Land(1 972) 								Xhosa



Ndingawufumana njani umhlaba? 



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Ingqesho yomhlaba

Byline: NguJane McPherson, umphathi wenkqubo yakwaGrain SA yeNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwamaFama



Xa kuthethwa gabalala kunokuthiwa zonke iintlobo zokufama zifuna ufikelelo emhlabeni – kusenokuba ngumhlaba omncinci, ngokwetonela ekuveliswa kulo izityalo eziyimifuno, okanye isenokuba ngumjelo ophangaleleyo womhlaba osetyenziswa ngeenjongo zokutyisa impahla kwimimandla ebharhileyo. 



Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umhlaba uza kusetyenziselwa ukufama, kufuneka kubekho ufikelelo ngokwasemthethweni kumhlaba lowo – oku kulawula ubudlelwana phakathi komnini womhlaba nomsebenzisi womhlaba (kwiziganeko ezithile ke phofu, umnini-mhlaba nomsebenzisi womhlaba basenokuba ngumntu omnye). 



Ingqesho yomhlaba

Kukho iindlela eziliqela nezahluka-hlukeneyo ekunokukhethwa kuzo ezifumaneka kumsebenzi wokufama kwaye zonke ziza nemiba ethile enika ithemba kunye naleyo miba enganiki themba. Into ebalulekileyo efanele ukukhunjulwa apha kukuba naziphi iintlobo zemvumelwano ezibhekiselele emhlabeni kufuneka zibhalwe phantsi xa zifanele ukuthiwa thaca phambi yenkundla yomthetho - isivumelwano somlomo asinasibophelelo malunga nomhlaba. 



Kaninzi, ekuqaleni kobudlelwana balo naluphi uhlobo, amaqela abandakanyekayo angena kwisivumelwano malunga nento ekufuneka yenziwe kwaye ilelo nelo lilindela lukhulu kwelinye. Nangona kunjalo, kuthi ethubeni ubudlelwana suka bube muncu kanti loo mcimbi ungaphelela enkundleni yamatyala. Njengoko kaninzi sukuba ubandakanya umhlaba, kubakho izixa ezikhulu zemali ezibandakanyekayo kwaye kuba yimfuneka ukwenza amalungiselelo abhaliweyo obhambathiso phambi kokuba kwenziwe nawuphi umsebenzi ukuze kukhuselwe omabini amaqela kwiiyantlukwano ezinokuthi ziphuhle. 



Iintlobo ezahluka-hlukileyo zengqesho yomhlaba zinokubandakanya (phakathi kwezinye izinto) oku:

Ubunini bomhlaba;

Ukuqeshisa;

Imvume yokusebenzisa umhlaba odityanelweyo/wohlanga; kananjalo 

Ulwabelwano ngezityalo. 



Ubunini bomhlaba

Isiqwenga ngasinye somhlaba eMzantsi Afrika, naseHlabathini, sinesiqinisekiso sethayitile. Ukuba ungumnini ngokusesikweni somhlaba othile uya kuba nesiqinisekiso sethayitile saloo mhlaba. Isiqinisekiso esi siqulethe inkcazelo malunga naloo mhlaba. Isiqinisekiso somhlaba sisixhobo ngokwasemthethweni esisetyenziselwa ukunika ilungelo. Isiqinisekiso somhlaba saziwa ubukhulu becala njengendlela yoku gqithisela ithayitile yempahla ethile komnye umntu omtsha ukusuka komnye. Olu gqithiso lobunini lwempahla lubhaliswa kwiiofisi zeziqinisekiso kumaziko amakhulu eMzantsi Afrika. Isiqinisekiso sethayitile sisiqinisekiso sobunini bomhlaba.



Kwiziganeko ezininzi, xa ubani efuna ukuboleka imali, amaziko abolekisa ngemali afuna ukhuseleko lwemali-mboleko. Amaziko abolekisa ngemali andisa imali ekhuliswa ngabaxumi bawo ezibhankini kwaye ibhanki ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali ebolekise ngayo ikhuselekile. Umnini womhlaba (umnini wesiqinisekiso sethayitile) unako ukusebenzisa impahla leyo njengokhuseleko lwemali-mboleko. Isibophelelo setyala lentengo sibhaliswa phantsi kwesiqinisekiso sethayitile. Isibophelelo setyala lentengo siba sesesixa esithile semali exeliweyo. 



