




JUSTICE COLLEGE
LIKOLISHI LETEBULUNGISWA
















IMANUWALI YEBAHOLI BENDZABUKO MAYELANA NEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU










LiKolishi leTebulungiswa, Sakaposi X659, Pitoli, 0001, Ningizimu Afrika Inombolo yelucingo (012) 481 2892 Inombolo yefeksi (012) 481 2864





EMALUNGELO ELUNTFU ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA

LOKUCUKETFWE

1.	SINGENISO	

	SIBUTSETELO SEMLANDVO WELISIKO LEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA

	IMICULU YAMHLABAWONKHE

	IMICULU YEMAVE ETIGODZI

	IMICULU YAVELONKHE

	TIGAMEKO LETIHOLELE EKWEMUKELWENI KWEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU: ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA

2.	INCHAZELO YEMATHEMU

      NGABE AYINI EMALUNGELO ELUNTFU?

      NGABE UYINI UMTSETFOSISEKELO?

      NGABE IYINI INTSANDVO YELINYENTI?

      IMIGOMO YENTSANDVO YELINYENTI

      KUMBANDZAKANYEKA KWETAKHAMUTI

      KULINGANA

      KUBEKETELELANA KUTEPOLITIKI

      KUTIPHENDVULELA

      KUBA SELUBALA

      LUKHETFO LOLUVAMILE, LOLUKHULULEKILE NALOLUNEBULUNGISWA

      LUCWEBU LWEMALUNGELO

      KWEHLUKANISWA KWEMANDLA EMBUSO

      LUHLELO LWEMACEMBU-NYENTI

      KUBUSA KWEKUSEBENTA KWEMTSETFO

      EMALUNGELO LATSITE

      KULINGANA

      EMALUNGELO ETENHLALAKAHLE NETEMNOTFO

      EMALUNGELO ETEMASIKO
      LULWIMI NEMASIKO

      EMALUNGELO NEMITFWALO

5.	KUNCISHISWA KWEMALUNGELO

      TIBONELO TEKUNCISHISWA KWEMALUNGELO

IMITFWALO LEHAMBISANA NESIGABA SEKUNCISHISWA KWEMALUNGELO

6.	EMACEMBU LASENGCUPHENI

	BANTFWANA

	LABASIKATI

	BANTFU LABAKHUBATEKILE

	UMVOTI

	BASEBENTI

7.	KUCECESHWA NGAPHASI KWENGCIKITSI YETENHLALAKAHLE

	IMISEBENTI YEKUBONELA LICALA LINYE KUPHELA

	YETAMA KUTSI UVISISE KUCALA BESE UYAVISISWA

8.	KUNGCUBUTANA KWEMALUNGELO


9.	KUVIKELWA KWEMALUNGELO ETFU

	KUVIKELWA NGALOKUNGESIKO KWEMTSETFO

	KUVIKELWA NGEKWEMTSETFO

	UMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI

	NGABE LIHHOVISI LEMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI LISEBENTA NJANI?

	NGABE NGUBANI LONGAPHENYWA NGUMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI?

	NGABE YINI UMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI LANGAYIPHENYA?

	NGABE UMUNTFU USIFAKA NJANI SIKHALATO KUMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI?

      NGABE UKHONA LOMUNYE LONGASILALELA SIKHALATO SAMI?

      NGABE KUBITA MALINI KUTFOLA LUSITO KUMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI?

      LOKO UMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI LANGEKE AKUPHENYE

      LIKHOMISHANI LEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU

LIKHOMISHANI LEKUTFUTFUKISWA NEKUVIKELWA KWEMALUNGELO EMIPHAKATSI YEMASIKO, TENKHOLO NELULWIMI

	LIKHOMISHANI LEKULINGANA NGEBULILI

	UMCWANINGIMABHUKU-JIKELELE

	LIKHOMISHANI LELUKHETFO

	LEMINYE IMITIMBA LETIMELE

	UMTIMBA LOTIMELE WETEKUSAKATA

	LIKHOMISHANI LALABASHA

	LUPHIKO LOLUTIMELE LWETIKHALATO

	INKANTOLO YEMTSETFOSISEKELO

	INKANTOLO NELIKHOMISHANI LEMIBANGO YETEMHLABA

10.	KUMBANDZAKANYEKA KWETAKHAMUTI

	KUHLELA UMKHANKASO MAYELANA NELUDZABA LWEMALUNGELO

	TINYATSELO LOKUMELE TILANDZELWE

12.	SIFINYETO SELUCWEBU LWEMALUNGELO

13.	SIPHETFO

LISIKO LEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA

1.	SINGENISO	

	SIBUTSETELO SEMLANDVO WELISIKO LEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA

	Lolu lucwaningo jikelele lwekutsi ngabe lisiko lemfundvo ngemalungelo eluntfu langena njani eNingizimu Afrika. Ngekutsasiselwa emiculwini yamhlabawonkhe neyetigodzi letitsite, umlandvo wemalungelo eluntfu utfolakala ngekhatsi nangephandle. Ngaphandle kwetihibe letitsite lokuhlangatjetenwe nato kulolucwaningo ngenca yekutsi umcondvo wemalungelo eluntfu usandza kwemukelwa eNingizimu Afrika, lapha kuleSehluko kutawendlalwa loko lokutfolakele uma kuhlolwa imiculu yamhlabawonkhe, yetigodzi neyavelonkhe.

	IMICULU YAMHLABAWONKHE

	Tigemegeme bantfu labahlangabetana nato ngesikhatsi semPhi yeMhlaba yesiBili taholela iNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene kutsi itsatse sincumo sekuvakalisa kutibophelela kwayo ekwemukelweni nasekuvikelweni kwemalungelo eluntfu. Lenhlangano yacala nga-1946 uma siGungu seNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene sisukumisa luCwebu lweNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene. Sendvulelo saloluCwebu besicinisekisa ?litsemba kumalungelo eluntfu, esitfuntini naseligugwini lebantfu, kumalungelo lalinganako alabadvuna nalabasikati?.

	INingizimu Afrika, njengelive belililunga ladlala indzima lesembili kuloluCwebu ngobe Ndvunankhulu weNingizimu Afrika, Jenene Smuts, wadvweba luhlaka lwaloluCwebu. Tigaba taloluCwebu, kuletinye tintfo, tiphocelela iNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene kutsi ?inconote kuhlonishwa kwamhlabawonkhe kwekulandzelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu nenkhululeko lesisekelo kubo bonkhe ngaphandle kwekubandlulula ngebuhlanga, bulili, lulwimi nobe inkholo.?

	Ngekulandzela sigaba 56, bekulindzeleke kutsi onkhe emave langemalunga atawuhlonipha lomculu. Nanobe kunjalo, kuye kwacaca kutsi iNingizimu Afrika ichubeka nekuhlukumeta emalungelo ebantfu. Nanobe iNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene iye yagcizelela sincumo sayo sekutsi kuhambisana nebuntfu kutsi kucedvwe kubandlulula ngebuhlanga, iNyunyani/iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika yachubeka nesento sayo sekuhlukumeta emalungelo eluntfu.

	Lokwenta bekwesekelwe esigabeni 2.7 saloluCwebu lesencabela kungenelela kwesiGungu Jikelele ?etindzabeni tasekhaya? nanobe besitsatfwa njengalesiholela ekuhlukunyetweni ngalokwesabisako kwemalungelo eluntfu. Kwehlukana kweNingizimu Afrika ngekwebuhlanga bekubonakala kungahambisani nemitfwalo lebeyendlalwe ngaphasi kwaloluCwebu, kungaloko-ke nga-1982 iNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene yancuma kuphelisa bonkhe budlelwano bebuncusa neNingizimu Afrika.

	Ekutsatseni lesento lebesingcubutana naloluCwebu, iNingizimu Afrika beyincike etihibeni letimbalwa letaphawulwa kuloluCwebu, njenganati:

* Kungacaci ngekunganiketi mitfwalo
* Kungabi khona kwetindlela tekusebentisa nekujezisa
* Sigaba 2.7 besiletsa kungcubutana emkhatsini kwemalungelo eluntfu nemitfwalo yalawo malungelo, kumave langemalunga njengobe besiniketela ngekutsi, akukho lokucuketfwe kuloluCwebu lwanyalo lokutawugunyata iNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene kutsi ingenelele etindzabeni ikakhulukati letiwela ngaphasi kwemandla asekhaya kunobe nguliphi live nobe lokutawuphocelela emalunga kutsi etfule tindzaba kutsi tisonjululwe ngaphasi kwaloluCwebu lwanyalo, kepha lomgomo angeke unyembenye kusetjentiswa kwetindlela tekusebentisa nekujezisa letimiswe eSehlukweni VII.

Nanobe bekunaleto tihibe, loluCwebu lwadlala indzima lebalulekile ekutfutfukisweni nasekumisweni kabusha kwemazinga netilinganiso temalungelo eluntfu kumhlabawonkhe. Kwenta sibonelo, kunemitimba lembalwa leyasukunyiswa ngaphasi kwekwengamela kweNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene, ekuphumeleliseni imitfwalo yaloluCwebu. Letinyatselo betiteluhlobo lwetimemetelo nobe lwetivumelwano. Titsasiselo tetiVumelwano ticuketse imigomo lebanti yekucinisekisa kutsi letivumelwano tisemtsetfweni. Umculu wekucala lowemukelwa nga-1948 kwaba siMemetelo saMhlabawonkhe semaLungelo eLuntfu. Lomculu wemukelwa ngemave langemalunga langu-48 kumalunga langu-56, njengobe langu-8 lokufaka ekhatsi iNingizimu Afrika akhetsa kungabi yincenye yeluhlelo lwekwemukelwa. Nanobe kunjalo lomculu uye wazuza kwemukelwa lokubanti emikhakheni yasekhaya neyamhlabawonkhe njengalohlahla indlela. Kwengeta lapho, uye wabonisa kusetjentiswa ngalokubonakalako kwembono weNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene mayelana nesimemetelo. Lombono ucaciswe kumemorandamu leyashicilelwa kabanti letfolakala ehhovisi letiNdzaba teTemtsetfo letsi ?ngekubona kuba sembili (lokukhulu) nekubaluleka kwesimemetelo, singatsatfwa njengalesinelidvosi egameni lemtimba lesiwemukelako, ngekulindzela lokukhulu kutsi emalunga emphakatsi wamhlabawonkhe atawutfobela. Ngalokulandzelako, ngekubona kutsi lokulindzela kuyatsakaselwa ngekwenta kwemBuso, simemetelo, ngekwelisiko nemkhuba, singemukelwa njengalesihlahla indlela yemitsetfomgomo lebopha yonkhe imibuso. Kuze kuphunyeleliswe kuba semtsetfweni kwesiMemetelo saMhlabawonkhe semaLungelo eLuntfu, siVumelwano saMhlabawonkhe mayelana nemaLungelo emiPhakatsi netePolitiki kanye nesiVumelwano mayelana nemaLungelo eTemnotfo, Tenhlalakahle neTemasiko temukelwa yiNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene ngenhloso lecacile yekuhumusha lencenye lengenasibopho yalesimemetelo kutsi ibe tilinganisomtsetfo letatiwa ngalokwetayelekile kutsi ?tiluCwebu lwemaLungelo amhlabawonkhe?. Loku kwemukelwa yiNingizimu Afrika kamuva nga-1962. Kuvikelwa lokwengetiwe kwemalungelo eluntfu kwangeniswa ngekutfutfukiswa kwemiculu yetigodzi njengesiVumelwano sabeYurophu nga-1950 kutsi kuvikelwe emalungelo eluntfu kanye nenkhululeko lesisekelo. Lokucuketfwe esiVumelwaneni saseYurophu kwacala kwemukelwa eNingizimu Afrika kuluCwebu lwemaLungelo lwaseBophuthatswana. Nanobe kunjalo lomcondvo awuzange wemukelwe nguHulumende wangaphambilini waseNingizimu Afrika lobekanesandla lesingetulu sekwengamela tabelo.

	IMICULU YEMAVE ETIGODZI

	Kusukela kuloku lokubhalwe ngenhla kuyacaca kutsi lisiko lemalungelo eluntfu bekumele litfutfuke ngekulandzela timiso teluCwebu lweNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene. Kwenta sibonelo, sigaba 56 sitsi emalunga atibophelela ekutsatseni tinyatselo letihlanganisele naletitimele ekubambisaneni nenhlangano kuze kutawuzuzwa tinhloso letendlalwe esigabeni 55. ENingizimu Afrika kutfutfukiswa kwemaLungelo eLuntfu kwatsikameteka ngenca yeluhlelo lwekubusa kwebacindzeteli, ngaloko-ke iNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene ngasekucaleni yehluleka emitameni yayo yekuphocelela iNingizimu Afrika kutsi igucule tinchubomgomo tayo tebuhlanga yadzimate lenhlangano yamisa lunswinyo nga-1982. Ngaleso sikhatsi lisiko lemalungelo eluntfu lakwati kutsi lichubekele embili e-Afrika ngalesikhatsi iNhlangano yeluBumbano we-Afrika isukumisa luCwebu lwe-Afrika nga-1961.

	Nanobe loluhlelo lwaba semuva ngesikhatsi lesiminyaka lengu-20, kusukela ekudvwetjweni kwekucala, kwemukelwa kwalomculu nga-1981 njengeluCwebu lweBanjuli kwaba yimphumelelo lenkhulu yenhlangano lebeyibukelele kwemukelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu e-Afrika. Intfo lebeyivelele yalomculu kwaba kwemukelwa ?kwemalungelo eluntfu? lokubonisa kutibophelela ekusabalaliseni lomcondvo wemalungelo eluntfu. Loku kucaciswe kusendvulelo salolucwebu lapho kuphawulwa khona sibophelelo lesitsetfwe ngemave langemalunga kutsi ?azuze imphilo lencono yebantfu base-Afrika?. Lesibophelelo saniketa incabhayi kuNingizimu Afrika ngenca yekutsi beyisengakacali kwemukela nekuvikela emalungelo eluntfu. Loludzaba belumayelana nekuhlanganisa emalungelo eluntfu njengobe endlalwe kuloluCwebu lwe-Afrika kanye nalawo malungelo emuntfu ngamunye laphakanyiswa kumiculu yamhlabawonkhe. Ngaloko-ke kuye kwacaca kutsi iNingizimu Afrika kumele ibambisane ekwemukelweni kwemalungelo eluntfu ngembi kwekusetjentiswa kweluCwebu lwe-Afrika eNingizimu Afrika.

	Lencabhayi yatsatfwa yinhlangano yebaMeli bemaLungelo eLuntfu, leyasukunyiswa eNingizimu Afrika, nga-1979. Inhloso yayo lesembili bekukuvikela nekucinisa emalungelo eluntfu, ngekuhambisana nekubusa kwekusebenta kwemtsetfo nekuphatfwa kwebulungiswa kanye nekuvikelwa kwetinkhululeko letisisekelo ngekulandzela siMemetelo saMhlabawonkhe semaLungelo eLuntfu. Nga-1987, luphiko lolusebenta ngesikhatsi lesigcwele lwasukunyiswa kutsi lutawusomela imikhankaso yekuvikelwa nekuphunyeleliswa kwemalungelo lasisekelo. Lelicembu laba nemphumelelo lenkhulu eNingizimu Afrika ngendlela yekutsi masinyane-nje kwabonakala kutsi ingucuko yetemtsetfosisekelo ayisenako kungaphumeleli, ngekwenhloso yekuvikela emalungelo eluntfu.

