Chemicals (Maize) 									IsiXhosa
Lutshabalalise ngononophelo ukhula emboneni
Imiyalelo:
Folio strap: Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula
Byline: Eli nqaku linikelwe ngumlimi othathe umhlala-phantsi
Itheyibhile 1: Imichiza ecetyiswayo
Itheyibhile 2: Imixube efumanekayo kwiindawo zentengiso
Yinto ebalulekileyo ukuchonga iingxaki ezithile zokhula kwifama yakho. Imisebenzi yokulima, nemisebenzi yokutshabalalisa ukhula ngemichiza kanti ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo kwahluka ngesithili ngasinye nangefama nganye. Iingxaki zokhula kwifama yakho zingahluka kakhulu kwezo zommelwane wakho. 
Yiba soloko uhlalutya uhlobo lokhula olukwifama yakho uze ufake imixube echanekileyo yemichiza efanelekileyo yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Nceda jonga itheyibhile engezantsi malunga naleyo unokuyikhetha kunye nemixube eqinisekisiweyo ekhoyo eMzantsi Afrika ngokuphathelene nokutshatyalaliswa kokhula emboneni.
Izithako ezisebenzayo 
Imichiza kunye nemixube yemichiza ekhoyo yenziwe ngezithako ezingundoqo ezisentloko ezisebenzayo nezilawula mhlawumbi iintlobo zengca ekhula kwisithuba sonyaka okanye ukhula lwamagqabi abanzi nalo olukhula kwisithuba sonyaka. Izithako ezisebenzayo ziziinxalenye zemichiza ethile ezibulala ukhula ngokuphazamisa okanye ngokunqanda iinkqubo zendalo zokusebenzisana kwemichiza ezenza ukuba ukhula lufumane ukukhanya kwelanga okwenza ukuba lukhule lude luziphinda-phinde ekugqibeleni. 
Imichiza ke ngoko iyaxutywa xa amasimi omlimi enengxaki yengca kunye neyamagqabi abanzi. Kwiziganeko ezithile zethamsanqa ngenxa yokujikeleziswa kwezityalo okuchanekileyo nemisebenzi yokutshatyalaliswa kokhula kusenokwenzeka ukuba emasimini akho ombona kukho ingxaki enye yokhula lwamagqabi abanzi. Ngoko ke, ukutshiza iintlobo zengca yinkcitha-mali. Ukuhlalutya ingxaki ngendlela echanekileyo kuya kubeka utshabalaliso lwakho lokhula emgangathweni onguwo kuze kunciphise inkcitho yakho kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Isiqulatho sodongwe emhlabeni wakho
Kuluncedo ukuzuza ulwazi kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lomhlaba wakho ngesiqulatho sodongwe semihlaba engaphezulu kwintsimi nganye ekwifama yakho. Izixa ezifakwayo zemichiza zinyuka ngokukhawuleza ngokokunyuka kwesiqulatho sodongwe ukuze kuncomeke ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba isikhaxa sodongwe sifunxa ezinye zezithako ezisebenzayo ezifakiweyo ngoko ke zicuthe umchiza okhoyo onokuthathwa sisityalo kumaleko wamanzi ophakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba. 
Bubuyatha ukungawafaki amanqanaba achanekileyo acetyiswayo ngehektare nganye ukuze kulondolozwe kwiindleko ezifumaneka kwangoko ngehektare nganye. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula okungasebenzanga kuya kuba nesiphumo seelahleko eziphezulu zezivuno zezityalo kweli xesha lonyaka. Ukufaka umthamo wemichiza omncinane kunalowo ucetyisiweyo kukhula oluthile kwenza ukuba olunye ukhula lungatshabalali. Kwizizukulwana ezininzi zezityalo,”oku kumelana nokutshabalala” kubangela ubukho beentlobo zokhula ezisindayo xa kufakwe umchiza onokude ufikelele kumaxa alikhulu ezithako ezibulala ukhula nezisebenza ngokuthe chatha kunezo ebezinokutshabalalisa naluphi ukhula.
Kufanele ukuba ngumdla walo lonke uluntu lwamafama luphelele ukuba izixa ezifakwayo ezicetyiswayo zilandelwe ngononophelo. Ziba phezulu kakhulu iindleko zophando nophuhliso lwemichiza emitsha yokutshabalalisa ukhula ngendlela encomekayo xa kunokuvela ukumelana nemichiza.
