Boom (Umbona)										Xhosa



Izitshizi ze-boom: konke ekufuneka nikwazile



Imiyalelo:

Folio strap: Ukusebenzisa oomatshini

Byline: Liqhelaniswe ukusuka Kwizifundo Zophuhliso Lwezakhono Zezobugcisa zaseGrain SA 

	nguJane McPherson

Photos: 	Boom 1 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

Boom 2 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

Boom 3 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

Boom 4 (Look at original article to see where to put photo, replace the text)

Boom 5 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)

Boom 6 (Look at original article to see where to put photo)



Uxinzelelo olusezantsi 

Amathontsana amakhulu

Uxinzelelo oluphezulu

Amathontsana amancinci

Iintlobo zezimbo zesitshizi

Isitshizi sekhowuni esidibi

Isitshizi sekhowuni elukhuni

Isitshizi esimcaba sefeni

Isitshizi esilungeleleneyo

Isitshizi somtyadidi wamanzi

Isakhelo 

I-Boom 

Itanki

Qwalasela inqanaba leoyile

			Igeyiji yoxinzelelo

			Iivalvu zolawulo

			Ivalvu yolawulo loxinzelelo

			Ivalvu enqandayo

	IINCAM EZINTSHA ZEZITSHIZI

Ukuveliswa kosasazo olulungeleleneyo xa kuyondelelaniswe kakuhle.

IINCAM EZONAKELEYO ZEZITSHIZI

Ukuba nesiphumo esithe chatha xa isitshizi esithe chatha sisininzi phantsi kwencam nganye.

IINCAM ZEZITSHIZI EZONAKELEYO

Ukuba nesiphumo esiguquguquka kakhulu – esiyondelelane kakhulu nesinciphisayo.

Isazobe 1: Isimbo sesitshizi sefeni emcaba

Isazobe 2: Isimbo sesitshizi sefeni emcaba soluhlu lwesolulo

Isazobe 3: Isimbo sesitshizi sefeni emcaba se-engile ebanzi

Isazobe 4: Isimbo sesitshizi esilungeleleneyo

	

Ngokunxulumene nemveliso yezityalo, isitshizi sikholisa ukusetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa ukhula, ukutshabalalisa izinambuzane okanye ukutshiza isichumiso samagqabi (isichumiso esithathwe emagqabini). Kweli nqaku siqwalaselela kufutshane iinxalenye zesitshizi se-boom nendlela esisebenza ngayo.



Ukutshiza ukhula kunokwenziwa phambi kokuba ukhula luntshule (ukutshiza kwaphambi kokuhluma), okanye nje lwakuba ukhula lumilile emhlabeni (emva kokuhluma). Kanti kwakhona oko kunokwenziwa kwizinambuzane okanye kwimibungu – maxa wambi utshiza umhlaba nje emva kokutyala ukuze ubulale isinambuzane ngqo (oku kubizwa ngokuba kukutshiza okuzidibanisayo kwaye kubulala isinambuzane ngqo), okanye unokutshiza isityalo ukuze kufe isinambuzane emva kokuba sitye isityalo esinetyhefu (oku kubizwa ngokuba kukutshiza ngokubanzi – isinambuzane sibulawa kukutya isityalo esinetyhefu kungengawo amathontsana nje kuphela.



Kubalulekile ukuqonda into yokuba isitshizi masifakwe ngokwesantya esithile ngehektare nganye ukuba kufanele ukuba oko kube nesiphumo esinqwenelekayo. Akunamandla ukufaka ityhefu encinci kakhulu ngenxa yokuba inexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kanti oko kusenokubanga nengozi.



Amathontsana akwisitshizi asenokuba rhabaxana (abe makhulu) okanye acoleke (abe mancinci). Ngokuya eba makhulwana amathontsana esitshizi ayancipha amathuba awo okuphetshethwa ngumoya, kodwa xa enjalo akhawuleza aqengqeleke msinyane emagqabini. Isitshizi esicolekileyo asiqengqeleki lula emagqabini, kodwa siphetshethwa lula ngumoya xa sifakwa. 



