Knowing									Xhosa

Ukusazi isityalo esingumbona 



Instructions: 

Folio strap: Ukongeza ixabiso

Byline: Ulwazi lufunyenwe kwincwadi yoqeqesho yakwaGrain SA: Ukuveliswa nokuthengiswa kombona



Izityalo zihlelwa ngokwamaqela amabini abanzi – ezinamagqabi abanzi (amaceba amabini) nezinamagqabi amxinwa (iceba elinye). Izityalo zamagqabi amxinwa zinemithambo yamagqabi ephumela emacaleni. 



Ukubaluleka kwalo mahluko kungundoqo kakhulu kangangoko kuba ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula ngemichiza kuxhomekeke kumahluko phakathi kwala maqela mabini angundoqo. 

 

Iinxalenye zesityalo

Inquma

Igqabi

Ubulembu 

Isikhwebu

Isikhondo 



Iingcambu

Injongo yeengcambu kukugcina isityalo emhlabeni simi nkqo nokufunxa amanzi nezondlo emhlabeni. 



Isityalo esingumbona sinesixokelelwano seengcambu eziphumela ngaphandle kakhulu. Phantsi kweemeko ezifaneleke kakhulu, isityalo esingumbona sinokuba nesixokelelwano eside kangange-1 500 m. Ukuba isixokelelwano seengcambu sinako ukuphuhla ngokufaneleke kakuhle, ingcambu inokoluleka malunga ne-1,5 m emacaleni ukuze ikhule ukufikelela kubunzulu be-2 m. 



Xa kuthethwa ngokubanzi, zimbini iintlobo zezixokelelwano zeengcambu – ingcambu eyodwa ngobude (ingcambu enye ende kakhulu, ingcambu eyomelele kakhulu enokuba neengcambu ezimbalwa emacaleni) kanti isixokelelwano soontanganye beengcambu (iingcambu ezininzi ezikhula ziye kuwo onke amacala emhlabeni) Isityalo sombona sinesixokelelwano soontanganye beengcambu (iingcambu ezininzi ezikhula zibhekise kuwo onke amacala emhlabeni). Isityalo esingumbona sinesixokelelwano seengcambu ezininzi kwaye ngaphezu koko, njengoko isityalo sikhula siba side kwaye sifikelela kwibakala lokuvela kweenquma kuye kuvele ezinye iingcambu eziza kubamba isityalo ukuba sime nkqo. Ezi ziingcambu ezityebileyo, ezinemibala nezinembonakalo esabumafutharha kwaye zikhula nangaphezu komhlaba. 



Izikhondo

Isikhondo sesityalo esingumbona sinobume obunjengesilinda. Kucaca kakuhle ukubonakala kwamahlumela (apho amagqabi aphuma khona) ngokunjalo neendawo eziphakathi kwamahlumela (indawo ephakathi kwamahlumela). Ubude besikhondo buqiikelelwa ngomhlanganiselwa nangokweemeko zokukhula. 



Isityalo esingumbona sinokuba neendawo eziphakathi kwamahlumela eziphakathi kwesi-8 nama-21. Iindawo eziphakathi kwamahlumela ezahlukahlukeneyo zisenokuba nobude obushiyashiyanayo. Isikhwebu sesityalo sikholisa ukuphuhla kwihlumela lesi- 8th. 



Amagqabi

Kwihlumela ngalinye kuphuhla amagqabi amabini. Injongo yamagqabi kukufunxa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze asebenze njengefektri ukwenza ukutya kwesityalo. Amagqabi esityalo akhula ngokubolekisana kwisikhondo kwaye akhula kwimiqolo emibini ejongeneyo kwisityalo. Igqabi ngokwalo lide, limxinwa kwaye liya ngokuba tsolo encamini. Igqabi lixhaswe ngumqolo ngokobude balo. 



