Pivots (Maize) 											Xhosa



Isazulu esijikelezwayo: konke ekufuneka ukwazi



Imiyalelo: 

Folio strap: Ukunkcenkcesha

Byline: Ulwazi lufunyenwe kwiMveliso yoMbona phantsi kwencwadi yoqeqesho ngonkcenkcesho

Photo 1: Isazulu esiJikelezwayo sibonisa ukuwa kwamanzi okuphezulu ecaleni komngcipheko kwesangqa esingaphandle. Khumbula ukuba umphandle wesazulu esijikelezwayo uhambela kude ukuze ugqibe isangqa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abe maninzi amanzi asebenziseka kude nesazulu esijikelezwayo.

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Izixhobo zokuqala zokunkcenkcesha ngokutshiza okuziqhuba ngokwako zaqanjwa ngowe-1948 zaza zanikwa ubunini ngokwasemthethweni ngowe-1952 nguFrank Zybach eColorado eseMpuma kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo zaseMelika. Izixokelelwano zakuqala zaba sisiseko sophuhliso lwesazulu esijikelezwayo nezixokelelwano zonkcenkcesho ezihamba njengomkrozo. 



Ezi ndlela zokufaka amanzi eziqhelaniswe kangangoko ziphuhliswe kakhulu ehlabathini liphelele ngezizathu ezilandelayo:

Isakhono sazo sokufaka amanzi ngesantya esiphezulu, esincomeka kangako ngesimbo esithile.

Iqondo lazo eliphezulu lokuzenzela elingafuni basebenzi baninzi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezininzi. 

Indima ebanzi eziyisebenzayo.

Isakhono sokufaka amanzi ngokoqoqosho nezityo ezinyibilika emanzini kwindima ebanzi yomhlaba naphantsi kweemeko zobume bomphandle.



Isazulu esijikelezwayo sinezakhelo zentsimbi nemibhobho, exhaswe ngesakhelo esisemavilini azizibini ezahlukaniswe kwimigama engama-50 metres:



Isakhiwo sesazulu esijikelezwayo

Sona sizinzisa isazulu esijikelezwayo kwindawo esesizikithini kwaye iyindawo exakekileyo apho sonke isakhiwo siphelele sijikeleza khona.



Umgama wegophe 

Olu lulutho olusisiseko ekwakhiwa ngalo isazulu esijikelezwayo esakhiwa ngalo kwaye lwakhiwe ngombhombo ongundoqo apho amanzi aqukuqela khona, isakhelo esixhasa umbhobho nentsebenzo-matshini eqhubela phambili. Ubude bomgama wegophe akunyanzelekanga ukuba bufane kwaye bunako ukwahluka-hluka ukuze buhambelane neemeko zangaphandle okanye zikhucule okuphakathi kwesixhasi nomphezulu womhlaba kumhlaba othile.



Ungqameko

Ungqameko ngumbhojana omncinci onezitshizi ezikholisa ukubanjwa ngeekheyibhile ngaphaya kochochoyi (iinkcochoyi) ezizezona zingaphandle ukuze kwande ummandla omanzisiweyo. Imipu yeziphelo zemithamo emikhulu nezixokelelwano zamagophe nayo isenokongezelelwa ukuya esiphelweni sikamatshini ukwandisa ummandla omanzisiweyo kwiikona okanye ukufikelela kwiindawo ezongezelelweyo. Oomatshini besazulu esijikelezwayo basenokuba nobude obungaphezulu kwii-metre ezili-1 000.

 

Ubude nobubanzi bombhobho

Nakuphi ukudityaniswa kweentlobo zobukhulu bemibhobho nemigama yamagophe kwisazulu esijikelezwayo esithile kunokuchongwa nenombolo engumfuziselo. Abenzi abahluka-hlukeneyo bezixhobo baneempawu zochazo ezahluka-hlukeneyo. 



Ukuphakama kokufikelela kwisityalo

Umenzi ngamnye uya kunika iinkcukacha zokuphakama kokufikelela kwisityalo zobude obahluka-hlukeneyo bemigama yamagophe kuluhlu lwazo olujikelezayo. Ukufikelela kwisityalo kunokwahluka-hluka phakathi kwee-metre ezine kwimiyilo yodidi oluphakamileyo ukuya kwii-metre eziyi-0,3 kumyilo wodidi oluphantsi.