Ukubonisa umchiza othe chatha ofanele ukufakwa ngokwesiqulatho sodongwe, nceda jonga ukufakwa komchiza ocetyiswayo we-acetochlor etshabalalisa ubukhulu becala iintlobo zengca yonyaka ngokuphathelene nesiqulatho sodongwe emhlabeni. I-acetochlor ikholisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuyixuba nesikhuseli. Esi sisithako esithi xa sixutywe ne-acetochlor sithintele lo mchiza ekutshabalaliseni isityalo esingumbona njengoko, njengokuba usazi, naso siyingca kaloku. 
Umchiza
Isithako esisebenzayo g/l
% Udongwe
Umthamo ngeelitha/ngehektare
Ixesha lokuwufaka
Uhlobo lokhula olubulawayo
I-acetochlor (+ Isikhuseli)
840 iigram/ngelitha
0 - 10
0,75 -1,00 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma kwesityalo
Iintlobo zengca zonyaka ubukhulu becala
11 - 20
1,00 - 1,30 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma
21 - 30
1,30 - 1,65 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma
31 - 40
1,65 - 1,80 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma
41 - 55
2,0 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma
Phambi kokuhluma kuthetha ukutshiza ngemichiza emhlabeni okanye ukuwuphethula kancinane kangangoko umhlaba ophezulu emva kokutyala kodwa phambi kokuba izityalo sezihlumile zavela ngaphezu komhlaba.
Izixa eziphezulu zomthamo ngehektare nganye zinokusetyenziswa kwiziganeko apho kukho khona amathuba azingileyo okuhlasela ngamandla okuthile kweentlobo ezithile zeengca zonyaka kumasimi athile.
Iindleko ngehektare nganye ngokuphathelene nemichiza kuphela zahluka ukususela kuma-R97,50 ngehektare nganye kumhlaba oyisanti (0% - 10% isiqulatho sodongwe) ukuya kwi- R150 emhlabeni onodongwe oluninzi (41% - 55% isiqulatho sodongwe). 
Isityalo sombona esinesakhono seetoni ezi-4,5 ngehektare nganye singabekwa ixabiso elimalunga nama-R7 200 ngehektare nganye. Asibobumlumko kakhulu kwaye akucetyiswa ukugcina ama-R60 ngehektare nganye ngokuthathela ingqalelo zonke iingxaki zangoku nezinokucingeleka zexesha elizayo ezinokuvela. Kwakhona, hlalutya ingxaki kunye nengcali yakho yemichiza kwaye ukwenze ngocoselelo ukulawula ukhula. 
Ukumisa ixesha lokufaka umchiza
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi imichiza oza kuyisebenzisa ukuze ukwazi ukuhlanganisela xa kunokufumaneka isixhobo sokulawula ukutshiza kweli xesha lonyaka. Ukufakwa kwemichiza etshabalalisa ukhula kunokwenziwa phambi kokuhluma kwezityalo msinyane emva kokutyala, kwangoko emva kokuba kutyalwe emhlabeni onomphezulu olungiswe kakuhle. Umphezulu womhlaba olungiselelwe ukutyala uthetha umphezlu womhlaba olinywe wacoleka nongenazintsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezinokufunxa eminye yemichiza efakwayo.
Ngokuphathelene nokufakwa kwemichiza msinyane emva kokutyala, umlimi unokwenza isigqibo sokulawula ukutshiza kwesixhobo sakhe sokutyala ukuze imichiza itshizwe ngokobubanzi obunokufumaneka emva komqolo wesixhobo sokutyala okanye kwindawana encinane kumqolo ngamnye. Kungenjalo, isixhobo sokulawula ukutshiza sinokubekwa entsimini msinyane kakhulu emva kokuba isixhobo sokutyala sidlulile entsimini. Kubakho uchatha wexesha wokwenza umsebenzi wokutshiza emva kokuhluma. 
Indlela yokukhetha ixhomekeke kakhulu kwisakhono sokusebenza kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo umlimi anazo okanye aziqeshileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenziwa kwezicwangciso kufanele ukuthathela ingqalelo imiba emininzi kubandakanywa okunokwenzeka kokuba ufumane ikroba elincinane lokugqibezela umsebenzi wakho wokutshiza ngenxa yomyinge ongasentla wemvula. 
Ngezantsi kuboniswa isishwankathelo seminye yemixube ekhoyo kummandla wentengiso. Njengomlimi okanye umphathi wefama kufuneka uziqhelanise nemichiza engundoqo esetyenziswayo kunye nokujiyiswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo kumchiza ngamnye. Zininzi iintlobo ezinamagama anomtsalane kwiindawo zentengiso eziqulethe izithako ezifana nezo. Xa uthelekisa amaxabiso kunye nokusebenza kweemveliso ezahluka-hlukileyo, bala kakuhle ixabiso nge-gram nganye yezithako ezisebenzayo ngelitha nganye ukuze uthelekise iindleko ngokungakhethi cala.
