xhosa.861.climate
Siyalibulala thina ihlabathi
Ubushushu obuqatseleyo
Iingcali zesayensi zikhuphe esona silumkiso sakha sangqongqo sokuba: ihlabathi liyatshabalala ngenxa yabantu abafuna inzuzo nangayiphi na indlela. Xa ingalungiswa le meko ngokukhawuleza, siza kujongana neengxaki ezingaphezulu kweAIDS
UBUSHUSHU obuqatseleyo behlabathi. Imisi enobungozi yezinto ezitshayo. Iingxaki zemozulu. Uphando ngokuguqu-guquka kwemozulu lufuna kulingwe izinto ezininzi ezintsokothileyo nophengululo lwezinto ngezinto. Kodwa iziphumo zolo phando zicacile kwaye ziyoyikisa: umzuzu nomzuzu, nemini ngemini, SIYALITSHABALALISA IHLABATHI.
Ihlabathi libashushu kuba umsi weemoto, oomatshini abakhulu, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi nezinye izinto ziyaqokelelana esibhaka-bhakeni zize zenze ingubo engqingqwa ephezu kwehlabathi.
Iziphumo zoku yintshabalalo yodwa. Ezo ziphumo zizo esizibonayo ngoku - kwaye imeko iseza kubambi kakhulu ngokutsho kweIntergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) eliqela leengcali zesayensi ezingama-2 500 ezidityaniswe nguMbutho Wezizwe eziManyeneyo (iUnited Nations).
Xa abantu bexelelwa ngeengxaki eziza kubangelwa kukuguquka kwemozulu basuka bathi: "Zakwenzeka sendafayo ezo zinto" - kodwa ngokutsho kukaPieter Tans, ongumphandi weNational Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration eUSA uthi ngoku sibona iinguqu eziza kwenzeka sisaphila.
UStephen Mwakifwamba weCentre For Energy, Environment, Science And Technology eTanzania ngomnye wabaphandi abaninzi abakungqinayo oko.
"Kunzima ngoku ukuqikelela imozulu. Sisenokubona izikhukula ngoMeyi okanye kubekho imbalela rhoqo emva kweminyak' emithathu. Ngoku iingcongconi uzifumana nkqu nakwimimandla ephakamileyo ebingenazo ngaphambili."
Amaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo angonyuka nge- 6,4°C ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane ngokutsho kwengxelo yeIPCC. Oko kuza kutshabalalisa izinto ezininzi zendalo, kwenze kunqongophale ukutya namanzi emazweni athile, kwaye kuze nezandyondyo zemvula eziya kushiya izigidi zingenamakhaya.
Kwenzeka ntoni?
I-"greenhouse effect" yabhaqwa nguJoseph Fourier ngo-1824. Oku ngokwako akusiyonto imbi. Iigesi ezithile zomoya ezibizwa ngokuba zii-"greenhouse gases" zizo ezifudumez' ihlabathi.
Ukuba bebungekho obu bushushu bomoya umhlaba ngewunobushushu obuphantsi nge-30°C nto leyo ingenza umhlaba kungaphileki kuwo.
Ngaphezulu imizi-mveliso, iimoto, iinqwelo-moya neziny' izinto ezakhiwe ngabantu ziyandisile icarbon dioxide nemethane emoyeni.
Indalo ke ayikwazi ukumelana nokwanda kwemimoya engcolileyo. Ngoko endaweni yokuba igreenhouse effect igcine umhlaba ufudumele kakuhle ukuze sikwazi ukuhlala kuwo, iwenza ubeshushu nangakumbi...
Eneneni sibe neminyaka emihlanu eyeyona ishushu ukususela ngo-1997, kwaye u-2005 kube ngowona nyaka ushushu kunayo yonke.
Nazi ezinye zezinto esingazilindela xa kungenziwa iinzame zokunciphisa ubushushu bomhlaba...
UKUNCIPHA KOMKHENKCE
Indawo egqunywe ngumkhenkce ehlabathini inciphe ngesiqingatha ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ukususela ngo-1980 bekusanda ukunyibilika kwalo mkhenkce.
Ngokomzekelo ngoMatshi 2005, umkhenkce obewegqume inkcochoyi yeMount Kilimanjaro iminyaka eli-11 000 wanyibilika waphantse waphela.
Ziyintoni iziphumo? Ukunyibilika komkhenkce akubangeli ukudilika komhlaba nezikhukula kuphela, koko kubeka engozini iingingqi ezininzi.
Ekuqaleni amanzi okunyibilika komkhenkce azalisa imilambo, abantu abakufutshane naloo milambo bafumane amanzi amaninzi. Ngokuya uphela umkhenkce nalo manzi ayatsha.
UKUZALA KOLWANDLE
Njengoko uMhlaba usiya ubashushu, ayanyuka amanzi olwandle kuba into ekuthiwa yi- "thermal expansion" yenza ukuba amanzi ashushu athabathe indawo enkulu kunamanzi abandayo. Ukunyibilika komkhence nako kwandisa amanzi olwandle.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ulwandle lunganyuka nge-59cm eminyakeni eli-100 ezayo.
