

Farmer											Xhosa



Indlela yokuqalisa iqela lamafama kwindawo ohlala kuyo



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Amaqela amafamaFarmer groups

Byline: Lihlanganiselwe nguA.P.N. du Toit (ARC-Grain Crops Institute), S.J. Terrblanche (University of Pretoria) and J. Stevens (University of Pretoria) 

Photos: 

Iintloko ezimbini zibhetele kunentloko enye.

Emaqeleni, amafama afunda izimvo ezintsha. 

Amafama ayakwazi ukufunda omnye komnye.

Amaqela anika amandla okufumana amaxabiso athotyiweyo.



Lifikile ixesha lokuphuhlisa amafama eMzantsi Afrika ukuze kunciphe uxhomekeko lwawo kumaziko esithethe karhulumente nokuze abe nolawulo phezu kwekamva elilelawo. 



Isitshixo sokufikelela ekuzixhobiseni ngamandla sikwintshukumo ephakathi kwamafama endawo ethile. Umceli-mngeni kumafama kukusebenza ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukusekwa kwamaqela amafama akwaziyo ukuzimela kangangokuba ubunini beshishini bube sezandleni zamalungu ngokupheleleyo. Amaqela amafama anika isakhiwo esifanelekileyo sequmrhu (isithuthi) sokusebenzisana kunye ukusuka kwinguquko ekwinqanaba lomsebenzi wokufama ukuya kwisixokelelwano sezolimo gabalala. 



Kucacile ke ngoko ukuba intshukumo yamafama ekhokelela emaqeleni ancomekayo yinkqubo ethatha ixesha. Injongo yezi zikhokelo kukukhuthaza nokukhokela iinkokeli kwezolimo ekuzuzeni owona msebenzi ubalaseleyo wamaqela phakathi kwamafama.



Ngawantoni amaqela amafama endawo ethile?

Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziluncedo malunga namaqela kwezolimo zezi zilandelayo: 

Amafama anako ukufunda omnye komnye. Ngale ndlela, afumana ulwazi olutsha, amava kunye neentlobo zobuchule. 

Phakathi kweqela, amafama ngamanye anako ukwenza isigqibo esiphucukileyo. Njengoko ulwazi lusoloko lugaleleka phakathi kweqela, amathuba okwenza iimpazamo anokucutheka. “Iintloko ezimbini zibhetele kunentloko enye.” 

Emaqeleni, amafama afunda ukucinga ngendlela entsha nokuhlola iingqiqo ezintsha. Amalungu eqela akhuthazwa ukuba ajonge ezinye iindlela ankuzisebenzisa malunga nokuthile. 

Amaqela anika iindlela zonxulumano neenkozo ezifana nophando, isolulo, inkxaso yegalelo nentengiso. Abaniki beenkonzo banomnqweno wokusebenzisa ithuba lokuthetha-thethana neqela elisebenza phucukileyo kakhulu nokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa ngezixa ezikhulu. 

Amaqela ayanceda ekwandiseni umsebenzi wokuvelisa kwinqanaba lefama. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokudibana kolwazi, iintlobo zobuchule namava phakathi kwamalungu eqela. 

Amaqela enza ukuba amafama omeleze amandla awo okufumana amaxabiso athotyiweyo. Amafama akwicandelo lophuhliso afuna ilizwi elomeleleyo. Iqela lofundo-nzulu elinesakhono lingumlomo wamalungu alo ngokwalo. 



Ziintoni iimpawu zeqela lofundo-nzulu elinesakhono?

Amaqela ofundo-nzulu anesakhono aphawuleka ngeempawu ezahlukileyo ezilandelayo: 

Linobunkokeli obomeleleyo – “Iinkokeli ziyakhonza azikhonzwa”.

Alonganyelwa yinkokeli yalo okanye nangubani olilungu lalo.

