesha sele etshatile, ngaphandle kwemvume yenkundla, ngokwaphula icandelwana uya kubekwa ityala aze, esakugwetywa, kufuneke ukuba ahlawule umdliwo ongadlulanga kuma- R20 000.
Namphi na umntu othi ngabom athintele omnye ekusebenziseni naliphi na ilungelo elinikwe phantsi kwalo mThetho, uya kubekwa ityala aze, esakugwetywa, kufuneke ukuba ahlawule umdliwo okanye avalelwe ithuba elingadlulanga kunyaka.
Ukupheliswa komtshato wamaSilamsi
 Imisindleko yecandelo 2 lomThetho woQhawulo-mitshato iya kusebenza, neenguqulelo ezidingwa yimeko, malunga nommandla wolawulo lwenkundla ngenjongo yalo mThetho.
Ngokungaphandle kwemisindleko yecandelo 3a lomThetho woQhawulo-mitshato okanye nantoni echasene noko equlelwe kuwo nawuphi na umthetho okanye umthetho ongabhalwanga, umtshato wamaSilamsi usengapheliswa yinkundla phatsi kwawo nawuphi na umhlaba ovunyelwa ngumthetho wamaSilamsi. Imisindleko yeli candelo iya kuthi kwakhona isebenze, ngeenguqulelo ezidingwa yimeko, kumtshato okhoyo wasenkundleni njengoko abo batshatileyo bathe ngendlela emiselweyo bakhetha ukwenza ukuba imisindleko yalo mThetho isebenze kwiziphumo zomtshato wabo.
a Umyeni uya kunyanzeleka ukuba enze iTalaq engenakurhoxiswa ukuba ibhaliswe ngoko nangoko, kodwa nakweyiphi na imeko, kungadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokubhengezwa kwayo, kwigosa elitshatisayo elikwisithili sikamantyi esikufutshane apho ahlala khona unkosikazi wakhe, ekho lo nkosikazi okanye ummeli wakhe ogunyazisiweyo kunye namangqina amabini aphilileyo.
b Ukuba unkosikazi okanye lo mmeli wakhe ugunyazisiweyo akanakuba kho nangasphi na isizathu, igosa elitshatisayo liya kuyibhalisa iTalaq engenakurhoxiswa kuphela xa umyeni esanelisa igosa elitshatisayo ukuba isaziso, esikwifom emiselweyo, sathunyelwe kuye ngomthunywa okanye inkonzo ekusetyenziswe yona.
d Namphi na umyeni othi esazi aze ngabom asilele ukubhalisa iTalaq engenakurhoxiswa ngokuhambelana neli candelwana uya kubekwa ityala aze, esakugwetywa, kufuneke ukuba ahlawule umdliwo ongadlulanga kwi- R5 000.
e Ukuba umlingane uyakuphikisa ukuba semthethweni kwale
Talaq ingenakurhoxiswa, ngokomThetho wamaSilamsi, igosa elitshatisayo aliyi kuyibhalisa, de le mpikiswano ibe isonjululwe, ngokuthi kulanyulwe ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 14 okanye yinkundla okanye kulandelwe isisombululo esibhaliweyo phakathi kwabalingane.
f Umlingane uya kuthi, zingadlulanga iintsuku ezili-14
ukususela kumhla wolu bhaliso lweTalaq engenakurhoxiswa, afake iinkqubo zomthetho kwinkundla esebenzayo ukuze kukhutshwe ummiselo oqinisekisa ukupheliswa kwalo mtshato ngendlela yeTalaq. Intshukumo emiselwe ngolo hlobo iya kuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo ezimiselwa amaxesha ngamaxesha yimigaqo esebenzayo yenkundla. Isikhutshelo sobhaliso oluqiniselweyo lweTalaq engenakurhoxiswa siya kuhlonyelwa kwiisamani eziqalisa loo ntshukumo. Oku akumnqandi umlingane ekufuneni le nkululo ilandelayo yexeshana -
i ukufaka isecelo esijingayo de kufumaneke umyalelo wokwalela okanye ugcino, okanye ukufikelela kwexeshana kumntwana oselula walo mtshato kungawo okanye ukukhutshwa kwesondlo;
ii ukufaka isicelo sokuba negalelo kwiindleko zalo ntshukumo okanye ukuqalisa loo ntshukumo, okanye ukwenza eso sicelo, ngokumela inkululo yomthetho, okanye isibhengezo esisemthethweni somnye ochaphazelekayo kule ntshukumo okanye eso sicelo; okanye iii isicelo sesondlo ngeli xesha le 'Iddah'.