Ziyintoni iziphumo? Yonke imimandla eselunxwemeni iza kuzala amanzi, ize ephakemeyo ibe ziziqithi.
Ukunyuka kolwandle sele "kunexhoba". NgoDisemba 2006 iLohachara Island eSundarbans eBay of Bengal yatshona ngaphantsi kwamanzi oko kwanyanzela abantu
abali-10 000 ukuba bafudukele kweziny' iindawo.
IMBALELA ENKULU
Ubushushu obuqatseleyo benza abe maninzi amanzi atshayo kuze kubekho imbalela kwiindawo ezininzi. Iindawo ezibhuqwa yimbalela ziba nezikhukula lula xa kukhe kwana.
Ziyintoni iziphumo? Sesizibona iziphumo zoku eAfrika apho sibona imbalela emandla etsala ixesha elide itshabalalise ulimo, kunqongophale amanzi kuze kuchaphazeleke nempilo yabantu.
IINKQWITHELA
Iinkqwithela neenkanyamba ziwafumana emanzini afudumeleyo amandla. Ukunyuka kobushushu bamanzi olwandle kuza neenkqwithela ezimbi.
Ziyintoni iziphumo? Iinkqwithela neenkanyamba ziza kuba namandla kakhulu, zitsale ixesha elide kwaye zibangele intshabalalo enkulu kwindalo nasebantwini abahlala ngaselwandle.
Ehlabathini jikelele iinkqwithela ezinkulu zinyuke ukusuka kwi-20 phesenti ngoo-1970 zaya kwi-35 phesenti ngoo-1990.
Ngoku zenzeka kwiindawo ezingazanga zabanazo ngaphambili.
NgoAprili 2004 inkqwithela yokuqala eAtlantic eyenzeka ngezantsi kweEquator yahlasela iBrazil inomoya onesantya eziyi-144 km/h. NgoJanuwari 2007 iUnited Kingdom noMntla weYurophu zahlaselwa yimimoya emikhulu engaqhelekanga.
IZIFO EZININZI
Ukuguquka kwemozulu kuya kwandisa izifo ezosulelayo kuba imozulu eshushu yenza izinambuzane nezilwanyana ezithwala izifo ziphile kwiindawo ebezibulawa yingqele kuzo.
Ziyintoni iziphumo? Izifo zezinambuzane ezilumayo njengeengcongconi zithwala imalariya zingaphila kwiindawo ebezisifa kuzo ngenxa yengqele.
BONA XHOSA - May 2007
kubhale uISAAC KWELA
kufote uGREAT STOCK!
INYANISO: I-USA inabantu abayi-5 phesenti ebantwini behlabathi, kodwa inegalelo le-22 phesenti yonke kwicarbon dioxide ebangela ubushushu bomhlaba.
BONA XHOSA - May 2007
Iminyaka emihlanu ebishushu kakhulu ibekho ukususela ngo-1997, kwaye u-2005 ngowona ubushushu kakhulu
INYANISO: Ingca ibonwe okokuqala kwiAntarctica.
INYANISO: IGolden Toad of Central America yinto yokuqala ekucingelwa ukuba yatshabalala ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Yathi shwaka ngo-1999.
14 BONA XHOSA - May 2007
INYANISO: Ukunyibilika komkhenkce kwiArctic kungenza aphele amabhere amhlophe kwisithuba seminyaka eli-100.
Uphando olubini olwenziwa ngo-2002 belujonga izinto ezibhaliweyo ukuze lufumane iinguqu kwizityalo nezilwanyana. Iindidi ezintlanu zazo zichaphazelekile, zatshintsha indlela eziziphatha ngayo nobume bazo.
Kwafunyaniswa nokuba amasele ayazala, iintyatyambo ziyadubula neentaka ziyafuduka kwiintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kwesiqhelo rhoqo ngeshumi ngalinye leminyaka.
Inguqu iyenzeka
Icekwa likumashishini amakhulu. "Kufuneka sinciphise imisi yezinto ezitshayo nge-75 phesenti," utsho uJerry Mahlman oyingcali yesayensi yemozulu yeNational Centre For Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
Izinto ezikhupha umsi yipetroli, amalahle ne-oyile. Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa koomatshini abaquka iimoto, iinqwelo-moya noomatshini bemizi-mveliso.
Xa ezi zinto zitshiswa ziinjini zikhupha imimoya ebangela ubushushu bomhlaba.
Kuncinane esingakwenza ngale ngxaki.
Ngamashishini amakhulu noorhulumente abavumela izinto eziyingozi ezenziwayo abafanele ukunqandwa.
Iingcali zithi amazwe ehlabathi kufuneka asebenzisane ekulweni ubushushu bomhlaba. Nexesha lokwenza oko liyaphela. Nkqu nokunyuka kobushushu nge-2,4°C kwiminyaka engama-50 ezayo kubonwa kuyingozi.
"Okukhona silinda ixesha elide ziya kubambi kakhulu izinto kuze kufuneke wenze okuninzi ukulungisa imeko," utsho uGerald Meehl weNCAR. [x]
Yintoni engenziwa?
BONA XHOSA - May 2007 15
