I-Sclerotinia (OPOT)									IsiXhosa

Isifo se-Sclerotinia koojongilanga

Imiyalelo: 

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Byline: Ulwazi luvela e-nakwiSebe lezoLimo lase United States

Photo Captions: 

Photo 1: Iziseko zezityalo ezibunileyo ezibonisa amabakala ahluka-hlukileyo okuphuhla kwe-canker (isifo esibolisayo) kunye nokubola. Qaphela i-sclerotia esimnyama ne-mycelium emhlophe. Isikhondo esinempilo entle singasekhohlo. 

Photo 2: I-mycelium emhlophe (umngundo) esisekweni sesityalo esibunileyo.

Photo 3: I-Sclerotia phakathi kumongo kwisiseko sesityalo esibunileyo.

Photo 4: Ukubola kwesikhondo oluphakathi.

Photo 5: Ukubola entloko – le miqondiso yenzeka phambi kokutshabalala kwentloko.

Picture 6: Umjikelo wesifo cycle – ukubola kwentloko nokubola koluthi oluphakathi 

Intsholongwane yomngundo kumaxesha obusika njengoko i-sclerotia sisemhlabeni kunye nobutyobo besityalo

Izityalo ezibunileyo ezinezikhondo ezibolayo kunye ne-canker yesiseko sesikhondo

Ukutyala eNtlakohlaza

I-sclerotia emhlabeni

Xa sifumana ukufuma okuninzi i-sclerotia esikufutshane nomphezulu womhlaba siyantshula ukuze sibe yi-apothecia

Ii-ascospore ezikhutshwa yi-apothecium nezisasazwa ngumoya

I-apothecium

Ii-ascospore

Usulelo

Ii-ascospore eziphetshethelwa ngaphakathi zisuka emasimini akufutshane

Ukubola kwentloko

Ukubola kwesikhondo esiphakathi

Iingcambu zifika kwi-sclerotia ukuze i-sclerotia sintshule size sisulele iingcambu; intsholongwane yomngundo isuke kwisityalo ukuya kwesinye ihambe ngeengcambu

Izityalo eziminxekileyo

Isifo = iilahleko kwisivuno nokwanda kokuxinana kwe-inoculum yomhlaba

Ii-Sclerotia zibuyela emhlabeni ngethuba lemisebenzi yokuvuna neyokuhlakula





Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela nzulu esinye sezifo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezichaphazela oojongilanga – izifo ze-Sclerotinia. 



Izifo ezithathu, ukubuna kwe-Sclerotinia, ukubola kwesikhondo esiphakathi kunye nokubola kwentloko, zibonakele emasimini. Ukubuna kwe-Sclerotinia kubangwa ziintwana zentsholongwane yomngundo eziqulathwa ngumhlaba, nezisulela iingcambu zikajongilanga. Ukubuna kwahlukile kwezinye izifo ezi zibini kuba kuqala kwiingcambu. Ukubola kwentloko ngenxa ye-Sclerotinia nokubola kwesikhondo esiphakathi kubangwa zii-spore eziqulathwa ngumoya. Zizifo ezingaphezu komhlaba eziphuhla ngendlela efana naleyo yezinye izifo. Zontathu ezi zifo zibanga lusulelo olufanayo, i-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum intsholongwane yomngundo eyonaklisa gqitha, ekholisa ngokubizwa ngokuthi yintsholongwane “yomngundo omhlophe”. Le ikwayintsholongwane yomngundo ebanga umngundo omhlophe wembotyi yesoya, imbotyi eyomileyo, i-canola nezinye izityalo ezinokuchaphazeleka. 