Ngeenjongo zokunika umzekelo, masiqikelele ukuba umnini wesiqinisekiso sethayitile yomhlaba unqwenela ukuboleka i-R100 000 ebhankini ngokusebenzisa isiqinisekiso sethayitile esithile. Ukuba umntu oboleke imali akayihlawuli ngokwesivumelwano, umnni wesibophelelo setyala lentengo (kwesi siganeko, ibhanki) unako ukunyanzela umnini wesiqinisekiso sethayitile ukuba athengise impahla leyo ukuze umnini wesibophelelo akwazi ukufumana imali yakhe. Xa sisenza umzekelo, ukuba impahla leyo ithengiswa ngama-R200 000, ibhanki yona iya kuthatha imali elityala kuyo. Ukuba umnini wesiqinisekiso sethayitile ebeboleke ama-R50 000 ibhanki ke iya kuthatha kuphela ama-R50 000 nangona isibophelelo setyala isese-R100 000.



Ukuqeshisa umhlaba

Ukuba umntu unqwenela ukusebenzisa umhlaba okanye impahla eyiyeyomnye umntu, ngoko ke la maqela mabini angina kwisivumelwano sengqesho okanye sokurenta. Kubalulekile ukuba umntu ofuna ukusebenzisa umhlaba aqiniseke ngokuba ngubani umnini womhlaba anqwenela ukuwusebenzisa. Isivumelwano sengqesho sisivumelwano esibhaliweyo phakathi kwamaqela amabini kwaye salatha ubucukubhede bempahla, ithuba lokugcinwa kwesivumelwano, isixa semali esihlawulelwa ingqesho, ngokunjalo nesantya sokukhutshwa kweentlawulo. 



Umzekelo, ingqesho isenokuba phakathi koMnu X (umqeshisi – okanye umnini womhlaba) noMnu Y (umqeshiswa – umntu onqwenela ukusebenzisa umhlaba); ngefama ebizwa ngokuba yiDawn, kwingingqi yaseTweespruit, obukhulu bungama-400 ha, kwithuba leminyaka emithathu, ngesixa se-R150 ngehektare nganye ngonyaka, ehlawulwa qho phambi kweenyanga ezintandathu. Kuya kubakho kananjalo amanye amagatya ahluka-hlukileyo abandakanywayo kwisivumelwano sengqesho – umzk. izizathu zokurhoxiswa kwengqesho, imvume yokususa imithi – okanye naziphi iimeko ezinokufaneleka malunga neso siqwenga sithile somhlaba. 



Umntu oqeshiselwa umhlaba akanako ukuwusebenzisa umhlaba lowo njengesiqinisekiso sokhuselo lwemali-mboleko njengoko oko kunokwenziwa ngumnini wesiqinisekiso sethayitile okanye umnini womhlaba. Enye into eyenza umdla kukwazi ukuba ‘ukuqeshiselwa kwandulela intengiso’. Oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba kukho isivumelwano sengqeshiso malunga nefama esinokuthatha ithuba mhlawumbi leminyaka emithathu aze umnini womhlaba enze isigqibo sokuthengisa umhlaba lowo phambi kokuphela kwexesha laloo ngqeshiso, umnini-mhlaba kufuneka abambe uthetha-thethwano nomqeshiselwa – mhlawumbi ngenjongo yokwenza amalungiselelo ukuze umnini-mhlaba omtsha athathele kuye ingqeshiso okanye umnini-mhlaba avume ukuhlawula umqeshiselwa isixa esithile (ekuvunyelwene ngaso) semali sokurhoxiswa kwengqeshiso. 



Kwimo yezolimo, izivumelwano zengqeshiso zikholisa ukuba phakathi kwamafama amabini – lowo ongumnini-mhlaba nalowo ofuna ukusebenzisa umhlaba lowo; okanye phakathi kukamasipala nomlimi (lo ukholisa ukuba ngumhlaba wolwabelwano ongokamasipala); okanye norhulumente – mkhulu umhlaba karhulumente ongowakhe kodwa osetyenziswa ngabantu babucala ngokwesivumelwano sengqesho. 



