Isakhelo somGaqo-nkqubo weNkqubo yoBulungisa yeMveli phantsi komGaqo-siseko
IZIQULATHO
ISAHLUKO 1:INTSHAYELELO 5 1.1Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yenkundla yemveli ekugcineni uxolo nemvisiswano kubantu bemveli 6 . 1.2Imbono nenjongo yesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo 7 1.3Ukwakheka kwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo 8
ISAHLUKO 2:INDIMA NGOKWEMBALI YEZIKO LOBUNKOKHELI BEMVELI KULAWULO LOBULUNGISA 9 2.1Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli ngexesha lezithanga (leekoloni) 10
Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli phantsi kwexesha localucalulo ngobuhlanga 10
ISAHLUKO 3: IZIFUNDO ZOPHONONONGO LOKUTHELEKISA 13 3.1Inkqubo yemveli yobulungisa kumazwe akhethiweyo 14
c I-Indiya 15
Iimpawu ezifanele umzekelo ocingwayo weenkundla zemveli zaseMzantsi Afrika 17
ISAHLUKO 4: IFUTHE LOMGAQO-SISEKO KUBUNKOKHELI BEMVELI 19 4.1Ukuvunywa kweenkundla zemveli phantsi kolawulo olutsha lwedemokhrasi 20
Ifuthe lomGaqo-siseko kwiziko lobunkokheli bemveli 21
ISAHLUKO 5: IMINGENI EFUNA UKUJONGWA SISAKHELO SOMGAQO-NKQUBO 23 5.1Intshayelelo 24 5.2Ukwamkela izinto ezixabisekileyo zomGaqo-siseko omtsha 24 5.3Ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yenkundla ziinkokheli zemveli 24 5.4Ukuqhekeka kwenkqubo yobulungisa yemveli 25 5.5Imingeni yokwakheka kweziko 25
ISAHLUKO 6: IINGCAMANGO ZOMGAQO-NKQUBO 29
Izinto ezixabisekileyo zenkcubeko ezikhuthaza ubumbano kwezentlalo, uxolo nemvisiswano 30
Inkqubo yobulungisa yemveli efanele umgaqo-siseko wolawulo waseMzantsi Afrika 30
Iinkqubo zokusebenza ezilandelwayo kwinkqubo yemveli yobulungisa 31
Ukungqina imigqaliselo yobulungisa bembuyekezo phakathi kwenkqubo yemveli yobulungisa 32
Isibonelelo samancedo okusebenza amkelekileyo okuphumeza indima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa
Izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo 33
Ukunyula iinkokheli zemveli ukuchophela iinkundla zemveli 33
Ukuba noxanduva kweenkokheli zemveli ekuphumezeni indima nemisebenzi yazo kulawulo lobulungisa 33
Ukuya kwinkqubo yoqeqesho emiselweyo yeenkokheli zemveli 34
Iinkundla zemveli kufuneka zibe nolawulo malunga neengxabano zembambano ezivela kumthetho wesintu nakumatyala athile olwaphulomthetho (osizi)
Iinkundla zemveli kufuneka ziwise izohlwayo zemo yembuyekezo (ubulungisa) 35
Ukuthunyelwa kwezaziso nenkqubo yenkundla nonyanzeliso lwezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli 35
Ukuthintelwa kommeli osemthethweni kwiingxoxo phambi kweenkundla zemveli 36
Izigqibo zeenkundla zemveli zezokugqibela yaye isibheno siza kuvunyelwa kuphela ngokuchasene nemiyalelo ethile 36
Uhlaziyo lwezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli 36
Iindlela ekufuneka zisekwe zokuthumela amatyala ukusuka kwiinkundla zemveli ukuya kwiinkundla zoomantyi nangokuphendulelekileyo 36
Indima yeenkundla zemveli kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulomthetho 36
Ukugcinwa kweerekhodi ezithile 37
Iinkokheli zemveli neenkundla zemveli kufuneka ziqhubele phambili izinto ezixabisekileyo nemigqaliselo yeBhili yaMalungelo 37
Imfuneko yomthetho wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ufano 37
Amalungiselelo enguqu 38
ISAHLUKO 7: ISIPHELO 39
Uphuhliso lomthetho weenkundla zemveli 40
Inkqubo yokucebisana 40
INTSHAYELELO
1.1Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yenkundla yemveli ekugcineni uxolo nemvisiswano kubantu bemveli
Ubunkokheli bemveli budlala indima engundoqo nebalulekileyo kubantu bemveli ngokuphathelele kulawulo lobulungisa. Buyinxalenye yelifa lenkcubeko yabantu abangamaAfrika yaye buyamkelwa ngumGaqo-siseko.
Umthetho wesintu ubekhona ukusuka kudaladala yaye wamkelwe kwinkqubo yezomthetho yaseMzantsi Afrika. Inani elikhulu labantu abahlala kwimizi yemveli bavumelana nemigqaliselo yomthetho wesintu yaye bamkela inkqubo yenkundla yemveli esebenzisa olu hlobo lomthetho. Abantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezili-14 bayinxalenye yemizi yemveli kuwo onke amaphondo eMzantsi Afrika ngaphandle kwaseNtshona-Koloni.
Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ubumbano kwezentlalo, uxolo nemvisiswano kwimizi. Kwesi sigaba solawulo lobulungisa, iinkokheli zemveli zisombulula iingxabano ngeenkundla zemveli (Makgotla/ Inkundla). Ukubaluleka kweenkundla zemveli kuvela kwinyaniso yokuba zezona zikufuphi kuluntu yaye zisebenzisa ulwimi neendlela eziqondwayo luluntu ngcono kuneenkqubo zokusebenza ezisetyenziswa kwiinkundla ezisesikweni. Inkokheli yemveli namaphakathi ayo bahlala ebandla ("lekgotla"), baphulaphula ubungqina babamangali nobabantu "abamangalelweyo", yaye basombulule iingxabano ngokweziqhelo nezithethe zenkcubeko ezisebenzayo kuluntu okuthethwa ngalo. Ngokuchasene nenkqubo yenkundla esesikweni, iinkundla zemveli azibambeleli kuluhlu naluphi na lwemithetho emiselweyo okanye ebhaliweyo. Zikhokhelwa yinkcubeko nesithethe soluntu lwalapho zisebenza khona. Ngale ndlela, ityala lithethwa lula yaye ngokukhawuleza.
Uluhlu olulandelayo lucacisa ukusasazeka kumaphondo kwamazinga amathathu obunkokheli bemveli kwilizwe:
Ookumkani/ 6 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
Ookumkanikazi 220
183 63 306 13 0 9 2 850Iinkokheli eziphezulu zemveli
Baza Osibondakazi kwamkelwa kwamkelwa kwamkelwa
Iphondo Izindlu zeNgingqi Izindlu zePhondo
IMpuma-Koloni Kuza kusekwa Izindlu zeNgingqi ezi-5 Zisekiwe
ILimpopo Izindlu zeNgingqi ezisekiweyo ezi-5 Zisekiwe
IMpumalanga Izindlu zeNgingqi ezisekiweyo ezi-3 Zisekiwe
IMntla-Ntshona Izindlu zeNgingqi ezisekiweyo ezi-3 Zisekiwe
Inani lilonke 31 8
Amabhunga eMveli
Ukulungiselela umzi ngamnye wemveli ophantsi kwegunya lenkokheli yemveli, kumiswe kwamkelwa ibhunga lemveli.
Imbono nenjongo yesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo
Imbono yesi sakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo kukungqina ukubaluleka kweziko lobunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa, oko kukuthi ukukhuthaza ukufikelela kubulungisa nokuba negalelo ekuphuculeni ubomi babantu bonke.
Injongo ephambili yeli xwebhu lomgaqo-nkqubo kukungqinelanisa inkqubo yobulungisa bemveli nomGaqo-siseko.
Ixwebhu lomgaqo-nkqubo kukufikelela encotsheni kophando loncwadi, uphononongo lokuthelekisa ezinye iinkqubo zolawulo, kwakunye nokucebisana neenkokheli zemveli, naloo masebe karhulumente anoxanduva lwemicimbi yemveli, kwakunye nabanye abanomdla kumba womthetho wesintu. UMphathiswa namanye amagosa bathathe amathuba otyelelo lophononongo ukuqwalasela iinkqubo zemveli e-Indiya naseBotswana. Olunye ulwazi lufunyenwe kwingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe malunga namaziko emveli, eyayibanjelwe eThekwini ngoMeyi wama-2007, nakwiNgqungquthela elandelayo yooMantyi, eyayibanjelwe eMidrand ngoSeptemba wama-2007. Kwezi ngqungquthela, eyesizwe neyamazwe ngamazwe izithethi bezisabelana ngamava azo ngamaziko emveli neendima ezidlalwa ngala maziko kulawulo lobulungisa.
Unyulo lwedemokrasi lowe-1994 luvulele amasango inkqubo entsha yedemokhrasi. Le nkqubo entsha idale isiseko sokuhlaziya umthetho neziqhelo ebezikhona phambi kowe-1994. Eli xwebhu lomgaqo-nkqubo lijolise kwindima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli phantsi kolawulo olutsha lwedemokhrasi, kulawulo lobulungisa. Isicatshulwa esilandelayo esivela kwingabula-zigcawu yePhepha Lovavanyo­zimvo (White Paper) ngoBunkokheli beMveli noLawulo sifanelekile:
Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli libambe indawo ebalulekileyo kubomi bomAfrika yaye, ngokwembali, kwimbumba yopolitiko yoMzantsi Afrika. Liquka ulondolozo lwenkcubeko, izithethe, amasiko nezithethe ezixabisekileyo zamaAfrika, xeshikweni kananjalo limele iindlela zangaphambili zomanyano kwezentlalo nolawulo. Nangona kunjalo, xa uMzantsi Afrika usamkela umGaqo-siseko weThutyana ukanti, emva koko, umGaqo-siseko we-1996, abantu bakowethu babhengeza iRiphablikhi yoMzantsi Afrika njengeLizwe lobunganga, ledemokhrasi elisekwe kwizinto eziliqela ezixabisekileyo jikelele, kuquka nobungangamsha bomGaqo-siseko. Oku kwaphawula ukuqalisa kwexesha elitsha embalini.
Emva konyulo lowe-1994, urhulumente omtsha waqalisa indlela yokuguqula ilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika. Oku kwaquka inguqu yamaziko olawulo lombuso ngokwenkqubo entsha yedemokhrasi nemigqaliselo yomGaqo-siseko efana nokulingana nokungacalucaluli. Elinye kula maziko yayiliziko lobunkokheli bemveli. Ngokufanayo nookhokho bethu kwizwekazi laseAfrika, ngako oko besijongene nomngeni owodwa wokuchaza indawo nendima yeziko lobunkokheli bemveli kwinkqubo entsha yolawulo loburhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko omtsha ubeke isiseko soku yaye ubophelele urhulumente omtsha ukuphuhlisa umthetho oza kujongana nalo mba ngokuqinisekisayo."
Iinjongo zeli phepha lomgaqo-nkqubo ngako oko kukungqina ukubaluleka kobunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa nokuseka umzekelo wobulungisa bemveli obufanelekileyo kwindlela yomGaqo-siseko omtsha;
kukumisa isiseko sokuqingqa umthetho olawula indima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa, ngokuhambelana nolawulo ngokomGaqo-siseko omtsha;
kukuphucula ubuchule bokusebenza nokwandisa ukufikelela kwiinkundla zemveli; kwakunye nokumisela ulawulo lweenkundla zemveli malunga nolwaphulomthetho nembambano nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezilawula iinkundla zemveli.
Izinto ezisilelayo kwinkqubo yenkundla yemveli kufuneka zilungiswe ukuze zihambelane neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko omtsha.
Ukwakheka kwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo
Kwisahluko esilandelayo (Isahluko 2), kunikwa imbali yendima yobunkokheli bemveli. Esi sahluko sifuna ukucacisa nokubonelela ngemvelaphi yendima edlalwe bubunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa phambi kokuqalisa komGaqo-siseko. Sibonakalisa ngokufutshane ixesha lwezithanga (lobukoloniale), ixesha locacucalulo ngobuhlanga, kuquka nexesha lamaphandle namazwana azilawulayo, kwakunye nexesha kanye phambi kolawulo ngomGaqo-siseko omtsha.
Isahluko 3 sijolise kuphononongo lokuthelekisa iinkqubo zemveli zobulungisa kumazwe akhethiweyo aseAfrika namanye amazwe asentshona, kwakunye neempawu zawo ngokubanzi ezifana nenkqubo yemveli yaseMzantsi Afrika. Isahluko 4 sicamngca ngeendlela zophuhliso eziziswe yindlela yomGaqo-siseko omtsha, xeshikweni Isahluko 5 sibonelela ngenkcazelo-jikelele yemingeni ekufuneka ubunkokheli bemveli bujongane nayo phantsi kolawulo ngomGaqo-siseko omtsha. Isahluko sokugqibela (Isahluko 6) sijolise kwimigaqo­nkqubo enokukhethwa eyifaneleyo inkqubo yobulungisa yemveli yaseMzantsi Afrika yaye sibonelela ngesakhelo somthetho onenjongo yokuphumeza isakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo.
Isahluko 7 siqulathe isiphelo esinika ingcaciso emfutshane yenkqubo yokucebisana eqhutyiweyo ekuphuhliseni esi sakhelo somgaqo­nkqubo.
