Moisture (Maize) 								Xhosa



Ulondolozo lokufuma ukwenzela imveliso yezityalo kumhlaba owomileyo



Imiyalelo: 

Folio strap: Ulondolozo lokufuma

Byline: NguJane McPherson, umphathi wenkqubo yakwaGrain SA yeNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwamaFama



Owona mbandela ubaluleke kakhulu malunga nemveliso yokutya okuziinkozo emhlabeni owomileyo bubukho bokufuma okwaneleyo ngethuba lophuhliso lwesityalo esithile.



Ulwazi malunga nesixa semvula ngokunjalo nokuba ingalindeleka nini lufumaneka kummandla ngamnye waseMzntsi Afrika (buza isebe lendawo yakho lezoLimo). Lunokusetyenziswa njengesikhokelo kucwangciso lwemveliso yezityalo. 



 Kutheni sifanele ukulondoloza ukufuma emhlabeni?

Umsebenzi wokuvelisa izityalo ufuna ukufuma – izityalo ngezityalo zineemfuno ezahluka-hlukileyo zokufuma, ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa phambi kokuthathwa kwesigqibo malunga nesityalo esinokutyalwa.

Imvula eyindalo ayisoloko isina ngexesha elithe ncam efunwa ngalo ngesityalo ngasinye esithile.

Xa kuthethwa gabalala, imimandla yokuvelisa isityalo eMzantsi Afrika inemozulu eyenza umhlaba obharhileyo.

Kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukufuma komhlaba okwaneleyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala ukuvumela ukuntshula nophuhliso lweengcambu lwakwangoko. Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala liya kuqwalasela iimfuneko zokufuma kwesityalo kumabanga abaluleke kakhulu ophuhliso, xa kuthelekiswa neemvula ezilindelekileyo ngonyaka ezina ngelo xesha lonyaka (umzekelo, ukuze kwenziwe isicwangciso sethuba lemvula ngexesha lokuvela kwamanquma ombona, okanye elokuphuma kweentyatyambo zikajongilanga). 

Ukukhuthaza ukucoleka kweentsalela zesityalo sethuba langaphambili nokwandisa isiqulatho sesivundisi emhlabeni nokwenza ke ngoko ukuba izondlo zifumaneke emhlabeni. 



Ingaba yonke imihlaba iyakwazi ukulondoloza amanzi?

Ewe, nangona imihlaba enesanti eninzi inomaleko ogqobhozela kakhulu novumela amanzi amaninzi ukuba aphumele ngaphaya kakhulu.

Imihlaba eneemaleko engagqobhozelekiyo (umzekelo, udongwe) kubunzulu obungekho nganeno kuma-600 mm ukuya kwimitha enye ifaneleke kakhulu ukwenzela ulondolozo lokufuma komhlaba nemveliso yezityalo ngonyaka ngamnye. 



Singakuphumeza njani ukufunxeka kwemvula ngumhlaba?

Ukungeneleleka kwemvula kuphuculwa ngezi ndlela:

Umphezulu okhululekileyo womhlaba; kunye/okanye

Isigcina-kufuma kumphezulu womhlaba. 



Kulondolozwa njani ukufuma emhlabeni?

Amanzi alondolozwa kwizithuba eziphakahi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba. 

Imihlaba yahluka ngokwesanti, ukuya kuvundu-vundu nakudongwe.

Uhlobo ngalunye lomhlaba lulondoloza isixa esahluka-hlukeneyo samanzi.

Umhlaba oyisanti, udongwe novundu-vundu ngokwesiqhelo unokulondoloza ama-25 mm okufuma nge-150 mm yomhlaba. (Ngomhlaba wobunzulu obuncomekayo beengcambu bemitha enye, yinto enokwenzeka ukulondoloza i-180 mm yemvula).



Yintoni ebanga ukulahleka kokufuma emhlabeni?

Ukugqatsa kwelanga. Umphezulu womhlaba uba shushu ukuze oku kwandise ukuqhuma kwamanzi.

Intshukumo kwiingqakumbana zomhlaba. Le yintshukumo yokufuma komhlaba phakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba, ukuya kumphezulu womhlaba apho ujika khona ube ngumphunga kumoya ojikeleze umhlaba.

Ukumfimfa kokhula okanye naziphi ezinye izityalo ezithathwa njengokhula entsimini. (Lo ngomnye woonobangela abaphambili wokulahleka kokufuma kwamanzi.)



Singakulondoloza njani ukufuma ngeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo?

Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imvula ena emhlabeni iyakwazi ukungenelela emhlabeni, ngokuthi umphezulu womhlaba ugcinwe ukwisimo esinqwenelekayo. Uqweqwe olukumphezulu womhlaba lwenza isithintelo esilukhuni ukuze imvula iqhube ngokuqengqeleka emhlabeni endaweni yokungenelela kubunzulu bomhlaba. 

Ngokugcina intsalela eninzi kangangoko yesityalo sexesha langaphambili ukuze kuncitshiswe amandla angqalileyo eempembelelo zamaqabaza emvula kumphezulu womhlaba ukuze kuncitshiswe ukubumbeka koqweqwe. Makukhunjulwe ukuba kuxhomekeke ekucolekeni kwezikhondwana, isityalo sisenokufuna izichumiso ezongezelelweyo ze-nitrogen njengesiphumo sokuphuma ngokucotha kwezondlo ezisekwintsalela yesityalo. 

Emva kweemvula ezinkulu, yaphula uqweqwe olunokubumbeka kumphezulu womhlaba. Uqweqwe alunqandi kuphela ukungenela kwamanzi athe chatha emvula, kodwa lukwakhuthaza intshukumo yamanzi phakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba, nto leyo eyomisa umhlaba. 

Gcina umhlaba ungenalukhula ngalo lonke ithuba ukususela kwixesha lokuvuna isityalo sethuba langaphambili ukuya ekutyalweni kwesityalo esilandelayo. 

Ukudaleka “kwesigcina-kufuma sothuli” kumphezulu womhlaba kusebenza njengesithintelo sentshukumo yamanzi phakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba, nto leyo eyenza ukuhamba kokufuma ukusuka kubunzulu bomhlaba ukuya kumoya ojikeleze ihlabathi. Nangona isigcina-kufuma sifunxa imitha egqatsayo yobushushu belanga, ukuqhuma kwamanzi kwenzeka ngokwesantya esiphantsi kwi-5cm ekumphezulu wesigcina-kufuma somhlaba owomileyo (“isigcina-kufuma sothuli”). 

Isigcina-kufuma sisenokuba yintsalela yesityalo mhlawumbi (xa kuthethwa gabalala) okanye “isigcina-kufuma sothuli” esifanele ukugcinwa ngalo lonke ithuba lefusi ngokuhlakula umhlaba ngezandla nokuba kungoomatshini. 

Phakathi kweemvula, kubalulekile ukugcina “isigcina-kufuma sothuli” ukuze kulondolozwe elona nqanaba liphezulu lamanzi kubo bonke ubunzulu bomhlaba. 