Imvume yokuhlala kumhlaba odityanelweyo (Permission to occupy on communal land – PTO) 

I% - 13% yomhlaba waseMzantsi Afrika iphantsi kolawulo lwesixokelelwano seentlanga – wona usenokuba ziihektare ezizigidi ezili-17. Enyanisweni umhlaba lo ngokarhulumente – ukholisa ukuba ngumhlaba weSebe leMibandela yeZomhlaba, eleZolimo okanye eleMisebenzi kaWonke-wonke kwaye ulawulwa ziziphathamandla zeentlanga. 



Nangona abanye abantu besithi akukho zingxelo zibhaliweyo ‘zifaneleke ncam’ zamalungiselelo engqeshiso kumhlaba odityanelweyo, izixokelelwano neentlobo zokwabelana azazi cacileyo loo maqela abahlali (kanti ke mhlawumbi kufuneka zibhalwe phantsi, mhlawumbi kananjalo kwiofisi yeziqinisekiso njengoko kunjalo malunga neziqinisekiso zeethayitile). Maninzi amanqaku abhalwe ngokofundonzulu malunga nokusetyenziswa komhlaba weentlanga kwaye abantu abaninzi baphawula ngobumbolo-mbini bezixokelelwano kumazwe ayefudula ephantsi komthetho wamakholoniyali – isixokelelwano esinobucukubhede nesineengxelo ezipheleleyo malunga nomhlaba ‘ongowabamhlophe’ kodwa akukho sixokelelwano sibhaliweyo malunga nomhlaba ophantsi kolawulo lomhlaba odityanelweyo. Ukuba injongo yokufikelela emhlabeni yimveliso kwezolimo ukuze ekugqibeleni kunciphe ubuhlwempu, ngoko ke mhlawumbi eli lixesha lokuba isixokelelwano sokudityanelwa komhlaba sithatyathwe ngengqiqo ezikisa ngakumbi ukucinga ukuze kuphuhliswe neendlela ezilungele imida yamaziko okubolekisa eya kuthi ibe yinyaniso ekhoyo yolu hlobo lwengqesho. Kukwacetyiswa ukwenziwa kophando oluqhutyelwa phambili ngobhaliso lwamalungelo omhlaba odityanelweyo – oku enyanisweni kuhambelana nomxholo wolu phononongo lophando lwethuba langaphambili olujoliswe kwiindlela ezinokubakho zokwenza ukuba umhlaba ophantsi kwengqesho edityanelweyo kwithuba langoku ukuba ube nemveliso ethe chatha kwezolimo. 



Kumiselwe umthetho omtsha oyilwayo epalamente yaseMzantsi Afrika ngowe-2003 – Umthetho Oyilwayo Ngamalungelo Omhlaba Odityanelweyo. Ingxam yalo mthetho uyilwayo kukuba wonke umhlaba ongokarhulumente kwithuba langoku nosetyenziswa ngokuwudibanela (phantsi komthetho wesiphathamandla seentlanga) mawugqithiselwe kubahlali abawusebenzisayo – abahlali mababe yimbumba ngokwasemthethweni (kucetyiswa Umbutho Wempahla Edityanelweyo) ukuze ke emva koko bafumane ithayitile yomhlaba lowo. Okunokwenzeka malunga nalo mthetho oyilwayo, kungaba neziphumo ezinendima ebanzi kwisiseko samandla eenkokeli zomthonyama. Kwithuba langoku, ukwabiwa komhlaba odityanelweyo kusezandleni zesiphathamandla seentlanga – nje wakuba uMthetho oMiselweyo uphunyeziwe, abahlali baya kufumana ithayitile yomhlaba ukuze isiphathamandla seentlanga sibe negunya lokwaba umhlaba, gunya elo kwithuba langoku lisisiseko.



Umbandela wokulima umhlaba odityanelweyo uneziphumo ezinendima ebanzi ngokwemigqaliselo yokuphuhlisa urhwebo lwamafama ngezizathu ezahluka-hlukileyo. Imibandela ekufuneka iqwalaselwe yile ilandelayo:

Njengoko umfama engenabunini bomhlaba, akakwazi ukusebenzisa umhlaba lowo njengesiqinisekiso sokhuselo seemali-mboleko (kodwa nantsi into engadanisi kwaphela – xa ungakwazanga kuba nesibophelelo sokuhlawula umhlaba, loo mhlaba awukwazi ukuxuthwa kuwe xa ungakwazi kubuyisa imali-mboleko. Esi sixokelelwano sinako ukubambezela inkqubela, kodwa ukuba umlimi uzinikele, unako ukuqhubela phambili ngokuthatha amanyathelo amancinci aya phambili kwaye abe kwimo yemingcipheko ethande ukuba sezantsi). 