g ITalaq engenakurhoxiswa eqalisa ngalo ndlela phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo mThetho akuyi kudingeka ukuba ibhaliswe ngokwemiqathango yemisindleko yalo mThetho.
Inkundla kufuneka ikhuphe ummiselo woqhawulo-mtshato olufana neFaskh phantsi kwawo nawuphi na umhlaba owamkelwe njengosemthethweni ukuze kuchithwe umtshato phantsi komthetho wamaSilamsi, kuquka imihlaba ekhankanywe kwinkcazelo yeFaskhi kwicandelo 1. Unkosikazi uya kumisela intshukumo elungiselela lo mmiselo woqhawulo-mtshato ngokwendlela yeFaskhi kwinkundla esebenzayo, yaye inkqubo esebenzayo apho iya kuba yinkqubo emiselwa amaxesha ngamaxesha yimigaqo yenkundla, kuquka nesicelo esijingayo sexeshana, ekubhekiswe kuso kwicandelwana (f). Ukuvunywa kweFaskhi yinkundla, kuquka neFaskhi evunywe ngenxa yesicelo somyeni, kuya kuba nefuthe lokuphelisa loo mtshato.
Abalingane abenze iKhula' baya kuthi ngokwabo nangokuhlangeneyo bazo kuma phambi kwegosa elitshatisayo baze benze ukuba kubhaliswe oko phambi kwamangqina amabini aphilileyo. Igosa elitshatisayo liya kuyibhalisa le Khula' njengeTalaq engenakurhoxiswa, apho kuya kuthi kusebenze imisindleko yecandelwana (f), neenguqulelo ezinokuthi zidingeke ngenxa yemeko.
UmThetho wokuLamla kwimiBa eThile yoQhawulo-mitshato, 1987umThetho 24 ka-1987 kunye namacandelo 61 no-2 omThetho woQhawulo-mitshato onxulumene nokukhusela intlalo-ntle yakhe namphi na umntwana walo mtshato oselula okanye osaxhomekekileyo, uya kusebenza ekuchithweni komtshato wamaSilamsi ophantsi kwalo mThetho.
Inkundla ephumeza okanye eqinisekisa ummiselo wokuchithwa komtshato wamaSilamsi -
a Inela gunya kuthethwa ngalo kumacandelo 71, 77 no-
 omThetho woQhawulo-mitshato kunye necandelo 24 lomThetho weMpahla yomTshato, 1984 (umThetho 88 ka-1984);
b kufuneka, ukuba ibona oko kunobulungisa nokulingana, apho kungekho sivumelwano phakathi kwabo bakulo mtshato mayela nokwahlulwa kwempahla yabo, iyalele ukuba ezo mpahla zahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabo, apho-
i othile kubo ethe wanceda, okanye ngandlela ithile wanika inkonzo, ekusebenzeni okanye ukuziphatha kweshishini okanye amashishini osapho ngexesha lokuqhubeka kwaloo mtshato; okanye ii abo baku lo mtshato bathe banegalelo, ngexesha lokuqhubeka komtshato, ekugcinekeni okanye ukukhula kwelifa lomnye, okanye namphi na kubo, kangangokuba akukwazeki okanye akwenzeki ukubala ngokuchanekileyo igalelo lomntu ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo.
c kufuneka, kwimeko apho umyeni ongumlingane kwimitshato yamaSilamsi engaphezulu kwisinye, ithathele ingqalelo zonke iimeko ezibalulekileyo kuquka nokulandelelana kwale mitshato, nasiphi na isivumelwano, okanye umyalelo ngokwemiqathango ycandelo 8 nele- .
