UMZIMBA WOMNTU OTSHAYAYO
Ngokwengxelo yoMbutho weMpilo weLizwe (World Health Organization) ngemizuzwana esibhozo kufa umntu ebulawa kukusetyenziswa kwecuba. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abaqala ukutshaya besekwiminyaka engaphaya nje kwelishumi (njengoko bengaphezu kwamakhulu asi-70 eshumini aqala kuloo ntanga) ze baqhube isithuba iminyaka emashumi mabini okanye ngaphezulu baya kufa beminyaka yobudala ingama-20 ukuya kuma-25 kunabo bangazange batshaye. Asingomhlaza wemiphunga kuphela okanye isifo sentliziyo ezenza iingxaki ezinkulu zokugula okanye ukufa. Apha ngasezantsi kudweliswe ezinye iziphumo zokutshaya ezingabalulwa kakhulu, ukusuka entloko ukya eluzwaneni.
Ukumka kweenwele: Ukutshaya kwenza inkqubo yokuzikhusela komzimba ibe buthathaka, nto leyo eshiya umzimba usesichengeni sezifo ezinje ngelupus erythematosus, ezinokwenza ukulahlekelwa ziinwele, izilonda emlonyeni nokugubhuka ebusweni, entlonzeni yentloko nasezandleni.
Umlanga cataracts :Kukholeleka ukuba ukutshaya kwenza okanye kwenza mandundu iimeko zamehlo. Umgangatho wokuba nomlanga ukuthi rhatye kwesilanga esisitha ukukhanya nokunokukhokhelela ebumfameni kubantu abatshayayo ungaphezulu ngama-40 eshumini kowabantu abangatshayiyo. Ukutshaya kwenza umlanga ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokuthukuthezela ilihlo nangokukhupha iikhemikhali ziye emiphungeni ezithi ke zihambe ngomthombo wegazi ziye emehlweni. Ukutshaya kukwayanyaniswa nokuhla komgangatho wemacula okuhambelana nobudala ngeminyaka, esisifo samehlo esinganyangekiyo esenziwa kukuphelelwa kwe komphakathi weretina, owaziwa ngokuba yimacula. Umsebenzi wemacula kukujolisa imbono esesazulwini elihlwni kwaye ilawula ukuba nakho kwethu ukufunda, ukuqhuba imoto, ukuqaphela ubuso okanye imibala, nokubona ingcombolo zezinto.
Ukushwabana kobuso: Ukutshaya kugugisa ubuso ngokukhawuleza ngokugugisa iiproteni ezikwenza ukuba bukhululeke, kubuphelise njengovitamin A kukwathintela nokuhamba kwegazi. Ubuso babantu abatshayayo bomile, bulushica kwaye bukrolwe ngemigcana emincinci, ngakumbi ngakwiindawo ezithambileyo nangasemehlweni.
Ukulahlekelwa kukuva ngeendlebe: Kuba ukutshaya kwenza uqweqwe kumagumbi eeveseli zegazi, nto leyo enciphisa ukuhamba kwegazi eliya kumphakathi wendlebe, abantu abatshayayo bangalahlekana nokuva ngeendlebe kwangoko kunabo bangatshayiyo kwaye kulula ukuba bafumane ubuthulu obenziwa kukosuleleka kwendlebe okanye yingxolo eninzi. Abantu abatshayayo banamathuba amathathu kwelinye lokufumana ukosuleleka komphakathi wendlebe kunabo bantu bangatshayiyo. Oku kosuleleka kungakhokhelela ekwenzeni iimeko nzima, iimeko ezifana nemeningitis nokushwabana kobuso.
Umhlaza wesikhumba: Ukutshaya akwenzi malanoma uhlobo lomhlaza wesikhumba esinokubangela ukufa ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa kuyawandisa amathuba okubulawa nguwo. Abatshayi basemngciphekweni ophindaphindwe kabini wokuba nomhlaza weseli oyicutaneus squamous- umhlaza oshiya iindunduma ezibomvu ezinamaxolo esikhumbeni.
Ukubola kwamazinyo: Ukutshaya kuphazamisana nenkqubo yomlomo, kutsho kudaleke uqweqwe, amazinyo atyhelinto ezo ezengezelela ekuboleni kwamazinyo. Abatshayi banethuba elinye elinesiqingatha bokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo abo, ngaphezu kwabanye.
I-emphysema: Ukongeza kumhlaza wemiphunga, ukutshaya kunokubangela i-emphysema, ukudumba nokukrazuka kweengxowa zomoya wemiphunga ezinciphisa amandla emiphunga okuthatha i-oksijini ikhuphe ikhabhondayoksayidi. Kwiimeko ezingaphaya kusetyenziswa itrakhayostromi ukuncedisa umguli abe nokuphefumla. Kuvulwa umngxuma ngokusika uqhoqhoqho kuvulwe indawo yokunyanzelisa umoya ukuba ungene emiphungeni jonga umfanekiso. Isifo semibhobho yemiphunga esingapheliyo asiboniswanga sidala ukwakheka komkhunyu onobomvu, okuzala ukukhohlela okubuhlungu nokuphefumla nzima.