Isixa somhlaba olimekayo onikwa kusapho ngalunye ngokusebenzisa isixokelelwano se-PTO sikholisa ukungabi sikhulu – sikwahluka kananjalo ukusuka eMpumalanga ( apho abalimi bafikelela kumhlaba we-1 hektare ukuya kwiihektare ezi-2) ukuya eNtshona apho abalimi bafikelela kumhlaba omalunga neehektare ezili-15). 

Umhlaba ekutyiswa kuwo usetyenziswa ngokuwudibanela nto leyo ethetha ukuba kuba nzima kakhulu ukuphumeza ulawulo lokutyisa impahla njengoko bonke abasebenzisi bomhlaba kuya kufuneka ukuba bavumelane ngesixokelelwano solawulo esinye (umzk. zeziphi iindawo ekunokutyiswa impahla kuzo izeziphi ekufuneka ziphumle kwixesha elithile izeziphi ekunokukweliswa iinkunzi neemazi zeenkomo kuzo nokuba zinokususwa nini. 

Abantu abangawusebenzisiyo umhlaba abawabelweyo. Kwimimandla ethile, abanye abantu banako ukuthetha-thethana ukuze basebenzise lo mhlaba (ngokunika ‘umnini’ enye yemveliso ephuma emhlabeni lowo okanye ngokubahlawula ‘irenti’ ngomhlaba lowo). Nangona kunjalo, kweminye imimandla, ukuba ‘umnini’ womhlaba uvumela omnye umntu ukuba asebenzise umhlaba; ulahlekelwa lilungelo laloo mhlaba. Oku kuba nesiphumo sokungasetyenziswa kweehektare ezininzi zomhlaba olimekayo njengoko ‘abanini’ bengafuni ukunzifaka emngciphekweni wokulahlekelwa lufikelelo emhlabeni lowo. 



Ukwabelana ngolimo 

Ukwabelana ngolimo sisixokelelwano sengqesho eqhelekileyo apho umntu omnye enofikelelo ngokwasethethweni kumhlaba othile kodwa angabi nayo imithombo yezixhobo zokuwusebenza loo mhlaba. Kwisivumelwano sokwabelana ngolimo, omnye umntu ukholisa ukufaka umhlaba kubudlelwana bobulingane, lo gama omnye yena enikela ngamagalelo ngokunjalo nangoomatshini kwaye asebenze. Ubucukubhede obuchanekileyo besivumelwano kwahluka ukusuka emntwini othile ukuya komnye – kwezinye iziganeko kusenokwenziwa ulwabelwano lweenzuzo (nangona oku kusenokuba nzima ukubala), okanye isabelo se-10% semveliso – ingxowa enye ngeengxowa ezili-10 ezivelisiweyo (okanye itoni enye ngeetoni ezili-10 ezivelisiweyo). Olu hlobo lwemvumelwano kumaqela omabini lusenokuba neziphumo ezihle kumaxesha amahle onyaka kodwa lube neziphumo ezibi kumaxesha amabi onyaka. Kwelinye icala kwisivumelwano sokuqeshisa, umqeshisi ufumana isixa esifanayo semali kumqeshiselwa nokuba libe njani ixesha lonyaka – nto leyo ethetha ukuba umqeshiselwa usenokufumana amaxesha anzima ngokwasemalini ukuba ixesha lonyaka libe libi kakhulu nto leyo eyenze ukuba ingeniso ibe ncinci kakhulu okanye ingabikho. 



Elokuqukumbela, aliqela amalungiselelo anokwenzelwa ukufumana ufikelelo emhlabeni. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza umsebenzi wokufama, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ube nomhlaba – ngena kulungiselelo okwaziyo ukululawula ukuze uqalise ukusebenza – umntu ongasayi kuze abe ngumfama ngulowo ongaqalisiyo nanini! 





