Ukwenza izicwangciso (Wheat)								IsiXhosa
Ukwenza izicwangciso zexesha elilandelayo lengqolowa 
Imiyalelo:
Folio strap: 
Byline: Eli nqaku libhalwe ngowayesakuba ngumlimi
Msinyane emva kokuvuna isityalo sakho sengqolowa sango-2010 makuqalise izicwangciso ezineenkcukacha ezipheleleyo zexesha lonyaka elizayo. Eli lithuba elihle lokuqwalasela okwenzeke kunyaka ophelileyo nelokuvavanya imibandela ngemibandela yolawulo neyemveliso yesityalo edlale indima ekufumaniseni umgangatho wasekugqibeleni nowesivuno sesityalo.
Ukuba iingxelo zembali azigcinwanga malunga nentsimi nganye, ngoku lixesha elihle lokusebenzisa iinkcukacha zonyaka ophelileyo ukuze uqalise inkqubo yokugcina iingxelo.
Ukuba isicwangciso seshishini, kubandakanywa ukwenziwa kwezicwangciso zomda ombaxa ngesityalo ngasinye, sasenziwe kunyaka ophelileyo, izixa eziphathekayo ezazisetyenzisiwe ngokunjalo neendleko zazo mazithelekiswe ngokuqaphela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwentsusa. Imibandela ephembelela mhlawumbi amagalelo ezinto eziphathekayo nezoqoqosho ngokunjalo neemeko zemozulu ezibe neempembelelo kwimpumelelo okanye kwintsilelo yesityalo esithile zinokuqatshelwa zandule ukuhlalutyelwa inguquko okanye ukuphembelela impucuko. 
Iingxelo
Iingxelo ezisisiseko semiba elandelayo yezinto eziphathekayo malunga namasimi mazigcinwe kwaye zihlaziywe qho ngonyaka ngamnye: igama lefama, ummandla wefama, indawo iphelele, iindawo zomhlaba olimekayo, amadlelo okutyisa impahla, amadlelo aphuculiweyo, ukunkcenkceshela, umzi, iishedi zefama nezakhiwo. 
Intsimi nganye kwifama nganye mayibekwe iliso malunga namagalelo alandelayo ezinto eziphathekayo: indawo yentsimi ubunzulu bomhlaba, uhlobo lomhlaba, ukuchuma komhlaba, iinguquko zesimo kwiminyaka ngeminyaka. (Ukuba ziyafumaneka kwiziphumo zovavanyo lomhlaba), kwimijikeleziso yezityalo nakwizicwangciso zokujikeleziswa kwezityalo, isityalo esilinywe mva kubandakanywa nemihla yokulima, izityalo eziyimihlanganiselwa, izixa zokutyalwa kwembewu, imvula eqhelekileyo, imvula efunyenwe ngethuba lefusi phambi kokutyalwa kwesityalo ngasinye, imvula efunyenwe ngethuba lokukhulisa, ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula okusetyenzisiweyo (kubandakanywa iintlobo zemichiza nezantya zokuyifaka eziphunyeziweyo neziphumo zakho), izibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenzisiweyo neziphumo zazo, isivuno sesityalo nomgangatho. 
Iindleko zezichumiso zezinye zeendleko ezinkulu zamagalelo angqalileyo kwinkqubo yokulima izityalo. Ukusetyenziswa okuncomekayo kwenkqubo yesichumiso ecwangciselweyo kwixesha ngalinye kumaxesha alandelelanayo onyaka kuya kubonisa imveliso yezona zivuno ziphezulu zifanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukusazi isimo somhlaba wakho ngakumbi emva kwesivuno esiphezulu sezityalo nasemva kwemvula egqithisileyo efunyenwe kwiindawo ezithile enokuba ikhukulise izondlo zezityalo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Ukuvela kwebala elityheli ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-nitrogen ne-sulphur kuye kwacaca kwimimandla yokufama eliqela kwixesha lonyaka elidlulileyo. Ngokuphathelene nomyinge wesityalo ongasentla ubungakanani bezondlo ezisusiweyo mabubuyiselwe ngezinye ezifakwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isityalo esilandelayo sinako ukufikelela kwizivuno ezilindelekileyo. Ngengqalelo yalo mbandela, makuthathwe iisampulu zomhlaba kwintsimi nganye yengqolowa eza kusetyenziselwa imveliso ize ithunyelwe ngenjongo yohlalutyo. 