	IMICULU YAVELONKHE

	Ngembi kweMtsetfosisekelo wesiKhashana wanga-1993, incindzetelo yekwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu eNingizimu Afrika yafakwa ngekwemiculu yamhlabawonkhe, yetigodzi neyavelonkhe. Lemiculu bekungunayi: luCwebu lweNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene, siMemetelo saMhlabawonkhe semaLungelo eLuntfu, luCwebu lwe-Afrika, luCwebu lweNhlangano yaKhongolose ye-Afrika (African National Congress) nemikhankaso yetemfundvo lebeyichutjwa yinhlangano yebaMeli bemaLungelo eLuntfu. Incindzetelo yamhlabawonkhe yekusatjalaliswa kwemandla, lokukucitfwa kwembuso welubandlululo, yaholela eluhlelweni lwengucuko yetemtsetfosisekelo leyagcina ngekuba khona kwephalamende yandlu-ntsatfu nga-1983. Loku kwaba timphawu tekucala tekuwa kwesikhatsi lebesilukhuni sekumelana nemalungelo eluntfu, ngaloko-ke nga-1987 iBophuthatswana yetama kungenisa luCwebu lwemaLungelo ngekwemlandvo eNingizimu ne-Afrika. INingizimu Afrika masinyane-nje yabona kutsi kulwa neluntfu angeke kuyibuyisele sitfunti neligunya layo, kungaloko-ke yacala kufuna emamodeli emtsetfosisekelo lomusha labewutawufaka ekhatsi kwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu. Ngaloko-ke nga-1986 iNdvuna yeTebulungiswa (Coetze JH), yakhetsa liKhomishani leMtsetfo eNingizimu Afrika kutsi liphenye ngekuvikelwa kwemalungelo. Ngaleso sikhatsi, licembu lebameli lebelimelene nelubandlululo (iNational Association of Democratic Lawyers) labona kutsi lente tiphakamiso tengucuko yetemtsetfosiskelo kepha inchubomgomo yaVelonkhe ayizange itinake timfuno tebantfu lase liyalela liKhomishani leMtsetfo eNingizimu Afrika kutsi lifake letinye timiso leluCwebu lweNkhululeko (Freedom Charter) kanye neluCwebu lweBanjuli (Banjul Charter).

	Inkholelo yekwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu yaze yaphumelela ngemuva kwenkhulumo ledvumile yeMengameli De Klerk (uMengameli wekugcina wesiKhatsi seluBandlululo). Watsi, ?hulumende uyawemukela umgomo wekwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo lasisekelo lokungumgogodla wetemtsetfosisekelo kuwo onkhe emave entsandvo yelinyenti enshonalanga. Siyakwemukela futsi, kutsi indlela lesebenta kahle yekuvikelwa kwalamalungelo ibekwe esimemetelweni semalungelo lacinisekiswa yinkantolo letimele?. Waphindze wenta lubito lwekutsi liKhomishani leMtsetfo eNingizimu Afrika letfule umbiko walo mayelana neluCwebu lwemaLungelo loluhlongotwako. Ngemuva kwetinkhulumiswano letindze tawo onkhe emacembu lanenshisekelo kusukela nga-1991, nanobe taba nekumiswa nga-1992 ngenca yelutfutfuva kaZulu-Natali, uMtsetfosisekelo wesikhashana weta nemagugu lamatsatfu labalulekile nga-1993, lokungunawa:

* Kuphakama kweMtsetfosisekelo kunayo yonkhe imitsetfo
* Intsandvo yelinyenti, kanye
* Nekuvikelwa tinkantolo kwemalungelo lasisekelo.

Ngaloko-ke emalungelo eluntfu agcina emukelekile, avikelekile futsi asetjentiswa eNingizimu Afrika futsi acinisekiswa kuMtsetfosisekelo kusukela nga-1993. KuloMtsetfosisekelo wanyalo, sigaba 7(1) sitsi ?LoluCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntfu lusisekelo sentsandvo yelinyenti eNingizimu Afrika. Luvikela emalungelo abo bonke bantfu eveni lakitsi luphindze lucinise emagugu entsandvo yelinyenti esitfunti sebuntfu, kulingana kanye nenkhululeko. Kepha kuvikeleka sekukonkhe kuniketwa sigaba 8 sona lesitsi luCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntu lusebenta kuyo yonkhe imitsetfo fusi lubopha sishayamtsetfo, sigungu lesengamele kanye netinkantolo uma lucatsaniswa nemtsetfosisekelo wangaphambilini lobewutsi iphalamende ngiyo lephakeme kunemitsetfo yonkhe. Ekugcineni, umtsetfosisekelo ubukene netihibe tekwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu. Kuze kutawucinisekiswa kusetjentiswa, umtsetfosisekelo uphindze waniketela ngekutimela kwetinkantolo kanye neNkantolo yeMtsetfosisekelo netindlela tekuvikela, njengaletinye tinkantolo nemakhomishani.

	Ekugcineni, lolucwaningo jikelele lolungenhla luye lwabonisa umphumela logcame ngalokucacile wemiculu yamhlabawonkhe, yetigodzi neyavelonkhe yekucinisekisa lisiko lemalungelo eluntfu eNingizimu Afrika. Nanobe uMtsetfosisekelo kungasho kutsi awunamaphutsa nobe tinkinga tekucalisa, ukwatile kubukana netigemegeme lebetihlangabetana nebantfu bakitsi ngaphasi kwembuso wangaphambilini. Kwengeta lapho timiso tawo tenkhululeko yekuveta luvo lwakho tiye tanconota umkhankaso webantfu wekwati emalungelo abo, kungaloko-ke loko kucinisekisiwe ngaphasi kwetinhlelo letikhona temfundvo lesisekelo yemalungelo emuntfu kuze kutsi kutawuchubeka kucinisekiswa kusetjentiswa kweluCwebu lwemaLungelo.

	TIGAMEKO LETIHOLELE EKWEMUKELWENI KWEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU: ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA

	ENingizimu Afrika, bekunekuhlukunyetwa kwemalungelo eluntfu netigemegeme lebekwentiwa nguhulumende welubandlululo kanye netivumelwano takhe. Siye seva kabanti ngaletinyenti taletintfo ngesikhatsi sekulalelwa kwemacala ngembi kweliKhomishani lemaCiniso nekuBuyisana nobe, tsine, imindeni yetfu, bangani nobe bomakhelwane baye bahlangabetana nalokuhlukunyetwa netigemegeme. Iphalamende beyingetulu kwemtsetfo, ngetulu kwako konkhe, futsi beyiphasisa imitsetfo yencindzetelo, lebeyivunyelwa tinkantolo lebetingenako kutimela. Ngenca yaloko, tinhlangano letinyenti lebetimelene nelubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika tadvweba luCwebu lweNkhululeko kantsi lolucwebu lwaba ngumculu wekucala lobalulekile wemaLungelo eLuntfu, lowatfola kwesekelwa ebantfwini labanyenti baseNingizimu Afrika. Ngenca yaloko, uma iNingizimu Afrika ishicilela tiNkhombandlela teMtsetfosisekelo wayo mayelana neNingizimu Afrika yeNtsandvo yeliNyenti, loluCwebu lwaba yincenye yato.

	Ngemuva kwekuvulwa umlomo kwawo onkhe emacembu etepolitiki kanye nekukhululwa kwalowo bekanguMengameli, Nelson Mandela, kwasukunyiswa uMtsetfosisekelo wesikhashana. Loko kwaba sendlalelo seMtsetfosisekelo lokhona nyalo, longulomunye walesembili emhlabeni wonkhe. UMtsetfosisekelo wetfu wasayinwa nguMengameli Nelson Mandela ngeluSuku lwaMhlabawonkhe lwemaLungelo eLuntfu, 10 Disemba 1996.

	UMtsetfosisekelo wetfu ungumtsetfo lophakeme kunayo yonkhe eveni futsi ufaka ekhatsi luCwebu lwemaLungelo, lolusisekelo sentsandvo yelinyenti eNingizimu Afrika. LuCwebu lwemaLungelo lucinisekisa emalungelo abo bonkhe bantfu eNingizimu Afrika futsi lucinisekisa emagugu entsandvo yelinyenti esitfunti sebuntfu, kulingana nenkhululeko. Ngekucinisekisa lamalungelo hulumende ucinisekisa kutsi takhamuti takhe titawuvikelwa futsi titawuba nenkhululeko yekuphila ngalokufanelekile ngendlela lengaphumeleleka.

2.	INCHAZELO YEMATHEMU

      NGABE AYINI EMALUNGELO ELUNTFU?

	Emalungelo eluntfu ngulawo malungelo wonkhe umuntfu latsatfwa ngekutsi unawo ngenca yekutsi ungumuntfu nangenca yesitfunti semvelo. UmBhishobhi lomKhulu Desmond Tutu uye wachaza emalungelo eluntfu ?njengemalungelo laniketwe nguNkulunkulu, loku-nje futsi kuphela ngenca yekutsi sibantfu. Ayafana kumhlabawonkhe ? wonkhewonkhe, ngisho nanobe ngubani, kungakhatsalekile kutsi ungubani, kungakhatsalekile kutsi unotsile nobe uphuyile, ufundzile nobe akatinaki tintfo, muhle nobe mubi, umnyama nobe umhlophe, uyindvodza nobe ungulomsikati ngesizatfu sekutsi ungumuntfu. NjengemKhristu bengingangeta ngekutsi lowo nalowo unelinani lelingenakulinganiswa ngenca yekutsi wonkhewonkhe ubunjwe ngekwemfanekiso waNkulunkulu. Lowo nalowo utfwele buNkulunkulu kantsi kuphatsa labanye bantfu sengatsi bona banelinani lelingaphasi kukwetfuka Nkulunkulu, kukukhafulela Nkulunkulu ebusweni.?

	Kucabangela lokusisekelo ngukutsi bantfu banemcondvo futsi banesimilo, ngaloko-ke behlukile kuletinye tidalwa emhlabeni. Ngaloko-ke, bantfu banelilungelo lekutfola emalungelo netinkhululeko letitsite, letinye tidalwa letingenako kukujabulela. Kwenta sibonelo, imbongolo angeke ikwati kwala kutfwala umuntfu ngobe ifuna kuphatfwa ngebulungiswa ngekwasemsebentini, njengobe futsi ingeke ikwati kuteleka nobe ishuce ngekuphatsa tincwembe. Nanobe kunjalo, umuntfu anganconota kuvikelwa kwaletinye tilwane, njengekuvinjelwa kwekuhlukunyetwa kwetilwane.

	Ngaloko-ke, emalungelo eluntfu akukalindzeleki kutsi adzimate aniketwe, adliwe njengelifa, atsengwe nobe asetjentelwe. Bantfu batalwa nalamalungelo futsi-ke ngaleyo ndlela achazwa njengemalungelo emvelo, amhlabawonkhe, langenakwehlukaniswa futsi langeke engciselwe kulomunye umuntfu.

      NGABE UYINI UMTSETFOSISEKELO?

	Licoco lemitsetfomgomo nobe timisomtsetfo letibekelwe kulawula kuphatfwa kwanobe ngusiphi sikhungo, live, licembu letenhlalakahle, sikolo nobe lisontfo. Umtsetfosisekelo uniketa inkhombandlela yesikhungo mayelana nekubunjwa, kuphatfwa kanye nemitfwalo. Ucuketse tehluko netigaba, kwenta sibonelo uMtsetfosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika unetehluko letilishumi nane, tigaba letingemakhulu lamabili lanemashumi lamane nantsatfu, emashejuli lasikhombisa kanye netihlomelo letine. Kuleso naleso sigaba kwendlalwe timiso teMtsetfo ngalokucacile ngendlela yetigatjana. Kunelihumusho lelicacisiwe lekutsi ngabe imitsetfo yakhiwa njani kanye netehluko letehlukahlukene teMtsetfosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika Nombolo 108 wanga-1996.

	Kuze kuvisiseke kahle kubaluleka kweMtsetfosisekelo losebentako njenganyalo kuniketwe lingemuva lemlandvo lomfishane mayelana neMtsetfosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika, kuze kutawuboniswa emaphuzu lasembili etimphawu talowo nalowo Mtsetfosisekelo. Kwenta sibonelo:

	1910 ? uMtsetfosisekelo weNyunyani yeNingizimu Afrika watiwa njengeMtsetfosisekelo wekucala locaba kutimela kweNyunyani kusukela ekubusweni ngubeBhrithani futsi tonkhe takhamuti temukelwa. Leso naleso sifundza besinePhalamende yaso, sibonelo iKapa (Cape of Good Hope), iFuleyisitata (Orange Free State), iNatali (Natal) kanye neNtilasifali (Transvaal).

	1961 ? uMtsetfosisekelo weRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika wacaba kuhlangana kwaletifundza letine kutsi tibumbe iRiphabhulikhi kepha bekunetimphawu tekungamelelwa kwaletinye tinhlanga ePhalamende.

	1984 ? uMtsetfosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika wacaba indlela lecondze ekumeleleni njengobe bekwatiwa njengePhalamende yaNdlu-ntsatfu (Tricameral Parliament), lapho labamhlophe, emakhaladi nemaNdiya bekasePhalamende kantsi bantfu labamnyama bona baniketwe tabelo lebetatiwa ngetabelo teTBVC (iTranskei, iBophuthatswana, iVenda neCiskei).

	1993 ? uMtsetfosisekelo wesiKhashana Nombolo 200 lobewuniketela ngeluCwebu lwemaLungelo lwekucala eNingizimu Afrika, ngaloko-ke uniketela ngekwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwato tonkhe takhamuti taseNingizimu Afrika.

	1996 ? uMtsetfosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika. Loku kutfutfukiswa nekunconotwa kweMtsetfosisekelo wesiKhashana lophawulwe ngenhla lowaletsa letingucuko letikhona nyalo emlandvweni weNingizimu Afrika nobe kwemukelwa nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo ebantfu ngekulandzela emagugu entsandvo yelinyenti ekulingana, sitfunti sebuntfu kanye nenkhululeko lokuniketwe luCwebu lwemaLungelo lolucuketfwe eSehlukweni 2 seMtsetfosisekelo wanyalo.

      
NGABE IYINI INTSANDVO YELINYENTI?

	Nguhulumende webantfu lophetfwe bantfu futsi baphatsele bantfu.
	Leligama ledemokhrasi lisuselwa egameni lesiGriki lelitsi demos lelisho bantfu kanye nakraits lelisho ligunya.

	Ngaloko-ke nguhulumende losuselwa egunyeni lebantfu. ENingizimu Afrika emagugu lamatsatfu entsandvo yelinyenti, lokungunawa, kulingana, sitfunti sebuntfu kanye nenkhululeko asisekelo sentsandvo, bese ngaloko uMtsetfosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika utsatfwa njengalome wavelela emhlabeni wonkhe. Imigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti, leyacala yavakaliswa kuMtsetfosisekelo wesiKhashana ngiyo leholele kulomehluko emkhatsini kwemitsetfosisekelo yangaphambilini kanye nalowo lokhona nyalo. Lemigomo ngulena:

* Kuphakama kwemtsetfosisekelo kunayo yonkhe imitsetfo
* luCwebu lwemaLungelo
* kwehlukaniswa kwemandla ekuphatsa
* tiNkantolo letitiMele
* luKhetfo lolukhululekile, lolunebulungiswa nalolubanjwa njalo
* kutiphendvulela
* kulingana
* luhlelo lwebucembu-nyenti
* kubeketelelana kutepolitiki kanye
* nekumbandzakanyeka kwetakhamuti

      IMIGOMO YENTSANDVO YELINYENTI

	Lemigomo nobe lamagugu amicondvo letsatfwa bantfu labanyenti njengalebalulekile macondzana nentsandvo yelinyenti. Iphindze futsi ibitwe ?njengetimphawu tenkhombandlela? yentsandvo yelinyenti ngobe uma siyibona, itimphawu tekutsi lelive lisendleleni lecondze entsandvweni yelinyenti. Lemigomo nobe letimphawu tenkhombandlela esikhatsini lesinyenti iba yincenye yeMtsetfosisekelo nobe luCwebu lwemaLungelo eveni lelibuswa ngekwentsandvo yelinyenti. Emave lamanyenti labuswa ngekwentsandvo yelinyenti ayayesekela lemigomo lefanako futsi lesisekelo.

	Ngabe ngutiphi ?timphawu tenkhombandlela? lokumele sitibone uma iNingizimu Afrika isendleleni leya embusweni wentsandvo yelinyenti?

      
KUMBANDZAKANYEKA KWETAKHAMUTI

	Tonkhe takhamuti kumele tikwati futsi tibe nelilungelo nemtfwalo wekumbandzakanyeka kuhulumende kanye nasemphakatsini jikelele. Lolu ngulolunye lwetimphawu tenkhombandlela letibaluleke kakhulu tentsandvo yelinyenti. Kumbandzakanyeka kwetakhamuti kufaka ekhatsi kumela lukhetfo, kuvota elukhetfweni, kwatiswa, kuba nenkhulumo-mphikiswano ngetindzaba letitsite, kuhambela imihlangano yemphakatsi nobe yetakhamuti, kujoyina tinhlangano letingekho ngaphasi kwahulumende nobe letinye tinhlangano emphakatsini wakini, kukhokhela tindleko tentsela, kushuca, kuhambisa tincwembe, njll. Kumbandzakanyeka kusho kutsi bantfu bafaka ligalelo emiphakatsini yabo kanye nasekubusweni kwemiphakatsi yabo.