Ukubuna kwe-Sclerotinia kwenzeka nanini xa oojongilanga betyalwe emhlabeni onohlaselo lwe- Sclerotinia kwaye oko kungabanga ilahleko enobuzaza kwisivuno. Amasimi ephelele asuka atshatyalaliswe lolu sulelo. Ilahleko yesivuno ixhomekeke kwiqela lezityalo ezinosulelo nokuba bezilufumene nini usulelo; ngokuya libaphezulu inani lezityalo ezinosulelo nokuqalisa kosulelo kwangoko, iya ngokwanda ilahleko yesivuno. Ngokwamanani aqhelekileyo, isityalo esinosulelo sikhupha isivuno esingaphantsi kwi-50% yesityalo esinempilo. Ngaphezu koko, isiqulathu seoyile yembewu siyancipha kwizityalo ezinosulelo. Ngendlela ebaluleke ngokulinganayo, nangona kunjalo, usulelo lukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu e- Sclerotinia emhlabeni. Oku kunokubanga ukususwa kwamasimi kwimveliso kajongilanga nenzuzo kwezoqoqosho kwiminyaka emininzi. I- Sclerotinia ngoko ke asinciphisi isivuno kuphela, kodwa sichaphazela imveliso yexesha elizayo nenzuzo yezoqoqosho ezifumaneka kujongilanga.



Ukubola kwentloko nokubola kwesikhondo esiphakathi kwenzeka ngokunqaphazeka kwaye kuphela emva kwamathuba kwemvula ebizingisile. Ezi zifo azifane zibekho kwiminyaka yembalela. Ukubola kwentloko kunciphisa ubunzima bembewu, amanani embewu kunye nesiqulatho esinciphileyo seoyile. Ubukho be-sclerotia kwimbewu bunako ukunciphisa udidi nexabiso lentengiso lesityalo. Iintloko ezinosulelo zikholisa ukucumka entsimini, ukuze oko kuwise yonke imbewu emhlabeni. Ngaphaya koko, xa umatshini wokuvuna uthe wabetha izityalo ezineentloko ezinosulelo, iintloko ziyatyumka ukuze imbewu ilahleke phambi kokungena kumatshini wokuvuna. Ukubola kwentloko yingxaki yohlobo olulodwa kumasimi emveliso yembewu kuba imbewu eveliswe kwiintloko ezinosulelo zisenokuba nokuntshula okucuthekileyo kanti ne-sclerotia esiveliswe kwiintloko ezinosulelo singcolisa amanani embewu, sichaphazele imisebenzi yokucoca neziqinisekiso. Akukho tyhefu eveliswa yi- Sclerotinia kwimbewu kajongilanga, kodwa ungcoliseko olukhulu nge-sclerotia alwamkelekanga ekusetyenzisweni ngabantu nazizilwanyana. Esinye isiphumo esibalulekilyo sezi zifo zibini kukuba ziziindlela ezimbini ezisentloko zokusasazeka kwentsholongwane yomngundo emasimini acocekileyo kajongilanga. Oku kwenzeka xa i-sclerotia esivela kwizikhondo ezinesifo neentloko zihlanganiselwe emhlabeni. Ezi sclerotia zinako ukubanga ukubuna kwiminyaka elandelayo.

Imiqondiso ye-Sclerotinia 

Ukubuna kwe-scletotinia

Eyona miqondiso eqheleke kakhulu kukubuna kwamagqabi ngesiquphe, ukubola kweengcambu nesifo se-canker sesikhondo esisesisekweni. Ngokubanzi, ukubuna kuqala kuqatshelwe emasimini nje phambi kokudubula kweentyatyambo, kodwa izityalo ezinosulelo zinokuqatshelwa kwibakala lezithole. Ekuqaleni, izityalo ezibunileyo zisasazeka entsimini, kodwa emva kwethuba zifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kuthotho oluphakathi kwemiqolo. Esi sifo sikholisa ukuvela ngokwezibhaxu entsimini. Ngenxa yokuba izityalo zinako ukubuna kwiiveki eziliqela ukusuka kwixesha losulelo, lokuqalisa kwemiqondiso evela ngokukhawuleza entsimini.