d ingayalela ukuba namphi na umntu othi ngokwembono yenkundla abe nomdla owaneleyo kulo mcimbi afakwe kwiinkqubo;
e ingakhupha umyalelo malunga nokugcinwa okanye ukufikelela kumntwana walo mtshato oselula, kuqwalaselwa imisindleko yecandelo 11;
f kufuneka, xa ikhupha umyalelo wokukhutshwa kwesondlo, kuquka nesondlo sexesha elidlulileyo, iqwalasele zonke iimeko ezibalulekileyo; nokuba g) ingakhupha umyalelo wesipho sokuxolelanisa (i-mut'ah al
Talaq kwiimeko ezicacileyo ezivunyelwa ngumthetho wamaSilamsi.
Xa kupheliswa umtshato ngenxa yokufa, lo mlingane useleyo uya kuba nelungelo lokufaka ibango lelifa lalowo uswelekileyo malunga nekhazi elingazange likhutshwe, okanye kungenjalo malunga nalo naliphi na igalelo eliphathekayo elamkelwa ngumthetho wamaSilamsi.
Iminyaka yobudala
Ngeenjongo zalo mThetho, iminyaka yobudala bakhe namphi na umntu imiselwa ngokwemiqathango yomThetho wemiNyaka yobuDala, 1972 (umThetho 57 ka- 1972).
Ukugcinwa nokufikelela kubantwana abaselula
 Ekukhupheni umyalelo wokugcinwa okanye ukufikelela kumntwana oselula, okanye ekwenzeni isigqibo ngokukhuliswa kwakhe, inkundla iya kuthi, iqwalasela umthetho wamaSilamsi kunye nengxelo nezindululo zomMeli woSapho, iqwalasele intlalo-ntle nemidla yomntwana.
Ngokuxhomekeka kwicadelwana 1, lo mzali ungenguye ogcina umntwana uya kuxhamla ukufikelela okubonakalayo emntwaneni.
Xa bengekho bobabini abazali, okanye, ngokusilela kwabo nangasiphi na isizathu, kodwa ngokuxhomekeka kwicandelwana 1, inkundla iya kuthi, ithathela ingqalelo umthetho wamaSilamsi, ekunikeni ilungelo lokugcina umntwana al-hadanah okanye ukondliwa al-walayah komntwana oselula, inike ilungelo lokugcina okanye ukondla lo mntwana kulo mntu inkundla ibona efanelekile, kuzo zonke iimeko.
Umyalelo omalunga nokugcinwa, ukondliwa okanye ukufikelelwa komntwana, onikwe ngokwemiqathango yalo mThetho, unokuthi ngalo naliphi na ixesha urhoxiswe okanye wahlukaniswe, okanye, kwimeko yokufikelela kumntwana, unqunyanyiswe yinkundla ukuba inkundla ifumanisa ukuba kukho isizathu esaneleyo sokwenza oko: Phantsi komqathango wokuba kumiselwe uphando ngumThetheleli weeNtsapho malunga nentlalo-ntle yabantwana abaselula, phambi kokukhutshwa komyalelo ofanelekileyo wolahlulahlulo, ukurhoxiswa okanye ukunqumamisa, nokuba yeyiphi na kuzo.
Isondlo
1 Imisindleko yomThetho wesoNdlo, 1998 umThetho 99 ka-
iya kusebenza, kunye neenguqulelo ezidingekayo ngenxa yemeko, malunga noxanduva lwakhe nabani na lokondla namphi na umntu. Naphandle kokuthoba imisindleko yalo mThetho, imisindleko yamacandelwana 2 nele- 40 iya kusebenza.