	Tinzuzo tekumbandzakanyeka kwetakhamuti ngunati:

* kucinisekisa kutsi baholi abasebentisi emandla abo kabi
* kugcina hulumende asesimeni sekwati tifiso temphakatsi kancono
* kuniketa takhamuti litfuba lekufaka ligalelo ekubusweni kwelive futsi
* hulumende utsatsa tincumo letinelwati ngetimfuno temphakatsi.

      KULINGANA

	Intsandvo yelinyenti isho kutsi bonkhe bantfu bayalingana. Kulingana kusho kutsi bonkhe bantfu baphatfwa ngekulingana futsi baniketwa ematfuba lalinganako. Kumele kube nekungabandlululi bantfu ngenca yebuhlanga, inkholo, bulili, inkholelo yekutsandzana, njalo njalo. Ngaphasi kwentsandvo yelinyenti bantfu banelilungelo lekugcina nekusebentisa emasiko, tilwimi kanye netinkholelo tabo.

      KUBEKETELELANA KUTEPOLITIKI

	Imiphakatsi yentsandvo yelinyenti inekubeketelelana kutepolitiki. Loku kusho kutsi nanobe linyenti lebantfu kungilo lelibusako ngaphasi kwentsandvo yelinyenti, emalungelo elidlanzana nawo ayavikelwa. Wonkhewonkhe kumele avunyelwe kutsi avete umbono wakhe nekutsi batihlelele emacembu abo etepolitiki. Umphakatsi waseNingizimu Afrika ucuketse bantfu labavela emasikweni, etinhlangeni, etinkholweni kanye nasebuveni lobehlukahlukene labanemibono leyehlukene. Umphakatsi wentsandvo yelinyenti uyakuvumela lokwehlukahlukana kutsi kuvetwe. Bantfu kumele bahloniphe lilungelo lalabanye bantfu lekuveta umbono wabo. Kubamba inkhulumo-mphikiswano nekucocisana ngetindzaba kuyincenye lebalulekile yentsandvo yelinyenti.

      KUTIPHENDVULELA

	Ngaphasi kwentsandvo yelinyenti, tiphatsimandla letikhetfwe bantfu kumele tibe nekutiphendvulela kulabo bantfu. Loku kusho kutsi banekutiphendvulela macondzana netento tabo. Tiphatsimandla kumele titsatse tincumo futsi tichube umsebenti wato ngekulandzela intsandvo netifiso tebantfu, hhayi tabo.

      KUBA SELUBALA

	Hulumende kanye netiphatsimandla takhe kumele bavulekele umphakatsi mayelana naloko labakwentako. Hulumende loselubala ubamba imihlangano yemphakatsi futsi uvumela takhamuti kutsi tite kuleyo mihlangano. Uvumela bemitfombo yetindzaba kutsi batfole imininingwane mayelana netincumo ngaphandle kwebumatima futsi nangaphandle kwekwetama kugodla lokutsite mayelana nekutsi ngubani lotsetse sincumo kanye netizatfu taleto tincumo.

LUKHETFO LOLUVAMILE, LOLUKHULULEKILE NALOLUNEBULUNGISWA

	Lolunye lwetimphawu tenkhombandlela yentsandvo yelinyenti lukhetfo loluvamile, lolukhululekile nalolunebulungiswa. Lapha kulapho takhamuti tikwati khona kukhetsa bantfu letifisa kutsi batibuse. Lukhetfo kumele luchubeke ngendlela lekhululekile nalenebulungiswa, ngaphandle kwekwesatjiswa, inkhohlakalo kanye netinsongo kutakhamuti ngesikhatsi nobe ngembi kwesikhatsi selukhetfo.

      LUCWEBU LWEMALUNGELO

	Emave lamanyenti entsandvo yelinyenti aneluCwebu lwemaLungelo kutsi kuvikelwe bantfu macondzana nekusetjentiswa kabi kwemandla. LuCwebu lwemaLungelo luluhlu lwemalungelo kanye netinkhululeko leticinisekisiwe kubo bonkhe bantfu labaseveni. Uma luCwebu lwemaLungelo luba yincenye yeMtsetfosisekelo welive, tinkantolo tinemandla ekuphumelelisa lawo malungelo. LuCwebu lwemaLungelo lunciphisa emandla ahulumende futsi lungaphindze lwetfwese imitfwalo ebantfwini nasetinhlanganweni.

      KWEHLUKANISWA KWEMANDLA EKUPHATSA

	Ngaphasi kwentsandvo yelinyenti kumele kube netindlela letivimbela siphatsimandla lesikhetsiwe nobe licembu lebantfu kutsi lisebentise emandla kanye nemali yahulumende kabi. Lokunye kusetjentiswa kabi kwemandla lokuvamile yinkhohlakalo. Inkhohlakalo yenteka uma tiphatsimandla tahulumende tisebentisa timali temphakatsi kutsi kuzuze tona nobe tisebentise emandla ato ngendlela lengekho emtsetfweni.

	Kunetindlela letehlukahlukene tekuvikela bantfu mayelana nekusetjentiswa kabi kwemandla. ENingizimu Afrika hulumende wakhiwe ngekwetinhlangotsi letintsatfu: sishayamtsetfo, luphiko lwetekwengamela, neluphiko lwetemtsetfo (tinkantolo). Lesakhiwo sinciphisa emandla etiphatsimandla kuletinhlangotsi letehlukahlukene. Tinkantolo titimele.

      LUHLELO LWEBUCEMBU-NYENTI

	Ngaphasi kwentsandvo yelinyento emacembu langetulu kwalinye kumele afake sandla elukhetfweni futsi adlale indzima kuhulumende. Luhlelo lwebucembu-nyenti luvumela licembu nobe emacembu lahluleke elukhetfweni kutsi abe licembu leliphikisa lelicembu leliphumelele lukhetfo. Loku kusita hulumende kutsi abone letinye tinhlangotsi letehlukene etindzabeni. Luhlelo lwebucembu-nyenti luphindze lunikete bavoti kutikhetsela labo labamela lukhetfo, emacembu kanye netinchubomgomo tekutivotela ngesikhatsi selukhetfo. Esikhatsini lesinyenti, uma live linelicembu linye, umphumela kuvamise kuba ngundlovu-kayiphikiswa.

      KUBUSA KWEKUSEBENTA KWEMTSETFO

	Ngaphasi kwentsandvo yelinyenti akukho umuntfu longetulu kwemtsetfo, sisho nenkhosi nobe uMengameli lokhetsiwe. Loku kubitwa ngekutsi kubusa kwekusebenta kwemtsetfo. Kusho kutsi wonkhewonkhe kumele ahloniphe umtsetfo futsi abe nekutiphendvulela uma ephule umtsetfo. Intsandvo yelinyenti isho kutsi umtsetfo kumele usetjentiswe ngekulingana, ngebulungiswa nangekufana.

      EMALUNGELO LASEMBILI

	Nanobe onkhe emalungelo lakulucwebu lwemalungelo abalulekile, kwentiwe umtamo wekugcizelela kulawo malungelo latsintsa bantfu nobe lahlose kubeka embili lamagugu lamatsatfu entsandvo yelinyenti njengobe endlalwe kuMtsetfosisekelo, lokungunawa: kulingana, inkhululeko kanye nesitfunti sebuntfu.
	Lamalungelo lasembili ngunawa:
	Kulingana
      Emalungelo etenhlalakahle netemnotfo; kanye
      Nemalungelo etemasiko.

      
KULINGANA

	Njengobe kuchazwe ngaphambilini, kulingana kungumcondvo wesimilo wekutsi bantfu labasesimeni lesifanako ngetindlela letifanele kumele baphatfwe ngekulingana. Sigaba 9 seMtsetfosisekelo Nombolo 108 wanga-1996 ngalokucacile siniketela ngekutsi:

	?Wonkhewonkhe uyalingana ngembi kwemtsetfo futsi ngalokulinganako unelilungelo lekuvikeleka nekuzuza emtsetfweni.

?Kulingana kufaka ekhatsi kujabulela ngalokugcwele nangalokulinganako onkhe emalungelo netinkhululeko. Kunconota kuzuzwa kwekulingana, kunetindlela tetemtsetfo netalolunye luhlobo letihlose kuvikela nobe kutfutfukisa bantfu nobe emacembu ebantfu, lababekwe esimeni lesibucayi lubandlululo lolungenabulungiswa lokumele titsatfwe.

?Umbuso akumelanga ubandlulule umuntfu ngalokungenabulungiswa ngalokucondzile nobe ngekugegisa ngesizatfu sinye nobe letinyenti, letifaka ekhatsi buhlanga, inkhuliso, bulili, kwemitsa, kutsi umuntfu ushadile nobe akakashadi, kwehlukana kwebantfu ngebuve nobe indzawo yekudzabuka, libala, inkholelo yekutsandzana, budzala, kukhubateka, inkholo, nembeza, intfo umuntfu lakholelwa kuyo, emasiko, lulwimi kanye nekutalwa. 

?Kute umuntfu longabandlula lomunye umuntfu ngalokungenabulungiswa ngalokucondzile nobe ngekugegisa ngesizatfu sinye nobe letinyeti tizatfu letibekwe esigabeni (3). Umtsetfo wavelonkhe kumele ubekwe kuze kuvinjelwe futsi kwencatjelwe lubandlululo lolungenabulungiswa.

?Lubandlululo lolwentiwe ngasinye nobe letinyeti taletizatfu letibekwe esigatjaneni (3) alukalungi ngaphandle uma ngabe kutfolakala bufakazi bekutsi lolo lubandlululo lulungile?.

	Ngekwaletimiso nobe ngekweluCwebu lwemaLungelo onkhana kunesisombululo lesiletfwa ekuphatfweni kwebantfu ngekungalingani eNingizimu Afrika ngesikhatsi selubandlululo. Bantfu bebancishwe emalungelo eluntfu, ikakhulukati labamnyama. Kwenta sibonelo bantfu bebahlangabetana nelubandlululo emsebentini, emakhaya kanye nasemphakatsini ngenca yebuhlanga, bulili, kukhubateka kanye netindzawo tekuhlala. Nanobe lesigaba 9 lesingenhla besiniketela ngekungabandlululwa kunencenye lenkhulu yesive sakitsi lesehlukene lesahlangabetana nekungalingani, kwenta sibonelo labasikati, bantfu labakhubatekile, bantfu labane-HIV ne-AIDS futsi kusenemehluko emazingeni ekuhlala emkhatsini kwebantfu labahlala etindzaweni tasemaphandleni nalabo labahlala etindzaweni tasemadolobheni. Tibonelo letimbalwa tiye taniketwa kutsi kuboniswe lokungalingani nekutsi ngabe iNkantolo yeMtsetfosisekelo iwacubungule njani lawo macala.

      EMALUNGELO ETENHLALAKAHLE NETEMNOTFO

	Sehluko seNhlangano yaMhlabuhlangene semukele emalungelo etenhlalakahle netemnotfo kanye nemalungelo etemasiko njengemalungelo esitukulwane sesibili nga-1945. Kuneluchungechunge lolubanti lwemalungelo etenhlalakahle netemnotfo loluyincenye lesisekelo yemalungelo ekuphila kwebantfu, njengalawa:

* Tindlu tekuhlala
* Kudla
* Umhlaba
* Emanti
* Imfundvo
* Temphilo
* Temisebenti kanye
* Nekuvikeleka kwentenhlalakahle.

UMtsetfosisekelo wakitsi uphindze wafaka ekhatsi:

* Lilungelo lesimondzawo lesiphephile,
* Emalungelo etiboshwa kutsi titfole indzawo yekuhlala lefanele, kondleka, tintfo tekufundza kanye nekwelashwa kwetemphilo.

Esimeni semphilo emalungelo eluntfu ahlangene kakhulu lelinye kulelinye ngobe kuye kwavela masinyane kutsi akunamcondvo kutsi umuntfu abe nemalungelo ekuvota ngaphandle kweluphahla lwekufihla inhloko. Kungaloko-ke esichemeni sekulalela seSpeak Out on Poverty lesabanjwa nga-1999, bantfu babelana ngesipiliyoni sabo mayelana nebuphuya. Loku kwabeka incabhayi kuhulumende mayelana nekutfutfukiswa kwemalungelo etenhlalakahle netemnotfo. Ngaloko-ke, emalungelo etenhlalakahle netemnotfo amayelana nekuniketa bantfu ngetidzingo temphilo letisisekelo, kungaloko inhloso yekucala yaloluhlelo nga-1998 bekukwehlukanisa emkhatsini kwesidzingo nemfuno.

Injongo yalesihloko bekukuhlomisa bantfu mayelana nekutsi ngabe bangababeka njani bocalangaye betidzingo tabo uma kumele bente njalo ngesikhatsi sekwetfulwa kwetinsita tetenhlalakahle netemnotfo. Ngekufaka lamalungelo kuMtsetfosisekelo hulumende ubonise kutibophelela kwakhe ekucedzeni buphuya kanye nekungalingani ngemazinga etenhlalakahle eNingizimu Afrika. Kutibophelela lokwengetiwe kuye kwaboniswa ngekwemukelwa kwesiVumelwano mayelana nemaLungelo eTemnotfo, Tenhlalakahle neTemasiko nga-1998.

      EMALUNGELO ETEMASIKO
      LULWIMI NEMASIKO

	Sigaba 30 seMtsetfosisekelo Nombolo 108 wanga-1997 siniketela ngekutsi:

	?Wonkhewonkhe unelilungelo lekusebentisa lulwimi nekutimbandzakanya emishikashikeni yelisiko latikhetsele lona, kepha kute umuntfu lotawutsakasela lawa malungelo ngendlela lengahambisani nanobe ngusiphi simiso seluCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntfu?.

	Sigaba 31 seMtsetfosisekelo Nombolo 108 wanga-1997 siniketela ngekutsi:

?Bantfu labangemalunga emiphakatsi yemasiko, yetenkholo nobe yelulwimi angeke bencatjelwe lilungelo, nalamanye emalunga aleyo miphakatsi -
lekutsakasela emasiko abo, lekuchuba inkholo yabo kanye nekusebentisa lulwimi lwabo, kanye nelekubumba, lekujoyina nelekugcina tinhlangano naleminye imitimba yemphakatsi lokwesekeleke kumasiko, tenkholo nelulwimi. Lamalungelo lasesigatjaneni (1) angeke atsakaselwa ngendlela lengahambisani nanobe ngusiphi simiso seluCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntfu?.

Totimbili letigaba ticacile kepha kumele tihambisane netimiso teluCwebu lwemaLungelo, ngalamanye emagama angeke tisetjentiswe ngaphandle kwemkhawulo kepha tincishisiwe ngandlela tsite. Kwesibili timiswe ngendlela yekutsi tivikele bantfu labangemalunga elicembu lelulwimi nobe lemasiko.

	Umbuso kanye nebantfu bawo kumele bacaphele kutsi bangatsikameti nobe bahlukumete lilungelo lekutsakasela emasiko ngulamacembu. Ngaphandle kwekwemukelwa kwemasiko lokuniketwe siGaba 27 sesiMemetelo saMhlabawonkhe semaLungelo eLuntfu nga-1948, siVumelwano saMhlabawonkhe mayelana nemaLungelo eTemnotfo, Tenhlalakahle neTemasiko nga-1996, yomibili lemiculu yamhlabawonkhe iye yemukelwa yiNingizimu Afrika, iyasebenta futsi iyasetjentiswa. INingizimu Afrika ngekwehlukahlukana kwemasiko ayo kumele icinisekise kulandzelelwa kwalamasiko ngemtsetfo, kungaloko kunaletigaba letimbili letingenhla. Njengobe kutsakasela emasiko kungamelanga kungcubutane nanobe nguwaphi lamanye emalungelo lakuluCwebu lwemaLungelo, uma kwenteka kube nekungcubutana kumele lamalungelo ahlelenjiswe kutsi ahambisane neluCwebu lwemaLungelo. Kwenta sibonelo, lisiko langaphambilini lelimayelana nekudla lifa ngaphasi kwemtsetfo wendzabuko kuye kwadzingeka kutsi lihlelenjiswe ngaloMtsetfo lokhona weKwemukelwa kwemiShado yeNdzabuko Nombolo 120 wanga-1998. Kwenta sibonelo, lisiko lase-Afrika lemtsetfo wendzabuko lekudla lifa beliniketela ngekutsi ngulabadvuna kuphela labebanelilungelo lekudla imphahla yelifa lemufi, lokusho kutsi kudla lifa bekuhamba ngemzila webudvuna. Umfelokati nebantfwana bekumele bondliwe ngulowo lomdvuna lodle imphahla yelifa nobe basale bangenakondliwa. Lelisiko ngalokucacile belingcubutana nemalungelo eluntfu lasisekelo, kungaloko umtsetfo lokhona nyalo wetendzabuko wesekela kuvikelwa ngumtsetfo ngalokulinganako.