Ngokuya sicoleka isitshizi, luba luncinci ulwelo olufakayo – ngokuya siba rhabaxa isitshizi, ulwelo luthi chatha. Isitshizi esithande ukucoleka sithatha umgama othe chatha ngocoselelo kanti malunga namathontsana arhabaxa, indawo ephakathi kwamathontsana isenokuba nkulu ukuze ezinye iindawo zingakwazi kufikeleleka ngokungqalileyo. 



Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba usebenzise isitshizi ngexesha elilungileyo lokuphuhla (kokhula) okanye ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokuhlasela (kwezinambuzane). Kwakhona kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo enxulumene nexesha lemini ekufuneka kufakwe ngalo isitshizi, neminye imiba efana nenkxwaleko yembalela kwisityalo. Kuya kuba lilinge elingenamsebenzi ukutshiza ukhula xa selubekele imbewu kuba isityalo sokhula sonyaka olandelayo sesikhona, okanye ukulinda de ukhula lukhuphisane nesityalo ngokufuma nangezondlo phambi kokutshiza; kanti asiloqoqosho ukutshiza isityalo ngenjongo yokutshabalalisa uhlobo oluthile lwesinambuzane xa kukho izinambuzane eziliqela ezibonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukwalilinge elingenanto liyenzayo ukulinda de isityalo siphantse ukutyiwa siphele phambi kokutshiza izinambuzane. 



Izitshizi zisebenza njani?

Imilomo yamathumbu

Imilomo yamathumbu eyahluka-hlukeneyo yezitshizi iyilelwe ukuvelisa izimbo ezahluka-hlukeneyo zokutshiza. Kukho imilomo yamathumbu eyahluka-hlukileyo nobukhulu obahluka-hlukileyo bemilomo yamathumbu. Isimbo sesitshizi sobume befeni sesona sinconywayo xa kutshizwa emhlabeni, kanti isimbo sesitshizi sobume bekhowuni sikholisa ukunconywa xa kutshizwa kwizityalo. 



Iimpompo

Impompo iyafuneka ukuze kukhutshwe ulwelo etankini yesitshizi. Impompo kufuneka ifake uxinzelelo kulwelo ukuze umlomo wethumbu utshize ngendlela oyilwe ngayo. 



Iintlobo zezitshizi

Izitshizi ezisetyenziswa ngezandla

Isitshizi sesandla

Isitshizi soxinzelelo lwetanki

Isitshizi sehapulusaka

Izitshizi eziqhutywa ngamandla

Isitshizi sengxowa eqhekezayo esiqhutywa ngenjini

Isitshizi se-boom esigxunyekwa kwitrektara

Izitshizi ezincediswa ngumoya

Isitshizi se-boom esincediswa ngumoya

Isitshizi segadi yeziqhamo

Izitshizi zohlobo olulodwa

Isitshizi sediski esibanjwa ngesandla

Isitshizi sediski esigxunyekwa kwitrektara



Iinxalenye zezitshizi ze-boom

Izakhelo nee-boom 

Kukho iintlobo ezahluka-hlukileyo zezakhelo apho kunamatheliswa khona ii-boom. Ii-boom zisenokusongwa ukuze zithuthwe ziphinde zivulwe – oku kunokwenziwa ngoxinzelelo lolwelo okanye ngesandla. Kwisakhelo sesitshizi, kukho iindawo zokulungelelanisa ezinokusetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa okanye ukuthoba ii-boom. Ezi ndawo zokulungelelanisa zikwahluka ukusuka kwisitshizi esithile ukuya kwesinye kanti ezinye zilawulwa ngoxinzelelo lolwelo lo gama kwezinye kukho isixokelelwano seebholiti ezinokulungelelaniswa. 



Itanki yesitshizi

Iitanki kufuneka zenziwe ngemichako engadlekiyo umzk. iintsimbi ezingahlali mabala, iintsimbi ezigqunywe ngesinyithi okanye ngeglasi yeentsinga. Imichako ekholisa ukusetyenziswa yengagqobhozekiyo nto leyo ethetha ukuba akusayi kubakho ntlenge yetyhefu etankini emva kokusetyenziswa. Kubalulekile ukungciba nawuphi umonakalo owenzeke ezitankini, ngakumbi iimonakalo ezinokubanga ukudleka njengoko oku kunokukhokelela ezindaweni ezivuzayo. 