Ngaphandle kwemisindleko yecandelo 15 lomThetho wesoNdlo, 1998, okanye umthetho ongabhalwanga, inkundla yezondlo iya kuthi, xa ikhupha umyalelo wesondlo, okanye ngenye indlela ekumiseleni isambuku ekufuneka sihlawulwe njengesondlo, ithathele ingqalelo ukuba-
a umyeni unyanzelekile ukuba ondle unkosikazi wakhe ngexesha lokuqhubeka komtshato wamaSilamsi ngokwezinto anazo nezidingo eziqondakalayo zikankosikazi;
b uyise unyanzelekile ukuba ondle abantwana bakhe bade bakwazi ukuzimela;
c kwimeko yokuchithwa komtshato wamaSilamsi ngoqhawulo-mtshato-
ii apho unkosikazi enelungelo lokugcina umntwana ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 11, umyeni unyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule unkosikazi, kuquka nokusindleka ngendawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo ukuba unkosikazi akanandawo yokuhlala iyeyakhe, ngeli xesha lelo lungelo lokugcina umntwana kuphela.
iii Unkosikazi uya kuthi ngokwahlukileyo abe nelungelo lokuhlawulwa (i-ujrah al-hadanah) ngokunxulumene nexesha lokwanyisa leminyaka emibini eliqalisa ukubalwa kumhla wokuzalwa kosana;
iii uxanduva lomyeni lokondla umntwana ozelwe kumtshato onjalo luquka ukusindleka ngokutya, impahla yokunxiba, indawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo, unyango nemfundo.
Nasiphi na isixa sesondlo esithe samiselwa siya kuba seso sixa inkundla esithatha njengokuba sifanelekile yaye sinobulungisa kuzo zonke iimeko zelo tyala.
umyalelo wesondlo okhutshwe ngokwemiqathango yalo mThetho usenokuthi nangaliphi na ixesha urhoxiswe okanye wahlukaniswe okanye unqunyanyiswe yinkundla ukuba loo nkundla ifumanisa ukuba kukho isizathu esaneleyo sokwenza oko.
Isondlo esiseleyo esingahlawulwanga kwixesha elidlulileyo ekufuneka sihlawulwe kunkosikazi asiyi kuba nakho ukucinywa ngesimiselo, ngaphandle kwemisindleko yomThetho weziMiselo, 1969 (umThetho 68 ka-1969) okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho.
ULAMLO OLUNYANZELEKILEYO
 Kwimeko apho kukho imbambano evelayo ngexesha lokuqhubeka komtshato wamaSilamsi okanye ngenye indlela evela kuloo mtshato, nabani na okuloo mtshato uya kuthumela loo mbambano, nangaliphi na ixesha, nokuba kuphambi okanye emva kokumiselwa kweenkqubo zomthetho ekuthethwe ngazo kwicandelo 9 (f) kodwa phambi kokumanyelwa kwazo yinkundla, kwiBhunga loLamlo, elinemvume njengoko kumiselweyo.
IBhunga loLamlo liya kuzama ukuyisombulula le mbambano ngokulamla zingadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-30 ukususela kumhla engeniswe ngawo. Abo batshatileyo, ngamnye, basenokumelwa ngummeli abamkhethe ngokwabo kolu lamlo.
IBhunga loLamlo, xa lithe layisombulula le mbambano, liya kungenisa isivumelwano solamlo kwinkundla zingadlulanga iintsuku ezisixhenxe ukususela kwisisombululo yaye loo nkundla iya kuthi, ukuba yanelisekile kukuba imidla yakhe namphi na umntwana oselula ikhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo, iqinisekise eso sivumelwano solamlo.
Ukuba eli Bunga loLamlo lithe laqnisekisa ukuba imbambano ihleli ingalanyulwanga okanye ukuba imbambano ihlala ingasonjululwanga emva kokuphela kweentsuku ezingama-30 ukususela kumhla wokungeniswa kwayo, loo mbambano inokumanyelwa yinkundla ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 15.
 Ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na into echaseneyo noku equlethwe kumThetho woLamlo, 1965 (umThetho 42 ka-1965), okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho, abantu abakumtshato wamaSilamsi bangavumelana ukuba bathumele imbambano evela ngexesha lokuqhubeka kwaloo mtshato, okanye ngenye indlela evela kuloo mtshato, kumlamli, ukuze isonjululwe ngokulamla.
ngokuxhomekeka kwicandelwana 4, imisindleko yomThetho wokuLamlo, 1965, iya kusebenza kulamlo olwenziwa ngokwemiqathango yeli candelo.