	Emalungelo etemasiko njengawo onkhe emalungelo eluntfu anemitfwalo lahambisana nayo, kwenta sibonelo:

* Bantfu kumele bahloniphe kutsakasa nemikhuba yalabanye bantfu kuze bagweme kungcubutana.
* Umbuso kumele uvumele bantfu kutsi batsakasele imikhuba yemasiko abo ngaphandle uma loku kutsakasa kungahambisani neMtsetfosisekelo.

      EMALUNGELO NEMITFWALO

	Kubaluleke kakhulu, kulo lonkhe luhlelo lwekufaka ligalelo, kutsi bantfu bahloniphe emalungelo alabanye. Loku kusho kuhlonipha emalungelo abo ekuba nembono, ekukhankasela emacembu abo etepolitiki, ekusomela tindzaba tabo (nanobe loku kungahambisani neludzaba lwakho) kuvotela umuntfu labatikhetsele yena njalo njalo.

	Inhloso yaloluhlelo kuphawula imitfwalo/imisebenti lehambisana nalelo nalelo lungelo lelendlalwe kuMtsetfosisekelo. Ngaloko-ke kubalulekile kutsi tonkhe takhamuti taseNingizimu Afrika tijabulele lamagugu lamatsatfu entsandvo yelinyeti njengenkhululeko, kulingana kanye nesitfunti.

	Kunenkhombandlela leniketiwe yembuso kanye netakhamuti tawo njengobe emalungelo asebenta ngekucondzisa kumbuso netakhamuti kanye nakutakhamuti todvwana.

	Lilungelo lekulingana ngembi kwemtsetfo

Umtfwalo wami	:	kuhlonipha labanye bantfu nanobe behlukile kunatsi kanye nekwemukela kutsi bayalingana natsi.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwenta umtsetfo losebenta ngekufana kuwonkhewonkhe kungakhatsalekile kutsi ngabe baluphi luhlanga, umbala, bulili, njalo njalo.

	Lilungelo lekungabandlululwa nganobe nguyiphi indlela

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungakhulumi ngalabanye bantfu ngendlela lenelubandlululo ngobe ubona kutsi bangephasi kwakho ngekubaluleka ngenca yebuhlanga, umbala, bulili, njalo njalo, babo.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwenta imitsetfo lengabandlululi bantfu ngetizatfu tebuhlanga, umbala, bulili, inkholelo yekutsandzana, njalo njalo.

	Lilungelo lemphilo

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungavisi lomunye umuntfu buhlungu ngendlela leba yingoti emphilweni yakhe.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuphasisa imitsetfo levikela timphilo tebantfu.

	Lilungelo lenkhululeko nekuvikeleka kwemuntfu

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungahlukumeti umlingani wami nobe bantfwana bami ngasese ekhaya lami.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kucedza kusetjentiswa kwesihluku ekutfoleni imininingwane ebantfwini.

	Lilungelo lekungagcilatwa nekungasetjentiswa ngenkhani

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungavumeli bantfwana bami kutsi baye bayosebenta uma basesebancane kakhulu.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuphasisa umtsetfo lomisa buncane beminyaka kanye nemiholo yebantfu labasebentako.

	Lilungelo lelingasese

Umtfwalo wami	:	kukokota emnyango wemuntfu ngembi kwekungena.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kugcina imininingwane yebantfu ngabo matfupha iyimfihlo, kwenta sibonelo, umuntfu lomsikatsi lofisa kuhushula sisu kumele akwati kutsi lemininingwane itawugcinwa iyimfihlo.

	Inkhululeko kutenkholo, inkholelo kanye nembono

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungatsikameti nobe kungavimbeli lomunye umuntfu kutsi akhonte ngalendlela atsandza ngayo, kulalela labanye bantfu kanye nekwemukela lilungelo labo lekuba nembono lowehlukile kulowo wami.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvumela bantfu kutsi batsatse emaholide ngemalanga abo etenkholo.

	Inkhululeko yekubeka luvo

Umtfwalo wami	:	kugwema kusabalalisa kutondzana emkhatsini kwebantfu betinhlanga, tinkholo, emacembu etepolitiki lahlukahlukene, njalo njalo.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kungabekeli bemitfombo yetindzaba tihibe uma umbuso ungakutsandzi kusolwa kwahulumende ngubemitfombo yetindzaba.

	Inkhululeko yembutsano, umshuco, kuphatsa tincwembe letibhalwe tikhalo kanye nekubeka ticelo ngekutibhala phasi

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungaphatsi sibhamu nobe sikhali lesiyingoti uma kunemshuco nobe umbutsano.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwenta kuphephe futsi kuvikeleke uma bantfu bafuna kuba nembutsano, kwenta sibonelo, ngekulawula timoto, ngekutfumba tibhamu kanye netikhali.

	Inkhululelo yekuhlanganyela

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungencabeli bantfu enhlanganweni yami ngetizatfu letibandlululako, kwenta sibonelo, ngekwencabela kuvumela bantfu baseShayina enhlanganweni yami.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kungatsikameti tinchubomgomo temacembu etepolitiki, tinyunyane tebasebenti, njll.

	Lilungelo lekwenta kutikhetsela ngekwetepolitiki

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungesabisi bantfu labangemalunga elicembu letepolitiki lelehlukene kunelami.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvumela onkhe emacembu etepolitiki kutsi asebente ngekukhululeka, kuvumela onkhe emacembu etepolitiki linani lesikhatsi lesifanako kutsi avele kuTV.

	Lilungelo lelukhetfo lolukhululekile nalolunebulungiswa

Umtfwalo wami	:	kungaphoceleli nobe ngesabise bantfu kutsi bavotele licembu lami letepolitiki.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvikela bantfu etikhungweni tekuvota ngetekuphepha letifanelekile. Kuniketa tibonelelo tekukhankasa letilinganako kuwo onkhe emacembu etepolitiki laselukhetfweni, kuniketela ngetekutfutsa bantfu labasetindzaweni letikhashane netiteshi telukhetfo.

	Lilungelo lekumela lukhetfo

Umtfwalo wami	:	kuvumela bantfu kutsi bafake tincwembe nemaphosta edolobheni nobe endzaweni yakitsi kanye nekutsi loku ngingakudzabuli.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvumela wonkhewonkhe kutsi abe nelitfuba lekukhankasela licembu lakhe letepolitiki, kuvumela emacembu etepolitiki linani lesikhatsi lesifanako kutsi avele kuTV.

	Lilungelo lekuba takhamuti taseNingizimu Afrika

Umtfwalo wami	:	kwemukela kutsi sonkhe siyalingana njengetakhamuti taseNingizimu Afrika.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwenta imitsetfo lecinile mayelana nekuvumela bantfu bakulamanye emave nalobunye buve kutsi bangene eNingizimu Afrika.

	Inkhululeko yekuhamba nekuhlala

Umtfwalo wami	:	kwemukela nobe ngubani lofika futsi lohlala edvute nami njengamakhelwane.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuniketa emaphasipoti nabomatisi kuto tonkhe takhamuti letifaka ticelo.

Inkhululeko yetekuhweba, umsebenti kanye nemsebenti loceceshelwe

Umtfwalo wami	:	kwemukela kutikhetsela kwebantfu mayelana nekutsi ngabe bafisa kuyenta njani imali yekutiphilisa.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvumela bositolo-siyandzindza nalabo labatsengisa etitaladini kutsi batsengise kepha kuphasiswe imitsetfo yekulawula loko.

	Lilungelo lekuphatfwa ngalokunebulungiswa emsebentini

Umtfwalo wami	:	kuphatsa bantfu labangisebentelako ngebulungiswa, ngibanikete litfuba lekubeka ludzaba lwabo uma basolelwa ngekungasebenti kahle, kubaniketa secwayiso ngembi kwekubacosha, njalo njalo.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwenta kube lula futsi kungabiti kutsi umcashwa afake licala lekumelana nemcashi uma akholelwa ekutseni ucoshwe nobe uphetfwe ngaphandle kwebulungiswa.

	Lilungelo lekubumba nekujoyina inyunyana yebasebenti

Umtfwalo wami	:	kuvumela labanye bantfu lapho lengisebenta khona kutsi bajoyine nobe nguyiphi inyunyani yebasebenti labatikhetsela yona ngaphandle kwekubesabisa.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvumela tonkhe tinyunyani kutsi tibhalise.

	Lilungelo lekuteleka

Umtfwalo wami	:	uma ngitelekile kumele ngivumele labanye bantfu lapho lengisebenta khona kutsi bachubeke nekusebenta uma batikhetsela njalo.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuvikela basebenti labatelekile nanobe loko kungasho kutsi emaphoyisa kumele ente loku.

	Emalungelo emphahla (kungemukwa imphahla yakho ngaphandle uma loko kuhambisana netimfuno temphakatsi)

Umtfwalo wami	:	akumelanga ngakhe umkhukhu ngemuva kwesitandi salomunye umuntfu.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwemukela emalungelo ebantfu ekubuyiselwa umhlaba uma basuswa kuwo ngenkani, kuncephetelisa bantfu uma ngabe bemukwa umhlaba bebahlala kuwo.

	Lilungelo lekufinyelela indlu yekuhlala

Umtfwalo wami	:	uma ngifake sicelo sekubolekwa imali yendlu kumele ngikhokhele sitolimende njalo ngenyanga.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuniketa selekelelo lesisisekelo kanye nemhlaba kutsi bantfu bakhe tindlu;
		Kusebenta nemkhakha wangasese njengemabhangi, kwenta tindlu tekuhlala tifinyeleleke ebantfwini labengetiwe, kukhipha tihibe letenta kube lukhuni kutsi bantfu batfole tikweledu tekutsenga nobe tekwakha tindlu.

	Lilungelo kutemfundvo

Umtfwalo wami	:	kutfumela bonkhe bantfwana bami esikoleni.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwakha tikolo letenele kanye nekuniketa ngebafundzisi labenele kuze wonkhewonkhe atawukwati kuya esikoleni.

	Emalungelo ebantfwana

Umtfwalo wami	:	kondla bantfwana bami, ngingabahlukumeti ngasese ekhaya nobe emphakatsini. Kuniketa luphahla lolungaphumeleleka kutsi ngivikele bantfwana bami.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuniketa ngetinhlelo tekondla kanye nemakhaya ebantfwana labasengcupheni, kuphenya tigameko tekuhlukunyetwa kwebantfwana.

	Lilungelo lekufinyelela lunakekelo lwetemphilo, kudla, emanti kanye nekuvikela kwetenhlalakahle

Umtfwalo wami	:	kunakekela nekuvikela timpompi temanti emphakatsi kanye nekutigcina tisesimeni lesifanele sekusebenta, kungafaki tinsila emifuleni lesetjentiswa bantfu kutsi batfole emanti ekunatsa, kutsi nginganatsi, ngibheme nobe ngidle tidzakamiva kutsi ngivikele imphilo yami, kulahla tinsila tasekhaya ngendlela lefanele khashane nebantfu, kukhokhela tindleko tetinsita teMkhandlu waMasipala.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuniketa tinsita tekutfutsa tinsila letibangela kugula, kuniketa emanti lahlobile lageletako kuyo yonkhe imiphakatsi, kungacoshi bantfu etibhedlela uma badzinga lunakekelo.

	Inkhululeko yelulwimi nemasiko

Umtfwalo wami	:	kuhlonipha emasiko alabanye bantfu kanye nekugwema kubatsikameta ngendlela labanye bantfu benta ngayo tintfo.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kwemukela kutsi tonkhe tilwimi tibalulekile, nekusukumisela onkhe emacembu etilwimi tinhlelo teTV.

	Lilungelo lekufinyeleleka kwemininingwane

Umtfwalo wami	:	kubuta tiphatsimandla tahulumende uma titsatsa tincumo lengingativisisi.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuniketa ngetizatfu mayelana netincumo, kwenta kube malula ebantfwini kutsi batfole imininingwane kutiphatsimandla.

	Lilungelo lesinyatselo setekuphatsa lesinebulungiswa

Umtfwalo wami	:	kubika ngetiphatsimandla locabanga kutsi tisebentise emandla ato kabi kuMvikeli wemPhakatsi.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kutsatsela tiphatsimandla letikhohlakele tinyatselo kanye nekungavikeli tiphatsimandla letisebentise emandla ato kabi.

	Lilungelo lekufinyeleleka kwenkantolo

Umtfwalo wami	:	kusebentisa tinkantolo macondzana nekusombulula kungcubutana, ungatitsatseli umtsetfo etandleni.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kuniketa bameli ngaphandle kwetindleko ebantfwini labasebentisa tinkantolo kutsi bativikele.

	Emalungelo ebantfu lababoshiwe, labavalelwe kanye nalabatfweswe emacala

Umtfwalo wami	:	kwemukela kutsi wonkhewonkhe unelilungelo lekushushiswa ngebulungiswa, kuniketwa ummeli lotommela abe akhokhelwa ngumbuso, kutsi atfole ibheyili, njalo njalo.

Umtfwalo wembuso	:	kutjela bonkhe bantfu kutsi banelilungelo lekutfola ummeli ngetindleko tembuso, kuniketa wonkhewonkhe litfuba lekushushiswa ngebulungiswa, njalo njalo.

5.	KUNCISHISWA KWEMALUNGELO

	Kuncishiswa kuyefana nekuhlukunyetwa. Umtsetfo lonciphisa lilungelo uyalihlukumeta lelo lungelo. Nanobe kunjalo, lokuhlukunyetwa angeke kungahambisani nemtsetfosisekelo uma kwenteka ngesizatfu lesemukelwe njengalesifanelekile sekuhlukumeta emalungelo emphakatsini loselubala newentsandvo yelinyenti lowesekelwe kumagugu lamatsatfu entsandvo yelinyenti (sitfunti sebuntfu, kulingana kanye nenkhululeko). Ngalamanye emagama, akusiko konkhe kuhlukunyetwa kwemalungelo lasisekelo lokungahambisani nemtsetfosisekelo. Uma loko kuhlukumeta kungafaneleka ngekulandzela tindlela letimiswe esigabeni 36 kutawuba ngulokwemukelekile ngekwemtsetfosisekelo.

	Sigaba 36 seMtsetfosisekelo Nombolo 108 wanga-1996 sitsi:

(1)	Emalungelo lakuloluCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntfu angancishiswa kuphela ngekulandzela umtsetfo losentjentiswa ngalokwetayelekile kuphela ngekuya ngekwelizinga lekutsi loko kuncishiswa kunetizatfu letibonakalako futsi kuyemukeleka emphakatsini loselubala newentsandvo yelinyenti lowesekelwe esitfuntini seluntfu, kulingana kanye nenkhululeko, ngekubuketa konkhe lokumcoka, lokufaka ekhatsi -
   (a)	inhlobo yelilungelo;
      (b)	kubaluleka kwenhloso yalokuncishiswa;
(c) inhlobo nelizinga lekuncishiswa;
(d) budlelwano emkhatsini kwekuncishiswa nenhloso yako; kanye
   (e)	nendlela lengakhinyameti kakhulu yekuzuza leyo nhloso.

(2)	Ngaphandle uma kuya njengobe kwendlalwe esigatjaneni (1) nobe kusiphi lesinye simiso seMtsetfosisekelo, akukho umtsetfo longanciphisa nanobe nguliphi lilungelo lelishicilelwe kuloluCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntfu.

	Ngembi kwekukhuluma kabanti ngesigaba sekunciphisa jikelele (sigaba 36) kubalulekile kutsi sisho kutsi lokunciphisa lokufanako kungendlela yetilinganiso netigaba tekunciphisa telikhetselo. Kwenta sibonelo lamanye emalungelo anetimfuneko letibonisa kuncishiswa lokufakwe esigabeni lesitsite seluCwebu lwemaLungelo. Kwenta sibonelo uMtsetfosisekelo wanyalo unekunciphisa kwelikhetselo kuletigaba letilandzelako:

	Tigaba 15(3), 16(2), 17, 22, 23(5) na-(6), 29(4), 31(2) na-32.

	Nanobe kunciphisa kumele kwehlukaniswe esigabeni sekucedza nobe sekumisa, njengesigaba 37 lesisebenta kuphela ngaphasi kwesimo lesibucayi futsi lesivumela kumiswa kwalamanye emalungelo lakusehluko 2 ngaphasi kwetimo letitsite.

