Umhlaba 2										IsiXhosa

Ukuvavanya nokulawula ukugangatheka komhlaba

Imiyalelo: 

Folio strap: Umhlaba

Byline: Inqaku linikelwe ngumlimi wexesha langaphambili

Caption: 	

Diagram 1: Isixhobo sokuvavanya ukugangatheka komhlaba siya kunika umtyhi wento eyenzeka emhlabeni. 



Eli nqaku liza kuchaza indlela esisebenza ngayo isixhobo sokuvavanya ukugangatheka komhlaba kunye nendlela yokulawula ukugangatheka komhlaba.



Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ukugqobhozeleka komhlaba (i-penetrometer) okanye ezokuvavanya ukugangatheka komhlaba







Isazobe 1













Isixhobo sokuvavanya ukugangatheka komhlaba siya kunika umtyhi ngento eqhubeka phakathi emhlabeni kodwa sesinye sezixhobo eziliqela neendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukubeka iliso kugangatheko lomhlaba. Uncedo olufumaneka kwesi sixhobo kukuba amasimi anokuhlolwa kwixesha lonyaka lethu lokulima lula kakhulu. Ukuba kuqwalaselwa izityalo ezineengxaki zempilo kunokuvavanywa msinyane ukuba ingaba ingxaki kukugangatheka komhlaba na okanye akunjalo. Kwakhona elona xesha libalaseleyo lokusebenzisa (i-penetrometer) kuxa isimo sokufuma komhlaba wonke sikwisakhono sentsimi. Iimeko ezome kakhulu okanye eziludaka azisayi kunika imilinganiselo efundeka ngendlela enokuthenjwa.

Isixhobo sokuvavanya sinebhumbulu yentsimbi enobungqukuva beqondo lama-30 enomphini wokuqhuba negeyiji yoxinzelelo. Iibhumbulu zemihlaba ethambileyo nelukhuni ziyafumaneka nazo. Ezi ncam ziyilelwe ukunika umfuziselo weengcambu ezikhula zityhutyhe emhlabeni. Isixhobo sikunika ukufundeka kwamaqondo ngokwee-kilopascal ezilinganisa ukumelana naso komhlaba ekugqobhozelekeni. La maqondo afundekayo anokukubonisa ukuqina okushiya-shiyanayo kokugangatheka okwahluka-hlukileyo kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba kwinkangeleko yomhlaba. La maqondo afundekayo anokusetyenziselwa ukufunisela imephu yayo yonke ifama okanye abe sesizikithini esijikelezwayo ukusuka kuso ukuya kwintsimi iphelele ukuze kuvavanywe ingxaki yokugangatheka komhlaba enokuba khona kwindawo ebaanzi.



Ukulawula ukugangatheka komhlaba

Ezinye izisombululo zokulawula ukugangatheka komhlaba zishwankathelwe ngezantsi:

Ukucutha ukulima umhlaba olinyiweyo ngenjongo yokulimela ulondolozo lomhlaba kubandakanywa ukulima okukona kuncinci komhlaba olinyiweyo. 

Beka iitrektara nezixhobo zokusebenza kuphela okanye izixhobo eziziqhubayo phakathi xa umhlaba ukwisakhono sentsimi okanye nganeno kuso. Isimo sokufuma komhlba sinokuqwalaselwa phambi kokuqalisa ngokulima umhlaba olinyiweyo ngokuthatha isampulu yomhlaba ukusuka kubunzulu be-15 cm’s emhlabeni ophezulu. Zama ukwenza ibhola ngawo. Ukuba ukbumbana lula kwaye uyancamathelana oko kuthetha ukuba umanzi kakhulu. Ukuba ucumzeka lula wome ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungalinywa kwakhona okanye uhanjwe ngezihamba-ndlela ezinzima.

Ukucutha kangangoko ukusetyenziswa kwamakhuba ebhodi yokubumba.

Sebenzisa ukulima ngamakhuba ebhodi yokubumba engena nzulu endaweni yezixhobo zamazinyo ukuze ukrazule ezantsi okanye uqhube ngokuqhekeza isigcina-kufuma esizezikhondweni. 

5.	Xa ukukrazula okunzulu kusebenzisa isixhobo samazinyo esingawuphazamisiyo umphezulu womhlaba kodwa siqhekeze nawuphi umhlaba olukhuni phakathi kwama-25 cm nama-45 cm kubunzulu bomhlaba. 

6.	Ukutyala ngesixhobo samazinyo akrazulayo esingaphazamisi umphezulu womhlaba kodwa esiqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi ukugangatheka okubangwe ziimvula ezinkulu, okanye kukuhanjwa zizihamba-ndlela kuyaqhekezwa ngaphantsi okanye kufutshane nomqolo olinyiweyo. Qiniseka ukuba imbewu ifakwa ecaleni kwesichumiso nasecaleni komqolo okrazulweyo.

7. 	Sebenzisa ukukrazula “okumanzi” phakathi kwemiqolo yezityalo ezityaliweyo emva kokutyalela ukuqhekeza ukugangatheka okungaphezulu, ukunika umhlaba umoya nokuvumela nayiphi imvula engaphaya koko ukugqobhozela nzulu.

8. 	Kubalulekile ukubandakanya nakuphi ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo, izityalo ezinezixokelelwano zeengcambu ezahluka-hlukileyo ezinceda ekuqhekezeni okanye ekuguquleni ubunzima benkangeleko yomhlaba. Ingqolowa, oojongilanga, umbona neembotyi zesoya kumjikeleziso ziya kunceda ekucutheni ukudaleka kokugangatheka okungaphezulu kwinkangeleko yomhlaba. Izityalo zengca ezineengcambu ezisasazeka ngokulungelelana zahlula-hlulwa ngezityalo zeengcambu eziyintloko. Izityalo zehabile ne-triticale ezinezixokelelwano zeengcambu zinokubandakanywa ekuphuculeni ukugangatheka nobunzulu bokulinywa komhlaba ngaxeshanye kwizixokelelwano apho umlimi angafuniyo khona ukulima amadlelo asisigxina. Izityalo nazo zinokujikeleziswa nezityalo zamadlelo kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu ukunika umhlaba ukuphumla ekonakalisweni ngoomatshini. Izivuno zezityalo zikholisa ukuphucuka xa bezityalwe kumjikelo kwakhona.

9.	Ukuseta iitrektara nezixhobo ngokulinganiswa kwamavili nobubanzi bezixhobo obubobona bufanelekileyo ukuze isixokelelwano sokulawula ukuhanjwa zizihamba-ndlela kusetyenziswe kuwo wonke umsebenzi wokufama. Xa iitrektara zihamba kwimizila eseyigangathekile amandla afunekayo ayacuthwa ukuze kufumaneke ukusebenza okuphucukileyo kwe-diesel. Iindawo nemiqolo apho kutyalwa khona izityalo azisayi kugangatheka kwixesha elo lonyaka. Amasini nawo afikeleleka lula phucukileyo emva kweemvula ezinkulu ngokusebenzisa imizila ekhoyo yamavili.

10. 	Qala ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokufama zolondolozo ngokunciphisa imisebenzi yokulima umhlaba olinyiweyo uye ngasekuqokeleleni ulutho olungasetyenziselwanga michiza kangangoko emhlabeni kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemine.