NGOKWEMBALI INDIMA YEZIKO LOBUNKOKHELI BEMVELI KULAWULO LOBULUNGISA
Indima yamaziko emveli kulawulo lobulungisa ingalandwa ukusuka kudaladala. U-Bennet3 uchaza ukuba iziko lobunkokheli bemveli linentsusa yalo kumaxesha amandulo xa abantu ababelandela iinkolo nobukumkani obufanayo babesabelwa umhlaba wokuhlala nowamadlelo. Inkokheli yayimi kwintloko yorhulumente wemveli yaye phantsi kwenkokheli kwakukho amanqanaba amabini amagunya: intloko yelali (usibonda) nentloko yosapho. Inkokheli ibidlala indima yobunkokheli kuyo yonke imiba yobomi babantu, ukusuka kuphuhliso lwasemaphandleni ukuya ekukhokheleni amajoni ngexesha leemfazwe nokusombulula iingxabano phakathi koluntu. Urhulumente wemveli wayehlukile kwiingqiqo zale mihhla zedemokhrasi. Wayengawamkeli umgqaliselo wokwahlukaniswa kwamagunya yaye umsebenzi wakhe wawubandakanya imiba enxulumene nenkundla, ulawulo nezakhono zomthetho.4 Indima yeziko ibalulekile ekuqondeni imingeni ejongwe leli ziko phantsi kwenkqubo yangoku yedemokhrasi. Ukwamkelwa kweenkundla zeenkokheli zemveli, kwakuthethelelwa ngokubanzi, ngokuthi kwakusamkeleka, njengoko zazilawula abo abaphantsi kwale nkqubo ngemithetho neenkqubo ababeziqhelile.
Nangona amaAfrika ayesasebenzisa ezi nkundla ngethuba leli xesha, kwadaleka iinkxalabo malunga nokusebenza kwazo. Ezi nkundla, ngokufanayo neminye imiba yemveli yoluntu lwamaAfrika, zazongamelwe ngamadoda aziintloko zesizwe. Ukwakheka kwenkundla ngokwesini kwakungumcimbi oxoxisayo. Kweminye imizi abasetyhini babengavunyelwa ukuchophela okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo "zeeNkundla zeeNkosi", ngaphandle xa bengabamangali, nalapho ke kuphela xa bencediswa ngamadoda.8 "iiNkundla zeeNkosi" bezisathathwa njengendlela ezithandekayo zokukhawulezisa isisombululo seengxabano, xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo imo yazo yokufikeleleka lula, ukungabikho kweendleko eziphezulu (ngokuba simahla ngokwenene) nenkqubo elula yobulungisa.
2.2 Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli phantsi kwexesha localucalulo ngobuhlanga
Ngethuba leli xesha isithethe sexesha elide sokuhlola nokulungelelanisa eso inkokheli yemveli yayilawula ngaso ngokucetyiswa ngamaphakathi ayo nangokulawulwa yiminqweno yabantu bayo sakhukuliswa yaye sathathelwa indawo yinkqubo apho "iiNkosi" bezibekwe phantsi kokongamelwa ngu-Lietenant-General yaye kamva nguMongameli weSizwe ophethe isikhundla soKumkani i­
Isiphetho sokubandakanya iinkundla zeenkokheli zemveli kwinkqubo yesizwe yeenkundla saba yinkqubo yemithetho emibini apho iinkundla ezisesikweni zendlela yaseNtshona zilawula ubulungisa ngokulandela "umthetho welizwe", xeshikweni "iiNkundla zeeNkosi"
ezinganeno ngokuba sesikweni neenkundla zooMhle bezilawula ubulungisa ngokomthetho wesintu. , Ingqiqo "yobuntlantlu-mbini" yabeka "iiNkundla zeeNkosi" kwinqanaba elingezantsi kweleenkundla ezisesikweni yaye ingathi ibonakalisa ukulingana. Nangona kunjalo, uluvo ngokubanzi abantu abaninzi babenalo lelokuba "iiNkundla zeeNkosi" zazinganeno ngomgangatho.
Ukusekwa kwamaphandle namazwana azilawulayo kwazisa inguqu kwinkqubo yenkundla yemveli. Amaphandle namazwana azilawulayo abelwa amagunya okulawula iinkqubo zeenkundla zawo zemveli. Oku kwaba nesiphumo sokuba amaphandle namazwana azimele geqe amkele iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo "zeeNkundla zeeNkosi", ezichatshazelwa zizithethe nenkcubeko esebenzayo kwimimandla yawo.
Kwi-Ciskei yangaphambili, "iiNkosi" nezibonda zazinolawulo ngokuzenzekela lokujongana nemicimbi yolwaphulomthetho nembambano evela kumthetho wezithethe namasiko ngokwemigaqo yokwalathelwa kwazo njengeenkokheli zemveli.
IZIFUNDO ZOPHONONONGO LOKUTHELEKISA
Inkqubo yemveli yobulungisa kumazwe akhethiweyo
Ukusombulula ingxabano ngaphandle kwasenkundleni ayisiso isenzeko esitsha. Imibutho yoluntu kwihlabathi ngokubanzi, kuquka imizi yasekuhlaleni /yemveli yaseMzantsi Afrika, kudala isebenzisa iindlela ezingezizo ezenkundla, ezasekuhlaleni ukusombulula iingxabano. Iinkqubo ezemveli zaseBotswana, eMalawi, e-Indiya, e-South Australia naseKhanada zihloliwe ukuze kusekwe inkqubo yenkundla yemveli elungele imeko yaseMzantsi Afrika.
Uhlahlelo lokuthelekisa iinkqubo zemveli zobulungisa zaseBotswana, eMalawi nase-Indiya zichaziwe ngokufutshane ngezantsi njengemizekelo uMzantsi Afrika onokufumana izifundo kuyo.
Kwelona zinga liphantsi lesi sakhiwo semveli sokusombulula ingxabano lusapho, oluquka indoda, inkosikazi yayo nabantwana bayo. Amaqela adla ngokuzama ukusombulula iingxabano zawo, ngokukodwa imicimbi yosapho, kwizinga losapho. Xa oku kusilela, bangaziswa phambi kweqela lekhaya, elidla ngokwakhiwa ngosapho olunye okanye iintsapho ezingaphezulu ezihlala kwakuloo mzi. Elinye izinga lelo leqela losapho, elakhiwe ngekhaya elinye okanye amakhaya angaphezulu azalana ngokusondeleleneyo ahlala kunye kwakuloo ndawo yelali. Apho amaqela osapho olunye okanye ngaphezulu acwangcisiweyo yaye ehlala kunye kwiyuniti yolawulo lwengingqi ecwangciswe kakuhle, oku kubizwa isiphaluka (i-ward). Iziphaluka zingaphantsi kobunkokheli negunya lesibonda, esidla ngokuba sesikhundleni ngokuzalwa. Kwizizwe ezinkulu ezifana na-Bangwaketse kunye na-Bamangwato, izibonda ziyahlelwa (ukusuka ku-A ukuya ku-G ngokuphathelele kwisizwe esixelwe kuqala, nokusuka ku-A ukuya ku-K ngokuphathelele kwisizwe esixelwe mva). Kwezinye izizwe, ezifana na-Bakwena, a-Batawana na-Bamalete, kukho izibonda neenkosana. Kwimeko yaBakwena, ezi nkosana zihleliwe ukusuka ku-A ukuya ku-C. Omnye nomnye wabagunyaziwe bemveli unamandla enkundla, awenza ukuba abenakho ukusombulula iingxabano. Iinkundla zezibonda ezingamkelwanga kudla ngokubhekiswa kuzo njengeeNkundla zeziBonda zokuLamla, mhlawumbi ngokuchatshazelwa licandelo-3 lomthetho we-Customary Courts Act.12
Iinkundla zesintu, ezichotshelwe ziiprezidanti ezalathelwe nguMphathiswa woRhulumente weNgingqi, zisebenza kumaziko amakhulu edolophu kwilizwe (eGaborone, eFrancistown, eLobatse, eSelebi-Pikwe, eJwaneng, eGhanzi naseKasane). Ezi nkundla zijongana namatyala amancinci abandakanya umhlaba, imicimbi yomtshato neengxabano ngepropati. Abafiki bangavavanywa kwiinkundla zesintu. Ukumelwa ngokusemthethweni akuvumelekanga kwiinkundla zesintu yaye ayikho imithetho eyodwa yobungqina. Abagwebi besizwe, abalathelwe yinkokheli yesizwe okanye abanyulwe luluntu, bamisela izigwebo, ezinokuchaswa ngesibheno kwinkqubo yenkundla yembambano. Umgangatho wezigqibo ezifikelelwayo kwiinkundla zesintu utshintshatshintsha kakhulu. Kwamanye amatyala abagwebi besizwe bangawisa izigwebo ezifana nokubethwa esidlangalaleni.
Zikhona kananjalo iinkundla ezisesikweni ezisekwe nguMphathiswa woRhulumente weNgingqi ngokomthetho we-Customary Courts Act. Umthetho uchaza ulawulo lweenkundla ngokuphathelele kwiimbangi zenyathelo, kwakunye nemida yazo yezejografi. Umthetho kananjalo umisela ukwakhiwa kwenkundla, isicwangciso sokulandelelana phakathi kwamalungu ayo kwakunye namagunya neemfanelo zomntu nawuphi na owalathelwe ukusebenza njengomncedisi wejaji.13
I-Malawi, eyenze inkqubo efanayo kutsha nje yokuhlaziya iziseko zayo zenkundla yaye efune ukulungelelanisa imithetho esebenza kulawulo lobulungisa, inenkqubo enomtsalane yomthetho wesintu. Ilizwe liseke amaqonga ezithethe zobulungisa, axelwe ukuba anokuba ngama-24 000, kwizinga lelali. La maqonga ezithethe zobulungisa, asebenza phantsi kwamaziko eenkundla ezingama-217 ezichotshelwa ngoomantyi, kuthiwa ajongana nama-80 ukuya kuma-90% azo zonke iingxabano.
Ezona ngxabano zixhaphakileyo eziziswa phambi kwamaziko ezithethe zobulungisa ziingxabano zosapho, iingxabano zomhlaba nemicimbi yepropati.
Amaqonga ezithethe zobulungisa ajongana neengxabano kwizinga lelali yaye athumela iingxabano kumaziko afanelekileyo enkundla ukuba akanakho ukuzisombulula.
c I-Indiya
Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba inkqubo yenkundla yase-India icwangciswe kakuhle, ngezinga eliphezulu lentembeko, iinkundla zijongene neengxaki ezine ezinkulu: inani leenkundla neejaji kuwo onke amahlelo alanelanga ngokothusayo, kubekho ukwanda kumsinga wamatyala kwiminyaka yamva nje ngenxa yeentlobo ngeentlobo zemithetho eqingqwe ngoorhulumente bakazwelonke nabesizwe, iindleko ezibandakanyekayo ekutshutshiseni okanye ekuthetheleleni ityala enkundleni yomthetho ziphezulu ngenxa yemirhumo ephezulu yenkundla, imirhumo yamagqwetha neentlawuliso ezihamba nawo, yaye kukho ukulibaziseka okuninzi ekugqibeni amatyala, okunesiphumo somsebenzi omninzi ongekenziwa kuzo zonke iinkundla.
Abahluphekayo bafumana kunzima ukutshutshisa okanye ukukhusela ityala ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ezibandakanyekayo. Iijaji ezibalaseleyo zeYona Nkundla iPhakamileyo nezeenkundla eziphakamileyo zigxininise imfuneko yoncedo lwezomthetho lasimahla ukulungiselela abahluphekayo. Ezinye iindlela ezizezinye, phakathi kwezinye, ezisetyenziswayo zezi, i-Lok Adalat (iinkundla zabantu), apho ubulungisa bulawulwa ngokukhawulezayo ngaphandle kogxininiso oluninzi kakhulu kubucukubhede bezomthetho.
Inkqubo ye-Lok Adalat ekuqaleni yaqalisa e-Gujarat ngoMatshi we-1982 yaye ngoku yandiselwe kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukudaleka kwale nkqubo kwakuyinxalenye yesicwangciso sobuchule sokunceda iinkundla ngomthwalo onzima wamatyala amisiweyo. Ezi nkundla zasekwa ukujongana namatyala amisiweyo nokubonelela ngohlobo oluthile loncedo kubamangali.
Asikho isibheno esichasene nomyalelo we-Lok Adalat, ukanti kwiinkundla ezisesikweni lisoloko likhona ithuba lokubhenela kwiqonga elingaphezulu ukuchasana nesigqibo senkundla yovavanyo, nto leyo idala ukubambezela ukulungisa iingxabano.
Nangona ubukhosi busamkelwa, iinkundla zemveli zayeka ukubakhona emva kokuzimela geqe. Iziko lobukhosi alinayo nayiphi na imisebenzi yokuqingqa umthetho, yolawulo okanye eyenkundla. Nangona kunjalo, iinkosi zisanyanzelisa igunya, intlonelo nefuthe elikhulu kwizinga lengingqi, yaye ziphumeza iindima ezingagqibelelanga zenkundla. Iinkosi namabhunga azo emveli zandise ulawulo lwazo ukuya ngaphaya kwemicimbi enxulumene ngokungqongqo nobukhosi ukuya kwimicimbi yosapho neyepropati, kuquka noqhawulo lomtshato, ulwamkelo lwabantwana neengxabano ngomhlaba. Zimisela amatyala abizwa i-efisem nge-Akans (kukuthi, imicimbi yabucala) okanye amatyala embambano (ngokuchasene nawolwaphulomthetho). Izinto ezifunekayo zenkqubo yobulungisa bemveli zicaciswa kumthetho wamatyala waseGhana, nomthetho wezithethe kananjalo uyanyanzeliswa kwiinkundla zesithili nezinye, ngokuxhomekeke kwimo yengxabano.