Linombono ocacileyo, izinto ekujoliswe kuzo, iinjongo nesicwangciso samanyathelo esijoliswe kokuthile kunye nonxunguphalo lokuphunyezwa kwenjongo. 

Amalungu akwinqanaba elinye lenkqubela kwezolimo kwaye anezinto ezifanayo ezingumdla neemfuno. Ngokuya lifana iqela ukusebenzisana kunye kwalo kuya ngokwanda phakathi kwamalungu.

Amalungu kufuneka abe nengqiqo ehluzekileyo yomsebenzi neenjongo zawo (indima efanele ukudlalwa) phakathi kweqela lofundo-nzulu.

Libe nesakhono kunye nemithombo yemali layo. Ubukhulu becala, iimali zinikelwa kwaye zilawulwa ngamalungu ngokwawo.

Amalungu azithwalela uxanduva lwesiphumo sesicwangciso samanyathelo; ayazinikela kufundo-nzulu kanti akwafumana ukwaneliseka ngenxaxheba yawo kwimisetyenzana yeqela. 

Onke amalungu anomdla wokufunda kwaye amalungu anothakazelelo lokwabelana ngolwazi nangamava alo. 

Lithembele kulo ngezicwangciso nangolawulo lwemibandela yalo kwaye liba nako ukufumanisa iindlela ezinesakhono ezizezalo zokuzuza iinkonzo. 

Lifanele ukukwazi ukugobeka malunga nokukhethwa kweenkqubo kunye neendlela zokwenza izinto lijonge kwimpumezo yeenjongo neempumezo ekujoliswe kuzo.

Lisebenzise izakhono neentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobuchule bamalungu eqela ngamanye ngendlela encomekayo.

Imozulu evulekileyo yonxibelelwano. Amalungu mawazive ekhululekile ukubalula iindlela aziva ngazo ngomsebenzi nangendlela ekusetyenzwa ngayo liqela.

Malisoloko lizivavanya ngokwalo. Ngamaxesha athile iqela lizinika isiqabu ukuze livavanye ukuba ingaba lisebenza kakuhle kangakanani nokuthi ingaba isakhono salo singaphuculwa njani.

Malinamathele kakuhle kumanqanaba aphezulu asebenza kakuhle kwezolimo. Amaqela alolo hlobo aba nabameli abakhetheke kakuhle. 

Liyijonge macala onke indlela elisebenza ngayo kwaye likwazi ukumelana neengxaki zalo kunye neziphene ngokunjalo. Ukuze liphucule isakhono salo malikwazi ukwenza naziphi iinguquko eziyimfuneko.

Amaqela anika amalungu awo izinto eziyinkuthazo. Nangona ingulowo nalowo enoxanduva lokunika inkonzo kwiqela, amalungu azi ngokucacileyo ukuba aya kuba nento ayizuzayo ngokuba yinxalenye yeqela.



Ukubumbeka kweqela lofundo-nzulu

Amaqela mawasekwe ngokwemo ewangqongileyo nangokusebenzisana nezakhiwo zoluntu nezasentlalweni. Ukuba kukho imfuneko unxulumano nesiphathamandla sohlanga lubaluleke ngakumbi. Kufuneka imfuno yokubunjwa kweqela lamafama yamkeleke kwisiphathamandla sohlanga neminye imibutho kwinqanaba lendawo elikuyo iqela. 

Amafama ngokwawo mawakhethe amalungu eqela.

Amaqela anokuqala phantsi kwesimo esingacwangciselwanga aze ahlume abe kwisimo esicwangciselweyo ngokwesantya salo. (Jonga Indlela ethi “Qala ngokusebenza uze ucwangcise mva.”) Le ndlela iyacetyiswa, njengoko ikwazi ukuguquguqulwa kwaye ivumela amafama ukukhula nenkqubo yokusekwa kweqela.

Amaqela akhoyo anako ukulunga-lungiswa ngokutsha okanye anikwe impilo entsha. Nangona kunjalo, amaqela ami ndawonye mawathintelwe kangangoko kunokwenziwa.