Igqabi lesityalo ‘liphefumla’ ‘ngamadlala’ amancinci kakhulu akumphezulu wegqabi. Wona abizwa ngokuba zii-stomata. Ii-stomata ezikwicala elingaphantsi legqabi zininzi kunezo zikwicala elingaphezulu. Ii-stomata ziyintsebenzo-matshini evumela ukuba iiseli zikhuphe ukufuma xa kushushu ngokunjalo komile ukuze igqabi lisongeke. Le nkqubo ke yenza ukuba igqabi lisongeleke ngaphakathi ukuze okunye ukulahleka kokufuma kungabi senzeka. Ngamathuba ashushu kakhulu nawomileyo, isityalo siyakwazi ukusongeka amagqabi kwinxalenye yosuku eshushu kakhulu ukuze ngokwenza njalo silondoloze ukufuma. Xa seluhambile usuku xa iqondo lobushushu selihlile, le nkqubo iyanqumama ukuze amagqabi akwazi ukuqhuba ngomsebenzi wawo wesiqhelo. Ukuba iimeko ezishushu nezomileyo ziqhubela phambili kwithuba elide, le nkqubo ayinakunqunyanyiswa ukuze emva koko afe amagqabi - oku ke kuba ngumonakalo osisigxina kwisityalo kwaye kuya kuba nesiphumo esingathandekiyo kwisivuno sezityalo eziziinkozo. 



Iintyatyambo

Isityalo esingumbona sineentyatyambo zesiduna nezesikhomokazi – oku kuvumela ukuzisasaza ngomgubo we-pollen. Inxalenye esisikhomokazi yileyo ephuhla ibe sisikhwebu, lo gama intyatyambo eliduna iba yinquma ephezu kwesityalo. Ipete nganye yombona enesakhono sokuphila iqhotyoshelwe kwityhubhu encinci kakhulu (ubulembu). Umgubo we-pollen ophuma kwi-anther (intyatyambo eliduna) uwa phezu kwe-stigma (umphezulu wentyatyambo yesikhomokazi) ukuze ikhule iye ezantsi kwi-style (ubulembu) esiya kwi-ovary (ipete encinci kakhulu elusana lombona). Ukuchunyiswa kwenzeka xa umgubo we-pollen ufika kwi-ovary. 



Ukuba iimeko zishushu kwaye zome kakhulu, ngoko ke kuba yinto enokwenzeka ukuba ubulembu bome nto leyo ethintela ukuchunyiswa. Xa kunje, imbewu kwisikhwebu iya kuba ncinci kakhulu okanye ingabikho kwayona. Ubulembu kwisikhwebu bungumamkeli wokuchunyiswa kwiintsuku ezimalunga ne-10 ukuya kwi-14. Kubaluleke kakhulu ubukho bemozulu engagqithisiyo ngesimo ngethuba leli bakala elinovelo olungako. 



Imbewu

Inkqubo iphelele yokulima isityalo esingumbona ijoliswe ekuveliseni imbewu. Udidi nobuninzi bembewu bubalulekile ngokubhekiselele kwisakhono senzuzo yomsebenzi wokufama. 



Imibandela ephembelela udidi nobuninzi bembewu zizifo, ziimfuneko zezondlo zesityalo, ubukho bokufuma nobushushu kumabanga ahlukahlukileyo kunye nokukhethwa kwezityalo eziyimihlanganisela. 



Amabanga kuphuhliso lwezityalo

Ukubaluleka kolu lwahlukaniso kukuba kukho imichiza ethile efanele ukufakwa phambi kokuhluma kwesityalo lo gama eminye kufuneka ifakwe emva kokuhluma kwesityalo.



Phambi kokuhluma

Ithuba eliphambi kokuhluma lichaza ithuba phakathi kokutyala isityalo, inkqubo yokuntshula kodwa phambi kokuhluma emhlabeni.



Emva kokuhluma

Oku kuchaza ithuba emva kokuba imbewu intshulile kwaye nesityalo sesihlumile savela ngaphezu komhlaba. 





Amabanga okukhula

Amabanga okukhula esityalo esingumbona asekwe ngokwamabanga aneenombolo ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-10 amabanga achongekayo. 