IJaji eyiNtloko yeRiphablikhi yaseGhana, uJaji George Kingsley Acquah ukhumbuze abaphulaphuli bakhe ukuba "iinkosi ngabagcini bomhlaba, yaye ngokwenene balungisa inani eliphezulu leengxabano zomhlaba. Ngako oko iinkosi zihlala 'ziyinkundla yamatyala ekhethwayo' ngabemi abaninzi, ngokukokdwa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Kananjalo zilungisa iingxabano eziliqela zomthetho wezekhaya nowesintu kwiingingqi zazo. Ukungabikhosikweni kwezi nkundla zamatyala kwenza zisebenziseke lula yaye ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kwenza inkqubo ithandeke kwingqiqo yabantu ngokuyithatha kuyinkqubo yabo, yaye ingeyiyo into enyanzelwe ukusuka ngentla."
Iinkokheli zemveli zigcine ngokungekhosikweni igunya lenkundla eziqhubeka ukulisebenzisa nangona iinkundla zemveli zitshitshisiwe kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuzimela geqe. UGqr Seth Twum wenze isindululo sokuba njengoko iinkokheli zemveli zisasebenzisa igunya elikhulu kubantu bazo yaye ukufikelela kwiinkundla eziqhelekileyo kunzima yaye kuziindleko, inkqubo yenkundla yemveli, njengoko yasekwa phantsi komthetho we-Native Jurisdiction Ordinance , kufuneka ingeniswe kwakhona.19
Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungayamkeli nayiphi na inkundla yemveli, iinkokheli zemveli namabhunga emveli nangona kunjalo andise ulawulo lawo ukuya ngaphaya kwemicimbi enxulumene ngokungqongqo nobukhosi ukuya kwiingxabano zosapho nezepropati, kuquka noqhawulo lomtshato, ulwamkelo lwambantwana nomhlaba. IOfisi yoMphathiswa woBulungisa neSebe loMtshutshisi-Jikelele ikhokhela inkqubo yokungenisa kwakhona inkqubo yenkundla yemveli eyasekwa phantsi komthetho we-Native Jurisdiction Ordinance . Uqeqesho kwi-ADR neminye imiba exhasa ezomthetho iqinisiwe yaye isakhelo esifunekayo somthetho siza kusekwa ukuxhasa inkqubo ebaluleke kangako. Ukwamkela ulawulo lokwenyani olubaluleke kangaka, amaziko azimeleyo afana neBhanki yeHlabathi (i-World Bank) axhase ngokubonelela ngoqeqesho kwiinkosi zemveli ngokuphathelele kumthetho wesiseko neendlela ze-ADR. Oku kuncendile ukulungisa la maziko eGhana.
Kwinqaku kwi-Information Bulletin epapashwe nguRhulumente wase-South Australia, uJohn Tomaino wabhala ukuba iinkundla zemveli/ zeenzaka e-South Australia, ezasekwa kuqala njengezelatha-ndlela ngowe-1999, zaphuhliswa ngenxa yokungathembi inkqubo esesikweni yobulungisa. Abantu bemveli (iinzaka) beva ukuba bona, njengabamangali, banegalelo elinyiniweyo kwinkqubo yenkundla ngokubanzi, nokuwiswa kwesigwebo ngokukodwa. Kananjalo babona iinkundla njengezakhiwo eziphelisa imvisiswano ngokwenkcubeko, ezidala ubulolo, nezingalwamkeli uluntu namaqela eentsapho. Uxela ezinye iimpawu ezifakiweyo ukudambisa amaxhala abantu bemveli. Onke amaqela, kuquka noomantyi, ahleli kumgangatho ofanayo yaye asondelelene ukulungiselela ukuqhagamshelana ngokungqalileyo. Umantyi uhlala nomntu olilungu labantu bemveli onolwazi olunzulu lwenkcubeko kwaye angacebisa iinkundla ngemiba ethile. Kusetyenziswa ulwazi oluphangaleleyo lwaphambi kokuwisa isigwebo, kuquka iingxelo ngombuzo ngebheyile, ukulungiselela izigqibo zokuwisa isigwebo. Iiarhente zikarhulumente nezingezizo ezikarhulumente zibakhona yaye zinikela ngenkxaso kubaxumi, zivula amathuba okubuyisela kwisimo soluleko. Oomantyi abachophela iinkundla baphuhlisa imvisiswano nabantu bemveli, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, yakha ulwazi ngemiba yengingqi edala iziphumo zomgangatho ongcono wezigqibo zokuwisa isigwebo.20
Xeshikweni ukusebenza kweenkundla zemveli, ngokungephi, kufana nendlela iinkundla zabantu baseMzantsi Afrika bezinokuyisebenzisa okanye ekufuneka ziyisebenzise, amanqaku azo okufana neenkundla zemveli aphathelele kulwamkelo lwabo lwenkcubeko, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu bonke abakhoyo kwiingxoxo kwakunye nendlela yabo yobulungisa yembuyekezo.
Ngentla, iphepha 4 5.
Ubulungisa bembuyekezo bunikela ngemo yobulungisa obungebubo obezithanga (obobukoloniale) kwaba bantu bemveli. Bafuna ukushenxa kwiingcingane (ii-theory) ezingabambekiyo, ezizathuzayo, nezamkelwe jikelele zobulungisa kwimveli yobulungisa esekelwe kweyaseYurophu ukuya ekuchazeni ubulungisa ngokuqaphela kwabo kolwazi, imveli nezinto zabo ezixabisekileyo. Le ndlela yobulungisa imalunga nokufunda kwakhona 'ukuba kufuneka sibe njani' kwakunye 'nokufunda kwakhona iimfanelo zethu zemveli' ... Ibonwa njengonyango ngenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka kwentlalo nolwaphulomthetho zibonwa njengokugula emphefumlweni, emoyeni, emzimbeni nasengqondweni kwabantu noluntu ekufuneka kunyangwe ngeendlela zemveli. Inxalenye yale nkqubo ibandakanya ukuxolelanisa umtyholwa nomvandedwa wakhe ngokuthuthuzelwa nokucetyiswa ngabantu abadala okanye amanye amalungu oluntu. Ibandakanya uxolelaniso nomntu okanye usapho oloniweyo ngokwamkela komoni uxanduva nokubuyekeza. Ixhobisa abantu yaye inceda ekubuyiseni ubumnini boluntu bobulungisa namanye amalungu oluntu."
Ngenjongo yokufikelela iminqweno yobulungisa bembuyekezo, iKhanada iseke i-Community Council Project njengenkqubo yokuphambukisa, ngenjongo yokuguqula ukuwiswa okungazinzanga kwezohlwayo ezinobuzaza kwabo abasele bebandezelekile ngokwezentlalo, ukuphepha ifuthe elingqongqo nelolwaphulomthetho lwentolongo, ngokubonelela ngothotho lwezinto ezinokukhethwa ngabenzi bezigqibo, ngokubonelela ngobulungisa obanelisa amaxhoba nabantu, okujongana nemiba yentlalo, eyezoqoqosho neyobuqu enxulumene nolwaphulomthetho olukhethwayo kunezinto ezikhethwayo ezidla ngokuthambekela kwisohlwayo.22
Iimpawu ezifanele umzekelo ocingwayo weenkundla zemveli zaseMzantsi Afrika
Kuyacaca kuhlahlelo olungentla ukuba kukho kananjalo imizekelo yokusombulula ingxabano kubantu bemveli baseAfrika, eAshiya, eAustralisa naseKhanada. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo uvela ngoko nangoko wokuba ingaba le mizekelo ngazo zonke iindlela izifanele iinkundla zethu zemveli? Le mizekelo, nangona kukho ukufana, ayinakho yaye akufunekanga ifakelwe kwiinkundla zethu zemveli ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:
Umzekelo waseBotswana udala ukungenana phakathi kwenkqubo yenkundla esesikweni nenkqubo enxuseneyo yenkundla yemveli.
Umzekelo waseMalawi uvumela oomantyi hayi iinkokheli zemveli ukuchophela amaqonga obulungisa ezithethe.
Umzekelo wase-Indiya uvumela amaqela kwingxabano ukumelwa ngamagqwetha awo yaye isekwe ngqo kwindlela eyenye yokusombulula ingxabano.
EGhana iziko lobukhosi alinayo nayiphi na imisebenzi yokuqingqa umthetho, yolawulo okanye eyenkundla.
Ngentla, iphepha 81 - 82.
IFUTHE LOMGAQO-SISEKO KUBUNKOKHELI BEMVELI
Ukuvunywa kweenkundla zemveli phantsi kolawulo olutsha lwedemokhrasi
UmGaqo-siseko wamkela iziko, iwonga nendima yobunkokheli bemveli ngokomthetho wesintu, kodwa ngokulawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Wamkela ukuba igunya lemveli elilandela inkqubo yomthetho wesintu lingasebenza, ngokuxhomekeke kumthetho nawuphi na osebenzayo namasiko.
Ngethuba leengxoxo zokuqinisekisa, ichithiwe imbambano yokuba umGaqo-siseko wokugqibela usilele ukuseka iinkundla zemveli okanye ezesintu (njengoko kufunwa nguMgqaliselo XIII womGaqo-siseko). Phantsi koMGaqo-siseko wokugqibela iinkundla zesintu ziyafaneleka 'njengenkundla nayiphi na esekwe okanye eyamkelweyo ngokomthetho wePalamente'. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba abalawuli bemveli nabo kananjalo basebenzisa amagunya okuwisa umthetho, yaye ngokukodwa, awokuphumeza, kuxoxiwe ukuba, ngokufana neejaji, abazimelanga okanye ukungakhethi cala, njengoko kufunwa yi-FCs 156 . Kwityala likaBangindawo and others v Head of Nyanda Regional Authority and others 1998 SA 262 (Tk), abenzi besicelo basebenzisa le ngxoxo ukuphikisa iiNkundla zeNqila zaseTranskei. INkundla ePhakamileyo yasichitha isimangalo ngezizathu zokuba iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zomthetho woluntu wokuzimela nokungakhethi cala bezingasebenzi. Yabambelela kwelokuba, eAfrika, nangona ungekho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwemisebenzi karhulumente yokuphumeza, eyenkundla neyokuwisa umthetho, akekho umAfrika onengqondo onokubona ukukhetha icala kwiinkokheli zemveli nje kuba zisebenzisa amagunya okuphumeza.
Ngokophando luka-Barbara Oomen26 kummandla wase-Sekhukhune, amalungu oluntu kuloo mmandla akhetha iinkundla zesintu xa kuthelekiswa neenkundla ezisesikweni okanye iinkundla zoomantyi.27 Amashumi amathandathu anesihlanu ekhulwini abamangalelwa kulawulo "lweeNkundla zeeNkosi" bakhetha ukuba iingxabano zabo zigwetywe kwiinkundla zemveli. Kubonisa ukuba abantu kwimimandla yasemaphandleni bakholisekile yindlela aqhutywa ngayo amatyala ngenxa yokuba kujonganwa nawo yaye agqitywa ngokukhawuleza. Omnye umba owenza ukuba uninzi lwabantu bakhethe iinkundla zemveli lulwimi olusetyenziswayo, olwaziwa kakuhle luluntu lwemveli oluchaphazelekayo.
Ezinye zeengxabano eziqhelekileyo ezo iinkundla zemveli zijongana nazo bubusela, ukubetha okuqhelekileyo, ukonakalisa impahla ngolunya, ububhovubhovu basekhaya, ubugqwirha, imicimbi yomtshato nokungxwelerha amalungelo omntu / i-crimen injuria (izithuko), ukanti ezona ngxabano zixhaphakileyo zembambano zibandakanya ukonakaliswa kwezityalo zizilwanyana eziyabulayo, ukumithisa umfazi wenye indoda, ukumithisa intombazana eselula okanye umfazi, neengxabano ngentlawulo yelobola.