	Nanobe emalungelo angasetjentiswa ngalokungenamkhawulo lesinciphiso ngekulandzela sigaba 36 sibeka umtfwalo embusweni kanye nasemphakatsini kutsi kuhlonishwe emalungelo ebantfu ngamunye. Ngalamanye emagama lesigaba asengceli kubaluleka kwemalungelo ebantfu. Ngekusho kwalomunye umbhali Ronald D?workin esiceshini Taking Rights Seriously (1970), emalungelo emuntfu ngamunye angetulu nobe engcela imigomo lehlanganisele. Nanobe umgomo lohlanganisele ungabaluleka kangakanani, angeke ulandzelwe ngendlela lehlukumeta emalungelo emuntfu ngamunye. Nanobe kunjalo, lesigaba sekunciphisa sisitjela kutsi kuluCwebu lwemaLungelo eNingizimu Afrika, nanobe emalungelo angavamisa kuba ngetulu kwemigomo lehlanganisele, tikhona tikhatsi lapho emalungelo kumele adedele timfuno temphakatsi letibaluleke ngalokwedlulele.

	Inchazelo lemfishane yaloko lokushiwo ngaletindlela letibekwe phasi ngekulandzela sigaba 36 ekunciphiseni emalungelo eluntfu.

	(a)	UMtsetfo loSentjentiswa ngalokweTayelekile

	Umtsetfo losentjentiswa ngalokwetayelekile usho umtsetfo losebenta kumhlabawonkhe. Kwenta sibonelo kumele kube ngumtsetfo hulumende laneligunya lawo, njengekubusa kwekusebenta kwemtsetfo. Kwesibili kumele kube ngumtsetfo lohlobile, lofinyelelekako futsi locacile kuze kutsi labo labatsintfwa ngiwo bakwati kucinisekisa lizinga lemalungelo nemitfwalo yabo, kwenta sibonelo uMtsetfo weNchubo ngetebuGebengu Nombolo 51 wanga-1977 njengobe uchitjiyelwe.

	(b)	Tizatfu letibonakalako futsi letemukelekako tekuNcishiswa
      
	Lombandzela udzinga kutsi lokunciphisa kulinganise lilungelo lelisisekelo kuphela ngetizatfu letemukelekile futsi letineluvelo kumagugu entsandvo yelinyenti lasitfunti sebuntfu, kulingana nenkhululeko. Futsi kumele kube kunciphisa lokufinyelela ekuzuzeni inhloso lokumiselwe yona. Kwenta sibonelo, kubopha umsolwa kuhlose kucinisekisa kuba khona kwakhe enkantolo. Uma kutfolakele bufakazi bekutsi umsolwa utawusigcina sibopho sakhe sekuvela enkantolo, nekutsi timfuno/kuvikeleka kwemphakatsi kunakiwe, inhloso yekunciphisa lilungelo lenkhululeko nekuvikeleka ayibe isaba nemandla ekuma. Ngaloko-ke lowo msolwa uniketwa ibheyili kungakapheli ema-awa langemashumi lamane nesiphohlongo ngemuva kwekuboshwa. INkantolo yeMtsetfosisekelo ecaleni la-S v Makwanyane 1995 (3) SA 391 (CC) ibe yinkhomba lebalulekile ekucubunguleni kufaneleka kwekunciphisa, njengobe kutsiwa:
      
	?Kuncishiswa kwemalungelo etemtsetfosisekelo ngenhloso lefanelekile kunesidzingo emphakatsini wentsandvo yelinyenti, lokufaka ekhatsi kulinganisa emagugu lancintisanako, bese ekugcineni kube nekucubungula lokwesekeleke ekucatsaniseni. Loku kucacile kutimiso tesigaba 33(1). Leliphuzu lekutsi emalungelo lehlukene anemiphumela lehlukene macondzana nentsandvo yelinyenti, kantsi mayelana neMtsetfosisekelo wetfu, emphakatsini loselubala newentsandvo yelinyenti lowesekelwe enkhululekweni nekulingana, kusho kutsi angeke kube nelizinga lelingenamkhawulo lelingabekwa kutsi kucutjungulwe kufaneleka nekudzingeka. Imigomo ingasukunyiswa, kepha kusetjentiswa kwaleyo migomo ngaphasi kwetimo letitsite kungaphumelela kuphela ngekuya ngesimo nesimo. Loku kubonakala kakhulu kumfuno yekucatsanisa, ledzinga kutsi kube nekulinganiswa kwetinshisekelo letehlukene. Eluhlelweni lwekulinganisa, tintfo letifanelekile lokumele ticutjungulwe titawufaka ekhatsi luhlobo lwelilungelo lelincishiswako, kanye nekubaluleka kwalo emphakatsini loselubala newentsandvo yelinyenti lowesekelwe enkhululekweni nekulingana, inhloso lelo lilungelo lencishiselwa yona kanye nekubaluleka kwaleyo nhloso kulowo mphakatsi, lizinga laloko kunciphisa, bumcoka bako, kanye nekutsi ngabe loko kunciphisa kumele kube ngulokudzingekile, kutsi ngabe lemiphumela lelangatelelwako bekungenteka kutsi izuzwe ngaletinye tindlela letinesihluku lesincane kulelilungelo lelitsintsekile. Kuloluhlelo kumele kucashelwe timiso tesigaba 33(1), kanye nemagugu lasisekelo eMtsetfosisekelo, kungalitjalwa kutsi, njengobe kwasho liJaji laseKhanada, ?indzima yeNkantolo akusiko kucagecagela kuhlakanipha kwekukhetsa tinchubomgomo letentiwe tishayimtsetfo?.
      
      TIBONELO TEKUNCISHISWA KWEMALUNGELO

	Leti nguletinye tetibonelo tetimo lapho emalungelo angcubutana khona nalapho lelinye (nobe omabili) kulamalungelo kutawumele ancishiswe. Uma lamacembu langcubutanako angakwati kusombulula inkinga kumele amukise lelicala enkantolo. Inkantolo kutawumele incume kutsi ngabe nguliphi lilungelo lelibaluleke kakhulu kuleso naleso simo kanye nekutsi ngabe kuyabonakala futsi kufanelekile kutsi lelo lungelo lincishiswe.

	Sigwebo sentsambo

	Kunciphisa lilungelo lemuntfu lemphilo nelilungelo lesitfunti.

	Umntfwana wencatjelwa kungena esikoleni ngenca yelulwimi

	Kunciphisa lilungelo lemntfwana lemfundvo lesisekelo uma kucatsaniswa nelilungelo lemfundvo nelisiko.

	Umntfwana loshaywe ngubabe wakhe njengeluhlobo lwesijeziso

	Lilungelo lemntfwana lekuvikelwa ekuphatfweni kabi uma licatsaniswa nelilungelo lemtali lekukhulisa umntfwana ngekumshaya ngasese ekhaya ngaphandle kwekungenelela kwemuntfu.

	Indvodza nobe singani lesidvuna (s)iphatsa kabi umkayo nobe singani lesisikati

	Lilungelo lalabasikati lekuphatfwa ngekulingana kanye nesitfunti, kanye nelilungelo lenkhululeko lekuvikeleka kwemuntfu (kukhululeka kuto tonkhe tinhlobo tebudlova).

	Umuntfu ugawula tihlahla tendzabuko kutsi ente tinkhuni tekutsengiswa

	Lilungelo lemuntfu kutsi atikhetsele indlela yekutentela imali uma licatsaniswa nelilungelo lemphakatsi lekuba nesimondzawo lesivikelekile kuze kutsi bonkhe bantfu bakwati kuphila khona.

	Thishelanhloko wesikolo logcina umntfwana ngaphandle kwesikolo ngenca yetinwele takhe tesiRasta

	Lilungelo lemfundzi lekungabandlululwa ngenca yenkholo kanye nelilungelo kutemfundvo uma kucatsaniswa nelilungelo lelisiko.

	Umshuci lophetse sibhamu futsi lofaka sifihlabuso ebusweni

	Lilungelo lekubamba umshuco uma licatsaniswa nelilungelo lekuhlala kusimondzawo lesiphephile.

	Kuhushula sisu

	Emalungelo alabasikati ekutilawula macondzana nemitimba yabo kanye nekutsatsa tincumo ngentalo uma acatsaniswa nelilungelo lekuphila lemntfwana longakatalwa.


IMITFWALO LEHAMBISANA NESIGABA SEKUNCISHISWA KWEMALUNGELO

	Umuntfu kumele angakhohlwa kutsi ?lilungelo lekujikeletisa sibhakela semuntfu liphelela lapho kucala khona imphumulo yalomunye umuntfu?. Ngaloko-ke umuntfu kumele etame kubona kutsi ngabe atikho letinye tindlela ngaphandle kwekunciphisa lilungelo, kutsi kuzuzwe inhloso lefanako.

UMbuso kumele utfutfukise umtsetfo wekuvikela bantfu ekuhlukunyetweni nobe ekuncishisweni kwemalungelo abo kanye nekuhunyushwa lokufanele kwesigaba 36 yiNkantolo nobe ngemaKhomishani. Kwenta sibonelo, sigaba 39 siniketela ngekutsi: ?Uma kuhunyushwa luCwebu lwemaLungelo eLuntfu inkantolo kumele ikhutsate emagugu lasisekelo semphakatsi loselubala newentsandvo yelinyenti lowesekelwe esitfuntini sebuntfu, kulingana kanye nenkhululeko?. Lesimo siyefana nasesigabeni 36.

6.	EMACEMBU LASENGCUPHENI

	Umlandvo waseNingizimu Afrika ubonisa kutsi bekunemikhakha yemphakatsi lebeyincishwe ematfuba ngumbuso wangaphambilini. Kwenta sibonelo, bantfu labamnyama bebaphatfwa njengalabangaphasi kunato tonkhe letinye takhamuti taseNingizimu Afrika. Nanobe kunjalo, kunemacembu kuto tonkhe tinhlanga taseNingizimu Afrika lebekahlangabetene nekuba sesimeni sebuntfwana kudzimate kube phakadze. Lawo macembu asengcupheni yekuphatfwa ngalokunyembenyako nasesikhatsini sentsandvo yelinyenti. Kuyatiwa ngalokucacile kutsi linyenti lalabo bantfu ngulabamnyama. Nanobe tivumelwano tiye tasayindwa taphindze temukelwa yiNingizimu Afrika lamacembu lalandzelako ayabandlululwa kungakhatsalekile kutsi kunesigaba sekulingana (sigaba 9), kwenta sibonelo:

* Bantfwana
* Labakhubatekile
* Labasikati
* Basebenti kanye
* Nebavoti

Lamacembu langenhla aye afakwa futsi kwaba netimiso telikhetselo ngaphasi kwalesigaba lesingenhla seMtsetfosisekelo, futsi kunemitsetfo lembalwa lephasisiwe yekubavikela njengobe kushiwo kuMtsetfosisekelo wanyalo lodzinga kutsi kuphasiswe imitsetfo yavelonkhe kuze kutawucinisekiswa kuphunyeleliswa kwelilungelo. Nanobe leyo mitsetfo seyishayiwe, kulandzelwa nekuphunyeleliswa kwayo kusaseyincabhayi lenkulu, nanobe kunetinhlawulo letibekiwe tekungalandzelwa kwaleyo mitsetfo. Letento tiye tehlise litsemba lemphakatsi macondzana neluhlelo lwebulungiswa, kungaloko-ke labanye batitsatsela umtsetfo etandleni tabo.

	BANTFWANA

	Sigaba 28 seMtsetfosisekelo sitsi:
		
      ?(1)	Wonkhe umntfwana unelilungelo ?
      (a)	lekuba neligama kanye nebuve kusukela atalwa;
(b)	lekunakekelwa ngumndeni nobe kunakekelwa batali, nobe lokunye kunakekelwa lokufanelekile uma ngabe asuswe kusimondzawo semndeni wakhe;
(c) lekunikwa kudla lokusisekelo lokunemsoco, indzawo yekufihla inhloko, lusitosisekelo lwelunakekelo lwetemphilo, kanye nelusito kutenhlalakahle;
(d) lekuvikeleka ekuphatfweni kabi, ekunganakekelweni, ekuhlukunyetweni nobe ekunyembenyweni;
      (e)	lekuvikeleka ekuphatfweni kabi ngekwasemsebentini;
(f)	lekungentiswa nobe lekungavunyelwa kutsi ente imisebenti -
(i)	lengakamlungeli umntfwana waleyo minyaka; nobe
(ii) lebeka imphilo yalowo mntfwana, imfundvo yakhe, umtimba wakhe nobe ingcondvo yakhe nobe kutfutfuka kwakhe ngekwesimoya, ngekwesimilo nobe ngekwenhlalakahle engotini;
			(g)	lekungavalelwa ejele, ngaphandle uma ngabe sekute lenye indlela, kantsi uma ngabe kudzingekile, ngetulu kulamalungelo umntfwana lanawo ngephasi kwetigaba 12 na-35, lowo mntfwana angavalelwa kuphela sikhatsi lesifanele lesincane futsi unelilungelo -
(i)	lekugcinwa ngekwehlukaniswa nalabanye bantfu labavalelwe ejele labaneminyaka lengetulu kwa-18; kanye
(ii) nelekuphatfwa ngendlela, futsi agcinwe esimeni, lebonelela iminyaka yakhe;
(h)	lekuniketwa ummeli ngumbuso, lokhokhelwa ngetimali tembuso, emacaleni langafaki bugebengu latsintsa lowo mntfwana, uma ngabe bulungiswa bungacekeleka phasi uma loku kungentiwa; kanye
(i) nelekungasetjentiswa-ngco uma kunekungcubutana ngetikhali, kanye nekuvikeleka ngetikhatsi tekungcubutana ngetikhali.

(2)	Inhlalakahle yalomntfwana iyintfo lebaluleke kakhulu kuto tonkhe tintfo letiphatselene nalomntfwana.

(3)	Kulesigaba, ligama ?umntfwana? lisho umuntfu loneminyaka lengephasi kwa-18.?

	Kunemtamo lowentiwe kutsi kuphunyeleliswe futsi kuvikelwe lamalungelo ngekweMtsetfosisekelo, siVumelwano mayelana nemaLungelo emNtfwana sanga-1990 lesasayinwa yiNingizimu Afrika ngaNovemba 1993 saphindze semukelwa ngaJuni 1995, kanye nemitsetfo leminyenti lemayelana nemalungelo ebantfwana. Kwengeta lapho kunemiklamo netinhlelo letitfutfukiselwe kuphawula kabanti ngekuba bucayi kweludzaba lwekuhlukunyetwa kwebantfwana, kepha lesimo siya ngekuba sibi ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi ikakhulukati mayelana nekuhlukunyetwa ngekwemacasi kanye nekungaphatfwa kahle. Kunetinhlangano letilwa nalesimo kepha ngekuya kwetibalobalo banyenti babhebhetselisi balobugebengu labasazulazula ngephandle ngenca yekweswelakala kwebufakazi. Letimo tiphindze tentiwe matima timo tenhlakakahle netemnotfo uma bantfwana bafunjatsiswa kuze bavalwe umlomo. Nanobe kunjalo umbuso uletse tindlela tekusita bantfwana ngekulandzela sigaba 70A seMtsetfo weNchubo ngetebuGebengu Nombolo 51 wanga-1977, njengobe uchitjiyelwe, kutsi kusitwe bofakazi lababantfwana.

	Kusukela kuloluhlu lolungenhla kuyacaca kutsi kuba sengcupheni kwelicembu kuhambelana nekungasetjentiswa kwetinsita letibekelwe kuvikelwa kwemalungelo ebantfwana. Ngaloko-ke umphakatsi uyakhutsatwa kutsi uhlale ucaphele kuhlukunyetwa kwemalungelo ebantfwana nanobe lowo mntfwana ahlukunyetwa ngumtali nobe ngemalunga emndeni. Uma ufuna kuphawula emalungelo ebantfwana uyacelwa kutsi ucaphele lemininingwane lenanyatseliswe lapha mayelana netinkinga letihlangabetana nebantfwana enkantolo, uphindze ufundze nencwajana yeseHluko semaLungelo ebaNtfwana kuluCwebu lwemaLungelo.

	Kwekugcina umbuso kuMtsetfosisekelo uniketele ngekuvikeleka kwemalungelo ebantfwana ngetindlela letimiswe ngekweMtsetfosisekelo lokufaka ekhatsi liKhomishani lalaBasha lelisungulwe ngekulandzela uMtsetfo weliKhomishani laVelonkhe lalaBasha, Nombolo 19 wanga-1996 njengobe uchitjiyelwe nga-2000. Imininingwane leyengetiwe mayelana nalelikhomishani iyatfolakala ngaphasi kwesigaba sekuVikelwa kwemaLungelo etfu.