Isakhono sokurhuqa 

Ulwandiso-sakhono kwisazulu esijikelezwayo nesirhuqekayo lunokucaciswa kuphela xa kukho iindawo ezijikelezwayo eziphuhlisiweyo ezingaphezu kwendawo enye kumasimi ahluka-hlukeneyo kwaye isicwangciso malunga nezityalo namadlelo sivumela ukongezelelwa kwezityalo ezinokulinywa. Imiba elandelayo eyenza izithintelo mayiqatshelwe xa kuyilwa okanye xa kulawulwa izazulu ezijikelezwayo ezirhuqwayo:

Umhlaba nobume bomhlaba – imihlaba eludongwe namathambeka anqamlezayo anako ukuthintela uthutho.

Kuvumeleke inani elithile elilelona likhulu lemigama yamagophe anokurhuqwa.

Indlela ebude buzii-metre ezi-6 enomphezulu omcaba mawubekho phakathi kweendawo ezijikelezwayo. Kunqande okanye gqala xa ushenxisa indawo ejikelezwayo phezu kweendulana zeekhonto nefolo.

Umdibaniso wemigama yamagophe – yimigama yamagophe athile kuphela enokushenxiswa.

Umqukuqelo wamandla ombane mawuvalwe phambi kokushenxisa.

Ukugobeka kwendawo ejikelezwayo. Isiqhagamshela esigobekayo sivumela iindawo ezijikelezwayo ukushenxiseka kumathambeka angaphezulu kwi-4% ukuya kuma-30% aqengqelekela ezantsi okanye anyukayo ukuya phezulu.



Izixokelelwano zesazulu esijikelezwayo

Umatshini wesazulu esijikelezwayo ujikeleza ngokwesangqa ngaphaya kwesakhiwo sombhobho osisiseko kwisizikithi sentsimi ukuze kwicandelo elinkcenkceshwayo kubo nabuphi ubume obusisangqa kubandakanywe iindawo zezangqa ezinganeno kumaqondo angama- 360°. Ufikelelo lwama-80% - 90% omhlaba oskwere lunako ukuba khona. Ipesenti yommandla onkcenkceshwayo kwimigama eyahluka-hlukileyo yesazulu esijikelezwayo apho isangqa esisesona singaphakathi siqulethe ama-25% kuphela endawo epheleleyo enkcenkceshwayo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ama-75% endawo enezityalo afumaneka kwisiqingatha esingaphandle somgama osisangqa. 



Ibhekile yokunkcenkcesha: 

Kurhaxa izixokelelwano zeengcambu zezityalo kuthinteleke umoya kwaye kukhuthaza nezifo;

Kukhukulisa izondlo ngakumbi i-nitrogen ukuba ziye ezantsi kommandla weengcambu;

Kuthumela izondlo emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba;

Kunciphisa ukukhula kweengcambu ngokupholisa umhlaba;

Kubanga ukuxinga kwamanzi nokwakheka kwetyuwa kummandla weengcambu;

Kuthoba umgangatho wesityalo kunye nesivuno;

Kumosha amanzi, amandla nemali.

	

Abavelisi nabaphathi bomsebenzi wokunkcenkcesha abalandela ngoqwalaselo amanqanaba okufuma komhlaba basandisa kakhulu isakhono sawo sokulondoloza amanzi namandla, benza izivuno zezityalo ezininzi kangangoko kufanelekile kwaye kuthinteleka ukhukuliseko lomhlaba nokungcoliseka kwamanzi. Ulawulo lokunkcenkcesha lubandakanya ulondolozo lwemo efanelekileyo engqonge ukulinywa kwezityalo, ngakumbi ngokuthintela imihlaba ukuba ingabi manzi kakhulu kwaye ingomi kakhulu. Akukho mntu ufanele ukwazi kangangokuba usazi ngamasimi akho, izityalo nokunkcenkcesha. 



Ukusebenzisa ngendlela efanelekileyo 

Isazulu esijikelezwayo sisixhobo esikhulu sokugalela amanzi kwizityalo, kodwa xa singalawula kakuhle sinako ukusilela, njengaso nasiphi isixokelelwano sokunkcenkcesha. Ngezantsi kukho izinto ezimbalwa ezinokuqwalaselwa malunga nolawulo.