Ibanga lokukhula 0: Ukusuka ekutyaleni ukuya ekuhlumeni

Umbona utyalwa phakathi kwe-2,5 cm ne-5 cm phantsi komphezulu womhlaba. Phantsi kweemeko ezifudumeleyo nezifumileyo, imbewu ithatha iintsuku ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-10 ukuhluma. Phantsi kweemeko ezipholileyo okanye ezomileyo, imbewu inako ukuthatha ukufikelela kwiiveki ezimbini ukuhluma. Ubushushu obubobona bufanelekileyo bokuhluma buphakathi kwama-20°C nama-30°C. Isiqulatho sokufuma komhlaba esisesona sifanelekileyo simalunga nama-60% esakhono sentsimi. (Amanzi amaninzi kakhulu okanye amancinci kakhulu aya kudodobalisa uphuhliso).



Elona nani liphezulu lamagqabi namasetyana avela emacaleni lixhomekeke kwimfuza. Kucombuluka igqabi elitsha qho kwiintsuku ezintathu. Kweli thuba, indawo ekhulayo isengaphantsi komhlaba. Ukusunguleka kwenquma kwenzeka kweli banga.



Ibanga lokukhula 1: Kucombuluka ngokupheleleyo amagqabi amane 



Ibanga lokukhula 2: Kucombuluka ngokupheleleyo amagqabi asibhozo

Ngeli thuba ububanzi begqabi banda ngobukhulu obuphindaphindwe kahlanu ukuya kalishumi, lo gama ubunzima besikhondo buphindaphindeka amaxa ama-50 ukuya kwali-100. Ukusunguleka kwesikhwebu kuvela kweli banga. Ziqala ukuphuhla ngeli xesha kwii-tillers kwizihlomelo phantsi komphezulu womhlaba. Indawo yokukhula yi-5cm ukuya kwi-7,5 cm phezu komphezulu womhlaba.



Ibanga lokukhula 3: Kucombuluka ngokupheleleyo amagqabi alishumi elinesibini

Inquma ekhulayo iphuhla ngokukhawuleza. Amasebe asemacaleni athwele izikhwebu aphuhla ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwisihlomelo sesi-6th ukuya kwesesi-8th phezu komphezulu womhlaba. Inani elinokubakho lamahlumela embewu yesikhwebu sukuba selibonakele.



Ibanga lokukhula 4: Kucombuluka ngokupheleleyo amagqabi alishumi elinesithandathu

Isikhondo sikhawuleza soluleke ukuze inquma iphuhle phantse ngokupheleleyo. Ubulembu buyaqalisa ukuphuhla buze bukhule ngobude ukusuka kwisikhondo sesikhwebu esiphezulu.



Ibanga lokukhula 5: Ubulembu buyavela ukuze kuphele umgubo we-pollen

Onke amagqabi acombuluka ngokupheleleyo kanti inquma sukuba seyibonakala iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu. Isebe elisecaleni elithwele isikhwebu esingundoqo ngokunjalo namakhasi ngeli xesha seliphantse ukufikelela ekuphuhleni okugqibeleleyo. Ngeli thuba imfuno ebangwayo yezondlo nokufuma iphezulu. 



Ibanga lokukhula 6: Ibanga lombona oluhlaza

Isikhwebu, isebe elisecaleni namakhasi selephuhle ngokugqibeleleyo. 



Ibanga lokukhula 7: Ibanga lentlama ethambileyo

Inani leenkozo liyaqhuba ngokwanda.



Ibanga lokukhula 8: Ibanga lentlama elukhuni

Imbewu iqalisa ngokuba lukhuni.



Ibanga lokukhula 9: Ukuphuhla okugqibeleleyo kokusebenza komzimba

Xa ukhozo selufikelele kubunzima obome kangangoko, kuphuhla umaleko weeseli ezimnyama kwisikhondo sokhozo. Iinkozo ziphuhla ngokugqibeleleyo kusale kuphela ukuba isiqulatho samanzi sazo sinciphe phambi kokuvuna.



Ibanga lokukhula 10: Ukoma kweenkozo (ukuphuhla okugqibeleleyo ngokwendalo)

Iinkozo kufuneka zinciphe isiqulatho sokufuma ukuze zifikelele kuphuhliso olugqibeleleyo ngokwendalo. Ukoma kwenzeka malunga ne-5% ngeveki ukufikelela kumgangatho wama-20%, ukuze emva koko icothe inkqubo yokoma. 