Kummandla wase-Sekhukhune, omnye woomantyi walathe ukuba yeyona ndawo yokusebenza enesithukuthezi ngenxa yokuba abantu basombulula amatyala abo ekhaya.28 Uxele ukuba uneseshoni enye kuphela ngeveki xa ejongene nokubetha nobusela yaye, ngokufanayo noogxa bakhe, uthumela amatyala athathwa eyimiba yomthetho wesintu, iingxabano zomhlaba, iimfazwe nezithuko zosapho "kwiiNkundla zeeNkosi". Uphando oluqhutywe e-Sekhukhune lucacisa okulandelayo:29
Isihloko Inkosi Umantyi
Imicimbi yomtshato 53 57
Imicimbi yosapho 71 22
Ubusela obuncinane 67 19
Amatyala esondlo 19 77
Imiba yomhlaba 62 35
Ukubetha/ ukulimaza umzimba 49 38
Ubugqwirha 68 35
Ifuthe lomGaqo-siseko kwiziko lobunkokheli bemveli
Ngokufika kwendlela entsha yomGaqo-siseko kwaqondwa ukuba inguqu yomthetho okhoyo ngomhla wama-27 Apreli 1994 inokwenziwa kuphela ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo equkayo yokuqiqa ibiza kufuneka ngokuphathelele kwimithetho ekhoyo, umGaqo-siseko weThutyana nomGaqo-siseko wokugqibela (ukulungiselela le nkqubo yokuqiqa) yomibini ibiqulathe imigaqo elandelayo ebalulekileyo yenguqu:
a Imithetho ekhoyo ekuqaliseni kwale miGaqo-siseko ibiza kuqhubeka ukusebenza kwimimandla yejogradi apho ibisebenza khona phambi kokuba umGaqo-siseko weThutyana nomGaqo-siseko wokugqibela ungene entsebenzweni kude kube ilungisiwe okanye ibhangisiwe ligunyabantu elinobuchule.
b Apho kukho imfuneko, imithetho ekhoyo yolawulo ibizakwabelwa amagunyabantu afanelekileyo kumazinga afanelekileyo karhulumente, njengoko kumiselwe yiyo yomibini imigaqo-siseko. Isizathu sale ndlela ethile sivela kwinyaniso yokuba umGaqo­siseko weThutyana nomGaqo-siseko wokugqibela yomibini ibonelele ngegunya lokuwisa imithetho eliza kuthweswa amazinga ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Ubuchule bokuqingqa umthetho kumazinga orhulumente wesizwe nowephondo bumiselwe ngokucacileyo. Ingqiqo enjalo ibingachazwanga kakuhle kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko owandulela owe-1994. Ngaphezu koko, amazwana angaphambili nawo kananjalo ayenemithetho yawo, eqhubekileyo ukusebenza emva komhla wama-27 Aprelil 1994 yaye bekufuneka isetyenziswe kwizinga elifanelekileyo likarhulumente, yaye kunganyanzelekanga kube kummandla apho yayisebenza khona ngaphambili.
c Enye nenye inkundla, kuquka iinkundla zeenkokheli zemveli, ebezikhona xa umGaqo-siseko omtsha ungena entsebenzweni, beziza kuqhubeka ukusebenza nokusebenzisa ulawulo ngokwemithetho esebenzayo kuzo, ngokuxhomekeke kumthetho nawuphi na olungisiweyo okanye obhangisiweyo.
Icandelo 229 lomGaqo-siseko weThutyana nombadela 2 weShedyuli 6 kuMGaqo-siseko wokugqibela.
Icandelo 235 lomGaqo-siseko weThutyana nombadela 14 weShedyuli 6 kumGaqo-siseko wokugqibela.
iShedyuli 6 yomGaqo-siseko weThutyana neeShedyuli 4 no-5 zomGaqo-siseko wokugqibela.
IMINGENI EFUNA UKUJONGWA SISAKHELO SOMGAQO-NKQUBO
Intshayelelo
Nangona ukuqhubeka kwalo ukubakhona phantsi kwedemokhrasi ulawulo lwenkundla yemveli luyaqhubeka ukudibana nemingeni yomqaqo-siseko neyokusebenza. Izityholo zokusebenzisa ngobugwenxa igunya elithweswe inkundla zezinye iinkokheli zemveli, iimbono ezimiliselweyo zobunkokheli bamadoda kwakunye nothintelo olukhona lwabafazi kwiziseko zenkundla yemveli nokukheth'icala okuchasene nabamangali basetyhini okanye amaqela kwiingxoxo kuyaqhubeka ukuzoba umfanekiso odakumbileyo kwezi nkundla. Imingeni evela kwiimpixano zenkqubo nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo zomGaqo-siseko ziyadibana nenkqubo yenkundla esesikweni, ukuqhekeka nokungangqinelani nokusilela kokunyanzeliseka kwezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli ziphawulwe ngokuqaqambileyo kwimihlathi elandelayo. Uphononongo lweemeko ezilandelayo lucacisa oku:
Izinto ezixabisekileyo zomGaqo-siseko omtsha
Ukuqala kolawulo lomGaqo-siseko omtsha, phakathi kwezinye, kubhangise umgqaliselo wobunganga/ ubukhulu bepalamente. Esi siganeko sokwahlukanisa izehlo kananjalo sandulele ulawulo olwamkele uMzantsi Afrika njengelizwe lobunganga, eledemokhrasi elisekwe, phakathi kwezinye, izinto ezilandelayo ezixabisekileyo:
Isidima somntu, ukufikelela ukulingana nokuqhubela phambili amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko.
Ukungabikho kocalucalulo ngobuhlanga nangesini.
Ubukhulu bomGaqo-siseko nommiselo womthetho.
Ngokuchasene neli qonga lingasemva, umGaqo-siseko ngowona mthetho mkhulu weRiphablikhi yaye nawuphi na umthetho okanye ukuziphatha okungangqinelani nawo akukho mthethweni.33
IBhili yaMalungelo lilitye lesiseko ledemokhrasi eMzantsi Afrika. Iquka amalungelo abantu bonke belizwe yaye ingqina izithethe ezixabisekileyo zedemokhrasi zesidima somntu, ukulingana nenkululeko, ibonelela ngokuba umbuso kufuneka uhlonele, ukhusele, ukhuthaze yaye uzalisekise amalungelo aqulathwe yiBhili yaMalungelo.34
Owona mngeni mkhulu elijongene nawo iziko lobunkokheli bemveli kukulungelelanisa ezinye iziqhelo zobunkokheli bemveli ezivela kwiinkcubeko namasiko anezithethe ezixabisekileyo ezixhasa umGaqo-siseko, ezifana nokulingana nokuphelisa ucalucalulo olungenabulungisa olusekwe, ngokukodwa kubuhlanga, isini nobudala. Ukwenza umzekelo, umgaqo we-Black Administration Act, ofuna ukuba iinkokheli zemveli zichophele iingxabano zembambano phakathi kwabamnyama35 namatyala olwaphulomthetho apho umtyholwa ingomnyama, kuthetha ucalucalulo ngobuhlanga. Indima nemisebenzi yobunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa kufuneka ijongwe phantsi kwale mvelaphi.
Omnye umba obalulekileyo kulawulo lweenkundla zemveli sisohlwayo emzimbeni. Iinkundla zemveli zisasoloko zinika esi sigwebo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwimivumba embalwa ukuya kukubetha ngobundlobongela.
Ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yenkundla ziinkokheli zemveli
UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba amagosa enkundla alathelwe kwinkundla nayiphi na kube ngabasetyhini okanye amadoda aneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo abangabantu abaphile qete nabalungileyo. Ukwalathelwa, ukunyuselwa, ukutshintshwa, ukugxothwa, okanye amanyathelo oluleko ngokuchasene namagosa enkundla kufuneka kwenzeke ngaphandle kokukhetha okanye ukugweba kwangaphambili. Phambi kokuba amagosa enkundla enze imisebenzi yawo, kufuneka athathe isifungo okanye isingqiniso, ngendlela emiselweyo ngumGaqo-siseko, esokuba aza kuthobela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko.
Nangona iinkokheli zemveli zazabelwe imisebenzi yenkundla phantsi kwe-Black Administration Act, azingeni kangako phantsi kwentsingiselo yegosa lenkundla elicingwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Amagosa enkundla ziijaji noomantyi abalathelwe ngokomGaqo-siseko ne-Magistrates' Act.36 Iinkokheli zemveli azalathelwa kwisikhundla nasiphi na senkundla, kodwa anyukela kwisihlalo sobukhosi. Ngako oko, iimfuno ezinxulumene neziqinisekiso, ezokuba ngabantu abaphile qete nabalungileyo, nokunyuselwa nokugxothwa kwamagosa enkundla azisebenzi kwiinkokheli zemveli.
Icandelo 2 lomGaqo-siseko.
Icandelo 7 lomGaqo-siseko.
Ukuqhekeka kwenkqubo yobulungisa yemveli
UmGaqo-siseko wowe-1993 ubonelela ngolwabiwo lolawulo lomthetho kwiphondo ukuba loo mthetho, phakathi kweminye, ubungena phantsi kokusebenza kwaloo mmandla ochaziweyo kwiShedyuli 6 yomGaqo-siseko wowe-1993. "Oogunyaziwe bemveli" kunye "nomthetho wemveli nomthetho wesintu" babephakathi kwale mimandla yokusebenza. Iqela lemithetho enxulumene nolawulo lobulungisa yanikwa amaphondo ngokulandelelana.
Ngenjongo yokuba neseti enye yemithetho esebenza kwisizwe (ngokuchasene nemithetho ye-RSA yangaphambili nemithetho yamazwana angaphambili ejongene nomcimbi ofanayo esebenza kwimimandla ehlukeneyo yelizwe), kwakamsinya emva kowe-1994 uninzi lwamasebe esizwe akhuthaza ukuqingqwa komthetho ukuqoqosha imithetho anoxanduva lwayo (oko kukuthi imithetho yamazwana angaphambili nemithetho ye-RSA yangaphambili). Olu qoqosho lwemithetho lwatshitshisa ngokungaguqukiyo imithetho yamazwana angaphambili, ebisasebenza kulo mimandla, yaye imithetho ye-RSA engqinelana nayo yenziwa ukuba isebenze kwilizwe lonke. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungamangalisiyo phofu, oku akwenzekanga kwimeko yemithetho ejongene nendima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa. Oku kwakungenxa yobumbaxa nobuntununtunu bemiba ekuthethwa ngayo, kwakunye nenyaniso yokuba wonke umba wokulungelelanisa iziko lobunkokheli bemveli nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko omtsha ubunokufuna inkqubo yokuphicotha ngokutsha umgaqo-nkqubo onokukhokhelela kuqingqo lomthetho omtsha.
Ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ehlukeneyo eyayikhona ngomhla wama-27 Apreli 1994 kwakujongenwe nayo kwizinga elifanelekileyo likarhulumente, njengoko kukhankanywa kumGaqo-siseko weThutyana, ulawulo lwemithetho eliqela lwalusabiwa nokuba ukuya phezulu (kwizinga lorhulumente wesizwe) okanye ukuya ezantsi (kwizinga lorhulumente wephondo). Kule nkqubo, ulawulo lwemithetho yonke elawula indima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa, leyo, ngelo xesha, yayisalawulwa kwizinga lephondo, yayabelwe okwethutyana izinga lorhulumente wesizwe phantsi koxanduva loMphathiswa wezoBulungisa. Kwakamsinya emva koko, ulawulo lweqela lwale mithetho lwabelwa amaphondo ahlukahlukeneyo. Iqela lemithetho kananjalo yashiyeka phantsi kolawulo loMphathiswa wezoBulungisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko.
Ukwenza umzekelo, eMntla-ntshona (kwi-Bophuthatswana yangaphambili), igunya lokujongana nemicimbi yolwaphulomthetho neyembambano ithweswe iziseko (oogunyaziwe besizwe) yaye hayi iinkokheli zemveli ezizimeleyo.37 Izibheno kwiziseko zemveli ziya kwinkundla ekhethekileyo kwisithili ngasinye somantyi, equka umantyi namalungu amabini ongezelelweyo (iingcaphephe ezivela kuluntu lwesithili). Kwi-Ciskei yangaphambili, iinkosi nezibonda zinolawulo ngokuzenzekela lokujongana nemicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho nembambano evela kumthetho wezithethe namasiko ngokwemigaqo yokwalathelwa kwazo njengeenkokheli zemveli. Izibheno ezivela kwiinkokheli zemveli ziya koogunyaziwe benqila, apho ookumkani nookumkanikazi benobumeli.
Imingeni yokwakheka kweziko
Nangona kukho inkxaso eninzi yendlela yobulungisa yemveli, kukho abantu abangazikhuthazi kakhulu iinkundla zemveli, abathi azifikelelanga kwizinto ezilindelweyo kuzo, ngokukodwa kulawulo olutsha. Izityholo zokusebenzisa ngobugwenxa igunya elithweswe inkundla zezinye iinkokheli zemveli, iimbono ezimiliselweyo zobunkokheli bamadoda, kwakunye nothintelo olukhona lwabafazi kwiziseko zenkundla yemveli nokukheth'icala okuchasene nabamangali basetyhini okanye amaqela kwiingxoxo kuyaqhubeka ukuzoba umfanekiso odakumbileyo wezi nkundla. Kwityala apho owasetyhini wayezeke omnye umfazi (indoda) ngenjongo yokuzalela umyeni abantwana, wangxoliswa ukuba, njengowasetyhini, kufuneka angathethi xeshikweni emi ngeenyawo.
Nangona iziko lobunkokheli bemveli neenkundla zemveli zazilelinye lamaziko awayesetyenziswa ngurhulumente wocalucalulo ukugcina inkqubo ehlukeneyo yabamnyama, ayengaxhaswa ngokwaneleyo ngengxowamali ngurhulumente. Ayethembele kwiirhafu zesizwe nezohlwayo eziwiswe ziinkundla zesizwe, njengoko zazibizwa, ukuzixhasa. Kwelinye icala, iinkundla zikaMhle (iKhomishina) zazixhaswa ngemali ngumbuso yaye iikhomishina ezimhlophe ezazongamele iinkokheli zemveli zazifumana umvuzo owongezelelweyo ngendlela yesibonelelo sokuxakekiswa. Inyaniso yokuba inkqubo iyaqhubeka ukusebenza nangona isilela inkxasomali eyaneleyo esesikweni bubungqina bendlela uluntu beluyamkela ngayo inkqubo. Kusemva kokwamkelwa kobunkokheli bemveli kuphela yindlela entsha yomgaqo-siseko apho urhulumente ebubonelele ngezixhobo zokusebenza, ikakhulu ukuphuma koorhulumente bamaphondo aphumeza indima yolawulo. Okubalulekileyo luxanduva lokugcina iincwadi zemali okuze nenkxasomali. Lo ngumba owawungekho ngethuba lexesha locacucalulo. Zazingekho iimfuneko zokuseka inkqubo elungileyo yokugcina iincwadi zemali zokwamkela nokusebenzisa iirhafu zesizwe, yaye imivuzo "yeeNkosi", eyezibonda namapolisa esizwe yayifumana ingqalelo ephambili ukugqitha iminqweno yoluntu. Alukho uhlobo lomvuzo olukhutshwayo malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zeenkundla zemveli. Kubonwa njengenkonzo yoluntu.