Impompo

Iimpompo nazo zonke iinxalenye mazibe kwimeko elungileyo yokusebenza. Imitywino yeempompo, izangqa ze-o okanye iiwasha ezisabukomityi zesikhumba okanye umchako ongumdibaniso usenokoma ukuze ushwabane xa isitshizi singekasetyenziswa kwixesha elide, okanye xa sigcinwe ngendlela engafanelekanga. Isinyibilikisi kweminye imixube yezibulali zezitshabalalisi-zityalo sinokonakalisa imitywino yempompo, ukuze oko kubange iindawo ezivuzayo ezijikileze impompo, okanye ukumpompa okusilelayo. 



Iimpompo ezininzi zithanjiswa ngeoyile, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba inqanaba leoyile lisoloko liqwalaselwa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba lingasentla kwelona nqanaba liphantsi livumelekileyo.



Imibhobho yeehozi

Faka imibhobho yeehozi elungileyo endaweni kwaleyo inamathanda okanye ivuzayo. Khumbula, imibhobho yeehozi esetyenziselwe ukufaka izibulali zezitshabalalisi-zityalo azinako ukuphinda zikhuculwe zonke tu ukungcola. Kuya kusoloko kukho intsalela yesitshabalalisi-zityalo eya kusoloko isele kuyo. Leyo esuswa ngokufaka eminye emitsha mayilahlwe kakuhle kwaye ingaphindi isetyenziswe nangasiphi esinye isizathu.



Izihluzi

Yiba soloko usebenzisa izihluzi xa isitshizi sisebenza. Izihluzi zahlukanisa ubutyobo namasuntswana angafunekiyo anokuvingca imilomo yamathumbu ze oko kunciphise isakhono sokusebenza kwesitshizi. 



Iigeyiji zoxinzelelo nezilawuli

Uxinzelelo lolwelo kwisixokelelwano sesitshizi luqwalaselwa ngegeyiji yoxinzelelo. Igeyiji ilinganisa uxinzelelo lomxube otshizwayo odlula kwimilomo yamathumbu xa iphakathi kwesilawuli soxinzelelo kunye nemilomo yamathumbu esitshizi. Ngenxa yoko, inguquko yoxinzelelo inokubanga ukungasebenzi kakuhle okunokubakho. Qiniseka ukuba iigeyiji zoxinzelelo zikwimeko elungileyo yokusebenza kwaye zifakwe kakuhle amaqondo emilinganiselo. 



Kukho ivalvu yesiqabu soxinzelelo kwisixokelelwano enokusetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa uxinzelelo kwisixokelelwano. Inokuvulwa ukuze ivumele isixa esifunekayo somxube wesitshizi ukufikelela kwimilomo yamathumbu, ukuze osalayo ubuyele etankini, okanye inokuvulwa ngokupheleleyo nto leyo ethetha ukuba isixubi sesitshizi siya kujikeleziswa kwisixokelelwano. Olu luphawu olubalulekileyo oluthintela izithako ezisebenzayo ekuzinzeni kumzantsi wetanki xa ingagungqi. Kukholisa ukuba kubekho ezinye iitephu ezinokunqanda umxube otshizwayo kwiindawo ezithile zesitshizi nto leyo evumela indawo encinci okanye ebanzi yesitshizi. 



Izifakelelo nezinqakri

Izifakelelo ezihexayo okanye ezichachambileyo kaninzi ziba yintsusa yeendawo ezivuzayo. Qinisekisa ukuba izifakelelo nezinqakri zibambile phambi kokufaka ulwelo phantsi koxinzelelo naphambi kokulumpompa. Sakuba isixokelelwano siphantsi koxinzelelo, qwalasela iindawo ezivuzayo. 



Iincam zemilomo yamathumbu nezihluzi

Qwalasela imilomo yamathumbu rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayivingcekanga. Imilomo yamathumbu eyonakeleyo ithetha ukuba imichiza etshizwayo ithe chatha kwefunekayo ukuze oko kukholise ukubanga isimbo esingalungelelananga somxube otshizwayo neziphumo ezingafaniyo kuzo zonke iindawo. Imingxuma yemilomo yamathumbu nayo isenokuguquka ngakumbi xa kusetyenziswa imixube edlayo efana nemigubo enyakamisayo. Faka ezinye iincam xa ukonakala kwazo kubanga umqukuqelo ongaphezu kwalowo wencam entsha nge5%-10%. 