Izazulu ezijikelezwayo zinika inguqunguquko eninzi kwaye zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo enkulu ekuntshulisweni kwezityalo, ekunikweni kwezibulali-lukhula isakhono, ekufakweni kwezibulali-zinambuzane, izibulali zokhula nezibulali zomngundo ziphinda zisetyenziselwe ukunikwa kwezityalo izichumiso ze-nitrogen ngokweemfuno zazo. Isazulu esijikelezwayo sinesakhono esingafane nezinye sokufaka iintwana zamanzi ngokukhawuleza okuthe chatha. Xa umlimi engena kwizazulu ezijikelezwayo, makaqonde ukuba indlela ankcenkcesha ngayo kufuneka iguquke. Endaweni yokufaka i-1,5 ukuya kwi- 2,0 yeeintshi ngokufakela ngokunye, kusenokuba kokona okulungileyo ukufaka eso sixa ngokwamagcuntswana amabini ukuya kwamathathu ahamba ngokwahlukana. Ukuzama ukufaka amanzi amaninzi ngexesha elinye kunokuba nesiphumo seengxaki zokuqengqelekela kwawo okunganqwenelekiyo kwamanye amasimi nemizila yamavili. 

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba umlimi ulawula amanzi kummandla wengcambu. Ukuba umlimi uhleli ithuba elide phambi kokuba ankcenkceshele, kuba nzima kumaxa athile ukuba akwazi ukunqanda inkxwaleko yezityalo. Oku kunokuba yingxaki malunga nabalimi abangazange bankcenkceshe kwithuba langaphambili, njengoko bengaqondi ukuba kuthaha ithuba elide ukwenza imimangaliso ukususela ngexesha lokuqalisa. Musa ukoyika ukubuyela kwisazulu esijikelezwayo, oko kunako ukuba nembuyiselo enkulu. 

Kumaxa amaninzi, kukwakho ithuba lokulondoloza amanzi ngenxa yesicwangciso esilungileyo sokunkcenkcesha. Njengalo naluphi uhlobo lwesixokelelwano sokunkcenkcesha, kubalulekile ukulandela ngoqwalaselo ukufuma okusemhlabeni ukuze amanzi afakwe kuphela xa efuneka. Oku kungaba nesiphumo sokugcineka kwamanzi namandla ngalo lonke ixesha lokukhulisa. 



Isicwangciso solondolozo 

Isazulu esijikelezwayo silulwandiso-mali olukhulu kwaye njengoko sigxunyekwa emasimini singagcinwa kwishedi yoomatshini, maxa wambi abalimi bakholisa ukulibala ngolondolozo lwaso olusisiseko abanokucinga ngalo. Ukuba uyazenzela ngokwakho, nazi iingongoma ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo onokucinga ngazo.



Emva konyaka wokuqala wokusebenzisa

Khupha ioyile uze ufake enye kuzo zonke ii-gearboxes zamavili okuqhuba nakwii-gearboxes zokuqhuba ezisesizikithini. Qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa ioyile yomenzi. Tshintsha ioyile kwii-gearboxes qho kunyaka wesithathu obona buncinci emva koku, phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ngokwesiqhelo. Ukuba umlimi usebenzisa umatshini kwiiyure ezingphezulu kwezili-1 000 ngonyaka, ngoko ke tshintsha ioyile kwii-gearboxes qho ngonyaka okanye qho emva konyaka omnye. 



Qho ngonyaka

Qwalasela umoya kuwo onke amavili uze uwampompe ngenjongo yokulungisa uxinzelelo xa kufuneka oko; 

Khupha nawaphi amanzi kwii-gearboxes uze uphinde uzizalise ngeoyile efanelekileyo;

Faka igrisi kwikhonkco lendawo ejikelezwayo; 

Qwalasela ukuze uqinisekise ukuba onke amakhaka entsimbi yokuqhuba naweU-joint ukuba ahleli endaweni

 yawo; kwaye 

Qwalasela isithiyiseli sesanti ukuqinisekisa ukuba isanti ayicukani. Khucula ukuba kukho imfuneko. 



Phambi kwexesha lonyaka

Qwalasela yonke imilomo yokutshiza ngexesha lokuqalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba itshiza kakuhle: kananjalo

Qinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sibekwe kakuhle phantsi. 



Ekupheleni kwexesha lonyaka

Khupha indawo ejikelezwayo nayo yonke imidibaniso yamanzi ukuze ijikelezwe. 

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ixesha lokubeka phantsi izixhobo ngexesha lonyaka lokunkcenkcesha lisenokukubeka emngciphekweni maxa wambi. Kufuneka uqwalasele ulondolozo lwesazulu esijikelezwayo sakho njengolubaluleke okweenkqubo zolondolozo zeetrektara, izixhobo zokutyala, nezixhobo zokuvuna. 