Kwiziganeko apho abantu bengekacwangciselwa ukuba babe liqela, abalungiseleli okanye abakhuthazi bamaqela baya kufuneka ukuze basungule kwaye baphumeze inkqubo yokubumbeka kweqela.

Kwiziganeko apho abalungiseleli/abaphumezi bengengomalungu oluntu ngokwalo, ukuzidibanisa nabantu abangabahlali, abanewonga lengqiqo kuyimfuneko njengabadlali bendima abaphambili abanokudibaniselana nabahlali abangamafama.

Kufuneka ukuthembeka kwabalungiseleli neenkokeli njengezithako ezibalulekileyo zokubumbeka okuyimpumelelo kweqela. 

Iimfuno neengxaki zeqela elithile lamafama mazaziwe njengoko oko kubonwa njengesandulela sesicwangciso sexesha elizayo nokumiselwa kweenjongo.



Indlela ethi “Qala ngokusebenza uze ucwangcise mva”:

Le ndlela inceda amafama ukuba aqalise ngaphandle kokuchitha ixesha. Iqela elincinci elingacwangciselwanga liqalisa ngokujolisa kwingxaki ethile lize lisebenze kunye ukuyisombulula. Amalungu eqela azinikela ngakumbi kwimpumezo yeenjongo zeqela. Emva koko, umoya weqela uyomelela aze amalungu eqela asondelelane kunye ngendlela eyindalo. Ngolu hlobo ukubumbeka kwamaqela kunokuthelekiswa nezidalwa eziphilayo, ezikhulela ngaphakathi. Izinto eziluncedo malunga nale ndlela zicacile:

Amaqela aphuhla ngokuzenzekela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuvela ngaphandle.

Idala umoya wobunkokeli bemvisiswano kwinkqubo yokukhetha ngokwendalo.

Iinjongo zeqela zingamandla aliqhubela phambili ingeyiyo iminqweno yeenkokeli zamaqela okanye imibutho yangaphandle.



Izikhokelo ngokubunjwa kweqela lofundo-nzulu 

Ukubunjwa kweqela lofundo-nzulu elinesakhono kuya kuba sisiphumo samafama anenkuthazo phakathi kwabahlali abanemfuno enye yokusebenza kunye bejolise kwimfezeko yeemfuno zalo nezisombululo zeengxaki zalo. Akukho qela lamafama linokunyanzelwa ukuba libe khona, oko akunakwenziwa nangaphakathi, kungenakwenziwa nangubani ongaphandle. Inkqubo yokubunjwa kweqela ngokuqinisekileyo iya kwahluka ngokwemeko nganye ethile. Ezi ndlela neenkqubo ezilandelayo kucetyiswa ukuba iinkokeli zilandele zona xa ziphethe umsebenzi onzima wokuseka iqela:



Intlanganiso esisandulela sobukho beqela

Yakuba ivelile imfuno yokubunjwa kweqela lofundo-nzulu phakathi kwamafama kubahlali, iinkokeli zinako ukuqalisa ngokubiza intlanganiso esisandulela endaweni engeyo yomnye wabo. Le ntlanganiso iya kuba nabantu abambalwa abasentloko, abanothakazelelo ngoluvo lweqela lofundo-nzulu, oluya kuphucula ishishini lefama lalo. Injongo yale ntlanganiso kukwenza uvavanyo olucoselelayo (ukufumanisa ingxaki) lwemeko yomsebenzi wokufama yethuba langoku. Ngaxeshanye, eli ikwalithuba lokufumanisa imfuno yokuseka iqela nokuxoxa ngocoselelo ngeenjongo nezinto ezilindeleke kumalungu anokufumaneka. Amalungu anokufumaneka afuna ukwazi ngeenzuzo aya kuzivuna. Ithuba lesandulela seqela liya kunika indlela ebalaseleyo yokuzilungiselela kwamalungu nokuziqhelanisa nabanye. Le ntlanganiso ivumela amafama ithuba lokuqiniseka ukuba ingaba bayafuna ukuzinikela na kwilinge elilolo hlobo. Kwelo bakala kuya kuba yimfuneko kananjalo ukwandlala izikhokelo ezibanzi malunga neenjongo zeqela.