Kusuka kuphuhle umsikeko ozele ngamanzi kwisiseko sesityalo. Umsikeko uba luhlaza okungwevu ukuya kwisifo se-canker entsundu ekholisa ukuba libhanti isikhondo. Xa kuya ngokuqhuba ukubola isikhondo siyaphatsha side sibonakale siphuqeka. Indawo ebolileyo inako ukoluleka ngokobude bama-30cm nangaphezulu ukunyuka ngesikhondo. Umongo ubola esisekweni sesikhondo kwaye kubakho amasuntswana alukhuni, amnyama azinzayo abizwa ngokuba yi-sclerotia (malunga ne-1/8 to 1/4 inch ngokwe-diameter). I-sclerotia ziveliswa lusulelo kwaye inika ubungqina bobukho besifo. Izityalo ezinosulelo ziminxeka lula. Ngethuba leemvula ezizingisayo, i-mycelium (umngundo) ikholisa ukuphuhla kwisiseko sesikhondo, yiloo nto kukho igama elithi “umngundo omhlophe.”



Ukubola kweengcambu zasemacaleni nakwingcambu eya ezantsi kuba yinto ecacileyo, qho xa isityalo sitsaleka lula xa sikhutshwa phantsi komhlaba. Uqweqwe olungaphandle lweengcambu (i-cortex) ikhawuleza ixobuke, ishiye izicwili ezomileyo zemithambo. Iingcambu zikholisa ukuzingis ngokubola okumanzi. I-sclerotia sinokufumaneka kwiingcambu ezinkulu, ezasemacaleni nakwingcambu ekhula iye ezantsi.



Izityalo ezinosulelo ziyafa ekugqibeleni. Isityalo sinako okanye sisenokungakwazi kuvelisa imbewu, kuxhomekeke ekubeni usulelo lwenzeke nini. Iintloko zezityalo ezibunileyo xa kuthethwa gabalala zincinci kwezo zinempilo entle. Ukubuna kunako ukunciphisa isivuno sembewu, kakhulu ngenxa yamanqanaba obunzima obuphantsi bembewu. Izityalo ezibunileyo kumabakala aselehambele phambili okubola kweengcambu zikholisa ukuphephetheka ngamathuba emimoya evuthuza ngamandla.

 

Ukubola Kwesikhondo Esiphakathi ngeSclerotinia 

Ukubola  kwesikhondo esiphakathi sikholisa ukubonakala kwithuba lokudubula kweentyatyambo okanye emva kwalo kwindawo ephakathi ukunyuka kancinci kwisikhondo. Kuqala njengomsikeko ontsundu ukuya kongwevu, ubukhulu becala kufutshane okanye kwihlumela legqabi. Isifo se-canker siphuhla singqonge isikhondo kwaye isicwili esibolileyo sikholisa ukuba nozingiso olumanzi kumongo. Ngokubanzi isikhondo siyawa kwixesha lokubola ukuze izicwili ezingasentla kwendawo enesifo se-canker zife. Kukholisa ukuba i-mycelium emhlophe exineneyo kunye ne-sclerotia esithile siphuhle ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesikhondo, ngakumbi ngethuba lemozulu yemvula ezingisileyo. Ekugqibeleni izicwili ezichaphazelekayo ziyaphatsha zide zibe nembonakalo yokuphuqeka. Ukubola kwesikhondo kunokuqhuba kuye ezantsi kwisiseko sesikhondo okanye kuye phezulu entloko. Maxa wambi igqabi liya kusuleleka si-Sclerotinia kwaye intsholongwane iya kubolisa kwigqabi lenyatyambo  ekugqibeleni kufika kwisikhondo ukuze kubole isikhondo esiphakathi.