Ukuthathwa kweesampulu zomhlaba nokuvavanywa komhlaba
Makuthathwe amanyathelo aliqela ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokufaka ikalika nokuvavanya izichumiso ifanele umsebenzi wakho wokufama. La manyathelo abandakanya ukuqokelelwa nokukhathalelwa kweesampulu zomhlaba, iinkqubo zovavanyo ezifanelekileyo, izikhokelo eziphandwe ngocoselelo zokutolika iziphumo, uphuhliso lweengcebiso ngezixa zezondlo ezichanekileyo kunye nonxulumaniso lweemfuneko zezondlo zezityalo ezicetyiswayo nenkqubo yolawulo lwezondlo iphelele. 
Ukuqokelelwa kweesampulu zomhlaba
Injongo yokuvavanya umhlaba kukuqikelela isakhono somhlaba sokunikela ngezondlo ezifunwa zizityalo ezikhulayo nokufumanisa ngoxilongo naziphi iingxaki zomhlaba ezinokuthintela ukukhula nokuphuhla kwezityalo okuncomekayo. Xa kuthethwa gabalala, izityalo zixhomekeke ngakumbi kwizondlo ezikwizichumiso ngokokwanda kwamanqanaba ovavanyo lomhlaba. Uvavanyo lomhlaba oluphathelene nesiqulatho sodongwe nalo luvumela imilinganiselo echanekileyo yemichiza ezizitshabalalisi zokhula kwinkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kokhula. 
Kubalulekile ukuthatha isampulu kwintsimi nganye. Umhlaba wobukhulu behektare onobunzulu be-15 cm unobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-2 400 ngokokuxhomekeka kubunzulu bokulima, uqukaniselo lwamatye nentlabathi kunye nokugangatheka. Ekugqibeleni isampulu ethunyelwa elabhoratri inokuba nobunzima be-0,5 yekhilogram kanti kuyo ligcuntswana nje lee-gram kuphela elinokuhlalutywa. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukukhetha ecaleni amasimi anobunzulu bomhlaba obahluka-hlukileyo neentlobo zomhlaba ezahluka-hlukileyo kunye neendawo ezithile ezisemasimini ezingeyonxenye yentsimi epheleleyo. Isesisithethe ukuba abalimi bafake isichumiso ngokwezixa ezilinganiswe kwibloko iphelele yentsimi ngaphandle kokuba kufakwe isixhobo sokuncedisa ngokulandela umzila esifana ne-GPS naxa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezingafaniyo zokufaka izichumiso eziqhotyoshelwe kwisixhobo sokutyala.
Akutshiwo ukuba uvavanyo lubhetele kunesampulu eqokelelwe entsimini. Khumbula ukuba kukho umahluko ohamba ufumaneka phakathi kweendawo ezahluka-hlukileyo zamasimi. Kwixesha elidlulileyo isampulu eqokelelwe rhoqo emva kweehektare ezilishumi zebloko yentsimi bezibonwa njengezaneleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kucetyiswa ukuthenga okanye ukuboleka isixhobo sokugqobhoza (i-auger) ukuze uhambe ngokwesimbo samajiko-jiko kuyo yonke intsimi ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, ube nabantu ababini omnye aphathe ingxowa ngesampulu nganye kwaye uthathe kwingxam yobunzulu obuphakathi kwe-15 nama-20 cm kodwa bungabi ngaphezu kwama-20 cm. 
Ibhokisi yesampulu mayiphawulwe kakuhle ngenombolo yentsimi, igama, idilesi yefama, iinombolo zoqhagamshelwano nomhla wokuthathwa kwesampulu ukuthintela nakuphi ukubhidaniseka okunokubakhona elabhoratri. Kubhetele ukuwenza wonke lo msebenzi ugqitywe entsimini ukuze kungabikho kubhidaniswa kweesampulu okwenziwayo. Iisampulu zomhlaba mazingaqokelelwa kwiindawo ezingezizo ezifana nephondo lomhlaba olungena elwandle, emiseleni efileyo, kwiindawo zokugcina ifula endala evundisiweyo, kwiindulana ezisezantsi okanye kwiindawo ezikhukulisekileyo.