Azikho iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezazifakiwe ukwenzela ukuba iinkokheli zemveli zilungele ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko omtsha. Izinto ezixabisekileyo neenkqubo eziziswe lulawulo lwedemokhrasi bezingaqhelekanga kwindlela yenkcubeko yokwenza izinto. Ukujongana neemali zoluntu ngendlela yeerhafu zesizwe kwathathwa kwiinkokheli zemveli yaze inkxasomali yabonelelwa ngamaziko karhulumente. Imiba yokubusa yaququzelelwa ngeZindlu zeeNkokheli zeMveli ezisekwe kutsha nje. Iziko lalingabonelelwanga ngabasebenzi abanezakhono zokubonelela ngenkxaso ngethuba lenguqu ukuya kumthetho wedemokhrasi. Abanye abantu ababenikele ngeenkonzo zabo ngokuzithandela kwiinkundla zemveli akwenzekanga ukuba bangene kwinkonzo karhulumente ngenxa yokusilela kweziqinisekiso ezifunekayo.
Ukubetha emzimbeni, okwakuyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yesigwebo esiwiswa ziinkundla zemveli, kwayekwa ngenxa yokungangqinelani nelungelo lesidima somntu kwiBhili yaMalungelo, nokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa esizwe njengamagosa oxolo kananjalo kwayekwa njengoko kwakudibana nemisebenzi yamapolisa, agunyaziswe ngokomthetho ukubamba. Ukwenziwa buthathaka kweendlela zokunyanzelisa ngaphandle kokufaka iindlela ezizezinye ezihambelana namGaqo-siseko, kwanciphisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kweenkundla zemveli.
UmGaqo-siseko wafaka amaziko afana neKhomishini yaMalungelo oLuntu yaseMzantsi Afrika, iKhomishini yokuLingana ngokweSini noMkhuseli woLuntu ngegunya lomgaqo-siseko lokuphanda nakuphi na ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo aqulathwe ngumGaqo-siseko. La maziko, ngokungephi, bekebonelela ngeenkonzo ezinxulumene nokusombulula ingxabano nokulamla iingxabano ezivela kwiBhili yaMalungelo yaye ekhuphisana neenkundla zemveli ngezinye iindlela.
Kukho, ngaphezu koko, ukudibana kulawulo phakathi kweenkundla zemveli neenkundla zoomantyi ngokuphathelele kwimicimbi ethile, ukwenza umzekelo ubusela obuncinci nokungxwelerha amalungelo omnye (i-crimen injuria), yaye oku kukhokhelela ekufuneni iqonga. Oku kongezelele ekwenzeni buthathaka indima yeenkundla zemveli njengabagcini bezimilo ezilungileyo nenkcubeko.
Iimeko ezilandelayo zophononongo zicacisa eminye imingeni nezinto ezingekho mgaqweni ezisekhona kwinkqubo yobulungisa yemveli:
Kwavela ingxabano ngoAgasti wowe-1997 kwilali ebizwa i-Mononono phakathi kogunyaziwe wesizwe saBakgatla-ba-Kgalefa esiphantsi kolawulo lukaKgosi Pilane. Owasetyhini walahlekelwa ngumyeni wakhe waze wachasana nokuthobela isiko lokuzila laBakgatla elifuna ukuba afafaze isityalo esibizwa 'u-mogaga' endleleni yakhe njalo xa ephuma kumasango omzi wakhe. Wala ukwenza njalo ngenxa yokuba iinkolo zakhe zonqulo zazingalamkeli eli siko. Waziswa phambi kogunyaziwe waze wagwetywa ukuphelela kumasango omzi wakhe ixesha leenyanga ezili-12. Umhlolokazi welali yaseMononono wayeqonda ukuba njengoko wayehlala phakathi kwaBakgatla-ba-Kgalefa, kwakulindelwe ukuba avumelane nenkcubeko yaBakgatla. Nangona kunjalo, umGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika wenza isibonelelo sabantu ngabanye ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo. Le ngxaki intsonkothile ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zenkolo. Umhlolokazi wazifumana esengxakini ngenxa yenkcubeko yomyeni wakhe kunye neenkolo zakhe zonqulo. Ukongeza kukuntsonkotha komcimbi, ugunyaziwe wesizwe waBakgatla wamgweba ukuphelela kumasango omzi wakhe iinyanga ezili-12 ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo yeenkolo zakhe zonqulo.38
Uphononongo lwetyala lwenziwa nguBarbara Oomen kummandla waseSekhukhune.39 Lwavavanya ingxabano ethathelwe isigqibo kwaSekhukhune kwinkundla yakwaMamone phakathi kweentsapho ezimbini, abakwaMagakala nabakwaMonagedi. Kweli tyala, umyeni ovela kwabakwaMagakala usongele ngokubulala inkosikazi yakhe. Usapho lwenkosikazi lwathatha ileta lwayisa kumzi wenkokheli ephezulu yemveli, apho kwavunyelanwa ukuba iintsapho ezimbini ziza kulandela inkqubo yokuzisa ityala kumzi wenkokheli ephezulu yemveli. Iingxoxo zacebisa ukuba indoda kufuneka ihlonele inkosikazi yayo; akufunekanga ibethe inkosikazi yayo yaye kufuneka bahlale ngoxolo. Ekugqibeleni uMnu Magakala wamkela iziphoso zakhe. Ekuwiseni isohlwayo, kubekho ukungavisisani phakathi kwamaphakathi. Amanye ayexhasa isohlwayo emzimbeni, xeshikweni amanye bekekhetha isohlwayo sokuhlawuliswa.40
Ukuvela kuphononongo lwamatyala angentla, kucacile ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wesakhelo kufuneka ufune ukujongana nemingeni ekhethekileyo kwiinkundla zemveli, efana neentlobo zamatyala avulwayo, izohlwaho eziwiswayo, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezizezinye zokusombulula ingxabano nobulungisa bembuyekezo, ukulingana ngokwesini, nesohlwayo emzimbeni.
IINGCAMANGO ZOMGAQO-NKQUBO
Izinto ezixabisekileyo zenkcubeko ezikhuthaza ubumbano kwezentlalo, uxolo nemvisiswano
Indima yeziko lobunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa ayibophelelekanga kuphela ekusombululeni ingxabano. Le ndima ngokwemveli iphindene kabini ngemo, oko kukuthi indima yokubonela phambili ukukhuthaza ukubumbana kwezentlalo, ukuphilisana, uxolo nemvisiswano; kunye ii nendima yokusabela ukusombulula iingxabano ezithe zavela.
izinto ezixabisekileyo zenkcubeko, ezivela kumthetho wesintu namasiko zilunge ngokukodwa kwimizi yemveli. Okuqukiweyo kwezi zinto ezixabisekileyo ziziqhelo zesithethe ezifuna yaye eneneni ezikhuthaza ukunamathelana kwezentlalo, ukuphilisana, uxolo nemvisiswano, ngamanye amaxesha eyaziwa njengobuntu, ngokubethelela intlonelo enzulu yomthetho nocwangco/ ukuba nocwangco, kwelinye icala, negunyabantu, kwelinye icala. Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli belisoloko lingumgcini wezi zithethe ezixabisekileyo yaye kufuneka liqhubeke ukwenza njalo Lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzikhuthazeni, ukuzitshintsha nokuziphuhlisa, apho kukho imfuneko. Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli limiselwe ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni okanye ukuphuhlisa ezi zithethe neziqhelo ezixabisekileyo .
Ikhona imizekelo yeempikiswano zokwenyani okanye eziboniweyo phakathi kwezinye izithethe neziqhelo ezixabisekileyo nezinto ezixabisekileyo ezifakwe kumGaqo-siseko. Ezi mpikiswano ngumqondiso wemfuneko yokuphuhlisa ngokongezelelweyo umthetho wesintu ukuze ungqinelane nezinto ezixabisekileyo zomgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko udibanisa zonke iinkundla, kuquka iinkundla zemveli, izigqeba okanye amaqonga, xa kuchazwa nawuphi na umthetho naxa kuphuhliswa umthetho woluntu okanye umthetho wesintu, ukukhuthaza umoya, intsingiselo nenjongo yeBhili yaMalungelo.
Ezilandelayo zizinto ezo iziko lobunkokheli lemveli okanye leenkokheli zemveli lingaphumeza indima ekhangele phambili ukukhuthaza ukunamathelana kwezentlalo, ukuphilisana, uxolo nemvisiswano kwimimandla yalo yolawulo:
Iziqhelo ngokubanzi neziganeko zenkcubeko ezaziwa ngokwakha nokuphucula imbumba yamanyama, ezifana neendibano zesihlwele zokuthandazela uxolo okanye imvula okanye ukuqhuba imisitho yokuhlambulula emva kwentlekele ethe yavelela umzi okanye ukugcina iintsuku ezithile neziza zamagugu obuzwe ukukhumbula iziganeko zembali (umzkl. uSuku lukaShaka).
Ukukhuthaza izithethe ezixabisekileyo zosapho, ubuzali obunemfanelo nemvuselelo yezimilo, ngokusebenzisana necandelo lezentlalo leziseko zombuso.
Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli lingadlala ngokongezelelweyo indima yokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo neenkqubo ezinento yokwenza nolawulo lobulungisa. Ukwenza umzekelo kwiinkqubo ezifana ne-Victims Charter (iPhepha laMalungelo aMaxhoba), iziko lobunkokheli bemveli lunokubanakho ukuxhobisa abantu bemveli ngamaphulo okubaqaphelisa ngokusebenzisa amalungelo neemfanelo zabo eziqulathwe kwi-Charter.
Inkqubo yobulungisa yemveli efanele umGaqo-siseko wolawulo waseMzantsi Afrika
Inkqubo yobulungisa bemveli kufuneka iphucule yaye igcine izithethe ezixabisekileyo zobuAfrika zobulungisa, ezisekwe kubulungisa boxolelwano nembuyekezo. UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela amalungelo enkcubeko kunye neziko lobunkokheli bemveli. Iinkokheli zemveli, ngokukodwa, ngabagcini bale nkcubeko nemveli. Ukwabiwa kwendima nemisebenzi yeziko lobunkokheli bemveli kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela elondoloza izithethe ezixabisekileyo ekusekwe phezu kwazo iziko lobunkokheli bemveli.
Iinkundla zemveli zahlukile kwiinkundla ezisesikweni ngokuba zifikeleleka lula, zisebenza ukubuyisela nokubopha ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu bemveli, yaye zibonakala ngokucacileyo, ngenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo eziselubala apho uluntu luthatha inxaxheba. Iinkqubo ezisesikweni, kwelinye icala, zilandela imithetho entsonkothileyo yaye zijolise kwimpindezelo.
Isiseko senkqubo yobulungisa yemveli sixhomekeke ekuthatheni inxaxheba koluntu ekusombululeni iingxabano zalo. Oku kwahlukile kwinkqubo yenkundla esesikweni apho iingxabano zithunyelwa ezinkundleni ukuya kugwetywa ngamagosa enkundla awisa izigwebo ezigonyamelayo /ezibophelelayo. Iindlela zemveli zokusombulula iingxabano bezingamangaleli ezinkundleni njengoko ziqondwa kuluvo lobulungisa lwaseNtshona. Abantu bebedibana ku-makgotla (iinkundla) ukusombulula iingxabano zabo, yaye inkosi, njengoko kubekwa ngu-Sachs, ngokungaguquguqukiyo isebenza njengesithethi samaphakathi ayo, lawo, ngenye indlela, afuna ukugcina nokomeleza izithethe ezisekiweyo zesizwe. Uqhubeka ukuphawula ngendlela elandelayo uSachs:
Kulo mxholo, inkosi elungileyo ibiqondwa hayi ngoloyiko enokulufaka okanye ubuhandiba enokububonakalisa, kodwa ngesakhono sayo sokuthetha ingqiqo yobulungisa (ukulunga) bomzi odibeneyo, esibandakanya ukusebenzisa kwayo imithetho nemigaqo eyamkelweyo jikelele kwiingxabano ezithile ngendlela ecace ngokufanelekileyo".42
UmGaqo-siseko ufakela "ilungelo lokuba wonke ubani unelungelo lokuba nayiphi na imbambano enokusonjululwa ngokusetyenziswa komthetho, kugqitywe ngayo kwingxoxo esesidlangalaleni engenasheyi enkundleni okanye, apho kufanelekileyo, kwelinye iqonga elizimeleyo nelingathathi cala". NgokomGaqo-siseko, naluphi na uhlobo lwenkundla, isigqeba okanye iqonga lingasekwa ukusombulula iingxabano ezithile, ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni inkundla, isigqeba okanye iqonga elinjalo lanelisa iimfuno ezizinzileyo ngokomgaqo­siseko zokuzimela nokungakhethi cala.
Umthetho wesizwe kufuneka ungqine amaziko emveli okanye amaqonga ahlala kwiinkundla zemveli apho iinkokheli zemveli zisebenzisa indima nemisebenzi yazo enxulumene nolawulo lobulungisa. Umthetho ocingwayo kufuneka ulungiselele iinkqubo ekufuneka zilandelwe ziinkundla zemveli.