Intlanganiso esisiseko

Inyathelo elilandelayo liya kuba kukumisela umhla wokusekwa kweqela. Kucetyiswa ukuba abalungiseleli bayiphathe intlanganiso njengentlanganiso engenazicwangciso zingqongqo. Ngethuba lentlanganiso amalungu eqela aye entlanganisweni mawenze isigqibo sokuba ingaba elo seyilixesha elifanelekileyo lokubumba iqela elicwangcisiweyo na. Ukuba imigaqo-siseko ibonakala ifanelekile, zingaqhubela phambili iinkokeli ngokunika isakhiwo kwiqela. 



Abalungiseleli/abaphumezi baziphatha njengeenkokeli zokuqala zeqela kwisikhundla sethutyana. Amafama, achongwe njengamalungu anokufumaneka, amenyelwa kule ntlanganiso. 



Le miba elandelayo ifanele ukuphicothwa kule ntlanganiso:

Inkqubo yokukhethwa kweenkokeli nokucaciswa kwethuba lokubamba isikhundla. Ingaba iqela lifuna usihlalo onjani? Umququzeleli okanye umphumezi makangalikhokeli ngokwakhe iqela –iqela malizithathele uxanduva lwalo msebenzi ngokwalo.

Xoxani ngendlela efanelekileyo, phindani niwabeke ngenye indlela amagama, amabinzana amagama wabekeni ngokutsha nize niphengulule iinjongo zethuba elide zeqela. Amalungu mawacacise iingqiqo zawo zeenjongo kuze kususwe nayiphi imposiso esengqiqweni.

Amalungu mawakwazi ukumisela iinjongo zawo aze azilandelise ngokokubaluleka kwazo kwiinyanga ezilandelayo ezintandathu okanye kwithuba lonyaka. Chaza imisetyanzana nemithwalo eyayame kwimisebenzi eyahluka-hlukeneyo efunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo. Faka imisetyenzana neenjongo ngokwezintlu nangokulandelelanisa kweqela.

Makuthathwe isigqibo malunga nenkqubo ngexesha, ubuninzi bamaxa nendawo apho baya kudibana khona ukuze kujongwe zonke iimfuno zamalungu.



Njengoko esi siganeko sinokubonwa njengokuzalwa kweli qela, kufuneka kuchithwe ixesha elaneleyo ukuqinisekisa iinkokeli ezomeleleyo nokucaciswa nokuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo kweezinto ekujoliswe kuzo neenjongo.



Intlanganiso elandeliswayo

Inkqubo yokubunjwa kweqela ifuna ukuqhutywa kwintlanganiso elandeliswayo emva kwentlanganiso esisiseko. Injongo yale ntlanganiso iya kuba yile:

Ukuqukumbela izinto ekujoliswe kuzo neenjongo. 

Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso samanyathelo nesicwangciso somhla nexesha kwithuba lexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ukuhlanganisela umthetho-siseko ngokwandlala phantsi imithetho okanye imigqaliselo engqalileyo yeqela malunga nokuba lilungu, imirhumo yamalungu, ubukho bamalungu ezintlanganisweni, uqeqesho lweqela nababelana neqela ngewonga. 