Ukubola Kwentloko si-Sclerotinia

Imiqondiso yokuqala yokubola kwentloko ikholisa ukubonakala ngokuvela kwe-mycelium yentsholongwane yomngundo emhlophe phezu kwenxalenye zeentyatyambo okanye ukuphuhla kwamabala azele amanzi kwisisekelo seentyatyambo (indawo ethambileyo entloko). Intsholongwane yomngundo ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwisisekelo seentyatyambo, iyasibolisa, ize ivelise i-mycelium emhlophe kunye ne-sclerotia ezininzi ezinkulu ezimnyama. Isisekelo seentyatyamo sikholisa ukuphatsha kwaye sibonakala ngokucacileyo xa sithelekiswa nentloko enempilo entle. Isisekelo seentyatyambo siphelele sinokubola ukuze umaleko wembewu uwe, kushiyeke isakhelo esiphatshileyo nesiphuqekayo, esineenyanda zemijelwana, eqeleleniswe zi-sclerotia ezinkulu. Ezi ntloko eziphatshileyo zesakhelo zicaca gca entsimini, naxa umi kude.  Xa zivuniwe, iintloko ezinosulelo zikholisa ukutyumka nje kuze kulahleke yonke imbewu eseleyo.  Ngethuba lemozulu esoloko imanzi intsholongwane yomngundo ikhula phezu kwembewu ize yenze i-sclerotia esikhulu esisabunethi, esisuka sigqume umphambili wentloko. Imbewu ikholisa ukungabi nakubola kodwa isenokungahlohleki. I-sclerotia esikhulu kwiintloko sivunwa kunye nembewu. I-sclerotia esixube nembewu sinika ubungqina bokuba intsimi iye yaba nokubola kweentloko. Ukubola kweentloko yingxaki enobuzaza kwiintsimi ezivelisa imbewu. Ngaphezu kokuncipha kwemveliso yembewu, iindawo ezingaphandle zembewu enininzi zisenokuhlaselwa yintsholongwane yomngundo we-Sclerotinia ukuze kunciphe ukuntshula.



Usulelo 

I-sclerotinia sclerotiorum sinoluhlu olubanzi ngokubalaseleyo sabamkeli ; ihlasela malunga neentlobo ezingama-370 zezityalo. Esi sifo siqatshelwe kujongilanga, kwiimbotyi ezomileyo, imbotyi yesoya ne-canola; naxa kunjalo, kukho ezinye izityalo ezininzi ezinokuhlaseleka, ezifana ne-buckwheat, i-borage, i-flax, ii-lentils, iiertyisi, iitapile, i-mustard, i-crambe, iJerusalem artichoke ne-safflower. Asizizo zonke kwezi zityalo ezinokuhlaseleka si-Sclerotinia njengoko ujongilanga nezinye zingafane zonakale.


Umjikelo Wesifo – Ukubuna kwe–Sclerotinia

I- Sclerotinia kumaxesha asebusika njenge-sclerotia emhlabeni okanye ubutyobo besityalo. Ehlotyeni xa iingcambu ezikhulayo zikajongilanga zichukumisa i-sclerotia, i-sclerotia siyantshula size sisulele iingcambu. Intsholongwane yomngundo ikhula  inyuke ngengcambu iye kwingcambu eya ezantsi, ukuze iye kwisikhondo size isityalo sigqibele ngokufa.  Kwakhona sikhula siye ezantsi kwiingcambu eziya emacaleni, ukuze ekugqibeleni ibolise sonke isixokelelwano seengcambu. Ngenxa yokuba kukho ukudibana phakathi kweengcambu zezityalo ezikufutshane phakathi kwemiqolo, intsholongwane yomngundo inako ukukhula kwisixokelelwano esinye seengcambu ukuya kwesinye kumqolo othile, ukuze kubekho uthotho lwezityalo ezibunayo. Izityalo zinako ukubuna kwiiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezine emva kosulelo. Ixesha ukusuka kwimiqondiso yokuqala yokubuna ukuya ekubuneni okupheleleyo kungathatha iintsuku ezine ukuya kwezine. Ukuphuhla okukhawulezileyo kokubuna kusisizathu esinye kwezinye esenza ukuba intsimi enempilo entle ngokucacileyo isuka itshatyalaliswe sisifo kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa.

Ujongilanga nguye kuphela isityalo sasentsimini esithi i-sclerotina sisoloko sisulela ngokusebenzisa iingcambu. Ezinye izityalo ezinokuhlaseleka zisuleleka ubukhulu becala ngee-ascospore kwiinxalenye ezingaphezu komhlaba zesityalo. Lo ngumahluko omkhulu phakathi kukajongilanga nezinye izityalo.