Umlamli uya kuqinisekisa ukuba-
a isivumelwano sabo bakumtshato wamaSilamsi ukuba le imbambano isonjululwe ngolamlo sisivumelwano abasenze benolwazi; nokuba b nabaphi na abanye abantu abanokuba nomdla kwisiphumo solu lamlo bathi baziswe ngolu lamlo.
Akukho sinikezelo sakulamla esichaphazela intlalo-ntle yabantwana abaselula okanye isimo sakhe namphi na umntu siya kusebenza ngaphandle kokuba siqinisekiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo xa kuthe kwafakwa isicelo kuloo nkundla kunye nokuthunyelwa kwesaziso kubo bonke abantu abanomdla kwisiphumo solo lamlo.
Xa kuqwalaselwa isicelo esifakelwe ukuqinisekiswa kwesinikezelo solamlo, inkundla kufuneka yaneliseke kukuba eso sinikezelo siza kunceda bonke abantwana abaselula yaye kulo mcimbi inkundla inokuthi-
b ibhengeze ukuba sisonke eso sinikezelo okanye inxalenye yaso ayisebenzi;
c inike esinye inisikezelo esibonwe sifanelekile yinkundla endaweni yaso;
d isahlule eso sinikezelo ngemiqathango efanelekileyo; okanye e iwudambise lo mba womLamli ngezikhokelo ezifanelekileyo.
Akukho nto ekwicandelwana 5 iya kucaciswa njengenika umda kulawulo lwenkundla phantsi kwawo nawuphi na umthetho ukuze kuhlolwe isinikezelo solamlo njengoko sinxulumene nembambano emalnga nempahla engachaphazeli amalungelo okanye imidla yabantwana abaselula.
Iinkundla nabahloli
 Ukuba nayiphi na imbambano ithe yasiwa enkundleni ukuze imanyelwe, le misindleko ilandelayo iya kusebenza-
a UMongameli weeJaji okanye enye intloko enewonga yenkundla enolawulo, iya kutyumba iJaji yomSilamsi kuloo nkundla ukuba imamele loo mbambano, yaye ukuba akukho jaji yomSilamsi, umPhathiswa wezobuLubgisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko uya kutyumba ummeli womSilamsi okanye igqwetha elivunyiweyo nelisebenzayo elikhe labambela njengegosa elichophela imicimbi isithuba esingangeminyaka elishumi ubuncinane;
b inkundla iya kuncediswa ngabahloli bamaSilamsi ababini abaya kuba benolwazi olulodwa lomthetho wamaSilamsi;
c abahloli baya kutyunjwa ngumPhathiswa ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi yaye baya kuba sezikhundleni iminyaka emihlanu ukususela kumhla weso sibhengezo: Phantsi komqathango wokuba ukutyunjwa kwakhe namphi na umhloli kungathi nangaliphi na ixesha kupheliswe ngumPhathiswa ngaso nasiphi na isizathu esivakalayo;
d namphi na umntu otyunjwe ngaloo ndlela uya kufaneleka ukluba aphinde atyunjelwe elinye ithuba okanye amathuba njengoko umPhathiswa anokubona ukuba kufanelekile-
Abahloli abatyunjwe ngokwemigaqo yeli candelo baya kusebenza njengabacebisi. Kwimeko apho ijaji echophela imicimbi ingalandeli icebiso lomhloli, loo mhloili uya kuthi anike izimvo zakhe ngokubhala, zimvo ezo ziya kuthi zifakwe kumGcini wamaxwebhu weNkundla ePhakamileyo yeziBheno njengenxalenye yokugcinwayo ukuze kuthathelwe ingqalelo yinkundla.
Nasiphi na isigqibo senkundla sinokufakelwa isibheno kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeziBheno ngokwemiqathango yemiGaqo esebenzayo yeNkundla, ngaphandle kokuba lowo ufaka isibheno akayi kunyanzeleka ukuba akhuphe isibambiso seendleko zeso sibheno.