Ngoku bubuchule obunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa iiNkqubo Jikelele zokuBona iNdawo ekuYo iNto (Global Positioning Systems) ukuchonga iindawo ezikwisixokelelwano se-grid kumgama we-0,5 ukuya kowe-4 yeemitha kwiincam zokunqamleza kwisixokelelwano se-grid okanye ngokusasazeka kweesampulu kwisixokelelwano se-grid. Iisampulu ke zinokuthelekiswa kumaxesha ngamaxesha kwixesha elizayo kwaye iinguquko ezahluka-hlukeneyo kwimiba ephathelene nokuchuma komhlaba zinokubekwa iliso ethubeni. Iziphumo zeenkcukacha zinokufikeleleka ngeNkqubo yoLwazi loMhlaba (Ground Information System - GIS) ukuze kufumaneke itshati yebala elicolekileyo yentsimi ebonisa i-pH, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-phosphate, i-sulphur, i-nitrogen, izondlo ezincinanana nezinye iiyantlukwano zovavanyo lomhlaba ezinika umbono wokwahluka-hluka okanye ububanzi bengxaki ethile yentsimi. Kwiindawo ezininzi izazulu ezijikelezwayo zibekwa iliso ngendlela ye-grid kwihektare ngokwesiseko sebloko nganye.
Isantya sokuthatha iisampulu
Elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokuthatha isampulu kuxa ukwazi ukuthatha ixesha lakho lokusebenza kakuhle, xa unako ukwenza izigqibo ngokubona izinto ngamehlo xa usahlula-hlula intsimi ngokweendawo ezifanayo zokuthatha iisampulu kwaye qho ngexesha elinye enyakeni kwiminyaka elandelelanayo emva kokuvuna okanye kwindawo enye phantsi kwenkqubo yokujikeleziswa kwezityalo. Kusoloko kuluncedo ukuthumela iisampulu ezifuna ukuhlalutywa kwiilabhoratri xa ingelo xesha lixakekileyo. Izicwangciso mazenziwe kuselithuba ukuze kucwangciselwe ishishini ngocoselelo nokuze kubekho ixesha elaneleyo lokubonisana nabacebisi ngokuphathelene nezichumiso. 
Ukukhathalelwa kweesampulu
Qwalasela ukuba ingxowa nganye yesampulu iyichonga ngokucacileyo intsimi kunye nesampulu ngenombolo efana yodwa, nokuba iingxowa zivalwe kakuhle, azikho ebushushwini obugqithisileyo kwaye zibekwe endaweni epholileyo ukuze zithunyelwe elabhoratri kwangoko emva kokuba zithathwe njengezinako ukwenzeka.
Ukukhetha ilabhoratri
Khetha ilabhoratri evavanywa rhoqo nangokwendlela engenasicwangciso ngokuphathelene novavanyo lwemilinganiselo yesakhono somhlaba olwenziwa yimibutho ye-Agronomy (ezezifundo ngomhlaba). Eminye imibandela ofanele ukuyiqwalasela yile, iziphumo ezichanekileyo zohlalutyo, iindlela zovavanyo lomhlaba ezifanelekileyo, inkonzo elungileyo efana nokubuyelelwa apho kukrokrelwa khona iimpazamo, ixesha elifika msinyane lokuphinda kuqalwe ekuqaleni, isakhono sokubuyela kwiziphumo zovavanyo ngekhompyutha, iindleko zenkonzo, uthakazelelo lokuvula imijelo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwakho, umcebisi wakho okanye abasebenzi baselabhoratri. I-ARC (iBhunga loPhando kwezoLimo) eliseBethlehem liyazihlangabeza ezi mfuneko; kodwa ke xa kufuneka uvavanyo lwe-sulphur kufuneka kutyelelwe ezinye iilabhoratri.
Cela iimvavanyo ezifanele ifama yakho
Uninzi lweelabhoratri luneqela leemvavanyo ezisisiseko eziqhele ukwenziwa njengovavanyo oluqhelekileyo nezenziwa ngexabiso elincomeka kakhulu xa zithelekiswa noncedo lweziphumo zazo. 
Nceda qiniseka ukuba uthatha iisampulu zomhlaba kuwo onke amasimi ocinga ukulima ingqolowa kuwo – khumbula kwakhona ukuqwalasela iqondo lobumuncu (pH) bomhlaba njengoko kusenokuba yimfuneko ukufaka ikalika phambi kokutyala.