	LABASIKATI

	Sigaba 9 seMtsetfosisekelo sitsi:

?(1)	Wonkhewonkhe uyalingana ngembi kwemtsetfo futsi ngalokulinganako unelilungelo lekuvikeleka nekuzuza emtsetfweni.

(2)	Kulingana kufaka ekhatsi kutfokotela emalungelo nekukhululeka ngalokuphelele nangalokulinganako. Kuze kutawukhutsatwa kutfolakala kwekulingana, kungahle kutsatfwe tinyatselo temtsetfo kanye netalolunye luhlobo letimiselwe kuvikela nobe kutfutfukisa bantfu, nobe tinhlobo letitsite tebantfu lebetincishwe ematfuba ngenca yelubandlululo lolungenabulungiswa.

(3)	Umbuso akumelanga ubandlulule umuntfu ngalokungenabulungiswa ngalokucondzile nobe ngekugegisa ngesizatfu sinye nobe letinyenti, letifaka ekhatsi buhlanga, inkhuliso, bulili, kwemitsa, kutsi umuntfu ushadile nobe akakashadi, kwehlukana kwebantfu ngebuve nobe indzawo yekudzabuka, libala, inkholelo yekutsandzana, budzala, kukhubateka, inkholo, nembeza, intfo umuntfu lakholelwa kuyo, emasiko, lulwimi kanye nekutalwa.

(4)	Kute namunye umuntfu longabandlulula ngalokungakalungi lomunye ngalokucondzile nobe ngekugegisa ngesizatfu sinye nobe letinyeti tizatfu letibekwe esigabeni (3). Umtsetfo wavelonkhe kumele ubekwe kuze kuvinjelwe futsi kwencatjelwe lubandlululo lolungakalungi.

(5)	Lubandlululo lolwentiwe ngasinye nobe letinyeti taletizatfu letibekwe esigatjaneni (3) alukalungi ngaphandle uma ngabe kutfolakala bufakazi bekutsi lolo lubandlululo lulungile.?

	Ngekuya kwemlandvo labasikati seloku baba sesimeni sebuntfwana kudzimate kube phakadze, eNingizimu Afrika seloku kwasekelwa umhlaba. Lesimo sisetjentiselwa wonkhewonkhe, kungakakhatsaleki kutsi uneminyaka mingaki, kutsi waluphi luhlanga nobe simo setenhlalakahle. Nanobe sigaba 9(1) seMtsetfosisekelo siye sabeka ngalokucace kahle kutsi wonkhewonkhe uyalingana ngembi kwemtsetfo futsi ngalokulinganako unelilungelo lekuvikeleka nekuzuza emtsetfweni, esigatjaneni (3) kutsiwa kubandlulula ngenca yenkholelo yekutsandzana kumele kungemukelwa, kusekhona labasikati lababahlukunyetwa bekubandlulula lokungenabulungiswa. Kwengeta lapho, njengasebantfwaneni, kunemiculu yamhlabawonkhe, yetigodzi neyavelonkhe lefakazela kutsi emalungelo alabasikati emukelekile futsi kumele avikelwe.

	Ngekusho kwaDkt Danny Titus ?emalungelo alabasikati acala ekhaya?. Akazange asungulwe eJiniva nobe eBanjuli nobe eStrasbong nobe eViyena nobe eSanJose, lapho imitimba yamhlabawonkhe ihlangana futsi isomela sisekelo samhlabawonkhe semiculu yemalungelo eluntfu. Lokuye kwavela kuleto tikhungo kungenteka kuphela ngobe bantfu kanye netinhlangano emikhakheni yasekhaya nakuvelonkhe baphawula tinkinga, batfutfukise tindzaba, bese batisa ngato emphakatsini nakulabo labasukumisa tinchubomgomo? (Human Rights Quarterly 16 (1994) 559 ? 573.

	Njengobe labasikati bebancishwe ematfuba ngaphambilini emikhakheni leminyenti yemphilo yabo, umuntfu angabatsatsa njengalabanemalungelo langetiwe kepha baphindze babe nemitfwalo leyengetiwe. Umbuso nawo kulindzeleke kutsi uletse tingucuko emtsetfweni welive nobe kutakhiwo kuze kutawubukanwa nalensambatseka.

	BANTFU LABAKHUBATEKILE

	Lelithemu lelitsi kukhubateka lisho kulahlekelwa nobe kuncishiswa kwematfuba ekutsakasela imphilo yemphakatsi ezingeni lelilinganako nelalabanye. Nanobe ingekho inchazelo lesemtsetfweni yalelithemu lelitsi kukhubateka, lifaka ekhatsi tinhlobo letinyenti letehlukahlukene tekuncishiswa kwelikhono lemuntfu lekwenta lokutsite. Kumiculu yenchubomgomo eNingizimu Afrika lelithemu licondzise ekukhinyabetekeni ngandlela-tsite macondzana nengcondvo, nemtimba kanye nemiva. Loko kukhinyabeteka kungaba ngekwesikhashana nobe ngekwanomphela. Ngaloko-ke bantfu bangaba nekukhubateka ngekwemtimba lokutsintsa titfo temtimba, kukhubateka kwemiva lokutsintsa kuva, kubona kanye nekukhubateka kwetengcondvo lokutsintsa womabili emakhono ekucabanga newekubona intfo bese uyihlatiya.

	UMVOTI

Sigaba 19 seMtsetfosisekelo sitsi sonkhe sakhamuti sikhululekile ekwenteni tincumo mayelana netepolitiki, lokufaka ekhatsi lilungelo lekubumba licembu letepolitiki, lekufaka sandla emisebentini yelicembu letepolitiki, nobe lekukhankhasela licembu letepolitiki.

Sonkhe sakhamuti sinelilungelo lelukhetfo lolukhululekile, lolunebulungiswa, futsi loluba khona njalo lwekuvotela nobe muphi umtimba losemtsetfweni losungulwe ngekulandzela uMtsetfosisekelo. Sonkhe sakhamuti lesidzala sinelilungelo lekuvota elukhetfweni lwanobe ngumuphi umtimba losemtsetfweni losungulwe ngekulandzela uMtsetfosisekelo, futsi sivote ngasese kanye nelekungenela lukhetfo lwesikhundla selihhovisi lemphakatsi nekutsi, uma sikhetsiwe, sibambe leso sikhundla.

	Njengobe lesigaba siniketa tonkhe takhamuti letidzala lilungelo lekuvota elukhetfweni, lena yingwabula-mlandvo lenkhulu kutepolitiki eNingizimu Afrika. Emalungelo ekuvota bekabekelwe lidlanzane lalabamhlophe kudzimate kube ngu-1983 ngalesikhatsi kungeniswa iPhalamende yandlu-ntsatfu. Bekubelungu, emaKhaladi nemaNdiya kuphela labebanelilungelo lekuvota kudzimate kube ngesikhatsi selukhetfo lwekucala lwentsandvo yelinyenti nga-1994 lapho tonkhe takhamuti letidzala taseNingizimu Afrika taniketwa inkhululeko yekuvota, yekumela lukhetfo kanye nekusungula emacembu etepolitiki letitikhetsela wona. Nanobe kunjalo, ngembi kwelukhetfo lwanga-1999 bekunekuhlukunyetwa kwelilungelo lelukhetfo lolukhululekile. Kwenta sibonelo kuMbiko wemNyaka wanga-1999 we-SAHRC, kwadzingeka kutsi kuphenywe emacala lapho baholi bendzabuko nobe bosomapulazi bebancishe bantfu emalungelo etepolitiki.

	Kulencenye lemayelana nemaLungelo nemiTfwalo, kunetintfo lokumele tentiwe nalokumele tingentiwa bantfu kanye nembuso lomunye kulomunye. Kwenta sibonelo imitfwalo yelilungelo lenkhululeko yekubeka luvo lwetepolitiki ngunayi:

	Bantfu akumelanga besabise labanye lebangemalunga emacembu lehlukene;

* Kuvumela labanye bantfu kubeka umbono wabo wetepolitiki
* Kuvota ngasese
* Kungahlakati imihlangano yalamanye emacembu etepolitiki
* Kungesabisi lomunye uma angavoteli licembu lelifana nelami letepolitiki
* Kucinisekisa kutsi kuba sakhamuti kuyafakazelwa ngembi kwekubhalisela kuvota ngekutfola matisi losemtsetfweni kanye nekuya esiteshini sekuvota.

Hulumende kumele avumele onkhe emacembu etepolitiki kutsi asebente ngenkhululeko

* Kuvikela tonkhe titeshi tekuvota.
* Kuniketa onkhe emacembu etepolitiki linani lesikhatsi lesifanako kutsi akhulume kuthelevishini nasemsakatweni.
* Kusebentisa sigaba 20 seMtsetfosisekelo lesitsi ?Kute sakhamuti lesingemukwa lilungelo lekuba sakhamuti?.
* Kucinisekisa kusebenta kweMtsetfo weluKhetfo ngato tonkhe tikhatsi ikakhulukati ngesikhatsi selukhetfo.

	BASEBENTI

	Sigaba 23 seMtsetfosisekelo siniketela ngekutsi ?Wonkhewonkhe unelilungelo lekuphatfwa ngalokunebulungiswa emsebentini? lokufaka ekhatsi emalungelo ebacashi nebasebenti kanye nekubunjwa kwetinyunyani tebasebenti. Lesigaba siyahambisana nesigaba 13 ? bugcili, kusebenta matima njengemtfunjwa kanye nekusentjentiswa ngenkhani, 16 - inkhululeko yekubeka luvo, 17 - umbutsano, umshuco, kuphatsa tincwembe letibhalwe tikhalo kanye nekubeka ticelo ngekutibhala phasi kanye na-18 - inkhululeko yekuhlanganyela. 

	Lencenye yemtsetfo beyigcwele kakhulu kubandlulula lokwesekelwe ebuhlangeni, ebulilini, esimeni kanye naseminyakeni. Bantfu labamnyama bebashayeka kakhulu kubo bonkhe baseNingizimu Afrika. Nanobe bebangaba nemfundvo lesezingeni, bantfu labaMnyama bebasetikhundleni letiphasi kakhulu ikakhulukati labasikati nebantfwana lebebasetjentiswa njengetigcila kanye nangenkhani. Bantfu labakhubatekile bona bebangacatjangelwa kutsi bangacashwa. Nanobe umtsetfo wetemisebenti uye watfutfukiswa ngalokubonakalako kutsi welaphe kwehlukana kwangaphambilini ekubukaneni nelubandlululo kanye nekweswelakala kwemisebenti nakube letintfo tiseloku tibhokile kubasebenti basemapulazini labangazange bafakwe kuMtsetfo weBudlelwane baseMsebentini wanga-1995. Ngaleso sizatfu baye bahlupheka kakhulu futsi kungunyalo bangaphasi kwekubukana nekuviswa buhlungu emtimbeni balimi. Loku kuye kwadala kungevani kepha lesimo siya ngekuba ncono ngemuva kwekuphasiswa kwemtsetfo webasebenti basemapulazini nebasebenti basemakhishini. Umtsetfo uye wachitjiyelwa ngaphasi kweMtsetfo weBudlelwane baseMsebentini wanga-1995, uMtsetfo wemiBandzela lesiSekelo eMsebentini 1997 kantsi futsi kunemitsetfo lemisha lesukunyisiwe, kwenta sibonelo uMtsetfo weBulungiswa eMsebentini Nombolo 55 wanga-1998, uMtsetfo wekuPhepha nekuVikeleka eMsebentini Nombolo 78 wanga-1995, uMtsetfo wekuTfutfukiswa kwemaKhono Nombolo 85 wanga-1996. Umgomo losembili wako konkhe lokutfutfukiswa kwemtsetfo kunconota timo tasemsebentini kuze kutowentiwa ncono imakethe yetemsebenti kanye nekuletsa lizinga lesimo sekusebenta kubo bonkhe njengobe umtsetfosisekelo ukudzinga njengakusendlalelo ?Kunconota lizinga lemphilo lato tonkhe takhamuti futsi kukhululwe emakhono emuntfu ngamunye?.

	Lelilungelo lebudlelwane basemsebentini, njengawo onkhe emalungelo, linemitfwalo lehambisana nalo, kwenta sibonelo lidzinga kutsi -

* Kuhlonyiswe umuntfu ngemakhono nobe ngekucecesheka lokudzingekile kutsi ancintisanele tikhala temsebenti letifanelekile.
* Kuhlonipha timisomtsetfo tasetindzaweni tekusebenta.
* Kulandzela kutiphatsa lokukahle kanye nekulandzela inchubo lefanele yekusebentisa lilungelo lakho, ikakhululati lilungelo lekuteleka.
* Kusebentisa onkhe ematfuba lakhona ekutfutfukisa emakhono
* Kugwema kubandlulula labanye nobe ngasiphi sizatfu.

Umbuso kumele usukumise futsi usebentise umtsetfo lovikela basebenti mayelana nekubandlululwa nekusetjentiswa ngenkani.

7.	KUCECESHWA NGAPHASI KWENGCIKITSI YETENHLALAKAHLE

	?KuCeceshwa ngaphasi kweNgcikitsi yeteNhlalakahle kuhlose kuniketa tonkhe tiphatsimandla tenkantolo ngelwati lolufanelekile nekuvisisa khona kutawemukelwa umbono walabanye kanye netimo tabo letehlukile kuze tincumo tabo tibe nguletinebulungiswa naletifanelekile kulomphakatsi lesiphila kuwo?.

	IManuwali yeMhlanganosikolwa weluPhiko lweteMtsetfo, Buhlanga neBulili, eNyuvesi yaseKhiphithawini

	Ngaloko-ke kuba khona imibono yemacembu lavumelanako. Kwengeta lapho bantfu betama kugcina nobe kuzuza kubona licala linye kuphela lelihle ecenjini mayelana nalamanye emacembu, njengobe loku kubonakala kahle ekutihlatiyeni kwemuntfu ngekwakhe.

	?Angiphakamisi kutsi bantfu ngekutibonela bancume kusebentisa kubona licala linye kuphela lelingakafaneleki. Empeleni, kubonela licala linye ngekwebuhlanga nebulili kukhona, emicondvweni yetfu, lokudalwa kutimelela kwetenhlalakahle futsi kugcugcutelwe lisiko lelivamile nebemitfombo yetindzaba. Ngalesinye sikhatsi kuyaye kutjalwe etikhungweni tetfu. Sivamise kukwemukela njengemacinisa. Uma sibukene nenkinga, sivele sikusebentise ngekutentekela ngobe kuyimvelo futsi kumelula ? kumelula kakhulu kunekucala uhlolisise inkinga bese-ke ufinyelela esincumeni lesinelwati ngekuhlatiya umcondvo nangekulalela nekucubungula?.
	LiJaji B McLachlin, siKhungo seMfundvo yeTemtsetfo waseNshonalanga (Western Judicial Education Centre) eKhanada

	IMISEBENTI YEKUBONELA LICALA LINYE KUPHELA

	KUPHAWULA NEKUHLATIYA: kubeka ngetinhlangotsi kubeka umhlabawonkhe esimeni sekubukisisa kancono futsi kuletsa simondzawo sembono lapho tintfo tibekeka ngalokumnyama nalokumhlophe, tingafifiyeli futsi tingenako kutsi tingaba netinchazelo letinyenti. Kubeka sakhiwo samhlabawonkhe kanye nesipiliyoni setfu kuleso sakhiwo. Kusivumela kutsi sicubungule linani lelinyenti lemininingwane ngesikhatsi sinye.

	LIGUGU: kubonela licala linye kufaka ligalelo etinhlelweni temagugu emuntfu. Uma kubeka ngetinhlangotsi kuhambisana nemagugu futsi kweyamene-ngco nekubaluleka kwetinhlelo temagugu emuntfu, kuba nekutjala ngandlela-tsite kwemuntfu ekulondvolotweni nasekugcugcuteleni kusebentisana kwemacembu.

	YETAMA KUTSI UVISISE KUCALA BESE UYAVISISWA

	Kulalela ngeluvelelo kuvamise kungena eluhlakeni lwekubona kwemuntfu. Ubuka ungekhatsi kwalolo luhlaka, bese ubona umhlaba ngalendlela labanye bantfu bawubona ngayo, uyakuvisisa kucabanga kwabo, uyakuvisisa kutsi bativa njani.