Xa kuthe kwafakwa isibheno kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeziBheno, eso sogqibo siya kungeniswa kumaziko amabini amaSilamsi, avunyiweyo njengoko kumiselwe, ukuze anike izimvo ngezinto ezimayela nomthetho eziya kungeniswa kumGcini maXwebhu weNkundla ePhakamileyo lingadlulanga ithuba leentsuku ezintandathu ukususela kumhla wokuhanjiswa kwesaziso sesibheno.
INkundla ePhakamileyo yeziBheno, xa iqwalasela isibheno ekuthethwe ngaso kwicandelwana , iya kuthathela ingqalelo uluvo olubhaliweyo ekuthethwe ngalo kwelo candelo.
UmPhathiswa wezobuLungisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko, ebinisana neQumrhu loNcedo lomThetho elimiselwe ngokwemiqathango yecandelo 2 lomThetho woNcedo lomThetho, 1969 (umThetho 22 ka-1969), uya kuthi enze umsindleko ofanelekileyo wokunikezela ngoncedo lomthetho kubantu abangamahlwempu.
Ukuchithwa komtshato wakwamantyi okhoyo
 Kwimeko apho umlingane okumtshato wakwamantyi efaka intshukumo yoqhawulo-mtshato ngokwemiqathango yomThetho woQhawulo-mitshato emva kokuqalisa kwalo mThetho ukusebenza, inkundla ayiyi kuwuchitha lo mtshato wakwamantyi ngemvume yommiselo woqhawulo-mitshato ide inkundla ibe yanelisekile kukuba umtshato wamaSilamsi ohamba nalo uchithiwe.
Kwimeko apho umyeni alayo, ngaso nasiphi na isizathu, ukubhengeza iTlaq engenakurhoxiswa, unkosikazi okumtshato wamaSilamsi ohambelana nalo mtshato uya kuba nelungelo lokufaka isicelo sommiselo weFaskhi ngokwemiqathango yalo mThetho ngaloo njongo kuphela, apho imisindleko yalo mThetho iya kuthi isebenze, neenguqulelo ezidingekayo ngenxa yemeko.
Lo mcimbi usenokuthi, kwiimeko ekuthethwe ngazo kwicandelwana , ubuyiselwe enkundleni ukuze imisele iziphumo zobunini okanye okunye kuloo mtshato ngokwemiqathango yomThetho woQhawulo-mitshato nomthetho wemitshato onxulumene noko.
Ukuba ngaphezu kwalo mtshato wakwamantyi ukhoyo, umyeni ungene komnye umtshato okanye imitshato yamaSilamsi ebhaliswe phantsi kwalo mThetho, umlingane okanye abalingane abaphilayo balo myeni kufuneka babandakanywe kwinkqubo yoqhawulo-mtshato ekuthethwe ngayo kwicandelwana .
Imisindleko yecandelwana 1 iya kusebenza, neenguqulelo ezidingekayo ngenxa yemeko, kubalingane abakumtshato wakwamantyi okhoyo abathe bakhetha ukwamkela imisindleko yalo mThetho njengoko kuthethwa ngayo kwicandelo 2.
 Kwimeko yeenkqubo ezimiselwe phantsi kwalo mThetho ngenjongo yokuqinisekiswa okanye ukukhutshwa kommiselo wokuchithwa komtshato wamaSilamsi okanye okunye ukukhululwa, zibe ezo nkqubo zingachaswa, okanye kwimeko apho abo babandakanyekayo bathe bafikelela kwisivumelwano sesisombululo, lo mcimbi uya kumanyelwa yijaji yomSilamsi eya kuhlala ngaphandle kwabahloli.
Ummiselo wokuchithwa komtshato wamaSilamsi awuyi kukhutshwa okanye uqinisekiswe phantsi kwalo mThetho ngaphandle kokuba ijaji echophele lo mcimbi yanelisekile kukuba ukulungelwa kwakhe namphi na umntwana oselula ozelwe kuloo mtshato kuthe kwathathelwa inqalelo.