Imigaqo-nkqubo ecetywayo kwesi sakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo ifuna ukungqina ezi ndlela zemveli zokulawula ubulungisa ezendeleyo kwizithethe ezixabisekileyo zabantu bemveli. Le nkqubo ayithatheli indawo inkqubo yenkundla esesikweni. Ifezekisa nokuxhasa inkqubo yenkundla. Ngako oko kufuneka umntu alumkele ukuchaza imigqaliselo yenkqubo yobulungisa yemveli ngokomxholo wenkqubo njengoko isetyenziswa okanye iqondwa kwinkqubo yobulungisa bempindezelo. Ukwenza umzekelo, umtyholwa, njengoko echazwa kwi-Criminal Procedure Act, 1977, unentsingiselo ehlukileyo kumntu otyholwayo ngokomxholo wenkqubo yobulungisa bemveli. Kulo mxholo umntu otyholwayo kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulomthetho unelungelo lobumeli ngokusemthethweni, xeshikweni umntu otyholwayo kwinkqubo yobulungisa yemveli engenalo.
Injongo yale migaqo-nkqubo kukwandisa amathuba okufikeleleka kubulungisa kwamaqela asekuhlaleni angakhonzwa ngokwanelisayo okanye ngobulungisa kwinkqubo yenkundla esesikweni - ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iindleko nexesha elithathwa ukusombulula iingxabano ezincinci. Okona imbonakalo iba nkulu yezithethe ezixabisekileyo zoluntu kwimithetho neenkqubo zokusombulula iingxabano, kukokona inkqubo iza kufumana intlonipho evela kumalungu oluntu lwemveli.
Iinkqubo zokusebenza ezilandelwayo kwinkqubo yobulungisa yemveli
Inkqubo yobulungisa yemveli, iqala kusapho okanye kwizinga lengingqi. Abantu abadala kusapho bangazama ukusombulula ingxabano. Ukuba abanakho ukwenza njalo, ngako ke bayinyusela kwizinga lengingqi (usibonda okanye usibondakazi). Ukusombulula ingxabano kwizinga losapho okanye lengingqi kulawulwa ngumthetho wesintu. Ukusa umba enkundleni yemveli ngamaxa amaninzi kubonwa njengelinge lokugqibela, yaye kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba amalinge okuqala okusombulula ingxabano ethe asilela.
Isakhiwo ngokubanzi simi ngendlela elandelayo:
Ngokubanzi umba uza kusiwa enkundleni yemveli kuphela njengecebo lokugqibela yaye kuphela emva kokuba ezinye iinkqubo zisilele. Isikhalazo siqala kwizinga losapho yaye ukuba asisombululwanga kwelo zinga sithunyelwa kwizinga losibonda/ losibondakazi ukufumana isisombululo. Ukuba umcimbi awusombululwanga ngusibonda/ usibondakazi umcimbi uthunyelwa kwinkokheli ephezulu yemveli emema indibano yenkundla yemveli. Izikhalazo neengxabano ziphulaphulwa kwiiofisi zogunyaziwe wemveli, nokuba kuseofisini yenkosi okanye kwigumbi lebhodi yogunyaziwe wemveli. Ezi zikhalazo ziphulaphulwa ngokungekhosikweni yaye ngokubanzi zibandakanya iingxoxo phakathi kwawo onke amaqela achaphazelekayo kuqukwa nenkokheli yemveli namanye amalungu ebhunga lemveli. Basebenzisa iindlela zokusombulula ingxabano baze bafune ukufikelela isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela onke. Ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelwayo, umcimbi uba yingxoxo esesikweni phambi kwenkundla yemveli.
Ukuhlala kwenkundla kuvulelekile kumalungu oluntu, avunyelweyo ukuvelisa uluvo nokubuza imibuzo kwiqela naliphi na. Ekupheleni kovavanyo inkokheli yemveli ivakalisa isigqibo senkundla yemveli. Kwimimandla apho iinkokheli eziphezulu zemveli zingaphantsi kokumkani okanye ukumkanikazi, kukho ilungelo elongezelelweyo lokubhenela kukumkani okanye ukumkanikazi ukuchasana nesigqibo senkundla enjalo.
Ukusombulula ingxabano kwizinga losapho nelesibonda/ usibondakazi kulawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngumthetho wesintu. Umthetho ocingwayo ngako oko uza kulawula kuphela ukusombulula ingxabano yakuba ingxabano ithunyelwe kwinkundla yemveli.
Ukungqina imigqaliselo yobulungisa bembuyekezo phakathi kwenkqubo yobulungisa yemveli
Kuyo yonke imbali, iinkokheli zemveli bezinazo iindlela zokusombulula ingxabano, ndlela ezo eziphumeleleyo ukusombulula iingxabano kwimizi yasemaphandleni. Injongo engamandla yeenkundla zemveli kukufikelela uxolelwano phakathi kwamaqela.
Xeshikweni kuyinyaniso ukuba inkundla yemveli, xa igweba ingxabano, iwisa "isigwebo" (oko kukuthi, ifumana omntu othile enetyala okanye emsulwa), kuyinyaniso kananjalo ukuba injongo ephezulu yeengxoxo kukusombulula ingxabano nokubuyisela ubudlelwane obuphilileyo phakathi kwamaqela. Izakhi zobulungisa bembuyekezo, ezibonakala izizinto ezintsha kwinkqubo yobulungisa esesikweni, bezikhona ukusuka kudaladala kwinkqubo yobulungisa yemveli.
Isibonelelo samancedo okusebenza amkelekileyo okuphumeza indima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa
Ngokungafani neenkundla ezisesikweni apho oomantyi neejaji betyunjwa ukujongana ngokukodwa nemisebenzi yenkundla, iziko lobunkokheli bemveli linoluhlu lweminye imisebenzi evela kwinkcubeko namasiko, eyabelwe lona ngokomthetho. Ngokungafani namagosa enkundla, iinkokheli zemveli azalathelwa kwizikhundla zazo ngokobuchule okanye izakhono zazo, kodwa zinyukela kwisikhundla sobukhosi ngokulandelelana. Azityunjwa, kodwa "ziinkokheli ngokuzalwa".
Iinkokheli zemveli ziphumeza indima nemisebenzi yazo ngokusondele kakhulu kuluntu. Umthetho we-Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act uthundeza urhulumente ukubonelela ngamancedo okusebenza afunekayo ukuze iinkokheli zemveli ziphumeze imisebenzi yazo. Ubonelela ngokucacileyo ukuba elinye nelinye igatya lombuso kufuneka lizame ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwabiwa kwendima okanye umsebenzi nawuphi na owabelwa iziko lobunkokheli bemveli ukhatshwa ngamancedo okusebenza afunekayo, yaye kufuneka liqikisekise ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo yokugcina iincwadi iyasebenza. Kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngemekobume elungiselela nokukhuthaza indlela edibeneyo yokuphumeza indima nemisebenzi echucha kuzo zonke izigaba zikarhulumente. Phakathi kwalo mxholo, kulindelwa ukuba iSebe lezoBulungisa noPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko libonelele ngezakhono namancedo okusebenza anokufuneka ngokukhethekileyo ukuphumeza indima nemisebenzi yobunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa, amancedo okusebenza afunekayo afana noqeqesho nenkxaso yolawulo kwiinkundla zemveli.
Izincomo zengxelo zingashwakanthelwa ngendlela elandelayo:
Kufuneka iSebe liqingqe umthetho, oseka iinkundla zemveli ezinolawulo lwembambano nolwaphulomthetho, njengoko kumiselwe kuMthetho, nomda ophezulu wezemali kufuneka umiselwe ngokuphathelele kulawulo lwazo lwembambano.
Umthetho kufuneka ubonelele ngobumeli/ ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwiinkundla zemveli.
Kufuneka iinkundla zemveli zigunyaziswe ukuwisa izohlwayo nezigwebo ezixhonyiweyo.
Abamangalelwa kwiingxoxo phambi kwenkundla yemveli kufuneka babe nelungelo lokukhetha ukuphuma nokuthumela imicimbi yabo kwiinkundla ezisesikweni.
Izibheno ezichasene nezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli kufuneka zibe phantsi kwenkundla yemveli yazibheno esekwe ukuphulaphula izibheno zenkundla yesigaba sokuqala.
viii Umbhalisi weenkundla zemveli kufuneka amiselwe kwiphondo ngalinye ukubonelela ngenkxaso yolawulo kwiinkundla zemveli zephondo.
Nangona ingxelo iqulathe izincomo ezifuna uhlaziyo nokomeleza ulawulo lwenkundla yemveli, ezinye zezincomo zayo, ngokukodwa ezo ezinxulumene nokuwisa izigwebo zentolongo ezixhonyiweyo, izibheno nokugcina iirekhodi zeengxoxo zenkundla, zisekelwe kwiinkundla zaseNtshona yaye zinokufunyanwa zingangqinelani nezithethe ezixabisekileyo zamaAfrika zobulungisa.
Izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo
Ukunyula iinkokheli zemveli ukuchophela iinkundla zemveli
Kufuneka uMphathiswa alathe ookumkani, ookumkanikazi neenkokheli eziphezulu zemveli njengamagosa achophela iinkundla zemveli ezisekwe phakathi kwemimandla yazo yolawulo, echazwe ngokomthetho.
Kufuneka umthetho wesizwe ubonelele ngokuthi ukwalathelwa esikhundleni kwenziwe ngokubhaliweyo. Ukuza kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho ezimiselweyo kufuneka kube yenye yeemfuno zokunyulwa kwenkokheli yemveli yokusebenzisa indima nemisebenzi yayo kulawulo lobulungisa. Ngokufanayo, kufuneka umthetho ubonelele ngokurhoxiswa kokwalathelwa esikhundleni kwiimeko zokusebenzisa ngobugwenxa igunya elinikiweyo.
Usibonda/ usibondakazi okanye ilungu losapho lobukumkani nalo kananjalo lingalathelwa esikhundleni njengegosa elichophelayo ukuphumeza imisebenzi yenkokheli ephezulu yemveli apho loo nkokheli ingenakho ukufumaneka.
Ukuba noxanduva kweenkokheli zemveli ekuphumezeni indima nemisebenzi yazo kulawulo lobulungisa
Azikho iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkokheli zemveli ziphumeza indima nemisebenzi yazo yolawulo lobulungisa phakathi kwemida yomthetho. Ukungabikho kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkokheli zemveli ziphumeza indima nemisebenzi yazo kulawulo lobulungisa ngokungqinelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko nomthetho, kuvelisa umngeni onobuzaza. Njengoko umthetho wesizwe ufuna ukuba iijaji noomantyi bathathe isifungo sesikhundla phambi kwegosa eliphezulu lenkundla, ngokunjalo kufuneka umthetho wesizwe ufune ukuba iinkokheli zemveli ezalathelwe njengamagosa achophelayo zithathe isifungo sesikhundla phambi komantyi wenkundla kamantyi kummandla wolawulo lwenkundla yemveli.
Umthetho wesizwe ungabonelela ngophuhliso lwemigaqo yokuziphatha yeenkokheli zemveli ezinyulwe ukuphumeza indima nemisebenzi yazo yolawulo lobulungisa, yaye kufuneka umisele amanyathelo okuthathwa ngokuchasene nokwaphulwa komgaqo wokuziphatha onjalo yinkokheli nayiphi na yemveli. Amanyathelo anjalo angaquka izincomo zokungenela inkqubo ethile yoqeqesho okanye kwanakho ukurhoxiswa kwisikhundla okwethutyana okanye ngokusisigxina ukuba ulwaphulo lomgaqo wokuziphatha lunobuzaza ngokwaneleyo ukufanela ukurhoxiswa.
Ukuya kwinkqubo yoqeqesho emiselweyo yeenkokheli zemveli
Kufuneka iinkokheli zemveli zingene kwinkqubo yoqeqesho emiselweyo malunga, phakathi kwezinye izinto, namalungelo oluntu, umxholo wokungafani nowezentlalo wokufaneleka ukunyulwa njengamagosa achophelayo kwiinkundla zemveli. Kufuneka uqeqesho kananjalo lolulwe ukufikelela nakowuphi na usibonda, usibondakazi okanye naliphi na ilungu losapho lobukumkani elinyulwe njengegosa elichophelayo.
Kufuneka umthetho ubonelele ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho ezinjalo (ngokucebisana neKholeji yoBulungisa) njengoko kunokufuneka ukulungiselela ukusebenza ngempumelelo kweenkundla zemveli. Inkqubo yoqeqesho kufuneka iquke imfundo ngamalungelo oluntu, umxholo woqeqesho ngokungafani nangentlalo.
Iinkundla zemveli kufuneka zibe nolawulo malunga neempikiswano zembambano ezivela kumthetho wesintu nakumatyala athile olwaphulomthetho (osizi)
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iinkundla zemveli zazibonwa zinobuchule bokujongana kuphela neengxabano ezivela kwiziqhelo zezithethe. Umthetho wesintu luluhlu lwemithetho engabhalwanga yaye yahlukile kwiindawo ngeendawo phakathi kwemizi ehlukeneyo yemveli. Umthetho wesintu luluhlu lweziqhelo, imithetho, amaziko nezithethe ezixabisekileyo ezisetyenziswa luluntu lwemveli.