	Kulalela ngeluvelelo kunemandla kakhulu ngobe kukuniketa imininingwane lenembako kutsi usebente ngayo. Esikhundleni sekuveta imicabango yakho ngemlandvo-kutichaza ngekwakho kanye nekucabangela, luvo, tinhloso kanye nekuhumusha, usebenta ngaloko lokusemcabangweni mbamba wenhloko nenhlitiyo yalomunye umuntfu. Ulalelela kutsi uvisise. Ubukisisile kutsi utfole kuchumana lokujulile kwalomunye umphefumulo.

	Nanobe kulukhuni, yetama kutsi uvisise kucala, nobe uhlatiyisise ngembi kwekutsatsa sincumo bese uyayalela.

	Khiye wesincumo lesihle kuvisisa. Ngekuncuma kucala, umuntfu angeke aze avisise.

	Ngenca yekutsi silalela ngekwemlandvo-kutichaza kwemuntfu, sivamise kuphendvula ngayinye yetindlela kuletine. Siyahlatiya ? siyavuma nobe asivumi; siyahlolisisa ? sibuta imibuto lesukela kuloluhlaka lwetfu lwekubuka; siyeluleka ? siniketa seluleko lesesekeleke esipiliyonini setfu; nobe siyahumusha ? setama kucondzisisa bantfu, kuchaza tinhloso tabo, kutiphatsa kwabo, kuye ngetinhloso nekutiphatsa kwetfu. Letindlela tekuphendvula tivela ngekwemvelo kitsi. Sitibile futsi siphila emkhatsini wemamodeli ato ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi.

	Ingci-nje ngabe siyati kutsi ungakanani umehluko longentiwa kuvisisa mbamba! Tonkhe teluleko letiniketwa onkhe malanga kumhlaba wonkhe betingeke tibe lite uma ngabe sibukana-ngco nenkinga lesetfulelwa yona. Futsi angeke sifinyelele ekuvisiseni lenkinga uma ngabe sibopheleke kakhulu ekuboneni tintfo ngeliso lemlandvo-kutichaza kwemuntfu ngamunye, umcondvo wetfu, kangangobe sidzimate sehluleke nekubona  ngalamanye emehlo nanobe simo semhlaba sisibonisa lolunye luhlangotsi.

	Uma uhlose kuvisisa, ngaphandle kwenkhombandlela nekuphukuta, kutawuba netikhatsi lapho utawumangaliswa kakhulu lwati lolucwengekile nekuvisisa longakutfola kusuka kulomunye umuntfu. Ngalesinye sikhatsi akukadzingeki kutsi ukhulume uma ubonisa luvelelo. Empeleni, ngalesinye sikhatsi emagama angavele eme endleleni yakho.

	Uma ngabe ufundza kulalela labanye bantfu ngalokujulile, utawutfola umehluko lomkhulu wekubona tintfo. Ungahle ubone umhlaba ngeliso lekubona lemlingani wakho; mine ngibona umhlaba ngeliso lemali lelensi yekukhatsateka ngetemnotfo.

	Uma utawutsintsa umphefumulo walomunye umuntfu kusho kutsi uhamba emhlabatsini longcwele.
	William Peterson: ?Exploring self and understanding impact on others?

8.	KUNGCUBUTANA KWEMALUNGELO

	Kunemsebenti lowentiwa eklasini. Titfombe talomsebenti tiniketwa eklasini.

9.	KUVIKELWA KWEMALUNGELO ETFU

	KUVIKELWA NGALOKUNGESIKO KWEMTSETFO

	Uma lilungelo lemuntfu lihlukunyetiwe angasebentisa indlela lengesiyo yemtsetfo yekuvikela lilungelo lakhe. Angetama kusombulula loludzaba nalomuntfu lotsintsekako. Uma loko kubonakala kungaletsi umphumela angaphindze etame indlela yekusebentisa umlamuli ngekucela munye kulaba labalandzelako:

* Umphristi
* Shifu
* Ikhansela, nobe
* Umholi wemphakatsi, njll.

Uma loko kwehluleka angaya esikhungweni sasemtsetfweni.

      KUVIKELWA NGEKWEMTSETFO

	Tikhungo teSehluko 9 nguleto takhiwo umuntfu langaya kuto kuze kutsi kuvikelwe emalungelo akhe.

	Letakhiwo ngunati:

* UMvikeli wemPhakatsi
* LiKhomishani lemaLungelo eLuntfu
* LiKhomishani lekuTfutfukiswa nekuVikelwa kwemaLungelo emiPhakatsi yemaSiko, teNkholo neluLwimi
* LiKhomishani lekuLingana ngeBulili
* UmCwaningimabhuku-Jikelele kanye
* LiKhomishani leluKhetfo.

	UMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI

	UMvikeli wemPhakatsi waVelonkhe, nobe umSombululi, njengobe lelihhovisi belatiwa ngaphambilini, usiphatsimandla lesisezingeni leliphakeme.
	Utimele ngaphandle kwahulumende kanye nanobe nguliphi licembu letepolitiki.
	Ukhetfwa yiPhalamende ngekulandzela uMtsetfosisekelo.
	Wemukela tikhalato letivela ebantfwini labagongonyekile macondzana netikhungo nobe tiphatsimandla tahulumende; futsi
	Uneligunya lekuphenya, lekwenta tiphakamiso tekucondzisa kugongonyeka kanye nekwetfula imibiko.

	NGABE LIHHOVISI LEMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI LISEBENTA NJANI?

	Nanobe ngubani angaka sikhalato kuMvikeli wemPhakatsi, lotawube sewuyasiphenya leso sikhalato. UMvikeli wemPhakatsi kumele acatjangwe njenganompempe lotawubuka onkhe emacadzi enkinga. Uma uMvikeli wemPhakatsi atfola kutsi sikhalato semmangali siyevakala futsi sinesisindvo, utawenta konkhe lokusemandleni kutsi atfole sisombululo salenkinga, lokufaka ekhatsi kwenta siphakamiso sekutsi luhlelo luguculwe.

	UMvikeli wemPhakatsi angaphindze abike ngaloludzaba ePhalamende, letawubamba inkhulumo-mphikiswano ngalo futsi icinisekise kutsi tiphakamiso tiyalandzelwa.

	Luphenyo luvamise kwentiwa ngendlela lengesiyo yemtsetfo, kepha uMvikeli wemPhakatsi angabita bantfu ngemasamanisi kutsi batawetfula bufakazi lobufungelwe uma kuba nesidzingo.

	NGABE NGUBANI LONGAPHENYWA NGUMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI?

	Hulumende kunobe ngumuphi umkhakha. Loku kufaka ekhatsi hulumende wavelonkhe newetifundza, ematiko ahulumende kanye nemitimba yabohulumende basekhaya.

	Nobe ngumuphi umuntfu lochuba umsebenti wemphakatsi. Loku kufaka ekhatsi nobe ngubani lochuba umsebenti losemtsetfweni lotsintsa bonkhe, nobe incenye, yebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika, kwenta sibonelo umcashwa wembuso, njengeliphoyisa nobe siphatsimandla lesikhetsiwe.

	Bokopeletjeni nobe tinkapani lapho umbuso umbandzakanyeka khona, kwenta sibonelo, i-Eskom neTelkom Ltd.

	Imikhandlu lesukunyiswe ngekwemtsetfo, kwenta sibonelo uMkhandlu wekuCwaninga emaSayensi eLuntfu (Human Sciences Research Council) kanye neMkhandlu wekuCwaninga ngeTemasayensi neTetimboni (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research).

	NGABE YINI UMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI LANGAYIPHENYA?

	Kunyembenyeka lokungakafaneleki ummangali nobe lomunye umuntfu lahlangabetene nako, kwenta sibonelo ngesizatfu sekusetjentiswa kabi kwemandla, kutiphatsa lokungenabulungiswa, lokunelunya, lokungenanhlonipho nobe lokunye lokungahambisani nebuntfu, kubambeleleka lokungenasidzingo, kuhlukunyetwa kwelilungelo leluntfu, lomunye umphumela lovele ngenca yesincumo lesitsetfwe ngulemitimba.

	Kungasebenti kahle.
	Kungetsembeki nobe kungahambisi kahle kusetjentiswa kwetimali temphakatsi.
	Kutinjingisa ngendlela lengakafaneleki.
	Kutitfolela sibonelelo lesingakafaneleki.

	NGABE UMUNTFU USIFAKA NJANI SIKHALATO KUMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI?

	Uma kwenteka kutsi sikhalato sakho sibe mayelana nekunyembenyeka, kumele wetame kusombulula leyo nkinga ngekwakho ngembi kwekutsi ufake sikhalato kuMvikeli wemPhakatsi, kwenta sibonelo, ngekukhulumisana nesiphatsimandla lesitsintsekako, kantsi uma loko kungasiti ngekubhalela umuntfu lowengamele leso siphatsimandla, kwenta sibonelo, iNhloko yeLitiko.

	Kumele futsi uke ucabange ngekuchumana nelilunga langakini lePhalamende yaVelonkhe nobe yesiFundza.

	Kulapho kuphela uma seloku wehluleka kusombulula lenkinga lapho lokumele ubhalele uMvikeli wemPhakatsi ? ufekse nobe upose nobe utfumele incwadzi yakho matfupha.

	Lemininingwane lelandzelako kumele ifakwe encwadzini yakho:

* Luhlobo lwesikhalato sakho.
* Lingemuva nemlandvo walesikhalato.
* Tizatfu tekutsi kungani ufisa kutsi lesikhalato kumele siphenywe nguMvikeli wemPhakatsi.
* Tinyatselo letitsetfwe kutsi usombulule lenkinga ngekwakho (uma kuphumeleleka)
* Kumele usho emagama etiphatsimandla lochumene nato, netinsuku nekutsi ngabe kwatsiwani.
* Emakhophi anobe ngukuphi kubhalelana emkhatsini kwakho kanye naletiphatsimandla kumele ananyatseliswe encwadzini yakho.
* Inombolo yelucingo lapho wena ungatsintfwa khona, uma unayo.
* Kuletinye tikhatsi uMvikeli wemPhakatsi angahle adzinge sitatimende lesifungelwe ngembi kwekutsi aphenye.

Uma ungenasiciniseko ngekutsi ngabe inkinga yakho iyintfo uMvikeli wemPhakatsi lanekuyiphenya, nobe ungakwati kubhala, ungashayela lihhovisi leMvikeli wemPhakatsi lucingo. Kunemalunga ebasebenti laceceshekile latawulalela sikhalato sakho, nobe sisikhulu nobe sisincane, bese enta luphenyo.

	Kuletinye tikhatsi labasebenti bangasita bantfu kutsi batfole sisombululo lesiphutfumako etinkingeni tabo. Labasabenti bangaphindze bakutjele kutsi ungasicondzisa kuphi sikhalato sakho uma uMvikeli wemPhakatsi angaphumeleli kukusita.

	Ungaphindze uye ehhovisi kutsi uyococisana nobe ukhulumisane nemuntfu, uma utsandza. Kuhle kutsi ubhale kucala bese ucela kutsi ute utobonisana nemuntfu kulencwadzi yakho.

      NGABE UKHONA LOMUNYE LOTAWUVA NGESIKHALATO SAMI?

	UMvikeli wemPhakatsi nebasebenti batawugcina ligama lemmangali liyimfihlo uma kunesidzingo, futsi uma kuphumeleleka.

NGABE KUBITA MALINI KUTFOLA LUSITO KUMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI?

	Lutfo. Lusito luniketwa mahhala futsi luniketwa kunobe ngubani lonenkinga njengobe kwendlalwe lapha ngenhla.

      LOKO UMVIKELI WEMPHAKATSI LANGEKE AKUPHENYE

	Tincumo temajaji netimantji, lokufaka ekhatsi tigwebo letikhishwe ngibo. Tento tangasese temuntfu ngamunye, tinkapani tangasese, bodokotela nobe bameli labangasebenteli umbuso.

	Nanobe kunjalo, basebenti belihhovisi leMvikeli wemPhakatsi bangasita ngekukutjela kutsi kumele sikhalato sakho usicondzise kuphi nobe kutsi ngabe yini lokumele uyente kuletigameko letingenhla. Kuletinye tikhatsi uMvikeli wemPhakatsi angakutjela kutsi kumele uye enkantolo yetemtsetfo uma kuya enkantolo kuyindlela lencono yekubukana nalenkinga yakho. Njengobe uMvikeli wemPhakatsi angasebenti njengemmeli wetemtsetfo wanobe ngubani, utawutfunyelwa kummeli uma loludzaba kumele luye enkantolo. 

	Lihhovisi leMvikeli wemPhakatsi waVelonkhe litinte ePitoli.

	Likheli leliposi:
	Sakaposi X677
	Pitoli
	0001
	Lucingo: (012) 322 2916

	Nanobe kunjalo, kunebaVikeli bemPhakatsi kuleso naleso kuletifundza letiyimfica.

      
LIKHOMISHANI LEMALUNGELO ELUNTFU

	LiKhomishani lemaLungelo eLuntfu litfutfukisa kuhlonishwa kanye nekuvikelwa kwemalungelo eluntfu. Indzima yalo kufundzisa bantfu mayelana nemalungelo eluntfu kanye nekuphenya tikhalato mayelana nekuhlukunyetwa kwemalungelo eluntfu. Lingahlelela umuntfu kutsi atfole ummeli lotamsita ekuvikeleni emalungelo akhe futsi lingamukisa emacala enkantolo uma kunesidzingo. LeliKhomishani lemaLungelo eLuntfu lingumtimba lotimele futsi litiphendvulela ngekweMtsetfosisekelo kuphela. Njalo ngemnyaka kumele letfule umbiko ePhalamende.

	Nobe ngubani lofisa kufaka sikhalato kuleliKhomishani lemaLungelo eLuntfu kumele agcwalise lifomu lelibitwa ?ngelifomu letiKhalato ku-SAHRC?

	Likheli leliposi:
      Sakaposi X 2700
      Houghton, 2041
      Lucingo: (011) 484-8300

LIKHOMISHANI LEKUTFUTFUKISWA NEKUVIKELWA KWEMALUNGELO EMIPHAKATSI YEMASIKO, TENKHOLO NELULWIMI

	LeliKhomishani lesukunyiselwe kutfutfukisa nekuvikela emalungelo emiphakatsi leyehlukahlukene yetemasiko, tenkholo netilwimi. Kumele linconote futsi litfutfukise kuthula, kubeketelelana nebunye besive kulemiphakatsi ngekwesisekelo sekulingana, kungabandlululi nenkhululeko yekuhlangana. 

	LIKHOMISHANI LEKULINGANA NGEBULILI

	?Kubaluleke kakhulu kutsi tonkhe takhiwo tahulumende, lokufaka ekhatsi neMengameli, tivisise ngalokugcwele kutsi inkhululeko angeke izuzwe ngaphandle kwekutsi labasikati babe bakhululiwe kuto tonkhe tinhlobo tencindzetelo?.

	UMengameli Nelson Mandela, ekuvulweni kwePhalamende yeNingizimu Afrika yekucala lekhetfwe ngekwentsandvo yelinyenti ngamhlaka 24 Meyi 1994.

	LiKhomishani lekuLingana ngeBulili ngulesinye setikhungo tembuso letisitfupha letesekela intsandvo yelinyenti letimiswe ngekweMtsetfosisekelo wanga-1996. Inhloso yalelikhomishani, njengobe yendlalwe esigabeni 187 seMtsetfosisekelo, kunconota kulingana ngekwebulili kanye nekweluleka nekwenta tiphakamiso ephalamende nobe lesinye sishayamtsetfo mayelana nanobe nguyiphi imitsetfo nobe imitsetfo lehlongotwako letsintsa kulingana ngekwebulili kanye nesimo salabasikati.

	Likheli lemgwaco:
      Sitezi sesi-10
      Braamfontein Centre
      Braamfontein, 2017
      Lucingo: (011) 403 7182

	UMCWANINGIMABHUKU-JIKELELE

	UmCwaningimabhuku-Jikelele uhlola ema-akhawunti awo onkhe ematiko ahulumende wavelonkhe nebetifundza kanye nabo bonkhe bohulumende basekhaya kutsi acinisekise kutsi imali isetjentiswa ngekutiphendvulela.

	LIKHOMISHANI LELUKHETFO

	Tinkhulumiswano letaholela esisombululweni setepolitiki eNingizimu Afrika taholela, kuletinye tintfo, ekusungulweni kweliKhomishani lelitiMele leluKhetfo ngekulandzela timiso teMtsetfosisekelo wanga-1993.