Imigaqo
 UmPhathiswa wezobuLungisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko, emva kokubonisana nomPhathiswa, angathi enze imigaqo -
a enxulumene noku-
i Imiqathango ekufuneka kuhanjisenwe nayo nengcaciso ekufuneka kunikezelwe ngayo kwigosa elitshatisayo malunga nokubhaliswa kunye nokuchithwa komtshato wamaSilamsi;
ii indlela elithi igosa elitshatisayo kufuneke ukuba lizanelise ngayo malunga nobukho okanye ukuba semthethweni komtshato wamaSilamsi;
iii indlela athi namphi na umntu athathe ngayo inxaxheba ekunikeni ubungqina bobukho okanye ekubhalisweni komtshato wamaSilamsi;
iv ubume nokuqulethwe ziziqiniselo, izaziso, ubungqina obufungelweyo kunye nezibhengezo ezidingekayo ngenjongo yalo mThetho;
v ugcino-mntwana, ukukhutshwa kwesiqiniselo, ukuphunyezwa, ukulungiswa, ukwenziwa kwezikhutshelo nokulahlwa kwalo naliphi na ixwebhu elimalunga nokubhaliswa kwemitshato yamaSilamsi okanye kwalo naliphi na ixwebhu elimiselwe ngokwemiqathango yale migaqo;
vi nawuphi na umcimbi odingekayo okanye ovunyelweyo ukuba umiselwe ngokwemiqathango yalo mThetho;
vii ukuqeshwa, ukubhaliswa, indlela yokuziphatha nokufa kunye namandla abahloli kuquka nokuhlawulwa kwezibonelelo kubahloli;
viii nawuphi na omnye umcimbi odingekayo okanye okhawulezileyo ukuze kusindlekwe ngobhaliso oluchanekileyo lwemitshato yamaSilamsi okanye ulawulo oluhamba kakuhle lwalo mThetho; kunye b nokumisela imirhumo ehlawulwa malunga nokubhaliswa komtshato wamaSilamsi nokukhutshwa kwaso nasiphi na isiqiniselo malunga noko.
Nawuphi na umgaqo owenziwe phantsi kwecandelwana 1
elinokukhokelela ekuchithweni kwemali nguRhulumente kufuneka wenziwe ngokubonisana nomPhathiswa wezeziMali.
Nawphi na umgaqo owenziwe phantsi kwecandelwana 1
ungasindleka ukuba namphi na umntu owaphula umsindleko walo okanye asilele ukuhambisana nawo uya kubekwa ityala aze akuba esakugwetywa kufuneke ukuba ahlawule umdliwo okanye avalelwe ixesha elinadlulanga kunyaka omnye.
Iindleko kwintshukumo yoqhawulo-mtshato
Inkundla ayiyi kubopheleleka ukuba ikhuphe umyalelo weendleko ngokuhambisana naloo mntu uphumeleleyo kwintshukumo yoqhawulo-mtshato, kodwa inkundla ingathi, ngokuthathela ingqalelo oko banako abo bachaphazelekayo kwanokuziphatha kwabo, ikhuphe loo myalelo iwubona unobulungisa, yaye inkundla isenokukhupha umyalelo wokuba iindleko zeenkqubo zahlulwe phakathi kwabo bachaphazelekayo.
Kwimeko apho kukho imbambano enxulumene nokuba umtshato wamaSilamsi ongenwe kwelinye ilizwe uyamkelwa njengomtshato osemthethweni phantsi kwalo mThetho na okanye hayi, loo mbambano iya kugqitywa yinkundla ethi ithathele ingqalelo zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo, kuquka nemiqathango yokungqubana kwemithetho.
Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwemithetho
Le miThetho ichakwe kolu Hlelo iyahlengahlengiswa kangangokuba kubekiwe kuluhlu lwesithathu lolu Hlelo.
Lo mThetho ubizwa ngokuba ngumThetho wemitshato yamaSilamsi, 20.., yaye uqalisa ukusebenza ngohla omiselwe nguMongameli ngesibhengezo kwiGazethi."
ISIHLOMELO A
ISIHLOMELO B
C. ICANDELO 2
OKULINDELWEYO
NGEXESHA ELIDLULILEYO
ICANDELO 2 
ISIHLOMELO C
ISIHLOMELO D
D. ICANDELO 13
ICANDELO 14
ICANDELO 15