Umahluko phakathi kweengxabano ezivela kumthetho wesintu nezo ezisekwe kumthetho woluntu ngamaxa amaninzi awucacanga kakhulu. Ngokuka-Sachs, imida phakathi komthetho wesintu nomthetho woluntu ithambile yaye iyathungelana. Uxela ukuba nangona le mimiselo isetyenziswa ngokwahlukeneyo kumGaqo-siseko, ingabonwa isetyenziswa ngendlela echazayo neguquguqukayo, kunaleyo emiselweyo (normative) necacileyo (categorical). Uqhubeka ukuqwalasela ngendlela elandelayo:
Yomibini ifuna ukudityaniswa nezinto ezixabisekileyo zomGaqo-siseko. Kwimihla yocalulo yayigcinwe yahlukene, ngokwengqiqo nangokwamaziko. Namhlanje asikho isizathu sokungaqondi nokwamkela inyaniso yokuba ngamnye ngokwe-osmosisi uvuzele komnye ngokungenakujikwa yaye yomelezene. Ngaphezu koko, yomibini ichatshazelwe kakhulu ngokungenakubhangiswa ngumthetho; ukuba zazikhe zakhona iziphatho zomthetho woluntu nezomthetho wesintu kuphela, azisekho kwaphela kule mihla."44
Ukwandiswa kolawulo lolwaphulomthetho nolwembambano kwiinkundla zemveli kungazisa imingeni yomgaqo-siseko. Kukho umahluko ongacacanga phakathi kwezenzo zolwaphulomthetho ezivela kumthetho wesintu neziqhelo nezo ezivela kumthetho woluntu. Ukuya ngokophando ngokuphathalele kulo mba, azikho izenzo zolwaphulomthetho ezaziwayo zomthetho wesintu ezahlukileyo kwezo ezivela kumthetho woluntu. Oku kungenxa yokuba umthetho wesintu awubhalwanga yaye wahlukile ukusuka komnye umzi ukuya komnye. Nangona kumthetho wembambano kukho iingxabano ezithile ezisekwe kuphela kumthetho wesintu, kuyafuneka kumiselwe umda apho iinkundla zemveli zinganikwa ulawulo lokuvavanya iingxabano zembambano nezenzo zolwaphulomthetho zomthetho woluntu. Ukwandiswa kolawulo lolwaphulomthetho nembambano kufuneka kungqinelane neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko.
Kuyafuneka ukuba iinkundla zemveli zithweswe ulawulo lokuvavanya izenzo zolwaphulomthetho ezingenabo ubuzaza kangako neengxabano zembambano ezincinci ezivela kumthetho wesintu nezenzo zolwaphulomthetho zomthetho woluntu.
Kufuneka ulawulo lweenkundla zemveli lube loluphathelele kumatyala neengxabano ezivela kummandla wolawulo wenkundla echaphazelekayo.
Kufuneka uMphathiswa, amaxesha ngamaxesha, ngesaziso kwiGazethi, amisele elona xabiso liphezulu lemali leengxabano okanye amabango okuvavanywa ziinkundla zemveli. Kufuneka iingxabano ezinobuzaza ezifana nobubhovubhovu ekhaya nokwenza amanyala emntwini zingavavanywa ziinkundla zemveli.
Ngenxa yokuba uMzantsi Afrika ungenayo inkqubo eyodwa, edityanisiweyo yomthetho wesintu, iinkundla zemveli zijongene yaye ziza kuqhubeka ukujongana neemeko apho kufuneka zithathe isigibo sokuba yeyiphi eyezi nkqubo ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu zomthetho wesintu ekufuneka ziyisebenzise kwiinyaniso zengxabano echotshelweyo. Ngokwesiqhelo iingxabano ezinjalo zidla ngokusonjululwa ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqela engxabano. Xa kungekho nayiphi na indlela yokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqela engxabano, umthetho osebenzayo ngumthetho wommandla woluntu lwemveli oluchaphazelekayo, okanye umthetho ononxulumano olukhulu netyala.
Iinkundla zemveli kufuneka ziwise izohlwayo zemo yembuyekezo (ubulungisa)
Kufuneka iinkundla zemveli zingawisi naluphi na uhlobo lwesigwebo sentolongo okanye esixhonyiweyo.
Ngokwembali, iinkokheli zemveli bezingawisa izohlwayo ezibukhali ezifana nokugxotha elizweni okanye ukugxotha kumzi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zohlwayo bezingenakugwetyelwa phantsi komGaqo-siseko.
Iinkundla zemveli zingawisa izohlwayo kunye okanye imbuyekezo ngemali. Ngokuphathelele kwiinkundla zemveli, bekusoloko kujoliswa kubulungisa boxolelwano nembuyekezo kunokuwisa isohlwayo. Isohlwayo sibonwa njengokwamkela ityala yaye ngamaxa amaninzi umntu uyazinika isohlwayo. U-Choudree ucaphula umzekelo olandelayo ukucacisa umba:
Ukuba umntu uyaqaphela ukuba wonile, okanye kucacile kuye ukuba amalungu omlibo wakhe amthatha enjalo, unokuziwisela isohlwayo ngokwakhe esegusha, ibhokwe okanye kwanayo inkomo ukubonakalisa ukuzohlwaya kwakhe nokuhlamba ityala lakhe. Oku kuzidla kananjalo ngamanye amaxesha kubhenelwa kuko kwinkundla kasibonda, ukudala ukwamkela ityala. Kwaziwa njenge­mali yokuzithandanzela (imali yokucela inceba) yaye ngumqondiso kwinkundla yokuzohlwaya ngokunyanisekileyo. Kwityala apho umntu onetyala eziwisela isohlwayo eso amalungu enkundla asithatha singanelanga, athatha oku njengobungqina bokuba akadananga ngokwenene, yaye angenyusa isohlwayo; kwelinye icala ukuba uzohlwaya nzima kakhulu, kunokwenzeka asehlise."45
Kufuneka iinkundla zemveli zigunyaziswe ukuwisa izohlwayo ezintsha zoluntu, ngokukodwa izohlwayo ezilungiselela ubulungisa bembuyekezo, ukuhambelana nendima yemveli yobunkokheli bemveli. Ngokwembali, iinkokheli zemveli bezinoxanduva lokugcina uxolo nemvisiswano kuluntu lwazo. Umthetho olawula iinkundla zokulingana unganika isikhokhelo esiluncedo kulo mba, ukwenza umzekelo, wokuba kucelwe uxolo olupheleleyo okanye kunikwe umyalelo wokuba umntu omangalelweyo abuyekeze ummangali ngomonakalo nawuphi na awudalileyo, ngokulawulwa yimida ethile.
Kufuneka umthetho wesizwe ugunyazise uMphathiswa ukumisela esona sohlwayo siphezulu sinokuwiswa yinkundla yemveli. Isohlwayo kufuneka sibe ngokwemimiselo yezemali. Izohlwayo zembuyekezo zinokuba ngemo yemali okanye eyemfuyo. Kufuneka iimali ezihlawulwa njengesohlwayo zibe yinxalenye yengeniso yombuso yaye kufuneka kujonganwe nazo njengoko kumiselwe.
Ukuthunyelwa kwezaziso neenkqubo zenkundla nonyanzeliso lwezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli
Emva kokufika kwexesha ledemokhrasi entsha inkqubo yamapolisa emveli eyayifuneka ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zeenkundla zemveli, yaphelelwa ngamandla. Omnye wemisebenzi yamapolisa emveli yayikukuthumela izaziso, iyalela amaqela namalungu oluntu ukuya ezinkundleni nokongamela ukunyanzeliswa kwezigqibo zenkundla. Kwimo yokungabikho kwamapolisa emveli, kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngesakhono sokuphumeza lo msebenzi.
Ukuthintelwa kommeli osemthethweni kwiingxoxo phambi kweenkundla zemveli
Amalungelo okufumana ubumeli obusemthethweni kwiinkundla ezisesikweni angqinelana necandelo 35 lomGaqo-siseko yaye eli lungelo alithobi isidima. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkqubo yobulungisa yemveli ilungelo lokufumana ummeli osemthethweni alifumani kusebenza njengoko inkqubo yobulungisa yemveli yahlukile kwiinkundla zesiqhelo ezimiselwa ngumGaqo-siseko icandelo 353c. Injongo yeenkundla zemveli ayikuko ukugweba, ukugqitha ukubuyisela imvisiswano nokuxolelana. U-Sachs uphawula ngendlela elandelayo malunga nalo mba:
Andindululi ukuba iinkundla zomzi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, elawulwa ziinkokheli zemveli nesebenza ngokweenkqubo ezingekhosikweni zomthetho wesintu, zinikwe amagunya okuthumela abantu entolongweni. Okanye ukuba zivunyelwe ukuwisa isigwebo sokohlwaya emzimbeni. Ukuba nabani na woyikiswa ngokulahlekelwa yinkululeko, kufuneka kubekhona inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, amagqwetha okukhusela, amaxwebhu okutyhola, inkqubo yokubhena neenkqubo ezisesikweni. Oko kuko okufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Kodwa ukusombulula iingxabano zosapho nezabamelwane nokujongana nokubetha okuncinci nobusela obuncinci kufuna ezinye iindlela neenkqubo."46
Ubumeli obusemthethweni kufuneka bungavumeleki ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba iinkundla zemveli azijongananga nemibuzo yobuchwepheshe bezomthetho efuna ukuchazwa ngamagqwetha.
Izigqibo zeenkundla zemveli zezokugqibela yaye isibheno siza kuvunyelwa kuphela ngokuchasene nemiyalelo ethile
Izigwebo nezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli zidla ngokusekwa kwimvume yommangalelwa/ umntu otyholwayo, yaye ezi zigqibo ezifikelelweyo kananjalo ziguquka ukuba zizigqibo zomzi njengoko wonke ubani ethatha inxaxheba ekusombululeni ingxabano. Ingcamango yesibheno ngako oko ayiveli kwinkqubo yenkundla yemveli. Yangeniswa zizithanga (ubukoloniale) neenkqubo zocalucalulo ngobuhlanga ndlela ezo urhulumente wasentshona wayebeka iso ngazo ubunkokheli bemveli. Izibheno kananjalo ziyenza nde inkqubo yezomthetho.
Kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kufuneka isibheno kwinkundla kamantyi enolawulo sivunyelwe ngokuchasene nemiyalelo yentlawulo yesohlwayo esigqithisileyo okanye imbuyekezo.
Uhlaziyo lwezigqibo zeenkundla zemveli
Kufuneka izigqibo zeenkundla zemveli zibenakho ukuhlaziywa yinkundla kamantyi enolawulo yaye izizathu zokuhlaziya kufuneka zibonelelwe emthethweni. Kufuneka ezi zizathu ziquke ukungabikho kolawulo kwicala lenkundla, ukungalungelelani okugqithisileyo, umdla kunobangela nokukhetha icala.
Iindlela ekufuneka zisekwe zokuthumela amatyala ukusuka kwiinkundla zemveli ukuya kwiinkundla zoomantyi nangokuphendulelekileyo
Kufuneka kubenakho ukuthumela imicimbi ukusuka kwinkundla yemveli ukuya kwiinkundla zoomantyi ezinolawulo ukuba, ngokwengqiqo yenkundla yemveli, umcimbi ochotshelweyo unobuzaza kangangokuba ufanele ukuthunyelwa kwinkundla esesikweni.
Ngokufanayo, kufuneka umcimbi ubenakho ukuthunyelwa kwinkundla yemveli ngumtshutshisi ophezulu okanye olawulayo ukuba ngokwembono yomtshutshisi ophezulu okanye olawulayo, umcimbi ungena phantsi kolawulo lwenkundla yemveli.
Indima yeenkundla zemveli kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulomthetho
Kufuneka iinkundla zemveli kananjalo zisetyenziswe njengenye yeenkqubo zokuphambukisa apho amatyala ephambukiswa ukusuka kwiinkundla eziqhelekileyo, kusetyenziswa inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulomthetho ekuza kujonganwa nayo kusetyenziswa indlela eyenye yokusombulula ingxabano okanye ubulungisa bembuyekezo.
Alandelayo ngamanye amancedo obulungisa bembuyekezo axoxa ngawo u-Schmid:
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwexhoba nokwaneliseka okongezelelweyo: Iinkundla eziqhelekileyo zibonwa zojolise kumoni yaye ixhoba akujoliswanga kulo njengoko ulwaphulomthetho ilityala elichasene nombuso. Amanyathelo obulungisa bembuyekezo ajolisa kubo bobabini umoniwa nomoni.
Ukwamkela uxanduva: Ukusebenzisana phakathi komoni nexhoba kubonelela ngethuba lokuba umoni avume iziphoso zakhe yaye amkele uxanduva lokuzilungisa.
iii Ukona njalo okuncitshisiweyo: Izifundo zophononongo zibonisa ukuba ukona njalo kuncitshiswa yindlela yobulungisa yembuyekezo, xa kuthelekiswa neendlela eziqhelekileyo zobulungisa bolwaphulomthetho.
Indlela yolwaphulomthetho yokusombulula ingxaki: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamapolisa kwiingqungquthela zobulungisa bembuyekezo kunceda amapolisa nezinye ii-arhente zobulungisa bolwaphulomthetho ukuqonda oonobangela bokuziphatha kwabaphulimthetho kwimimandla ethile nendlela yokujongana nabo kwiinkqubo zabo zophando.