Ulawulo lweqela lofundo-nzulu:

Ikomiti ebhexeshayo

Ikomiti ekholisa ukukhethwa yenamalungu amahlanu angala, usihlalo, usekela-sihlalo, unobhala namalungu ongezelelweyo amabini. Amanye amaqela akhetha ukunyula usekela-nobhala kunye nonondyebo ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okufanelekileyo kweemali. La malungu mabini olawulo lweqela asenokukhethwa endaweni yokuba namalungu amabini ongezelelweyo, okanye abe sisongezo. Kucetyiswa ukuba isini samalungu akhethiweyo simele amalungu ngokwenani lamadoda nabafazi abaseqeleni. Indlela elungileyo kukuba namadoda amabini kunye nabafazi ababini ekomitini ukuze ilungu lesihlanu lekomiti libe yindoda okanye ngumfazi. Ikomiti imele amalungu kuyo yonke into eliyenzayo. Ikomiti mayiphendule malunga nokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kweqela, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimfezeko yokuphumelela kweenjongo zeqela.



Ubukhulu beqela

Xa kuthethwa gabalala, kunokuthiwa amaqela amancinanana anesakhono esithe chatha. Ubukhulu beqela obufanelekileyo buxhomekeke kwinto elijolise kuyo iqela okanye kumxholo weqela, kwiimeko zangaphakathi ezifana zodwa neziguqu-guqukayo nesakhono sekomiti ebhexeshayo ukulawula iqela nokugcina ukuziphatha kakuhle nokuzinikela kwinjongo. Kubalulekile ukuzidibanisa neziphatha-mandla zomthonyama kunye/okanye iinkokeli zabahlali malunga nalo mba wobomi bokulima kwabahlali. Ukuze kusebenzeke kakuhle phakathi kwabahlali, ulawulo lweqela lofundo-nzulu maluthintele ungquzulwano malunga nemibandela esekwe kwimo yokushiya ngaphandle abathile. Amanye amaqela akuthintela oku ngokukhupha isimemo esivulela onke amafama phakathi kwabahlali ukuba aye kusuku lwawo lwamafama onyaka. 



Imirhumo yokuba lilungu neemali

Imirhumo yokuba lilungu inokusekwa kwinani lemibandela efana nale:

Iinjongo zeqela;

Izakhono zamalungu malunga nemali;

Iintlobo zemisetyenzana eyenziwa liqela lofundo-nzulu; ngokunjalo

Amathuba enkxaso-mali.



Iintlanganiso

Iintlanganiso mazibanjwe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhuba kwemisetyenzana yamaqela. Kucetyiswa iintlanganiso ezibanjwa qho ngenyanga kumabanga okuqala eqela. Ethubeni, ukubamba iintlanganiso kanye kwiinyanga ezimbini kubonakala kuyenye into enokwenziwa, nangona kunjalo imisetyenzana esekwe kuhlobo lwezolimo oluhamba ngokwamaxesha onyaka mhlawumbi ingalawula ikhalenda engqale kwiqela ngalinye lofundo-nzulu. Izithethi ezilundwendwe neengcaphephe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ukugcina iqela lofundo-nzulu linolwazi neenkcukacha ezihlaziyekileyo. Luxanduva lweqela ngalinye ukukhetha ngokuqaphela nokumema ezi ngcaphephe ezintlanganisweni zalo. Kufanele kwenziwe kwangolo hlobo xa kusetyenziswana nababoneleli kunye nabaxhasi bamagalelo. Amaqela ofundo-nzulu anika ithuba elihle kakhulu kumafama lokwalatha inqanaba lobungcaphephe neenkonzo afuna ukuzifumana.



Elokugqibela

Amaqela amafama anesakhono esandulela uphuhliso lwezolimo ngokukhawulezisa eMzantsi Afrika. “Ngaphandle kweenkokeli nolungiselelo, abahlali basuka beme ndawonye kanti nabantu abanesiphiwo kubahlali batsala nzima ukubaleka amatyathanga entsilelo yophuhliso,” utshilo uJapie Grobler, umongameli we-Agri SA. Isitshixo esivulela ukuzixhobisa ngamandla silele ekushukunyisweni kwamanyathelo amafama!