Ngokuya ikhula intsholongwane ngaphakathi naphezu kwezicwili, kwenzeka i-sclerotia; inkoliso yazo kumongo wesikhondo esibolileyo nakwiingcambu njengoko kusifa isityalo. I-sclerotia esingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-100 zisenokuveliswa ngaphakathi okanye ngaphezulu kwisityalo esinosulelo. Ezi sclerotia ke ngoko zibuyela emhlabeni ngethuba lemisebenzi yokuhlakula ukuze zibe yimithombo yosulelo lwesityalo esilandelayo esinokuhlaseleka. Ii-sclerotia ziphila ixesha elide emhlabeni ukuze amasimi ahlale ehlaseleka kwiminyaka emininzi. Umbuzo obuzwa ngabalimi abaninzi ngulo, i-sclerotia siya kuphila ithuba elingakanani entsimini? Ngelishwa kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo kuba intsimi nganye ineeseti ezahluka-hlukeneyo zemibandela echaphazela ukusinda, efana nohlobo lomhlaba, ukufuma komhlaba kunye nembali yokulima izityalo. Le mibandela ichaphazela iintwana ezincinanana ezininzi emhlabeni ezitshabalalisa i-sclerotia. Ukusinda kananjalo kuxhomekeke ekushinyaneni komhlaseli (inani lee-sclerotia emhlabeni). Ngokuya kuphakama ukushinyana komhlaseli ithuba lokuphila kwe-Sclerotinia liya ngokwanda. Intsimi ehlaselwe kakhulu iya kufuna iminyaka emininzi kwizityalo ezingezo zisulu ukunciphisa ukushinyana komhlaseli ukuya kwinqanaba elisezantsi.

Oojongilanga banesixokelelwano seengcambu zasemacaleni ezicukene kumaleko ekuhlakulwa kuwo. Oku kuphumeza kanobom ukudibana kwee-sclerotia. Isixokelelwano seengcambu asiphuhli ngokupheleleyo de kudubule iintyatyambo, ngoko ke kukho ukudibana okukokona kuphezulu kweengcambu phakathi kwezityalo ukuze kuphunyezwe ukusasazeka kosulelo ukusuka kwisityalo-ukuya-kwesinye.Kwakhona, ukukhula kokuguga kuqalisa emva kokudubula kweentyatyambo kanti iingcambu zizizisulu ngakumbi zentsholongwane. Ezi zizizathu eziphambili ezenza ukuba inkoliso yezityalo ezibunileyo zibonwe emva kokuqalisa kokudubula kweentyatyambo.

Kumasimi anohlaselo izityalo zokuqala ezibunayo ziya kuvela ubukhulu becala kwiintsuku ezingama-40 ukuya kwezingama-50 emva kokutyalwa, kodwa inkoliso yezityalo iya kubuna emva kokudubula kweeentyatyambo. Ezinye ziya kubuna nje phambi kokuba zome.


Ukulawulwa kwezifo
Indlela zolawulo ezibaluleke kakhulu malunga nezifo zikajongilanga ze-Sclerotinia kukungatyali emhlabeni ohlaselweyo nokuthintela ukukhula kwe-sclerotia emhlabeni. Uthintelo lokukhula lwenziwa ngokulandela ngoqwalaselo amasimi ukuze kufunyaniswe isiganeko sesifo nangokwenza ujikeleziso lwezityalo. Khumbula, intsimi ehlaselwe ngamandla isenokungakwazi ukuvelisa oojongilanga kwiminyaka emininzi. Ngenxa yokuba ukwenzeka kokubola kwesikhondo esiphakathi  kunye nokubola kwentloko kulapha naphaya, ulawulo lwesifo lukholisa ukujoliswa ekulawuleni ukubuna. Kwixesha langoku ukumelana kwezityalo nolawulo asiyondlela yolawulo esentloko. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iiyantlukwano malunga nokuba zizisulu kwemihlanganisela kwi-Sclerotina. Kwakhona, akukho michiza ibhaliselwe ukulawula ukubuna okanye iintlobo zosulelo lwe-ascospore zikajongilanga.