Amandla ongezelelweyo: Ukunika abanomdla kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulomthetho ithuba lokuthatha inxaxheba nokwenza izigqibo kubulungisa bembuyekezo kwiingqungquthela kuyaxhobisa. Njengoko u-Schmid ekuchaza:
Ngumqondiso wobulungisa bembuyekezo ukuba zingafikelelwa njani izigqibo zokujongana neziphumo zolwaphulomthetho emva kokuba izimvo zabathathi-nxaxheba ziceliwe yaye ziqwalaselwe. Emva koku kuqwalasela nokusebenzisana, isigqibo seqela siyavela yaye siphunyezwe. Ngale ndlela, kuyenzeka ukuba amaqela amakhulu (aboni, amaxhoba namapolisa) basithathe isesabo" isiphumo sengqungquthela.
Iziko lobunkokheli bemveli, ngokusebenzisa iinkundla zemveli, lifanele ukudlala indima ebonakalayo malunga nokufaka nokwenza isebenze inkqubo yobulungisa bembuyekezo ekusombululeni ingxabano.
Ukugcina iirekhodi ezithile
Umthetho kufuneka ubonelele ngemo nobungakanani beerekhodi ekufuneka zigcinwe kwiingxoxo zeenkundla zemveli. Kufuneka iirekhodi ezigciniweyo zanele ukuze zibonise irekhodi yesigqibo nezizathu zesigqibo senkundla yemveli (ngenjongo yokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwelungelo naliphi na, ukwenza umzekelo, amalungelo okubhena ngokuchasene nemiyalelo ethile yenkundla okanye ilungelo lokufuna ukuba iingxoxo zenkundla zihlaziywe).
Iinkokheli zemveli neenkundla zemveli kufuneka ziqhubele phambili izinto ezixabisekileyo nemigqaliselo yeBhili yaMalungelo
Ngemfundiso yamalungelo oluntu neenkqubo zoqeqesho zomxholo wezentlalo, kufuneka iinkokheli zemveli ziqheliswe malunga nokulingana ngokwesini xa zijongene neengxabano eziphathelele kwabasetyhini namanye amalungu oluntu asesichengeni sokuxhatshazwa, nokulandela kwanokuhlonela amalungelo afakelwe kwiBhili yaMalungelo.
Nangona kukho ukuzinikela okuthile kwimizi ethile yemveli ukuphelisa iziqhelo zakudala zokugwebatanci ngokuchasene nabasetyhini nokuthintelwa kwabo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiziseko zenkundla yemveli, zisekhona iziganeko ezithile zokungalinangani okukhulu nokungavakalelwa ngokwesini kwinkqubo yenkundla yemveli.
Umthetho olawula iinkundla zemveli kufuneka ungqine ilungelo lokulingana elifakwe kumGaqo-siseko yaye kufuneka ubonelele ngeenkqubo eziza kuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba okupheleleyo kwabasetyhini, kolutsha nabakhubazekileyo kwiinkundla zemveli.
Imfuneko yomthetho wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ufano
Ulawulo lobulungisa sisakhono sesizwe, esithetha ukuba azikho iindawo zokusebenza malunga nolawulo lobulungisa ezigqithiswe ngumGaqo-siseko ukuya kwizigaba zikarhulumente wephondo okanye owengingqi. Amaphondo anesakhono sokuqingqa umthetho ngemiba enxulumene nomthetho wemveli nowesintu, ngokulawulwa siSahluko 2 somGaqo-siseko, yaye anesakhono sokuqingqa umthetho ngemiba enxulumene nolawulo lobulungisa njengoko kubonelelwe kwiSahluko 8 somGaqo-siseko.
Kuyimfuneko ukuqingqa umthetho wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kusebenza imigangatho efanayo kwilizwe ngokubanzi.
Amalungiselelo enguqu
Amalungiselelo enguqu ayafuneka ukuphumeza isindululo solawulo lwenkundla yemveli kwesi sakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo yaye ezi ziza kujongwa phakathi komthetho ocetywayo. Iinkcukacha ezilandelayo ngokuphathelele kumalungiselelo enguqu ziyafuneka.
i Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ehlukeneyo kumaphondo ahlukeneyo:
Ngenxa yokwabiwa kwemithetho yamazwana angaphambili ukuya kumaphondo ahlukeneyo ngowe-1994, imithetho ehlukeneyo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ibisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeRiphablikhi. Amanye amaphondo ayibhangisile imithetho yephondo ayabelweyo, xeshiweni umthetho osasebenza kwiindawo ezithile zaseMpumalanga naseMpuma-Koloni, oko kukuthi umthetho we-KwaNdebele Traditional Hearings of Civil and Criminal Cases Act, 1984, nomthetho we-Regional Authorities Courts Act, 1982, ayizange yabelwe iMpumalanga neMpuma-Koloni. Kufuneka uMthetho omnye wePalamente olawula indima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa. Oku kuza kufuna ukubhangiswa kwayo yonke imithetho elawulwa ngurhulumente wesizwe kwakunye nayiphi na eminye imithetho yephondo elawula indima yeenkokheli zesizwe kulawulo lobulungisa yaye engekatshitshiswa zizindlu zowisomthetho zamaphondo ngokulandelelana. Kukho imfuneko yokuququzelela ukutshitshiswa kwale mithetho ehlukeneyo ukuvumela ukupheliswa okuhamba kakuhle kwesakhelo somthetho okhoyo ukulungiselela ukungena koMthetho omnye wePalamente oza kusebenza kwiRiphablikhi iphela. Kufuneka amaphondo kananjalo anikwe ixesha elamkelekileyo lokutshitshisa imithetho yawo ngokuphathelele kulo mba.
Xa ukutshitshiswa kwemithetho ehlukeneyo, ebonelela iinkokheli zemveli ngendima nemisebenzi yazo kulawulo lobulungisa kusenzeka, kuza kufuneka ukuba kuvunyelwe iinkundla zemveli ukugqibezela imicimbi exoxwe inxalenye ngokwemithetho ebe ikhona xa le micimbi iqaliswa okokuqala. Izibheno ezimisiweyo okanye ezingaphunyezwanga xa ulawulo olutsha lwenkundla yemveli lungena entsebenzweni kufuneka kuqhutyekwe ngazo phantsi komthetho obusebenza phambi kokuqala kolawulo olutsha.
iii Ukwalathelwa kweenkokheli zemveli njengamagosa achophelayo eenkundla zemveli, uqeqesho nesifungo sesikhundla
Ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka, iinkokheli zemveli ezo ukuthweswa kwazo igunya lokuchophela amatyala olwaphulomthetho nawembambano alirhoxiswanga ngokwemigaqo ye-Black Administration Act, 1927, okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho, kufuneka zivunyelwe ukuphulaphula iingxabano njengamagosa achophelayo kude kube alathelwe ezikhundleni ngokolawulo olutsha. Ezi nkokheli zemveli kufuneka zingenele uqeqesho olumiselweyo yaye zithathe isifungo okanye zenze isingqiniso sesikhundla ukuze zifaneleke ukuqhubeka ukuba sesikhundleni. Ezi nkokheli zemveli kufuneka zinikwe ixesha elamkelekileyo lokungenela uqeqesho nokuthatha isifungo okanye ukwenza isingqiniso. Eli xesha kufuneka libekelwe umda womhla omiselweyo, onika ixesha elamkelekileyo lokwanelisa iimfuno zolawulo olutsha.
ISIPHELO
Uphuhliso lomthetho weenkundla zemveli
Esi sakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo sifuna ukuvuselela nokomeleza inkqubo exabisekileyo yobulungisa bemveli ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni injongo yokufikelela kubulungisa. Eli xwebhu sisiphumo sophando olunzulu nokucebisana nabanomdla kulawulo lobulungisa ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwemida yeRiphablikhi. Libeka isiseko somthetho omtsha ocetywayo onenjongo yokuphumeza imigaqo ye-Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act (uMthetho woBunkokheli beMveli neSakhelo soLawulo), eliyalela iSebe, njengeziko likarhulumente, ukwabela iziko lobunkokheli bemveli iindima neemfanelo kulawulo lobulungisa. IBhili yeeNkundla zeMveli iza kukhuthazwa ePalamente ukuphumeza iingcamango zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqulathwe apha.
Inkqubo yokucebisana
INgqungquthela yesizwe yooMantyi ebizwe liSebe ngoSeptemba 2007 eyayizimaswe ngabameli abangaphaya kwama-500, kuquka iijaji eziphezulu, oomantyi naBaphathiswa namagosa enkundla ukuvela kumazwe akhethiweyo e-SADC, yaxoxa kwezinye zeekhomishini zayo, ngokubaluleka kwendima yobunkokheli bemveli ekukhuthazeni ukubambana kwezentlalo nokujongana nokusombulula iingxabano. INgqungquthela yabona umgaqo-nkqubo namanyathelo omthetho athathiweyo ngale nkqubo njengezifundo ezibalulekileyo ezinokunceda ekwakheni ubumbano kwezentlalo nembuyekezo kumazwe ayesakuba neengxabano.
INgqungquthela, eyayisisiqalo sothethathethano olunzulu ngendima yeenkundla zemveli, yalandelwa zezinye iindibano zokucebisana xa iSebe lalidibana neNdlu yeSizwe neziNdlu zamaPhondo zeeNkokheli zeMveli ukuxoxa ngamanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo ekufuneka adale isiseko somthetho ocingwayo. Iindibano zokucebisana nabameli beenkokheli zemveli kumaphondo ahlukeneyo zazibanjwe njengoko kubonisiwe apha ngezantsi:
Ngomhla wama-23 Novemba 2007 eThekwini (apho abameli beenkokheli zemveli zaKwaZulu-Natala babekhona);
INdlu yeSizwe yeeNkokheli zeMveli yayimelwe kwindibano nganye yokubonisana yamalungu eKomiti yoPhuhliso lomGaqo-siseko eNdlu yeSizwe yeeNkokheli zeMveli. Indibano nganye yokubonisana yayivulwa ngokusesikweni nguSihlalo weNdlu yePhondo yeeNkokheli zeMveli echaphazelekayo. Ngaphandle kwabameli beenkokheli zemveli kwiphondo ngalinye, abameli bolawulo lweenkundla, igunya lokutshutshisa, aMaziko eSahluko 9 nombutho we-South African Association of Local Government (SALGA) babemenyiwe kananjalo, bazimasa yaye bathatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo. Amacandelo amasebe amaphondo anoxanduva lwemicimbi yezemveli nawo kananjalo bekezimasa yaye ethatha inxaxheba kwiindibano.
Iindibano zokucebisana ziqhube ngendlela elandelayo:
Ulwamkelo nokuvulwa nguSihlalo weNdlu yePhondo yeeNkokheli zeMveli
Umnikelo owenziwa liSebe ngemiba elandelayo:
Injongo yendibano yokucebisana.
Inkqubo ekhokhelela ekugqityweni kwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo nomthetho kusenzelwa ulawulo lobulungisa bemveli olungqinelana nomGaqo-siseko, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 1.
Imingeni enjongene nenkqubo yolawulo lobulungisa bemveli njengangoku, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 5.
Imiba echongiweyo enokuncedwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 6.
Iingxelo ezinzulu zokuphendula ezenziwa ziikhomishini ngokuzimeleyo neengxozo ezongezelelweyo ngokubanzi kwindibano yamaqela onke.
kukufumana izimvo nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabachaphazelekayo, ngokukodwa iinkokheli zemveli, ekucaciseni umgaqo-nkqubo nokukhuthaza ukuqingqwa komthetho, ovela kumgaqo-nkqubo, ngokuphathelele kwindima nemisebenzi yeenkokheli zemveli kulawulo lobulungisa bemveli;
ukwenza izindululo zezisombululo zokujongana nemingeni ejongene nenkqubo yobulungisa yemveli;
ukungqina ukubaluleka kwendima nemisebenzi yeziko lobunkokheli bemveli kulawulo lobulungisa; kwakunye nokurhola ngemibuzo izimvo ngemiba yomgaqo-siseko efuna ukuqwalaselwa.
Emva kwendibano nganye yokucebisana abathathi-nxaxheba bebecelwa nokukhuthazwa ukucebisana ngokongezelelweyo phakathi kweziseko ezixhasa inkqubo yobunkokheli bemveli kwimimandla yabo nokuthumela kwiSebe izimvo ezongezelelweyo eziqwalaselweyo ngemiba ephethweyo.
Ukuphuma kwizimvo ezinikwe kwindibano neminikelo ethunyelwe emva koko, bekukho ukuvumelana okucacileyo ngemiba eliqela ephathelele kwinkqubo yenkundla yemveli, phakathi kwezinye, ukwalathelwa kweenkokheli zemveli njengamagosa achophelayo eenkundla zemveli ngokusekwe ekulandeleni inkqubo yoqeqesho emiselweyo, uphuhliso lomgaqo wokuziphatha weenkokheli zemveli ezalathelwe ukuphumeza imisebenzi enxulumene nolawulo lobulungisa, ukubonelela ngenkqubo yokubhena phakathi koluhlu lwemigangatho yabasemagunyeni kwiziko lobunkokheli bemveli, nokuthintelwa kobumeli obusemthethweni kwiingxoxo phambi kweenkundla zemveli nokufaka entsebenzweni iinkqubo zokukhuthaza ukulingana ngokwesini. Nangona kunjalo, zazikhona izimvo eziphambukileyo phakathi kwamaphondo, ukwenza umzekelo amanye amaphondo ayebona ukuba izibheno kufuneka zihlelwe ngokusebenzisa iinkundla zoomantyi.
Zonke izimvo neminikelo ezenziwe ngethuba nasemva kweendibano zokubonisana malunga neziko lobunkokheli lemveli zithathelwe ingqalelo kwizindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqulathwe kwisakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo.
Imithetho Yamanye Amazwe
ULUHLU LWAMATYALA
Ukubanga ukubuyiselwa