I-Osteoporosis: Ikhabon monoksayidi, eyeyona gesi inobungozi kumsi we-exhaust yemoto nakumsi wesigarethi, ibopheleleka egazini ngokulula kune-oksijini, isike amandla okuthwala i-oksijini yegazi lomntu otshaya kakhulu kangange-15 eshumini. Ngenxa yoko amathambo omntu otshayayo aphelelwa ngamandla, ophuka lula ze athathe ixesha elibude bungama-80 ekhulwini phambi kokuba amile. Abatshayi bangasesichengeni seengxaki zomqolo: olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba abasebenzi basezifektri abatshayayo banamathuba aphindwe kahlanu, okuba neentlungu zomqolo emva kokulimala.
Isifo sentliziyo: Omnye kubantu abathathu ababhubhayo elizweni liphela, ubulawa zizifo ezihambelana nesifo sentliziyo. Ukutshaya yenye yezinto ezingumgcipheko omkhulu ekukhuliseni izifo zentliziyo. Ezi zifo zibulala ngaphezu kwezigidi zabantu ngonyaka kumazwe asakhulayo. Izifo zentliziyo ezidalwa kukutshaya zibulala ngaphezu kwama-600 000 abantu ngonyaka kumazwe asel'ekhulile. Ukutshaya kwenza ukuba intliziyo ibethe ngamandla, yonyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi ze yandise umngcipheko woxinzelelo kunye noonothumela begazi eliya entliziyweni bevalekileyo ze ekugqibeleni idale isifo sentliziyo nokushwabana komzimba okanye ilungu lomzimba.
Izilonda ezisesiswini: Ukutshaya kunciphisa ukuxhathisa ekulweni iintsholongwane ezenza izilonda esiswini. Ikwathothisa namandla esisu okuba nokudumaza i-asidi emva kwesidlo, itsho ishya i-asidi isidla ulwantwentwe olukhusele isisu. Kunzima ukunyanga izilonda ezisesiswini kubatshayi kwaye kulula ukuba zibuyele kwakhona.
Iminwe emdaka embatshileyo: Itha esemsini wesigarethi uqokoleleka eminweni nasezinzitsheni zeminwe, uzingcolise zibe sabumdaka-butyheli.
Umhlaza wesibeleko nokuphuncuka ukuphuma kwesisu: Ngaphandle kokwandisa amathuba okuba nomhlaza wesibeleko nomhlaza womlomo wesizalo, ukutshaya kudala iingxaki ezihambelana nokuchumela ukuzala kumabhinqa, ubunzima ngexesha lokukhulelwa nangexesha lokuzala.Ukutshaya komntu okhulelweyo kwandisa umngcipheko weentsana ezinobunzima obusezantsi neziphumo zezigulo kwikamva lazo. Ukuphuncuka kwesisu kuxhaphake ngaphezulu ngamathuba ama-2 ukuya kwama-3 kubatshayi, njengoko kunjalo nokuzalwa kweentsana eseziswelekile ngenxa yokunqatyelwa kwefithasi into engekazalwa, yi-oksijini. Kunye neemeko ezingaqhelekanga zeplasenta umkhaya ezikhuthazwa yikhabhon monoksayidi kunye nenenikhothini ekumsi weesigarethi. Iimpawu ezalatha unobangela wokufa kweentsana ezibomvu ngesaquphe kubandakanywa nokutshaya. Ngaphaya koko, ukutshaya kungehlisa izinga le-estrogen nto leyo eyanza ukuyeka ukuya enyangeni ukuhlamba ngaphambi kwexesha.
Idlozi/izipem elikhubazekileyo: Ukutshaya kungenza ukukhubazeka kwezipem ze kwenzakalise iDNA yazo nto leyo enokukhokhelela ekuphuncukeni kwesisu neziphene ekuzaleni. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba amadoda atshayayo anamathuba amaninzi okuzifumanisa engootata babantwana abanomhlaza. Ukutshaya kukwanciphisa inani /ubukhali bezipem kukwanciphisa nokuthululeka kwegazi ebudodeni, nto leyo engadala ukungavukelwa bubudoda.. Ukungabi nakuzala kuxhaphakile kubantu abatshayayo.
IPsorassis: Abatshayi banamathuba amabini ukuya kwamathathu ukuba abe nepsoriasis, imeko engosuleliyo yokufufuka kwesikhumba eshiya mabala arhawuzelayo, abomvu navuzayo kuwo wonke umzimba wakho.
Umhlaza: Ngaphezu kwama-40 ezinto ezisemsini wecuba ziboniswe ukuba zenza umhlaza. Abatshayi banamathuba angama-22 ukuba babe nomhlaza wemiphunga 16a ngaphezu kwabo bangatshayiyo. Kwaye ngokwezifundo eziliqela, okukhona lilide ixesha umntu etshaya kokukhona uya uba mkhulu umngcipheko wokuba nezinye iindidi zomhlaza, kubandakanya nomhlaza wempumlo ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe ka-2 16b; ulwimi 16c: umlomo, idlala lamathe namakrini amaxesha a-6 ukuya kwangama-27: umqala amaxesha ali-12; ummizo amaxesaha asi-8 ukuya kwali-10; ingqula amaxesha ali-10 ukuya kwali-18; isisu amaxesha ama-2 ukuya kwama-3; izintso amaxesha ama-516d; isinyi amaxesha ama-3: upenisi amaxesha ama-2 ukuya kwama3; ipakriyasi amaxesha ama-2 ukuya kwama-516e; ubhobhosi kandonci amaxesha ama-3:ze umva amaxesha ama-5 ukuya kwama-6.
Ezinye izifundo zifumanise unxibelelwano phakathi kokutshaya kunye nomhlaza webele 16f.