Umchiza – isithako esisebenzayo
Ukuxutywa ngokweegram ngelitha nganye
Uluhlu lomthamo kuxhomekeke kwisiqulatho sodongwe
Ixesha lokufaka umchiza
Ukhula olutshatyalaliswayo
I-acetochlor
750/900 iigram/ngelitha
0,9 ukuya ku- 2,7 ilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma
Iintlobo zengca zonyaka ubukhulu becala.
I-acetochlor (+ isikhuseli)
700/840 iigram/ngelitha
0,7 ukuya ku- 2,7 iltha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma
Iintlobo zengca zonyaka ubukhulu becala.
I-actochlor /-i-atrazine/i-propazine
96/202/202 iigram/ngelitha
3,25 ukuya ku- 7 iiltha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma. Faka kumandlalo wezithole olungiswe kakuhle.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka nezinye iintlobo zengca.
I-acetochlor/i-atrazine/i-simazine (+ isikhuseli)
160/165/165 iigram/ngelitha
3,25 ukuya ku- 7,5 iilitha/ngehektara
Phambi kokuhluma Faka kwangoko kumandlalo wezithole olungiswe kakuhle.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka nezinye iintlobo zengca.
I-scetochlor/atrazine terbuthylazine (nezikhuseli okanye ngaphandle kwazo). Imixube emininzi
125/187,5/187.5 iigram/ngelitha
2.75 ukuya ku- 5 iiltha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka nezinye iintlobo zengca.
I-alachlor
480 iigram/ngelitha
3,2 to 4 iilithal/ngehektarea
Phambi kokuhluma. Faka kwangoko kumandlalo wezithole olungiswe kakuhle Zingekapheli iintsuku ezimbini.
Iintlobo zengca zonyaka ubukhulu becala.
I-alachlor/atrazine
Imixube emininzi
336/144 iigram/ngelitha 
5,5 iilitha /ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma. Faka kwangoko kumandlalo wezithole olungiswe kakuhle Hayi kwimihlaba yodongwe olungaphantsi kwi-16%.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka nezinye iintlobo zengca.
I-ametryn
500 iigram/ngelitha
2,5 ukuya ku- 3 iilitha/ngehektarea
Emva kokuhluma. KwaZulu-Natal kuphela.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka nezinye iintlobo zengca..
I-atrazine
Imixube emininzi kunye nezinye izithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo.
500 iigramu/ngelitha
2,5 ukuya ku- 5 iilitha/ngehektare
Faka kukhula olukhula ngenene.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka ubukhulu becala. 
Atrazine/cyanazine
250/250 iigram/ngelitha
2,25 ukuya ku- 4,25 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma okanye kwangoko emva kokuhluma.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka ubukhulu becala
i-bromoxynil
225 iigram/ngelitha
1,5 ukuya ku- 2 iilitha/ngehektare
Faka xa ukhula seluhlume ngokupheleleyo.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka ubukhulu becala
i-2-4D (ityuwa ye-dimethylamine)
480 iigram/ngelitha
2,7 ukuya ku- 5,4 iilitha/ngehektare 
Faka kwiintsuku ezi- 5 ukuya kwiintsuku ezi-6 emva kokutyala kumandlalo wezithole ofumileyo.
Ukhula lwamagqabi amakhulu lonyaka ubukhulu becala.
i-EPTC (+ isikhuseli)
720 iigram/ngelitha
2 ukuya ku- 4 iilitha/ngehektare
Faka kumandlalo wezithole olungiswe kakuhle uze udibanise nomhlaba.
Iintlobo zengca zonyaka ubukhulu becala, ii-nutsedge ezityheli nezimfusa.
i-metolchlor (+ isikhuseli)
915 iigram/ngelitha
0,75 iilitha/ngehektare
Phambi kokuhluma. Faka kumandlalo wezithole olungiswe kakuhle kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokutyala.
Iintlobo zengca zonyaka ubukhulu becala, ii-nutsedge ezityheli.
Njengoko kubonakala kule mizekelo imbalwa asiyonto inokwenzeka ukuba umlimi abe yincutshe kuyo yonke imixube emitsha yemichiza. Ngaphezu koko, umlimi makenze uhlalutyo ngokuphathelene nokuba ngowuphi obalaseleyo anokuwufaka kwaye awufake ngesixa esichanekileyo kumhlaba othile entsimini eneengxaki zokhula ezifana zodwa. Yiba soloko uzidibanisa nomntu oyingcali kwizifundo zemichiza etshabalalisa ukhula. 