	Imigomo yeliKhomishani ?kucinisa kwesekeleka kwentsandvo yelinyenti kumtsetfosisekelo kanye nekunconota tinhlelo telukhetfo ngekwentsandvo yelinyenti?. LeliKhomishani lineligunya lekwengamela lukhetfo netinhlololuvo emikhakheni yavelonkhe, yetifundza neyabomasipala.

	Emagunya alo, nemitfwalo kanye nemisebenti yalo yendlalwe esiGabeni 5 seMtsetfo.

	Esigabeni 19 seMtsetfosisekelo kuphindze kukhulunywe ngekuvikelwa kwemalungelo etepolitiki, lokuyincenye yemsebenti longumnyombo weligunya lalelikhomishani.

	Likheli lemgwaco:
      Election House
      260 Walker Street
      Sunnyside, Pitoli
      Lucingo: (012) 428 5700

	LeliKhomishani lelitiMele leluKhetfo linemahhovisi kuto tonkhe tifundza letiyimfica.

	LEMINYE IMITIMBA LETIMELE

	Kuphindze kube naleminye imitimba ngaphandle kwaleto tesehluko semfica letisungulelwe kucinisa intsandvo yetfu yelinyenti. Letinye tato ngunati:

* UMtimba lotiMele weTekusakata
* LiKhomishani laLabasha
* Luphiko lolutiMele lwetiKhalato
* INkantolo yeMtsetfosisekelo
* INkantolo neliKhomishani lemiBango yeTemhlaba

	UMTIMBA LOTIMELE WETEKUSAKATA

	Lelikhomishani lisukunyiselwe kulandzelela tonkhe tinhlangotsi tetekusakata kulelive, kwenta sibonelo, kwenta siciniseko kutsi lokusakatwa emsakatweni nakumabonakhashane kunebulungiswa nekutsi kumele tindzaba temphakatsi waseNingizimu Afrika.	

	LIKHOMISHANI LALABASHA

	UMengameli Nelson Mandela wasungula liKhomishani laVelonkhe laLabasha ngamhlaka 16 Juni 1996 ngekulandzela uMtsetfo weliKhomishani laVelonkhe laLabasha, Nombolo 19 wanga-1996. Lasukunyiselwa kutfutfukisa lisu lelihlanganisele lekubukana netincabhayi leticondzene nebantfu labasha eNingizimu Afrika.

	LUPHIKO LOLUTIMELE LWETIKHALATO

	Umbono weluPhiko lolutiMele lwetiKhalato nguMbutfo wemaPhoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika logucukile ngekuhambisana nemoya kanye nenjongo yeMtsetfosisekelo. Umgomo waloluPhiko kunconota kutiphatsa ngendlela lefanele kwemaphoyisa. Imigomo lesembili kutfutfukisa kwetsembela kwemphakatsi emitameni yeMbutfo wemaPhoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika kanye neluPhiko lolutiMele lwetiKhalato ekuvikeleni kutiphatsa kwemaphoyisa lokungakafaneli, kanye nekuhlelembisa kushushiswa ngekwebugebengu kwalawo malunga latfolakele atimbandzakanye etentweni tebugebengu. 

	INKANTOLO YEMTSETFOSISEKELO

	Lenkantolo yasukunyiswa ngekulandzela uMtsetfosisekelo wanga-1996. Umtfwalo walenkantolo kugcinwa kwemtsetfo kanye neMtsetfosisekelo, lokumele bakusebentise ngaphandle kwekukhetsa luhlangotsi nangaphandle kwekwesaba, kwekuvuna labanye nobe kukhinyabeta.

	INKANTOLO NELIKHOMISHANI LEMIBANGO YETEMHLABA

	Sigaba 25(7) nesigatjana (8) seMtsetfo sitsi nobe ngumuphi umuntfu nobe umphakatsi lowalahlekelwa ngumhlaba wawo ngemuva kwa-1913 ngenca yemitsetfo yelubandlululo unelilungelo lekufaka sicelo sekubuyiselwa lowo mhlaba wakhe nobe akhokhelwe mayelana nalowo mhlaba. Sigaba 25 senta sibonelelo sekutsi hulumende angaphasisa umtsetfo wekubukana neticelo tekubuyiselwa umhlaba nobe tekuncesheteliswa. Hulumende waphasisa uMtsetfo wekuBuyisela emaLungelo kuTemhlaba lokungaphasi kwawo lapho liKhomisani neNkantolo yemiBango eTemhlaba kwasukunyiswa kutsi kucutjungulwe ticelo tebantfu mayelana nemhlaba.

	Imisebenti yeliKhomishani lemiBango yeTemhlaba kuphenya ticelo temhlaba, kulamula nekusombulula leticelo kanye nekutfumela ticelo eNkantolo yemiBango yeTemhlaba uma leliKhomishani lingakwati kutisombulula. LeliKhomishani lemiBango yeTemhlaba linemakhulukhulu eticelo lelimatasatasa ngekutiphenya.

	INkantolo yemiBango yeTemhlaba itawuncuma ngeticelo letingaphumeleleki kutsi tisonjululwe nguKhomishani. Lenkantolo ingancuma kutsi bantfu babuyiselwe umhlaba wabo, nobe kuniketwe lomuntfu lofake sicelo semhlaba lomunye umhlaba wembuso, nobe kukhokhelwe lomuntfu lofake sicelo ngesincephetelo ngenca yekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba.

10.	KUMBANDZAKANYEKA KWETAKHAMUTI

Sigaba 20 seMtsetfosisekelo siniketela ngekutsi, ?Kute sakhamuti lesingemukwa lilungelo lekuba sakhamuti?.

Umuntfu lobelekelwe eNingizimu Afrika usakhamuti saseNingizimu Afrika futsi loku angeke akwemukwe. Ngekulandzela sigaba 21 seMtsetfosisekelo, ?Wonkhewonkhe unelilungelo lenkhululeko yekuhamba nobe kuphi, unelilungelo lekuhamba ashiye iRiphabhulikhi, unelilungelo lekungena, nekutsi ahlale, nekutsi akhe nobe kuphi eRiphabhulikhi kanye nelilungelo lekutfola iphasipoti?.

KUHLELA UMKHANKASO MAYELANA NELUDZABA LWEMALUNGELO

	Sibonelo sekumbandzakanyeka kwetakhamuti.

	TINYATSELO LOKUMELE TILANDZELWE

	Letinyatselo letingu-10 letilandzelako titakusita ekudvwebeni lisu lemkhankaso lomayelana neludzaba lwemalungelo emphakatsini wakini. Sebentisa letinyatselo kutsi tikusite ngemkhankaso wakho.

1.	BUTA UMBUTO JIKELELE kutsi ucubungule inkinga, kwenta sibonelo:
		Ngabe luyini luhlobo lwenkinga?
		Ngabe lenkinga itsintsa bani?
		Ngabe ngutiphi letinye tindlela tekuyisombulula?
		Ngabe ngutiphi tihibe/tivimbelo letisendleleni?
		Ngabe nguyiphi imitfombolusito lekhona (yetetimali neyeluntfu)
	
2.	KHETSA UMGOMO LOTSITE mayelana nemkhankaso (ungabi nemigomo lengetulu kwalengu-4). Ngalamanye emagama, ngabe yini loyoyenta njengencenye yemkhankaso wakho? Tsatsa sincumo ngesikhatsi lesincunyiwe semkhankaso wonkhe.

3.	TSATSA MUNYE WALEMIGOMO BESE UCABANGA KABANTI mayelana netinyatselo letidzingekile kuze kuzuzwe lomgomo. Bhala letinyatselo phasi ephepheni (Ngenca yekutsi kukucabanga kabanti lemicondvo levelako angeke ibe ngekulandzelana lokutsite).

4.	HLOLISISA (CUBUNGULA) LAMASU LASESINYATSELWENI 3 bese ukhetsa lawo lanematfuba lamanyenti ekuphumelela. Bhala phasi leso naleso sinyatselo losikhetsile ekhadini nobe epheshaneni lelingu-5cm X 8cm (Lamakhadi abitwa ngemakhadi etinyatselo).

5.	PHINDZA TINYATSELO 3 NA-4 MACONDZANA NALEMIGOMO LEMINYE loyiphawule esinyatselweni 2.

TSATSA LISHIDI LELIPHEPHANDZABA bese ubhala sihloko semkhankaso wakho kanye nesikhatsi losincumele lomkhankaso etulu. Bhala umugca ngaphasi kwaloko. Bhala phasi umgomo wekucala macondzana nalomkhankaso ngentasi kwalomugca. Bhala lomunye umugca ngaphasi kwaloku bese ubhala umgomo wesibili. Chubeka ngaloku udzimate ucedze kubhala yonkhe imigomo.

	Umkhankaso: kucedza Budlova emaTekisini	Sikhatsi: Tinyanga letingu-6
	UMGOMO

	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano wemphakatsi
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kungcivitisa emaphosta
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano nekhansela yendzawo
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.	HLELA EMAKHADI ETINYATSELO LASESINYATSELWENI 4 ngendlela lefanele eceleni kwemigomo lefanelekile. Cala ngesinyatselo lesimalula nobe lesiphutfumako kakhulu. Cocisana ngemakhadi etinyatselo bese uwahlela kabusha uma kunesidzingo. Yengeta letinye tinyatselo letinsha njengobe tivetwa.

	Umkhankaso: kucedza Budlova emaTekisini	Sikhatsi: Tinyanga letingu-6
	UMGOMO

	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano wemphakatsi		faka likhadi lesinyatselo ngendlela lefanelekile
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kungcivitisa emaphosta				phindza nalapha
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano nekhansela yendzawo	phindza nalapha
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.	COCISANANI NGALELO NALELO KHADI LESINYATSELO ? ngabe kutawutsatsa sikhatsi lesingakanani, ngabe ngubani lotawuba nemtfwalo waleso sinyatselo futsi ngabe kutawubita malini, uma kunetindleko letimbandzakanyekako. Bhala phasi sikhatsi, umuntfu lotawuba nemtfwalo wekutsatsa sinyatselo kanye netindleko kuleso naleso setinyatselo kanye netindleko kulelo nalelo khadi letinyatselo.

9.	BUKA SIKHATSI LESINCUNYIWE SEMKHANKASO WONKHE ? Bhala tinyanga ngasetulu kwelikhasi.

	Umkhankaso: kucedza Budlova emaTekisini	Sikhatsi: Tinyanga letingu-6
	UMGOMO						JAN FEB MAS APR MEYI JUNI

	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano wemphakatsi
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kungcivitisa emaphosta
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano nekhansela yendzawo
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10.	COCISANANI NGEKUTSI NGABE LESO NALESO SINYATSELO SITAWUTSATFWA NINI (KUYIPHI INYANGA) Ngalesikhatsi nisabeke emakhadi enu etinyatselo ngendlela lefanako. Emva kwaloko hlelani lamakhadi ngaphasi kwetinyanga letifanelekile.

	Umkhankaso: kucedza Budlova emaTekisini	Sikhatsi: Tinyanga letingu-6
	UMGOMO

	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano wemphakatsi
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kungcivitisa emaphosta
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	Kubamba umhlangano nekhansela yendzawo
	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	11.	INKHOHLAKALO

		Imitfombolusito lefanelekile ngaphasi kwalesihloko ngunayi:

* uMtsetfo weTenkhohlakalo Nombolo 94 wanga-1992
* iNchubomgomo yeKulwa neNkhohlakalo nekuKhwabanisa yeLitiko leTebulungiswa nekuTfutfukiswa kweMtsetfosisekelo
* uMtsetfo wekuVikela kuKhishwa kwemiNiningwane Nombolo 26 wanga-2000 kanye
* neluCwebu lwekutiPhatsa nekutiPhatsa ngekweBhizinisi lweLitiko leTebulungiswa nekuTfutfukiswa kweMtsetfosisekelo.

12.	SIFINYETO SELUCWEBU LWEMALUNGELO

* Kulingana:	Akumelanga ubandlululwe. Kepha luhlelo lwekulinganisa simo ngekubonelela labo bebabandlululiwe ngaphambilini kanye nekubandlulula lokunebulungiswa kuvumelekile.

* Sitfunti sebuntfu: sitfunti sakho kumele sihlonishwe futsi sivikelwe.

* Imphilo:	Unelilungelo lekutsi uphile.

* Kukhululeka nekuvikeleka kwemuntfu: Akumelanga uvalelwe ejele ngaphandle kwekushushiswa, uviswe buhlungu nobe ujeziswe ngendlela lenelunya. Budlova basemakhaya abukavumeleki.

* Lingasese:	Akumelanga useshwe nobe likhaya lakho liseshwe nobe imphahla yakho iseshwe.

* Inkhululeko kutenkholo, inkholelo kanye nembono: Ungakholelwa futsi ucabange nobe yini loyifunako futsi ungalandzela nobe nguyiphi inkholelo lotikhetsela yona.

* Inkhululeko yekubeka luvo: Bonkhe bantfu (lokufaka ekhatsi bemitfombo yetindzaba) bangasho nobe yini labafisa kuyisho.

* Umbutsano, umshuco, kuphatsa tincwembe letibhalwe tikhalo kanye nekubeka ticelo ngekutibhala phasi: Ningatibambela umshuco, niphatse tincwembe letibhalwe tikhalo niphindze nibeke tikhalo letibhalwe phasi. Kepha loku kumele nikwente ngekuthula.

* Inkhululeko yekuhlanganyela: Ungahlanganyela nanobe nabani lofisa kuhlanganyela naye.

* Emalungelo etepolitiki: Ungesekela licembu letepolitiki lotikhetsele lona. Uma usakhamuti, futsi lokungenani uneminyaka lengu-18, ungavota.

* Buve: Angeke wemukwe buve bakho.

* Inkhululeko yekuhamba nekuhlala nobe kuphi: Ungahamba futsi ungahlala nobe kuphi eNingizimu Afrika.

* Inkhululeko yetekuhweba, umsebenti kanye nemsebenti loceceshelwe: Ungenta nobe ngumuphi umsebenti lotikhetsela wona.

* Budlelwano bebacashi nebasebenti: Ungajoyina inyunyana yebasebenti futsi ungateleka.

* Bunjalondzawo: Unelilungelo lekuba sendzaweni lengasiyo ingoti emphilweni yakho nobe ekuphileni kahle kwakho.

* Imphahla: Ungemukwa imphahla yakho kuphela ngemuva kwekulandzelwa kwemitsetfomgomo lefanelekile.

* Tetindlu: Hulumende kufanele acinisekise kutsi wonkhe umuntfu ufinyelela ekutfoleni indlu yekuhlala lefanele.

* Kunakekeleka kutemphilo, kudla, emanti kanye nekuvikeleka kutenhlalakahle: Hulumende kufanele acinisekise kutsi wonkhe umuntfu ufinyelela ekutfoleni kudla nemanti, kunakekeleka kutemphilo, kanye nekuvikeleka kutenhlalakahle.

* Bantfwana: Bantfwana labangephasi kweminyaka lengu-18 banemalungelo lalikhetselo, njengelilungelo lekungahlukunyetwa.

* Temfundvo: Unelilungelo lemfundvo lesisekelo, lokufaka ekhatsi imfundvo lesisekelo yalabadzala, ngelulwimi lwakho (uma ngabe loko kungaphumeleleka).

* Lulwimi kanye nemasiko: Ungasebentisa lulwimi lolutsandzako futsi ungalandzela lisiko lotikhetsela lona.

* Imiphakatsi yemasiko, yetenkholo neyelulwimi: Imiphakatsi ingatfokotela emasiko ayo, ichube inkholo yayo iphindze isebentise tilwimi tayo.

* Kufinyeleleka kwemininingwane: Unelilungelo lekutfola nobe ngimiphi imininingwane yelwati legcinwe ngumbuso.

* Sinyatselo setekuphatsa lesinebulungiswa: Tinyatselo tahulumende kumele tibe nguletinebulungiswa.

* Kufinyeleleka kwenkantolo: Unelilungelo lekutsi inkinga yetemtsetfo incunywe yinkantolo nobe ngulesinye sakhiwo lesifanako.

* Bantfu lababoshiwe, labavalelwe ejele kanye nalababekwe emacala: Lelilungelo livikela bantfu lababoshiwe, labavalelwe ejele nobe lababekwe emacala.

13.	SIPHETFO

	Onkhe lamalungelo angancishiswa uma lemibandzela leyendlalwe esigabeni sekuncishiswa (sigaba 36) ilandzelwe.



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